Category: Uncategorized

American Indian History

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The Cherokee removal was an involuntary regulation application of the Native Americans and the Indians. The implementation of the regulations act was an attempt to establish an independent country that would otherwise dominate the Georgian City. The proceedings of the law were enacted by the legislature that proceeded over the extended jurisdiction, where Indian Cherokees demanded legal actions that would facilitate the functions of the petitioned Supreme Court of the United States of America. The populace of the Georgian region was undermined as domestic nations that were entirely regarded as a dependent and would not have survived a trail of effective government formation. The circumstances demanded a legal intervention that would establish the state and save the population from the wrath of isolation and a possibility of land alienation.

The formulations of the Worcester vs. Georgia cases were generally drafted as a federal protection scheme. This scheme incorporated an alienated structural policy for the Native Americans aimed to favor the Cherokee population, which was a composition of the Indian population. The success of the Cherokee removal was a documentation devised after the appropriated planning for the segregation of the Native race of the American population. The mastermind of the entire schemes was President Andrew, who had a hand in the enactment of the Indian Removal Act and the enforcement of the same regulation. The Marshall’s decision was of no significance to the president’s game plan and this implied that the same would have been duly enforced on the Indian population of Cherokee.

The establishment of the treaties was a strategy to certify the federal government’s approach to the matter. The approach to seal the treaty occurred by the help of the Cherokee chiefs, who signed amendments. These chiefs complied with the rules of the land and inspired their subjects to do the same. This would effectively capture the Indian population occupying the land as this was a mandatory requirement. Through these protocols, the federal government would effectively control the native population and ensure that the citizens appreciate the set regulations. These regulations served the people through observing maximum respect to their rights and freedoms. Congress was widely used to activate the treaties signed by the Cherokee chiefs. This can be overviewed as a direct way to sabotage the functionality of the popular voice in a pattern to conquer the independent mind. The main objective of the plan was to declare victory of the removal of the Cherokee population from America despite the obstruction and overruled jurisdiction of the United States legislative systems.

Major barriers led to the removal of the Indian plan. There were challenges from the main populations who passionately fought to ensure that the laws clashed with the established treaties. The relationship between the Native Americans and Cherokee Indians led to the development of collaborated resistance of the entire federal government scheme. The Native Americans and the Indians murdered the three key chiefs, who signed the removal treaty in order to safeguard the interest of a larger population. The repercussions of the killings by the Natives and the Indians resulted in a massive retaliation by the Federal Government that pushed the populations into the West. . The land, which is presently referred to as the land of the trailed fears, became home to the Native Americans and Cherokee Indians.

The factors for the failure of the Cherokee nation can be traced back to a lack of a significant cooperation of the two involved governments. The forced resettlement of the Cherokee population to the west region of America was a great deviation of the nation’s population leading to a misunderstanding between the nations. The forced relocation impacted negatively on the current nation of America and has greatly eroded the American culture and identity of the minority population. The history of the removal of the Cherokee nation has also added to the negative treatment by other races within the American nation. This is due to the historical records that have been misinterpreted in the recent history and generation.

The illustration of the Cherokee nation has been absorbed as a practical example of discrimination and misinterpretation of the law by supreme bodies or individuals, who have a different opinion and generally discriminate against the less fortunate. The Cherokee removal was an involuntary regulation application of the Native Americans and the Indians. The implementation of the regulations act was an attempt to establish an independent country that would otherwise dominate the Georgian City. The analysis of the cases Worcester v. Georgia has been criticized over the last years, with description of the outcome possibilities that would have been alternatively approved to salvage the minority races that would have enabled a peaceful coexistence of different populations in America. This would have also created a simple American history that would have appreciated three different races and groups in the country.

Bibliography

Aaseng, Nathan. Cherokee Nation V. Georgia. San Diego, CA: Lucent Books, 2000.

Day, Charmaine L. Worcester V. Georgia: Cherokees, the American Board and the Nullification Crisis. 2006.

Gold, Susan. Worcester V. Georgia: Native American Rights. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2009.

American Indians

Commonly referred to as Native Americans in the United States and as First Nations in Canada, American Indians are actually a variety of different tribes that form an indigenous race that occupied the American supercontinent long before the European settlement. There have been many stereotypes of the Native American in American and Canadian cultures that have persisted since the early 1800s up to the present time. The inferior depiction of the American Indians can be traced back to around 1820s in areas where they had been conquered by the white settlers and considered to be powerless. Two major types of Native American stereotypes emerged at this time in which they were perceived as either noble or ignoble savages. The noble savage was considered to be a spiritual and peaceful guardian of the land and a dedicated conservationist while the ignoble savage was an untamable marauding demon who scalped settlers (Berkhofer, 1979). After being conquered the ignoble savage was perceived as a drunken thief who was unwilling to work and relied on government handouts. These two perceptions of the American Indian later gave rise to all the present day stereotypes largely portrayed by the media and the movie industry.

Native Indian stereotypes depict them as primitive and childlike. However, the historical realities of American Indians present a completely different picture from what is shown in the media and Hollywood productions. From their physiology, culture, and economic activities, the common portrayal of Native Indians is very different from the reality. A physiological stereotype describes them as having black hair, red skin, brown eyes and big noses. The reality however is that a majority of Natives have dark brown hair while others have a dirty blonde, auburn, and various shades of brown hair. They have either broad or straight noses. Natives have never had a red skin complexion in as much as they were called Red Indians. The stereotype of red skin probably arose from the fact that the first Pilgrims came across Pequot tribe who normally painted their bodies in red color. Another common stereotype is the belief that Native Americans never grow body or facial hair and that their men never go bald. The truth is that many American Indians do grow body and facial hair depending on their tribe and location. Like all human beings, Native men also undergo male pattern baldness. An example is the picture of the famous Black Elk who as an old man was completely bald.

