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Individual project

Introduction

When undertaking a project, the project manger lays down the procedure and process that will be followed to ensure that the project succeeds. The main processes of project development are project scheduling and controlling. Those processes are affected by project management elements such as PERT estimating, risk matrices, and earned value management (Kerzner, 2003). This assignment wills discuss how the above project management elements affect project scheduling and controlling. Further, it shall touch on how the project managers ability to make project and segment trade-offs can be affected by the three elements.

Explain how each of the following 3 project management elements affects the scheduling and controlling of a project

1). The value of PERT estimating

The acronym PERT stands for “Performance Evaluation Review Technique”. As the term denotes, PERT evaluates the performance of the project and reviews its progress weather is in line with the plan. This technique helps the project name to align the project according to the schedule. if the project is moving faster or slower than the planned schedule, the project manger then controls the progress by taking relevant steps (Kerzner, 2003).

PERT provides a focus around which mangers brain storm and bring their ideas together. it provides a great communication medium through which great project thinkers and planners at one level share their ideas, doubts, and fears with another level. Most importantly it is an important tool for evaluating the performance of individuals and teams. PERT enhances decision making which affects how the project should be controlled and scheduled (Kerzner, 2003).

Risk matrices

A risk matrix helps the project manger to compare processes within the project so that to make improvements on the progress and schedule plan. It helps the project manger to quantify project risk so that he can evaluate them basing on the risk impact and probability. Risk matrices affect the scheduling and controlling of the project to avoid risk occurrence (Kerzner, 2003).

Earned value management

Earned value management EVM refers to the way a project manger uses his intellect to measure the progress of the project in an objective manner. it helps the project manager to calculate what was earned from the project. This will help in changing or perfecting the project processes to improve the earnings for the money invested in the project. It helps in generation of productivity analysis, reduces the risk and forecasting, improves communication with stake holders and helps break down the project into smaller units for better understanding. All the above benefits affect project controlling and scheduling positively (Hugg, Bob 1996). 

Explain how each of the above 3 project management elements affects a project manager’s ability to make project and segment trade-offs.

Both the value of PERT estimating, risk matrices and earned value management work together to enhance the project mangers ability to make decision while still following a rational structure based on project achievement and performance. The techniques help the project manager to study past history and performance in contrast with clearly defined measurable metrics and use the knowledge to forecast the upcoming project outcome (Fleming, Quentin & Koppelman, Joel 2005).

They affect the project mangers ability to look in advance and recognize and evaluate the uncertainties which may probably affect the project performance positively or negatively and devise a response to focus on the risk proactively (Godfrey, 2010). The elements help the project manger to calculate the cost of the project and pursue all the segments which are profitable. Earned value management helps the manager to plan on new ventures or techniques to help the project gain value for its investment. Both time and cost is put into consideration under segment trade-offs controlling and scheduling.

Reference

Fleming, Quentin W. & Koppelman, Joel M. (2005). Earned value project management, thirdedition. [Books24x7 version]

Godfrey, J., (2010). PMP5 Things Project Management is not. 

Hugg, Bob (1996).  Thinking in Project Management Terms – Basic Methods and Calculations. 

Kerzner, H., (2003), Project management, a system approach to planning,scheduling and control, Apprentice Hall.

Stutzke, R. D. (2005).  Estimating Software-Intensive Systems: Projects, Products, andProcesses.  Addison-Wesley Professional

Explain how enterprise risk management is or is not different from basic risk management.

Enterprise risk management can be explained to mean the effected process by an entity’s management, board of directors, as well as other key personnel with an objective of increasing the organization’s profitability via creation of single view to all risks, whether internal or external. Then executive level management strategy is established to counter them all. Key features associated with Enterprise Risk Management incorporate multiple risk analysis throughout the enterprise instead of detached risk silos (Brannam & Taylor, 2006). The corporate goals get achieved through risk management elevation as the strategic partner. Enterprise risk management differs from basic risk management in that the basic inculcates the periodization of risks. It means that, here, risks get classified into risk silos instead of viewing them from one angle. The basic gives priority to those risks with highest occurrence chances. In enterprise risk management, there are no priorities. Risks are treated equally plus similar treatment in the management. The fundamental features of enterprise risk management reveal its uniqueness; they incorporate multiple risk analysis rather than isolated risk silos in basic management. Therefore, the difference in the two is evident. However, they are comparable in that both deal with risk management.

Explain figure 5 on page 9 of the Brannan and Taylor paper on ERM

The figure represents the ERM fusion model that incorporates the JCAHO’s first ten items that can aid make, as well as negatively impact a hospital. Healthcare organizations should always ascertain promotion of culture of wide risk management in enterprises. They should as well set objectives that are measurable, aligning them to organizational goals. The figure indicates that the gradual incorporation and application of ERM process in the healthcare sector can guarantee accreditation maintenance. The inside section shows elements such as communications, medication safety, infection reductions, reconciling medications, slips and falls, and patient identification that can built a hospital should they be maintained. The first ten items of the model that incorporate; improper storage, expired medications, confidentiality violation, and unfamiliarity with vital procedures among others are the falling point in hospitals.

Explain Figure 2 –Risk Heat Map- on page 6 of the University of Regina document.