A common stereotype about Native American culture is the perception that they all live in tipis. However, it is a historical reality that even before the arrival of Europeans, many Native Indians lived in permanent houses and the only exception was the nomadic tribes who lived in tipis. In fact even the nomadic tribes began living in permanent houses after the 1800s (Bourne, 1990). It is not also true, contrary to popular belief, that the Europeans taught the Natives how to cook. The American Indians had long started using fire before the arrival of Europeans in America. As depicted in television shows, comics, and games such as Nightwolf and Mortal Kombat not all Natives are devoted environmentalists and nature lovers. It is a historical reality that some were warriors who fought to protect their territories.

In trying to refute the fact that Native American could have originated in the American supercontinent, a common stereotype places their origins in Siberia or China. The historical fact however is that American Indians occupied the continent prior to 20,000 BC when no known country or kingdom had been established in the Asian continent. The Native Indian oral history is in fact more accurate than most of the historical records written by White American and European scholars. Such historical and romanticized records depict stereotypic and simplistic characterization of Native Indians’ culture in an erroneous historical rather than an accurate modern context (Fleming, 2006).

References

Berkhofer, Jr., R. (1979). The White Man’s Indian: Images of the American Indian fromColumbus to the present. New York: Vintage Books.  

Bourne, R. (1990). The Red King’s Rebellion: Racial politics in New England, 1675-1678.Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fleming, W. C. (2006). Myths and stereotypes about Native Americans. Phi Delta Kappan.Retrieved March 6, 2011, fromhttp://www.jcu.edu/education/ed350/Myths%20and%20Stereotypes%20About%20Native%20Americans.pdf

 

Examining The Power Grid

Massachusetts, of the total power produced, what percentage is Nuclear?

A lot of power is produced in Massachusetts, and Nuclear Energy is extremely vital to the state. In Massachusetts, there is only one nuclear producing plant located at Plymouth County. Among other reactors of a commercial nature in America, the one at Plymouth is ranked twelfth from the largest ones. It is also known as the Pilgrim Nuclear Station. Its operator is known as the Entergy Nuclear Generation Company. It is located on land that is on sixteen hundred acres. Moreover, it construction is known to have cost 462.25 million dollars. The plant has water reactor with three boiling capacities as well as having a general electric, which is single. Furthermore, it uses uranium dioxide, which is low enriched. Also, It has a cooling system, which makes use of water obtained from the Atlantic Ocean. The economy of Massachusetts depends heavily from energy in the form of electricity acquired during production and transmission. This means that various state agencies and companies that generate power are involved in this production of energy. In the state of Massachusetts, there is only one nuclear plant that is operating at the moment. The nuclear capacity it can produce is at 600MW, and compared to other American states it is not much. It does not produce a lot of nuclear power and thus ranked third from the list’s bottom with other nuclear producing states. The total amount of electricity capacity in Massachusetts is at 5% of the total nuclear power generated. Furthermore, the electricity generated from the nuclear power is at 10%. Other sources of energy, which follow closely behind are coal as well as natural gas.

Which is the best state to install solar power?

There are various criterions, which should be followed in order for a state to have the best conditions for solar power installation. It is believed that latitudes and the number of days when a state experiences sunshine makes it ideal for installing solar power. Others believe that regulatory policies and strong incentives are the better option in deciding about installing solar power. There are certain conditions, which have to exist, in order to engage in solar power installation. In this case, California would be the ideal state for solar power installation. It receives a lot of sunshine most times of the year, thus extremely suitable. Furthermore, it has an established program that will last for ten years and it concerns initiatives to engage in solar power installation. The cost of this initiative is at 3.3 billion dollars. California is known for producing the country’s latest solar technologies. Furthermore, it has the largest market for solar energy on a worldwide basis. California has proven that its level of solar insulation is high when in comparison with other states in the country. Moreover, it can produce solar energy in large amounts. It would be economical and affordable to install solar power due to the nature of economic activities in California. Moreover, California exists within grids that favor it in the production of solar power energy.

How many sectors does the US grid have?There are various electric grids in America, and they form a network that is extremely complex. Furthermore, they are operated and owned independently, and some include; transmission lines and power plants. In order to increase efficiency of electricity utility in America, the use of technology, which is smart grid, is being adopted. This means that the process is automated as well as remotely computer based. The American energy department estimates that in order to reduce consumption levels of national energy, energy efficiency has to be increased. The result is that businesses and consumers will profit economically from this venture. It is estimated that there are many grids in the United States, and the exact figure is not known. There are various grids, and they are all involved in the production of energy, such as through distribution as well as transmission. This means that the grids must ensure that they transmit high voltage power to all American states. Some of the grids, which are used in this process are the ones involved in transmission and high voltage. There are plans by the American government to expand its grid in order to maintain its supply of energy.

What is the name of the largest Hydropower Plant in the US?

The United States has an extremely large Hydropower plant known as the Grand Coulee Dam. There are a total of three power plants at the dam, and they produce large amounts of electricity. Approximately 6809 MW of energy is produced at the dam. The dam is found in Central Washington in the Columbia River. It is known as America’s most concrete structure. The Dam is also used for the purpose of providing recreation areas, for wildlife as well as for farming. Other large hydro power plants include; the Hoover dam as well as the Diablo Dam.