Risks in various organizations result in negative outcomes. The risk assessment in organizations is vital since it does communicate the mitigation alternatives, as well as inform senior management on matters regarding risks. Risk assessment is done using a heat map indicated in figure two. The figure represents a (3*3) heat map. The horizontal axis shows the likelihood that a given risk may occur within an organization to become a problem. The vertical axis indicates the probable impact the risk will cause on the objective that will not get achieved in the case whereby it fails to come into existence. The heat map has colors that are used in showing the risk areas. The colors do contrast with assorted s or usage. For instance, boxes with green are located in the lower space. Yellow ones are sited in the medium risk space of the heat map. Whichever location the boxes get placed within the risk heat map reveal or explain risk level. Risk calculation is solved via multiplying the impact with likelihood or the probability (prospect) of risk occurrence. For instance, high impact (3) multiplied by probable likelihood (3), the result is 9. The digit nine lies on a red box. Red boxes are in high-risk zones of the risk maps meaning high risk.

Use five of the ten JCAHO’s top ten actions that will make or break you (Brannan & Taylor) and analyze them according to the criteria in the Risk Heat Map (Figure 2 University of Regina).

Improper storage can be categorized as possible likelihood, and potential impact becomes medium. The resulting risk outcome when the likelihood 2 is multiplied by two, is four (4), which is in medium risk zone. The action taken is proper storage of medical equipment. Expired medication can be categorized remote likelihood since there is less supply of medication around the planet. The potential impact of the same is low hence the effect lies in low-risk zone painted green. The action by management here is stocking medication after consideration of stock turnover. Confidentiality violation refers to revealing a patient info by practitioners without owners consent. Some practitioners happen to fail on duty via presentation of patients’ private data to other persons. This is a familiar thing taking place within the industry. The occurrence likelihood of the confidentiality violation is probable while the potential impact is high. Consequently, the risk comes within the high-risk zone with a red box. The action a hospital management can take is administration of punishment to violator such as salary reduction to negatively reinforce the conduct. Unfamiliarity with crucial procedures is also a part of the items that can break a hospital. For instance, practitioners with limited comprehension of what is required to be done resulting from factors like inadequate training. This is ranked at probable likelihood with high potential impact should they happen. The resulting figure lies within the high risk-zone. The action needed for barring the risk is employing many year experienced staff. It means acquisition of staff that have acquired training for long and worked elsewhere. Non-existence documentation as a risk can be classified under remote likelihood and low impact potential. It is inconsequential. The resultant of the two is located in a green box. The risk category is in low-risk zone. The action necessary to bar this risk is proper and safe document recording, as well as storage. Backup plans must get established and competent staff with necessary equipment granted the task. This ascertains suitable documentation procedures are observed. The issue resolved in time to bar hospital cessation steering to unprecedented loss.

References:

Brannam & Taylor, (2006). A Model for Enterprise Risk Management Within a Healthcare Organization. American Society for Safety Engineers Publishers

   HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Sponsoring_Organizations_of_the_Treadway_Commission” o “Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission” Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. (2004).  HYPERLINK “http://www.coso.org/Publications/ERM/COSO_ERM_ExecutiveSummary.pdf” “Enterprise Risk Management — Integrated Framework: Executive Summary”

Enterprise Risk Management Committee (May 2003). HYPERLINK “http://www.casact.org/research/erm/overview.pdf” “Overview of Enterprise Risk Management” (PDF). HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualty_Actuarial_Society” o “Casualty Actuarial Society” Casualty Actuarial Society

Question 3

Explain if and when a contract was made between Sujit and Franca and ‘Arcadia Get Aways Pty Ltd.

As per Australian National Employment Standards Law, a representative, for example, Sujit and Franca is a person who lives up to expectations for an alternate in return for administrations rendered. For each administration, there must be an agreement or settlement in the midst of the boss and the worker. This assertion stipulates the terms and necessities of administration at all cases. An agreement under which a worker works is called contract of administration. Taking into account the careful investigation there was a break of this agreement by Arcadia Get Aways Pty Ltd and all things considered, the court chose that the organization ought to remunerate Sujit and Franca. Accordingly, the organization is obliged to repay Sujit and Franca, yet Arcadia Get Aways Pty Ltd to abstain from paying Sujit and Franca there pay because of harms created.

Discuss what action Sujit and Frances can take in relation to the claims regarding inclusion of children’s meals and the fact the children’s swimming pool is closed.

Hence, based on the above components, Sujit and Franca is qualified to document an argument against Arcadia Get Aways Pty Ltd. On the other hand, to clarify these elements different cases with the details will be talked about as beneath, the cases will be of both International cases and Australian cases. This will offer an agreeable strict understanding of the claim that Sujit and Franca is attempting to seek after also to offer knowledge of how instances of the nature and size have been overseen already

Discuss the liability of Claytons Rubber Store regarding the claims made about the life jackets.

Offended parties (Sujit and Franca) offered no affirmation that the subject lifejackets were in poor condition or by one methods or an alternate lacking at the time that respondent sold the business and leased the premises to Sujit and Franca , or all things considered, at the time that the lifejackets were given. Also, prosecutor can’t be considered accountable for any forsakes that may have happened over the six years after the lifejackets were given to Sujit and Franca. Claytons Rubber Store was accountable for keeping up the condition of the lifejackets and for having they evaluated consistently. In this way, if the decedents were placed in a more unfortunate position because of the attested lacking condition of the lifejackets at the time that Sujit and Franca were supplied with the Jackets.

Discuss whether Sujit and Franca can obtain a refund for the failed trip to the Great Barrier Reef.