Examining the relationship between leader member exchange, organizational commitment and job satisfaction in predicting turnover intention of mid-level employees in UAE public sector

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background and the relationship between job satisfaction, job commitment, and Leader member exchange on turnover intention of Middle-level employees’ on UAE public Sector. Then, the background, justification of study, research questions and Hypothesis, and Model of the study are discussed. Finally, the major terms of this study are defined.

1.1 Background and Importance

Turnover intention is a genuine issue particularly today in which representative leaves the firms or association let go them. Turnover intention is the firm’s workers plan to leave their employments or to terminate the representatives. Turnover proposition or intention can be either willful or automatic. In intentional turnover, worker leaves the association readily. It happens when the representative have an option best open door. While automatic turnover intention happens when association isn’t fulfilled will to flame him. The universally useful of this exploration is to study the turnover plan of workers and the particular reason for existing is to recognize the impact of Job commitment, Job satisfaction, and Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) lead on turnover intention of middle level employees in UAE Public Sector (Abu Elanain, 2014).

The current study demonstrates the impacts of these five variables on turnover intention; Job commitment, Job satisfaction, and Leader-Member Exchange. Work fulfillment is the inclination of getting accomplishment which you hone in the employment. Work fulfillment has a negative effect on turnover proposition. High occupation fulfillment or Job satisfaction is connected with low turnover intention and low Job commitment heads to high turnover aim. It is the best marker of utilize proposition to perform (Agarwal, Datta, Blake-Beard & Bhargava, 2012).

Leader-Member Exchange depicts the capacity of a leader in gatherings to keep up his position through an arrangement of implicit trade assertions and dealings with their partners. The leader-member exchange theory concentrates on the two-way relationship (dyadic connections) in the middle of directors and subordinates (Al-bdour, Nasruddin & Lin, 2010). LMX has negative effect on turnover intention. On the off chance that the trade of data in the middle of leader and adherent will be more the lower will be the turnover intention.

Job Commitment is a connection with the association and a positive reaction to working conditions. It has a negative effect on turnover propositions. Workers who have solid connection with the association have less intention to move to an alternate association than the representatives who are not successfully and emphatically dedicated (Awadh & Ismal, 2012).

1.2 Research problem and hypotheses:  

Research Questions:

What is the relationship between job satisfaction, leader member exchange, job commitment and turn over intention in an organization?

What is the relative strength of the relationships among, leader-member exchange (LMX), organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions?

Hypothesis

Job satisfaction is positive relationship with turnover intention.

LMX has a direct and negative relationship with turnover intention.

Job commitment has a positive relationship with turnover intentions.

1.3 Justification for the Research

 

1.4 Model

453390142240Job Satisfaction

Job Satisfaction

3276600619760Turnover Intentions

Turnover Intentions

452120598170LMX

LMX

4546601344295Job Commitment

Job Commitment

1.5 Definitions

1.5.1 Turnover intention

Each organization confronts turnover of workers, some of them leaves the association willfully while the associations release some of their representatives from the association. All sort of turnover acquires expense of substitution of those separators, recruitment, determination and so forth. Considering the conduct of workers who quit their association is turnover examination of representatives. The associations can lessen turnover rate however they can’t decrease it to 0%, high turnover rates are bad for the association thus, the associations attempt to hold their workers and spare their expense.

Turnover is of two sorts willful turnover and automatic turnover, when business terminate the representatives it is said to be automatic turnover and when the workers quit their occupation by their eagerness it is called automatic turnover.( Awadh & Ismal, 2012). As indicated by (Dayan, 2010) turnover have both positive and negative impacts on the association. The association needs to pay a substantial expense of substitution of workers as a negative outcome; the association needs to pay an enormous bit of now is the ideal time to selecting and selecting exercises which will build the administrations obligations.

As demonstrated by (Demir, 2011) Employees worker reliantly in an affiliation, halting of a rate of the specialists Effect the adequacy of the remaining delegates. It is valuable for the relationship to end the laborers who are not gainful and supplant them with the useful one’s which will extend new one’s the inventive considerations and courses of action. As demonstrated by (Elanain, 2010) to reduce conflicts and bring change and progression to the affiliation minor turnover is sound for the association, for example, Public segment

Job Satisfaction

At the point when your work is having worth you will be content and fulfilled by your execution this I occupation fulfillment. As per (Elanain, 2013) Job fulfillment is work related examination theme in the field of authoritative brain science, hierarchical conduct and in the mechanical territory. As per (Yusuf et al., 2011) there is a relationship between employment fulfillment and turnover plan of representatives. As per Jon (2010) fulfillment has immediate relationship with the turnover intention. As per Jon (2010) occupation fulfillment is adversely related with the turnover proposition of representatives. Workers regularly think to leave their occupation; they frequently make correlation of their present place of employment with the others and assess the choices which they can get by leaving their late occupation. As indicated by (Kanchymalay et al., 2010) employment fulfillment has an altogether negative relationship with turnover plan on steady premise. As indicated by (Kanchymalay et al., 2010) specialists have demonstrated that employment fulfillment has immediate impact over the turnover intention.

Leader Member Exchange (LMX)

Leader member exchange gives the base to characterize the nature of a dyadic relationship in the middle of leader and parts of his/her work bunch. Leader enrollment trade hypothesis concentrates on collaborations between the leaders and supporters in spite of different speculations. Point of convergence of relationship methodology is the connection of leader and its devotees. Quality of each relationship makes supporter feel that they are the piece of gathering which brings about anticipation from negative recognitions and imbalances. Administration making energizes associations building and aides in simple accomplishment of objectives and achievement of procedure.

As the hypothesis of LMX states a leader a leader may have distinctive kind of associations with the parts of gatherings or with diverse work bunches. The parts who keep up excellent associations with their leaders basically have predominant taking care of in which may incorporate power of choice making (Kanchymalay et al., 2010), similarly higher chances to develop (Lee & Kamarul Zaman, 2009) and record-breaking help and help (Talib, Rahman & Qureshi, 2010). Investigation of this hypothesis (Zahari & Shurbagi, 2012) accept that high caliber of LMX makes the accomplishment of alluring work comes about simple, enhanced execution appraisals, larger amount of employment fulfillment, and hierarchical responsibility, and diminished rate of workers intention to stop. The Relationship of turnover intention and LMX suggests that parts who have low nature of LMX they may have feeble association with their leader so they may have more prominent turnover plan than those with higher nature of LMX (Zahari & Shurbagi, 2012).

Job commitment

Job commitment is portrayed as the worker relationship with the association or the accumulation of sentiments and convictions about the association as to include or join candidly in an association. Job commitment is a connection with association (Agarwal, Datta, Blake-Beard & Bhargava, 2012). Job commitment implies a positive reaction to working conditions and has a solid accept on association objectives and wish to accomplish compelling connection with organizations (Agarwal, Datta, Blake-Beard & Bhargava, 2012).organizational dedication and turnover proposition are fundamentally identified with one another and have a negative affiliation (Al-bdour, Nasruddin & Lin, 2010).

At the point when Job commitment is esteemed by association and workers get positive reaction and support then it fills in as inspiration and to stay in the association and to work for association (Al-bdour, Nasruddin & Lin, 2010) Previous studies demonstrate an incredible impact on turnover aim because of hierarchical responsibility and there is a negative connection between them (Awadh & Ismal, 2012). When employees’ job commitment in the workplace is high and representatives are completely included to accomplish the objectives then they are persuaded and keep their element in the association (Demir, 2011). In the event that dedication with association is low and representatives have no exceptional enthusiasm to hierarchical objectives then they are disheartened and terminated or may leave the organization.

Delimitations of Scope and Key Assumptions

The confinement of our study is that it just covers the reaction of workers of UEA public sector. Current business sector drifts in UAE are may be not the same as the patterns of different urban communities and this result in change aims of workers. Example size of our study is 50. Sample size is little covering a restricted range and constrained impacts of current circumstances. Significant respondents of our study will be females and turnover expectation of females’ changes from turnover intention of male counterparts as the general public is concerned. Results will be diverse if respondents will be from distinctive urban communities and nations on the grounds that plans differ from society to society and economy to economy.

Outline of the Report

The dissertation is based on five chapters, The first will be the introduction, the second will be the literature review, the third will be the methodology, the fourth will be the Analysis of the results, and the last will be discussion and recommendation.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Adams’ Equity Theory

As indicated by this theory, initially created by working environment and behavioral analyst John Stacey Adams in 1963, it is critical that an individual sees value in the proportion of his data and yield. The info is anything, both unmistakable and immaterial, that an individual helps a relationship the yield is anything, additionally both substantial and impalpable, that the individual gets from a relationship thinking of her as data to it. (Adams’ value hypothesis)

At the point when connected to the connection of business (particularly in the zone of faculty administration), a representative will feel more inspired to work in the event that she feels that her execution on the working environment (data) are genuinely adjusted (yield). More perplexing than that, a worker will likewise feel spurred when she in her looking at her degree of information and yield with her partners (‘applicable other’), the representative additionally feels inspired. On the other hand, demotivation results if the worker feels that her yield is short of what her include, and when she sees disparity when she contrasts her enter with yield proportion to that of her associates.

Adam’s Equity Theory can help one see how representatives carry on in connection to their employment in the work environment. The impression of reasonableness and this fulfillment with the occupation, of a representative is not an ensure that she will dependably feel glad about her employment. A worker may display state of mind that are bad for the organization. Through the Equity Theory, the chief will have the capacity to survey the natural state of the work environment that may have set off the change. Elements, for example, this, in addition to the identity of every representative, ought to be considered by the superintendent particularly when creating strategies that are reasonable, including prize frameworks, and approaches on guiding and disciplinary methodology.There are things that a chief ought to dependably mull over in outlining arrangements and systems (for prizes, disciplinary activities and so on.). Saw through the viewpoint of Equity Theory, workers expect conclusions in their works, and these desires are controlled by their impression of value or reasonableness in the working environment. Initially, a representative expects that her commitment for the organization will be genuinely remunerated. Their view of decency is controlled by their correlation of their info to yield proportion to that of individual workers. In the event that a worker sees that her inputs are not genuinely remunerated with the suitable yield, the representative’s financial execution will be contrarily modified, or she may decide to discover an alternate occupation. (Carrell and Dittrich)

From here we perceive how it is imperative to consider how changes that comes about because of arrangement making can essentially modify the operation in a working environment. In the event that the progressions connected in the strategies and methodology disturb the impression of value among the representatives, it will ponder their execution and at last to the general execution of the organization. The strategies on the most proficient method to strike a harmony between the workers’ inputs and their yields ought to be decently thought. This is to guarantee that the representatives will be continually feel upbeat about their occupation and will be propelled to enhance their info to expand the level of their yield. Note that when a representative’s conduct or state of mind changes so as to restore value, and this shows in execution that is counter-profitable. (Adams)Adams ‘s (1965) value hypothesis is an alternate manifestation of inspiration. In this model, as in hope hypothesis, individuals are seen as having considerations, feeling, and notions that influence their work. He additionally recommends that the social correlation procedure starts with the singular’s evaluation of what he or she have to puts into the employment in respect to what is gotten from it. That is, the individual creates a cognitive proportion made out of the inputs to the occupation and the return (yield) from it.