Most trip companies permit clients to return products in the event that they alter their opinions or get an undesirable thing as a blessing just on the grounds that it bodes well. Yet they are not needed to do unless there is a conspicuous imperfection with the service they rendered to the clients such as of the case of Sujit and Franca. Dealers likewise may oblige a receipt with a specific end goal to acknowledge returns, which helps avoid return extortion (see talk of this beneath). Legitimately, it is a matter of agreement law: If the dealer’s approach (or deals contract) obviously expresses “Law Suit” in a manner that is not befuddling to clients, then it is not needed to acknowledge returns on generally marketable products. Government law overseeing discounts is genuinely straightforward and straightforward, applying to online and in addition in-store deals. Great Barrier Reef don’t need to give a full discount on returned services unless one of the accompanying conditions is valid: The merchandise were blemished (or, all the more for the most part, the dealer broke its business contract) and refunds are a piece of the trader’s expressed refund policy.

Explain whether Sujit and Franca are entitled to be paid back the $1,000 that has been stolen from the safe.

It is not ideal that they get paid they $1000. This is because they were not keen to read the notice that was at the firm. This is considered as negligence. Hence they are not reliable to get the compensation.

Discuss whether Sujit and Franca will have to pay the fencing contractor’s bill for repair of their roof.

It is not right for the clients that is (Sujit and Franca) to pay for the bill for the roof because they did not reach to a decision with Kym do undertake the repair of the roof as he was not able to reach them via call. This means that there was not contract between (Sujit and Franca) and the repair company.

Discuss whether Franca can sue for the mental distress of a failed holiday and her inability to work.

Based on the Australian laws typically consider harms for emotional or mental distress in a short-hand way “mental distress.” Typical jury decision structures contain a solitary clear for enthusiastic trouble harms, and jury guidelines frequently need particular meaning of what types of distress and enduring are compensable. On the other hand, the real scope of recuperation for such individual harm is as wide as the scope of human feeling. Our customers ought to be qualified for recuperate for the whole negative effect on their minds, brought about by biased behavior.

Given underneath is a rundown of a portion of the types of enthusiastic pain whereupon harms may be honored. Survey of such a rundown may be imperative for various reasons:

It might be conceivable to have the judge teach the jury on different types of passionate responses that could be considered in forming an enthusiastic misery honor. For examples carter v. Chief of Corrections, 43 Mass. Application. 212 (1997) (enthusiastic misery jury guideline expressing “in that classification we consider stun, nervousness, shame, mental anguish coming about because of the separation”). Consequently, we can attempt to have the judge sharpen the jury as to which feelings they ought to focus on in their appraisal of harms.

It may even be conceivable to get separate spaces on the jury decision structure for each one sort or every part of enthusiastic pain which is vital for the situation. The Civil Rights Act of 1991 licenses recuperation for “enthusiastic torment, enduring, impediment, mental anguish, [and] loss of delight in life.” 42 U.s.c. § 1981a(b)(3). Such solid statutory dialect may aid offended party’s contentions to expand the quantity of decision structure spaces in which this kind of harms may be honored.

Thought of the different types of enthusiastic pain may help open up zones of request and self-reflection for offended parties who are uneasy talking about the subject. Once in a while it is less demanding for individuals to characterize their sentiments when given a rundown of different classes.

At long last, it ought to be perceived that occasionally offended parties can just depict their passionate pain in the broadest of terms. At the point when a case is under the watchful eye of an Appellate Court, the offended party’s air at trial is just a remote memory. The transcript won’t reflect the profundity of passionate agony experienced by the offended party, and it won’t convey such things as tears, non-verbal communication and outward appearances. It might be imperative to have the capacity to refer to point of reference that a specific sort of feeling warrants recuperation of harms.

Based on the above facts he is not able to sue the firm due to emotional distress.

References

Mitchell, Richard, Peter Gahan, Andrew Stewart, Sean Cooney, and Shelley Marshall. “The evolution of labour law in Australia: Measuring the change.”Australian Journal of Labour Law 23, no. 2 (2010): 61-93.

Schaffer, Richard, Filiberto Agusti, and Lucien Dhooge. International business law and its environment. Cengage Learning, 2014.

Bagley, Constance E., and Craig E. Dauchy. The entrepreneur’s guide to business law. Cengage Learning, 2011.

Miller, Roger LeRoy, and Gaylord A. Jentz. Fundamentals of business law: Excerpted cases. Thomson/West, 2007.

Explain in your own words the process by which banks “create” money.

The process by which the banks make create money is based on their ability to advance money to their customers (Burgi, 1994). Creation of money is not the actual printing of the money; it is the accounting process in which money lent out is credited on the bank’s books. The loans advanced are a liability from the bank. The actual money that the bank is literally working with, the float, is much less than the money that reflects on the accounts (Burgi, 1994).

Let’s take an example that person A deposits $1000, in a bank account with bank M. person B comes and borrows $500 at a 10% interest repayment rate, this means that $550 will be credited on the banks accounts. Person C comes and borrows $300 at 10% interest repayment rate, the bank will credit $330 to their account. The accounts will look something like this:

Credit

person A 1000 1000

Person B 550

Person C 330

Total 1880

The ban according to their books they have $1880 but practically they only have $200 left from the initial money deposited by person A.

Discuss the impact of that ability to create money on the economy during an inflationary gap, as well as during a recessionary gap. Considering the higher rates of unemployment and the likelihood of lower prices during a recessionary gap, do banks with their lending policies, contribute to a recovery back to potential output, or hinder that recovery? Why do you believe your answer to be correct? What about during an inflationary gap?