Inputs

Typically, inputs are think about as an exertion, steadfastness, diligent work, duty, ability, capability, versatility, adaptability, tolerance, determination, complete self, energy, confide in our manager and bosses, backing of associates and subordinates, individual tribute, and so on.

Yields

The yields ordinarily are characterize as budgetary prizes, for instance pay compensation, costs, advantages, profits, annuity plans, reward and commission – in addition to intangibles – distinguishment, notoriety, acclaim and much obliged, interest, obligation, boost, travel, preparing, advancement, feeling of accomplishment and headway, advancement, and so on. As indicated by Adams (1965), individuals who feel that there is reasonableness in the middle of inputs and yields. T he yield/input(o/I) proportion means the extent of occupation inputs (I) to employment yields (O), and it communicates to the degree to which of the trade is felt to be proper. Individuals feel it will be reasonable if the trade of the yield is seen to be as equivalent as the data. At the point when yields are more noteworthy than inputs, individuals know they are overpaid, and alternately, when yields are short of what inputs, individuals feel came up short on. In a second period of the methodology, individuals take part in social correlation. They start by surveying the O/I degrees of others at work. At that point, the individual analyzes their degree toward oneself with the degrees of other noteworthy person.

The Three Component Model of Commitment

John Meyer and Natalie Allen created their Three Component Model of Commitment and distributed it in the 1991 “Human Resource Management Review.” The model clarifies that dedication to an association is a mental state, and that it has three unique parts that influence how representatives feel about the association that they work for.

The three parts are:

Affection for your employment (“emotional responsibility”).

Fear of misfortune (“duration responsibility”).

Sense of commitment to stay (“regularizing responsibility”).

You can utilize this model to expand responsibility and engagement in your group, while likewise helping individuals to encounter a more prominent feeling of prosperity and employment fulfillment. We should take a gander at each of Meyer and Allen’s three sorts of duty in more prominent subtle element.

Love for Your Job (Affective Commitment)

Love for your employment happens when you feel a solid passionate connection to your association, and to the work that you do. You’ll no doubt relate to the association’s objectives and qualities, and you really need to be there. In case you’re getting a charge out of your work, you’re prone to feel great, and be fulfilled by your employment. Thusly, this expanded occupation fulfillment is liable to add to your inclination of full of feeling duty.

Fear of Loss (Continuance Commitment)

This sort of duty happens when you weigh up the upsides and downsides of leaving your association. You may feel that you have to stay at your organization, on the grounds that the misfortune you’d encounter by abandoning it is more prominent than the profit you think you may pick up in another part. These apparent misfortunes, or “side wagers,” can be fiscal (you’d lose compensation and profits); proficient (you may lose position or part related aptitudes that you’ve invested years gaining); or social (you’d lose fellowships or partners). The seriousness of these “misfortunes” regularly increments with age and experience. You’re more prone to encounter duration responsibility in case you’re in a built, effective part, or in the event that you’ve had a few advancements inside one association. Sense of Obligation to Stay (Normative Commitment)

This sort of duty happens when you feel a feeling of commitment to your association, regardless of the possibility that you’re miserable in your part, or regardless of the possibility that you need to seek after better open doors. You feel that you ought to stay with your association, in light of the fact that its the correct thing to do. This feeling of commitment can come from a few variables. You may feel that you ought to stay with your association on the grounds that it has put cash or time in your preparation. Alternately maybe it gave a prize ahead of time, for example, paying for your school educational cost. This commitment can likewise come about because of your childhood. Case in point, your family may have focused on that you ought to stay faithful to your association. Note: These three sorts of duty are not totally unrelated. You can encounter every one of the three, or two of the three, in differing degrees.

Applying the Model

By applying the Three Component Model, you can help your group create more prominent positive, emotional responsibility. By doing this, your kin are liable to feel an expanded responsibility to the group and association, and they’ll presumably feel more positive and more spurred; and experience more prominent employment fulfillment. It’s critical to try your hardest to develop full of feeling responsibility, and diminish your group’s dependence on continuation and regulating duty, so that you’re heading a group of individuals who feel energetic for their parts.

Colleagues with just continuation and standardizing duty may feel exhausted and unmotivated, and no pioneer needs a group with those demeanor! These colleagues may additionally piece energetic workers, or considerably bring down the spirit of the gathering. To support constructive progressions, verify that you’re joining individuals’ objectives with those of the group or association, utilizing a methodology like Management by Objectives. On the off chance that fitting, see whether you can better adjust your group’s parts to their abilities and diversions, with methods, for example, Job Crafting. It’s essential to help individuals discover reason in their work. Keep in mind that individuals are more prone to create full of feeling duty on the off chance that they encounter positive feelings at work. Doing what you can to help individuals prosper is an incredible approach to urge individuals to flourish, and to appreciate the work that they’re doing. Verify that you give acclaim routinely, and make a solid working environment, so that individuals are content and gainful.

Managing Continuance and Normative Commitment

Notwithstanding helping individuals experience more prominent full of feeling duty, you can likewise utilize the model to precisely deal with the measure of continuation and standardizing responsibility that individuals may feel.

You can decrease the reliance on duration and regulating duties by being a finer pioneer, by taking a shot at your general group administration abilities, and by contemplating how your activities may impact your colleagues.

Plainly, it doesn’t bode well for attempt to decrease duration or regularizing responsibility, notwithstanding you ought to make an effort not to depend on it, regardless of the possibility that you’re not able to accomplish full of feeling duty at the outset. You ought to chip away at approaches to guarantee that colleagues get to be upbeat and delight in their work, without making them feel uncomfortable amid the procedure. Remember, on the other hand, that individuals will probably encounter duration duty eventually in their professions, in light of the fact that they’ll feel that they have to stay in their employment to get pay and profits. Furthermore some individuals will probably feel a feeling of standardizing responsibility if their association has put a ton in their preparation and improvement, for instance. It’s decent to have these sorts of duty, be that as it may, they’re a reward, not something you ought to look to make!

Leader-Member Exchange Theory (LMX)

The LMX methodology as per House (1971) has three stages and begins when one joins the gathering. The first is the part taking where the part joins the groups and the leader analyzes his or her capacities. It is then that the leader chooses whether to give this part an open door or not. Knox and Inkster (1968) contend that amid this stage it gets to be imperative for the leader and the part to set out an establishment on tenets of engagement. The inferred understanding takes place in the second stage where the casual plan happens between the leader and the part. The part is made for this part, which additionally accompanies profits. As an exchange this part should pay by being committed and being faithful. Linville, Fischer and Salovey (1989) watch that at this stage trust building is critical. In that capacity if the leader feels deceived he or she is prone to downgrade the part to the out-gathering. This stage additionally includes different elements, for example, connections and the comparability with the leader. A part who has comparability is liable to have positive connections as per this hypothesis. So also, in the situation where the leader and the part are of same sex this relationship is additionally prone to be certain as this casual game plan is frequently based on appreciation. All the more over, this relationship is prone to be influenced by society and race.

As per Lippman (1982) the third process in LMX theory is reutilization. It is in this stage that a persistent social trade between the two gatherings is secured. This relationship is based on trust and there is an inclination to discover a part of senior groups having comparability with their leader. Maas, Ceccarelli and Rudin (1996) include that the parts are sensible, touchy, and compassionate and have the capacity take after the thought of their leader. In actuality the parts of the out-gathering have inverse qualities. Specifically, they are liable to be forceful, snide and egocentric.

Lippman (1982) portrays the in-gathering parts as having more certainty, more included, informative and being more reliable. Furthermore, these parts go past their formal set of responsibilities and in that capacity the leader responds by growing their part. The parts of the external gathering are less perfect with the leader and simply appear for work, complete the obligations given and retreat home. Ainslie (1974) is of the feeling that under this hypothesis the part of the in-gathering is more beneficial owing to this social trade with their leader. To be sure, under LMX there is prone to be less specialists’ turnover, more positive execution, more positive execution assessments, more advancements, more prominent investment and backing for the leader’s vision and positive occupation mentality (Ainslie, 1975).

This theory has quality as the individuals who help more have the capacity appreciate a bigger number of profits than new parts of the out-gathering. It recognizes the dyadic relationship and underlines the essentialness of successful leader part trades. In any case, the leaders need to be watchful on whom they permit in the in-gathering and ought to just couch one on the work execution just. This ought not to be focused around race, ethnicity, sex or religion. The pundits of this think that it out of line as the parts are dealt with unequally.

Transformational initiative

As indicated by this theory transformational authority is a process that changes individuals. It involves managing the feelings, values, benchmarks, morals and long haul objectives. The adherents’ intentions and needs are fulfilled by having a visionary authority. The two gatherings are bound together in a changes process. As indicated by Bass (1990) the leaders change the adherents through: Making them mindful of the imperativeness and the estimation of the assignment. Making the devotees comprehend the significance of concentrating on the authoritative objectives instead of individual investment

Activating their high-order Needs

In his contention Bass (1990) finds that charm is fundamental as it serves to conjure positive and solid feelings. Also, it additionally causes the adherents to relate to the leaders. Charm is characterized as an identity trademark and gives the holder superhuman forces. It is just controlled by a couple of and is regularly respected to have divine root. The author further contends that legitimate transformational authority is focused around glorified impact, learned incitement, moving incitement and individualized attention (Ainsworth, 1963). The glorified impact depicts the leaders who have solid good examples attributes. The devotees are upbeat to recognize and copy these leaders. Through moving inspiration the leaders impart their exclusive requirements to their supporters.

They adherents get to be enlivened and turn into a piece of the association’s objective and vision. Then again, through the idea of savvy incitement the devotees are made to be more imaginative and inventive (Graen & Cashman, 1975). This is accomplished by the leader providing for them the right stage where they challenge their convictions and qualities. The adherents are additionally ready to question the estimations of their leader. By individual attention the leaders give an empowering atmosphere in which they listen and address the individual concerns raised by their supporters (Granovetter, 1973).

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

This part will be composed into four significant segments. It will start with the research design of this study, which describes the sampling, data-collection, and IRB procedures. Emulating this research design, a broad examination of the instrument utilized incorporates four variables with their related instruments, instrument interpretation, and pilot test. At that point, the dependability and legitimacy of the instrument are accounted for. The last area incorporates information examination.

Research Design

A quantitative research design study will be used as a part of this study. A study is characterized as “a technique for social event data from a specimen of people”. The principle motivation behind review exploration is “to gather data from one or more individuals on some set of hierarchically significant constructs”. Also, the present study endeavored to measure phenomena that are not specifically recognizable, for which a review is thought to be a suitable approach to catch the discoveries from an expansive populace at one time. A five-stage process for directing study scrutinize in associations was proposed by Bartlett (2005). This methodology comprises of characterizing the reason and destinations, settling on the example, making and pretesting the instrument, reaching the respondents, and gathering and breaking down information.