During a recessionary gap there are high levels of unemployment and a decrease in the average price level. This means that there isn’t enough money circulating in the economy and this means there is a decrease in aggregate demand and supply (Arnold, 2013). In order to increase the level of employment, there should be an increase in the money created by the banks in order to increase the amount of loans advanced to people. This will increase the level of investment and increase the aggregate supply due to increase in loans and increase aggregate demand because there will be more money circulating the economy. This will lead to an increase in the average price and will attract even more production and supply of commodities. Banks will aid in the recovery process.

The above answer is true because it confirms the Philips curve that is based on the assumption that in order to decrease unemployment by 1%, there must be a 3% increase in the level of inflation and the reverse is also true (Arnold, 2013). This is because more money decreases unemployment but increases the average price level.

During an inflationary gap the average prices of commodities are relatively high and the currency is usually devalued. Inflation is usually as a result of increase in the quantity of money that is circulating in the economy (Arnold, 2013). So when the banks continue to create more and more money during a period when there is inflation, then the inflationary gap will continue to increase and the economy becomes unstable. In order to curb inflation and to bring back the economy to stability where markets can clear, the banks should reduce the loans they advance to their clients by decreasing the money creation process.

References

Burgi Ed, (1994), Money Creation: The Great Confidence Trick, Orthodox Print Press, New York

Arnold, A. Roger, (2013), Economics (Arnold) 11th Edition, Prentice Hall Print, New Jersey

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Human and Biology

Part A: Explain Kitcher’s proposed factors for assessing humans’ chances for a reasonable quality of life, the sorts of genetic diseases that prevent it, and responsible or enlightened eugenic decision-making.

Eugenics or genetic modification is a medical field that has raised various social and ethical concerns since its adoption. Nevertheless, it can not be disputed that it is fundamental in enhancing the quality of life of individual through timely elimination of diseases. Its scope has been widened over time to incorporate genetic engineering and creation of individuals with ideal personalities. The most common ethical concern in this regard has been related to commoditization of humans. In his research, Kitcher contends that parental free choice should be employed on a minimal scale and only when it is absolutely necessary (161). He cites that parental free choice is likely to culminate in various social and ethical problems (Kitcher 133). These include the probability of reduction of biological diversity as individuals will tend to entirely prefer the most ideal traits and as well as the possibility of reinforcing racism and widening of the gap between the rich and the poor.

In his research, Kitcher advocates for enhancement of the quality of life of individuals and argues that this should be at the center stage of all forms of decisions (154). He contends that it is based on the ethical principle of beneficence and therefore stipulates that measures need to be undertaken to enhance the quality of the future of life and eliminate possible diseases that could compromise this. To begin with, this can be achieved through the process of genetic testing and screening. This seeks to identify defective genes that could contribute to defects in future and if possible make alterations accordingly. If it is impossible, it opts for selective abortion. Another option that can be used to prevent individuals from being born with genetic defects is pre-implantation selection that employs fetuses that have ideal characteristics (Kitcher 156). Reproductive decisions are influenced by the nature of resource distribution. Notably, this determines the medical decisions that are adopted by the affected individuals.

Kitcher contends that decision making with regards to parental choice needs to be based on credible information and enlightenment (Kitcher 243). This can be achieved through public education and awareness creation. Credible information in this respect needs to be relayed to the public to enable them make personal and informed decisions out of free will rather than coercion. At this juncture, it is worth acknowledging that medical decisions in this regard can have far reaching implication on the health of the individuals. In addition, they are expensive and require significant resources for successful operation. In this regard therefore, it is vital for the decision making process to be devoid of any complexities. Indeed sufficient knowledge needs to be availed to the affected parties. The main goal according to him needs to be to enhance the quality of life of an individual while allowing for freedom with regard to decision making. Fundamental knowledge would enable the concerned individuals to make viable choices that would help them attain this important goal.

Part B: Explain Stock’s position of maximalist (Stock’s article “The Enhanced and the Un-Enhanced”) eugenics and how it differs from Kitcher’s minimalist eugenics.

In his review, Stock assumes a different perception of the role of technology in reproduction. He argues that there should be no limits with regard to the types of genes that should be employed in manipulating the genetic make up of humans in order to come up with ideal characteristics. According to him, the relevant bodies should allow for the wide spread utilization of a variety of genes in order to attain an enhanced status of human wellbeing (Stock 56). He indicates that use of technology in genetics is inevitable because it seeks to address the needs and requirements of the dynamic world.

In this respect, he indicates that the world is increasingly changing and in the near future, humans would be compelled to use the technology in order for them to address the relative problems with ease. Further. Stock affirms that technology is an intrinsic aspect of human wellbeing that needs to be incorporated in their lives (58). Over time, it has been employed in various activities that seek to improve the quality of life of humans. Most importantly, it was invented and developed by humans and therefore it needs to be employed for human benefit. It is in this consideration that stock justifies the use of technology and argues that it does not need to raise any concerns (Stock 65).

From his analysis, it can be ascertained that Stock can make varied changes to the position assumed by Kitcher. One possible challenge would be the inability of Kitcher to fully explore the possibilities that are provided by the technology to enhance the wellbeing of humanity. In addition, Stock can challenge the position of Kitcher by highlighting that his failure to utilize all the genetic options has contributed to the creation of individuals that can not cope with the daily challenges with ease. This could be based on the realization that more than ever, global dynamism is presenting various challenges that require executive functioning of human beings.