Population and Sample

The target populace for this study comprised of Middle-Level Employees from business undertakings in cutting edge commercial ventures in UAE. In spite of the fact that Middle-Level Employees are circulated in four sorts of associations, including government business ventures, government, advanced education, and Public Charities amid other organizations. (National Science Council, 2007), this present study set stress on business undertakings because of the lack of very talented laborers and the high turnover rate of Public Sector.

IRB Approval

The present study included gathering information from grown-up members. Despite the fact that the study was executed in UAE, with a specific end goal to get regard for it and increase participation from members who were impacted by it, the examination proposal was submitted to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University. The methods utilized emulated IRB rules for selecting members, acquiring participants’ consent, and guaranteeing protection and privacy. These steps guaranteed the insurance of human subjects from danger (Gall et al., 2007).

Instrument

To guarantee the nature of the instrument, the procedure of creating the overview took after these four stages:

Creating the introductory overview from a writing survey of existing scales

Conducting a pilot study with meetings to test the overview

Modifying the study focused around input from the pilot study

Implementing the overhauled overview

Everything of

American Law

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc385068939” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc385068939 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385068940” Social Methods PAGEREF _Toc385068940 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385068941” Economic Methods PAGEREF _Toc385068941 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385068942” Political Methods PAGEREF _Toc385068942 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385068943” What Worked PAGEREF _Toc385068943 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385068944” What Didn’t Work, and Why PAGEREF _Toc385068944 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385068945” Some Possible Alternatives PAGEREF _Toc385068945 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385068946” The Outcomes PAGEREF _Toc385068946 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385068947” Specific Methods Used To Suppress the Reformers PAGEREF _Toc385068947 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc385068948” Summary PAGEREF _Toc385068948 h 6

IntroductionIn the 1960s, America fought for the second revolution in the streets through the civil rights movements. They fought against segregation of blacks socially, economically, and politically for this had destroyed them psychologically and physically. It was a fight that challenged American believes on the definition of liberty and justice for all. The prize was freedom and no American could afford to lose this objective. For over a century, America was segregated in ways of keeping whites and blacks apart by custom and by law.

Most blacks were laborers, lived in separated poor housing, and went to poor schools. They were delaminated socially and psychologically. Segregation had its rules, for example, whenever a black looked at a white woman there would be violence. Radical violence developed where black groups armed themselves against the system. Some of the blacks who fought in the Second World War demanded for justice upon coming back home. However, the system was not ready to hear their demands, and then in the 1950s, the inevitable happened.

Social MethodsThe mid-20th century witnessed the development of various social means by which the Black Americans, led by civil activists, demanded for the abolition of segregation and called for equality and justice for all. Amongst the peaceful methods used by the civil activists included peaceful protests, picketing, and boycotts where black college students resolutely waged sit in campaigns in various southern lunch counters in the mid-1950s. In 1954 the now infamous seamstress Rosa Parks caused a public stir when she declined to give up her seat to a white man as was established in law. Her arrest set off a yearlong boycott of the Montgomery buses.

In 1957, Martin Luther King’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) started organizing civil rights movements, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) backed the four students who instigated the sit in campaigns in the southern lunch counters. Their action grabbed media attention triggering a deluge of protests. The nonviolence sit in campaigns by students was not only used in desegregating public places but also gave numerous students an avenue to get involved in the movement.

In 1961, CORE (The Congress of Racial Equity) exploited the rising student activism by sending volunteers on free rides to test laws prohibiting segregation on buses. Community based projects were also started to contest barriers that segregated against black voters. Martin Luther King emerged as the leader of this civil rights movement and advocated for peaceful nonviolence means such as boycotts and picketing which spread to the entire southern communities. Unlike the violence means that were started in the late 1960s, the peaceful non violence means never subdivided the blacks; they were in solidarity and achieved more than the violent radical groups that emerged in the late 60s.

Economic MethodsFollowing the arrest of Rosa Parks in 1954 when she declined to give up her seat to a white man as was established in law, there was a yearlong boycott of the Montgomery buses. This started four days after she had been arrested. In spite of the taunting and other ways of harassments from the whites, the black community persevered until the courts intervened and abolished the segregation laws in in December 1956. Unlike violence means, these public boycott of the buses demonstrated that through determination and unity the blacks could make their voices be heard and thus impart change. Economic methods also brought down the whites’ transportation business, especially those who decided to embrace the court’s decision.

Political MethodsThe order by President John F. Kennedy in June 1963 stated that legislation should be fast tracked to abolish all segregation laws in the country. Civil movement leaders led by Martin Luther King made a match to Washington for a mass gathering in the summer of 1963 where they pressed for the passage of civil rights legislation in order to promote economic emancipation of the blacks. The match to Washington gathered about a half a million people whites and blacks before the Lincoln memorial where Martin Luther King delivered his now infamous speech, “I have a dream.” Political methods were dangerous because they exposed the civil rights movement leaders to assassination unlike the economic and social means.