On the other hand Kitcher could challenge the position of Stock with reference to failing to consider vital ethical concerns that govern the interaction and holistic wellbeing of humanity (Kitcher 118). In this regard, it can be argued that he approach that is assumed by Stock is likely to culminate in social conflicts and threaten social cohesion that is fundamental for growth and development. In addition, Kitcher could challenge stock by indicating that his approach is likely to lead to loss and possible extinction of genetic diversity. This is likely to result in low immunity and threaten the survival of humanity as they would lack fundamental immunity against diseases.

From the analysis, it is certain that the approach that is assumed by Kitcher regarding eugenic decision making is more logical that that assumed by his counterpart, Stock. To begin with, it should be acknowledged that technology is not the only aspect that influences human behavior regardless of the fact that it has numerous advantages that would enhance the wellbeing of the same. Humanity should be understood to be a complex conception that is influenced by a host of factors that are social, economic and cultural in nature. Since technology has been invented recently, it has to be mainstreamed in the system rather than control the same.

In addition, it would be imperative to mainstream rather than impose technology in order to enhance sustainability. This is defined by acceptance of the technology by the population and it goes a long way in enhancing effectiveness of the same. Notably, Kitcher fulfills these conditions by enlightening the community on the implications of the same before allowing them to make personal and informed decisions regarding the employment of eugenics (Kitcher 243). At this point in time, it can be contended that Kitchre’s approach is more viable and would be more beneficial to humanity than Stock’s.

Part C: The essay by Michael Sandel (“The Case against Perfection”) raises disturbing ethical problems concerning a society that involves extensive eugenic decision-making.

In his analysis, Sandel contends that genetic engineering has adverse implications on the wellbeing of humanity. He cites the example of athletics and argues that this is likely to culminate in unfair competition with the “real” human beings (Sandel 34). This is because of the fact that the enhance humans have superb characteristics that make them perfect and therefore more competitive in the society. It would further widen the gap between the rich and the poor as those who can afford these services would have an upper hand in social and economic prosperity. This disadvantages the nature humans as they are relatively less competitive because of natural defects.

In addition, Sandel indicates that this would significantly shift the responsibilities of parents with regard to reproduction (44). Instead of utilizing chance to come up with ideal off springs, they would be charged with the responsibility of choosing the ideal children. As such, they would be liable to punishment whenever they make wrong choices. Further, Mandel also notes that the procedure makes an individual less human because the natural characteristics that define humanity are eliminated (51).

I think to a certain extent, the preposition presented by Sandel are misinformed and therefore culminate in an unfair judgment of eugenics. As indicated earlier, it is worth acknowledging that he current world is characterized by a great degree of dynamism that requires humanity to assume viable characteristics in order to function effectively. Indeed, the challenges being presented currently are wide and varied and can only be effectively addressed through multi faceted approaches. Current human qualities are definite in nature and this prevents them from attaining a state of optimal functioning. They limit the same in exploring various opportunities that would enhance their overall welfare.

According to Kitcher, genetic engineering seeks to eliminate diseases and improve the quality of life of individual (231). This is ethically right and it is inclined in the moral principle of beneficence. Since the future world is likely to present more challenges than the current word, it becomes imperative to equip the future generations with vital capacities that would enable them to cope with the future problems with ease. This can only be attained through genetic engineering that eliminates diseases and improves the quality of life of these individuals. Nevertheless, it can be contended that the process needs to be modulated and incorporated in the current system through time. This would be instrumental in avoiding conflicts that are likely to arise due to the contravention of critical societal values that are currently employed in governance of human interactions. Alternatively, these can be addressed through societal enlightenment, education and awareness building (Kitcher 234). The impact on personal attitudes in this respect is likely to yield positive results.

Works Cited

Gregory, Stock. Redesigning Humans. USA: Mariner Books, 2003.

Michael, Sandel. Case Against Perfection: Ethics in Eugenics. Harvard: University Press, 2007.

Phillip, Kitcher. The Future Lives. USA: Free Press, 1997.

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Experience is the Best Teacher

Experience they say is the best teacher, and I believe this phrase holds as long as one still lives on Earth. There are several occasions people are warned against some issues, but they take them for granted. I happen to have been a victim of carelessness and negligent to the pieces of advice given by elders and friends in the name of autonomous thinking. At one point when my age hit above twenty, I thought I was already on top of the world completely oblivious of what was in waiting. Transition to university from high school amongst youth is always characterized by a lot of activities especially along the social interaction. The young people are always restless, and they bring in new blood to the partying life by only throwing caution on air. Few persons are able to survive this phase of life, and I was not exceptional. Music and Cinema happen to provide the best avenue of meeting peers, and I happened to have liked it so much that I gave little attention to the many warning by parents and other concerned relatives. I can confess that December holiday is one of the lively festive seasons’ on the earth, but it comes with the highest risk of losing life through diverse means.

My case coincided with an important family event just the following day. I joined my friends to Beach party in the evening as they promised to grace my Birthday party the following day which its plans had already been running, and all that remained was invitation. There had been a warning by security agencies about increasing incidences of crime along the beach hence specified regions set out of bound. The vibrant nature of young people in high spirit of a party cares less about any such warning and would likely fall prey to the set penalties. It was unfortunate that as we left, we did not bother listening to the latest news updates which emphasized on possible round up of perpetrators in the beach part and, so we left. The attempt to avoid the human traffic and slow entry through the main gate, we thought we were tricky by suggesting to use an alternative entrance which had been earmarked by security agencies as the leeway to a beach party crimes.

Although one of my friends appealed against such a decision, the majority rule overwhelmed him, and the spirit of peers made a decision that we were to pursue the course. Little did we know that the preferred short-cut was a death trap, and it would not take long before we came face to face with the assigned security agents who were armed to the teeth.I was at the forefront and when the police shouted at as with threat of shooting to kill if dared running. Despite our plea for mercy and loud confession that we were not aware of the aforesaid by-law, they kept cocking the guns assuming we were thugs.

It was by the grace of God that we escaped shooting by a whisker but ended up in a holding cell the whole night awaiting arraignment to court for loitering. At this point, I realized that I had lost the Earth and the sky since the beach party mission was miserably brought to an end. Worse of all, my birthday was spent in a pathetic holding cell cubicle the entire day. It would not be uncommon to find some people feeling disappointed at such experience, but the bottom line is that it serves as perfect lesson of consistent care when undertaking any mission.

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Experience of Playing of Video Games

Video games are a vital leisure activity mainly for boys. The current rate of technology growth and the interface built around software and computer programs have initiated s new dimensions to entertainment though video games. Today, there are more than a million video games that are integrated through computer-based programs and even on smart phones. I have been a huge fan of video games where I started playing at the age of 8 years. Over the years, video games have played a key role in entertainment where I have been able to navigate through different levels. One of the most entertaining video games that I enjoyed at the age of ten was “Temple Run” that I used to play using my mother’s phone. Through the years, I have watched technology and the interface of video games grow as they become more complex, demanding as well as entertaining. To better understand the value of video games, it is good to look at how the industry has changed over time.

As a beginner in video games at the age of eight, I only interacted on the phone interface where it was still entertaining. Towards the age of ten I was able to use my father’s computer where I started learning the core basics in a computer-integrated online games. One of the limitations I had is that I did not have a strong internet connection at home and this means I had to download video games at night when it was more convenient and faster. I also had colleagues and neighbours where we would compete in various games like virtual football and soccer with the winner earning gifts and even money. The computer games began with a 2D interface that was not so much interesting to use mainly on the computer. One of the key aspects of the 2D and 3D interfaces is they allow the player to navigate with ease and this makes the computer games more interesting (Adachi et al., 205). The shift from computer to personalized interfaces like in mobile phones was one of the key aspects of video gaming that gained speed from 2011. One of the most fascinating things about video games is that one can’t separate emotion from action; they are part of the same flow of events, one leading into the other.

Through my years of interacting with computer video games I have learn a lot and also enjoyed the speed through which technology is revolutionizing the industry. The experience has not only been rooted to the interaction and online competetions but the personal navigation through different interfaces. The mobile video games have become a dominant interface where players can compete online from remote locations (Lynch et al., 301). For example, the virtual sports games on the virtual generated interfaces provide a multiplayer interface where a dozen players can play virtually and compete from different locations. I am personally a fan of war games with a wide range of games that have engineered war-like interfaces where I able to compete a take missions with different players. These computer and phone supported video games are some of the most interesting because they have adopted a virtual reality environment that makes most plyers take control of the game flow (Oliver et al., 7). These are just soe of the advancements that are in the changes that I have experienced in the growing industry of video games that is steadily advancing with the upcoming technology.

The other dimension is the mobile multiplayer game where players play together or against each other using their mobile phones on a public display (Oliver et al., 12). I have interacted at this level where I found it entertaining and more advanced than the 2D interfaces. Over the years, the video games have evolved as the technology takes shape and this has eve ushered in virtual games that players can participate in online competition. Some of the pro-players have even mastered the various tricks that they capitalize on when navigating the whole field of online video games (Adachi et al., 202). My personal experience has grown with time and this gives me more exposure in the whole arena of personalized virtual video games. I have come to appreciate the fact that video games have not only changed my perception about the world of entertainment but improved my computer interaction and learning.

Today, the various virtual games and online interfaces have given me a new outlook into where the world is headed in terms of video games thus creating a new dimension into what and how the video games can improve my life. The shift from personal to multilevel competition has given the field of vide games a new shift that is adding taste and new dimension to gaming. For example, the players may not know each other and may not even know who of the people sharing the room with them are currently participating. In such a game, players can enter and leave at any time. These changes and increased technological inputs have allowed me to take a new look into the video gaming and also increased my appetite towards video games.

Works Cited

Adachi, Paul JC, and Teena Willoughby. “The link between playing video games and positive youth outcomes.” Child Development Perspectives 11.3 (2017): 202-206.

Lynch, Teresa, and Nicole Martins. “Nothing to fear? An analysis of college students’ fear experiences with video games.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 59.2 (2015): 298-317.

Oliver, Mary Beth, et al. “Video games as meaningful entertainment experiences.” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 5.4 (2016): 390.

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Existence of Cannibalism

Sagan defines cannibalism as the consumption of whole or part of human flesh by fellow human beings. Although very controversial and associated with non western countries according to Barker, Hulme and Iversen , its history dates a long time back . However, from research, it is evident that it has been a popular part of the American culture evidenced from “Cannibal Jokes” where it’s used to tell jokes as in the case of the humorous story “Cannibalism in the cars” by Mark Twain where prominent train travelers are forced to engage in cannibalism when stranded due to a snowstorm (Ngo 132). Testimonies in form of diaries and interviews from the survivors of the snow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains which took five months as revealed by Hart are also an indication of cannibalism in the history of America (133).

The variation in beliefs and traditions among the numerous cultural communities in the world, make a common practice among certain groups of people in order to obtain particular benefits. The human flesh is normally consumed from dead bodies. At times it is applied for survival, diet and religious or ritualistic performance by some communities based on tradition. The existence of cannibalism today will be discussed s well as the various forms with which it is exhibited.

As Poole portrays, cannibalism is still a current practice. Human beings can be trapped and bought for food in some cultures like in the Miyanmin society in west Sepik Papua in New Guinea where the villagers value the life of pigs and marsupials over humans who form part of their normal diet. Without differences in gender, ritual status, kinship or bodily substance, anyone even their dead are eaten. In order to get a continuous supply of human flesh they raid and drag neighboring villages to their village to be eaten. This occurred following a onetime shortage of wild animals where human beings became more hence appropriate for food acquiring dietary cannibalism (Ngo 133).

Leopard people and the alligator societies of South America also eat human flesh as their traditional culture. They practice dietary exocannibalism in hunting groups with a member concealing the face with Leopard skin while as MacCormarick describes, the alligator people uses alligator-like submarines (134).

This is different from religious or ritual cannibalism practiced for ceremonial purpose and not nourishment. One or more victims may be sacrificed at a time to honor the dead during funeral rituals. For example, a chief or leader in the Bangala tribe around Congo River in Central Africa is honored by the number of slaves sacrificed for feasting (134). In South America however, it is performed as a revenge for the highly honored dead while Indians sacrifice a single victim per ritual .For instance, a victim is forced to take the part of a killed warrior, marry his wife then later killed. The children soak their hands in the victim’s blood to symbolize avenge for the dead warrior while elderly women drink his blood, roast and eat his body.

Among the Bimin-Kuskusmin tribe in Africa, the capacity of a woman to bear children is highly value. Only a small part especially from the genitals is used for ritual with the supervision of elders. Poole expresses how a widow eats raw flesh obtained from the penis of her dead husband, to increase her future capacity of fertility and reproduction. Moreover, a widower in the hope to make the fertility of his deceased wife’s daughters enhanced may eat the flesh from a piece of her vagina and a piece of bone marrow to represent his honor for her capacity to reproduce. Other women who hope to benefit from the reproductive power of a dead elderly woman who possessed a great capacity in reproduction eat her uterus along her inner vaginal parts (135).

Besides cultural influence, some people who under normal circumstances do not practice cannibalism may do it when compelled by circumstances. These include extreme hunger or starvation due to either drought or being in locations without any source of food as in the case of the fifty-five refugees from Vietnam who were escaping to Malaysia. According to Ngo, they were forced to eat the flesh of their relatives and companions due to desperation and the need to keep alive therefore survive (132). This is in turn known as survival cannibalism .Another form is evidenced by Tuzin in the case where Japanese troops sacrificed the Arapesh people in northeastern Guinea as food so as to survive. As shipman describes, it is possible to divide cannibalism into two major categories based on the above illustrations. These are exocannibalism which refers to outsiders or foreigners being eaten and endocannibalism members of the same social group are eaten (133).

With the possibility of survival cannibalism human beings are cannibals in nature since we are all descendants of the same ancestors as the Miyanmin, Alligator as well as the Leorpard people. In addition, it is evident that our ancestors were cannibals; a practice that has changed over the ages. It can therefore be concluded that cannibalism is still widely practiced in the world by particular communities as well as individuals depending on their traditions and beliefs.

Works Cited

Ngo, L. “Cannibalism: It Still Exists.” Axelford, B.R. and C. R. Cooper. The St. Martin’s Guide

to Writing. Boston: Bedford, 2010: pp. 132-135.

Experiences and learning from the group interview

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The interview process is important as it demonstrates the interviewee’s ability to tackle a given task, fit into a given atmosphere and deal with various conditions as they emerge. Though the interview is designed to measure these qualities, it is through the interview that the right candidate is determined. This paper illustrates lessons learnt during the group interview process. This is done with reference to good interview tips and skills and interviewee’s preparations prior to interview.

Through the interview, I have learnt that it is important to carefully do research on an organization. The analysis of the position starts with thorough job analysis. This entails the review of the position being interviewed for, responsibilities and requirements among other factors. According to Groat and Wang (2002), the interviewee should be aware of the qualities being looked for in an interview. Though the interviewee had a clue about Primark, but the information was not sufficient considering the position being interviewed for (Hollowitz and Wilson, 2003). The interviewee was therefore able to convince us that he has an outgoing personality.

Knowing oneself before the interview is also of great importance for the interviewer. The interviewee carefully and successfully indicated his last position and role prior to the interview (Trochim, 2002). The roles were in line with the job being interviewed for and so the relevance of the information provided. The reason for job application was provided as well. According to Hollowitz and Wilson (2003), the interviewee needs to identify appropriate educational and prior experience, this was done successfully. The interviewee could identify the skills and knowledge needed to successfully perform the primary duties and responsibilities of the job.

In reviewing the duties and responsibilities of an opening, interviewer should determine if the interviewee is realistic in relation to other factors for instance previous experience and education. The interviewee could condense his experience and life (Pantakhy, 2012). Equally important is determining the interviewee is relevant to the overall job function, and if they overlap with the responsibilities of other jobs. The interviewee should have in-depth knowledge of the job requirements and extensive experience. In conducting an interview it is important also for the interviewer to determine the interviewee’s proven ability, familiarity, and degree relevance (Kvale, 2007). The interviewee in this case had a relevant degree and extensive past experience making him the right candidate for the human resource position.

The interviewee apart from educational experience and degree held should have the ability to get along with other co-workers, management, employees and customers. In cases where two job seekers have similar degrees, intangible job-related criteria are important in making the final decision (Trochim, 2002). The interviewee though answered the question of how to deal when conflicts results, the result was unsatisfactory. This showed the interviewee’s inability to fully tackle a conflict.

In conclusion, the interviewee demonstrated an understanding of the job requirements and skills needed to tackle the task. Furthermore, the experience shown to the interviewer was relevant and sufficient. The interviewee based on my judgment and understanding had an outstanding quality for the job being interviewed for and so deserved the position (Kvale, 2007). However, based on the interviewee’s response, there is an urgent need for him to improve his conflict resolution techniques.

References

Foddy, W.(1993). Constructing Questions for Interviews. Cambridge University Press.

Groat, L & Wang, D. (2002). Architectural Research Methods, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Hollowitz, J. & Wilson, C. (2003). Structured Interviewing in Volunteer Selection. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 21, 41-52,

Kvale, S. (2007). Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing, Sage Publications.

Trochim, K. (2002). Types of Surveys. Research Methods Knowledge Base.

The Oslo Peace Process

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The Oslo Peace Process

Introduction

In the entire international political system, the Middle East has had many systems, which are extensively penetrated. The great powers in the region had been rivals ever since the year 1978, when Napoleon came to Egypt. It is a fact that the Far East and Europe viewed the Middle East as a vital gateway. Furthermore, the world became interested in the region after oil was discovered. The dispute that exists between the Arabs and Israelis is responsible for the instability, which exists in the region. In modern times, the conflict between the Israelis and the Arabs is known to be intractable, protracted, as well as bitter. In turn, there have been many peace negotiation processes in an attempt to resolve the situation. The Oslo peace process is one such attempt that failed to yield any positive results (Eran, 2002).

This paper seeks to give a critical analysis concerning the impact that the Oslo Peace Process had on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Analysis of the Oslo Peace Process during the Isreali-Palestinian Conflict

The conflict and tension, which have existed between the Palestinians and Israelis, has attracted a lot of attention. In turn, various parties saw the need to solve the problem, which threatened the life of many people. This is after the USSR broke up, American pressure, as well as after the Gulf War ended. In turn, the international world provided a conducive environment that sort to solve the problem, which the Israelis had. Between the years 1993 to the year 1995, the PLO and Israel signed the Oslo Interim Agreement, and the Oslo Declaration of Principles. The documents sort to ensure that a Palestinian National Authority existed for a specific purpose. The agency would ensure that it negotiated with Israel as it had a temporary entity on matters concerning Gaza and the West Bank. Fortunately, it yielded excellent results, and in the year 1994, the peace treaty was signed (Slater, 2001).

Later on in the year 1996, Israeli troops withdrew from the Gaza Strip and other areas in the West Bank. The Fatah faction, a controlled legislature, was formed by Palestinians who had control over the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The members of the faction elected Yasser Arafat as Chairman, and he had the authority to govern the said areas. In turn, the Palestinians took over the lands, which they Israelis had occupied. Moreover, the Israelis introduced a settlement program for its people, in order to ensure that they had shelter. Therefore, by the year 2004, many housing units were built for the many homeless Israelis. According to the principles of the Oslo Declaration, the PLO would not engage in any violent acts, especially to the new settlers (Slater, 2001).

The Israelis were not in favor of the peace process and it even led to the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin an Israeli Prime Minister. The new Israeli prime minister known as Shimon Peres made sure that the Oslo Interim Agreement was signed when he came into power. During his tenure, there were countless suicide bombings by the Hamas, and Benjamin Netanyahu took over leadership. Netanyahu did not support the peace process, and he created a lot of controversy concerning this matter (Pappe, 2004). There were extreme numbers of causalities, as a result of rioting, after Netanyahu was accused by the Arabs for trying to threaten Al-Aqsa mosques security. The PNA and Israel, despite Netanyahu’s opposition, signed the Hebron interim agreement in the year 1997. Around 500 settlers were left to live in the Arab city after the withdrawal of the IDF. In the following year, Palestinians became even more committed towards preventing incitement and terror; also, the Israelis withdrew its troops. Even, after Netanyahu left his leadership position, Barak the new Prime Minister continued with the peace process. However, he failed in his mission, as extreme violence took place in the year 2000.

Conclusion

It is quite evident that the Oslo Peace Process did not solve the problem as it broke down instead. It seems that it would face eminent disaster from the time that it began as it had many shot comings. It failed to address the key reason why Palestinians and Israelis were at conflict with each other. There is also evidence to suggest that, under Likud’s leadership, the deal did not materialize. Moreover, political progress could not be achieved as long as trust did not exist. In a bid to expand its territory, the Isreali came up with policies, which lead to loss of momentum and mistrust. It is due to this policy that the conflict does not seem to come to an end. In conclusion, the Oslo Peace Process is a notable event, which took place in the Middle East. Though it did not yield any rewarding results, it is regarded as a path towards achieving peace. There is a need to ensure that more is done by the International world to ensure that peace will one day prevail in the Middle East.

References

Pappe, I. (2004). A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Slater, J. (2001). What Went Wrong? The Collapse of the Israeli-Palestinian Peace Process, Political Science, 116, 2, 171-199.

Eran, Oded. (2002). Arab-Israel Peacemaking.” The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. New York: Continuum.