What WorkedFollowing the protests sparked by Rosa Park’s arrest NAACP enlisted the assistance of a black eloquent preacher Martin Luther King to organize mass public rallies that led to the abolition of the segregation laws in 1956 by the courts. Between 1955 and 1960, the Blacks civil rights movements started registering lots of successes. When young volunteers were sent by CORE to test the implementation of bus segregation laws, they met opposition. In spite of their observance of nonviolence means, most of them were jailed. One group met a harrowing experience in Alabama when white thugs and when the students came out they were beaten up burned their bus. Despite these incidents, they soldiered on until President John Kennedy interceded and directed that laws barring segregation in interstate travelling should be enforced. The media extensively covered the harrowing experience meted on protesters in Birmingham, where women and innocent children were hurled through the air with hose firewater. Within a month, the segregation laws in the city had been repealed. The aftermath of Birmingham’s crude act instigated protests countrywide and this led to a televised speech by President John F. Kennedy on June 12, 1963 where he pledged to align his government based on civil liberties. He also called on congress to fast track a bill that would ban segregation and guarantee civil liberties for all the American citizens.

What Didn’t Work, and WhyIn the late 1960s, blacks started feeling that that repel of segregation laws through legislation and courts had not worked for them. The blacks were still crippled politically and economically because the repealed laws only appeared so in paper and not on the ground. Some of the new leaders of the black empowerment movement led by Malcolm X denounced Martin Luther King’s peaceful nonviolence means. They now advocated for violence means in which the blacks had to secure their rights by all possible means. Organizations such as CORE and SNCC started taking up militant agendas. In comparison to the social peaceful means, the violence means exploded riots in ghetto areas where millions of blacks resided. Many were killed in comparison to the peaceful means and not much was gained in comparison to what had been gained through peaceful means.

Some Possible AlternativesThe leaders who advocated for peaceful non-violence means in the 1950s and those who advocated for violence means in the late 60s should have sat down and strategized on the best approach going forward. This is because their division fractured the entire movement for black civil rights despite the gains it had made. They should have used legislation to empower the black voters and politicians for this would have gained more attention in the public.

The OutcomesFrom 1954, the blacks started realizing the fruits of their efforts, for example, in 1957 Congress for the first time passed the civil rights act, which created a civil rights division to enforce various rights through the Justice department. There was white backlash against the Black civil rights movement. A case in point, which forms the movement’s lowest point, was the 1960s images that made their way throughout the world of four innocent girls whose lives were ended by a bomb that slit the 16th street Baptist Church where they attended Sunday school.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), moved to court in 1954 where an unprecedented judgment was made in the Brown vs. Board of education case. Segregation in public schools seemed to be unconstitutional and was thus abolished. The Southern whites responded to the burgeoning black rights movements such as the SCLC by closing ranks in opposition.

Legions of young black Americans surged to participate in rallies, boycotts, and demonstrations. As their expectations enlarged the rising black protests prompted extensive media coverage which brought black demands before the public platform like never before. Following his support for the emancipation of blacks and plans to abolish segregation laws, President John F. Kennedy was assassinated five month after his televised speech where he aligned his government to the realization of civil liberties for all Americans. Consequently, the civil liberties bill languished in Congress. However, after a lot of political bickering President Johnson signed it into law in 1964.

Specific Methods Used To Suppress the ReformersPeaceful matchers were beset by snarling police dogs and fire hoses. Young innocent children and women in Birmingham endured brutality when a racist police chief turned fire hoses on them. He hurled them through the air. Media coverage of this harrowing event shocked viewers worldwide. Most of the black liberties movement leaders and their followers experienced arrests, maim, and assassinations.

SummaryIn today’s world, Citizens can engage the system through the ballot box to bring down a government that does not support civil liberties. In the 21st century, voters do not vote on the boundaries of color, but for parties and individuals that support their ideals and human rights. While democrats supported gay rights, the republicans banned gay votes on the ballot boxes of their key swing states in the run up to the 2008 elections. This swept into Washington as for the first time in history, there emerged a Black American as President. Lastly, Civic education by civil rights groups can also work in the current dispensation to inform citizens of their rights and freedoms.

American Literature As Portrayed By Cotton Mather, John Smith, And Mary Rowlandson

The authors Cotton Mather, John Smith, and Mary Rowlandson had various opinions regarding the Indians. Cotton Mather was known to be a puritan, historian, as well as a preacher. He had an extremely close relationship with the Native Indians to the point whereby, he even mastered their language. He seemed to believe that the Indians were people who had noble intentions. Furthermore, he often criticized the Quakers as they had a negative attitude towards the Indians (Fagan, 2005.34). Also, Captain John Smith had a positive attitude towards the Indians from Powhatan. The paramount chief of the Powhatan Indians formed an alliance with Smith. It was for the purpose of ensuring that English colonies flourished. Unfortunately, Indians became hostile towards other English settlers after Smith left. Smith was quite open minded and often referred to the Indians as being civil. In fact, Smith treated the Indians and English as being equals (Fagan, 2005.48).On the other hand, Mary Rowlandson has a negative attitude towards the Indians. She believes that they were evil as they committed many heinous deeds. For example, the Indians burned people’s houses and murdered innocent children (Fagan, 2005.56).

In my opinion, the author who gave the best description of the Indians was John Smith. He claimed that the native Indians were people who had been misunderstood. They were often treated unfairly by the Europeans, who were only interested in taking their resources. Moreover, the Indians from Powhatan had proven that they could be civil if they were treated well. This means that if the Indians were approached in a negative manner, they would also retaliate by being bad. The true description of Indians is thus provided by John Smith who let them be known in a positive way.

Work Cited

Fagan, Brian. Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent 4th Ed. New York. Thames & Hudson Inc, 2005.Print.

Examining Unemployment

It is a universally accepted norm that adult humans must engage in one or more forms of gainful employment activities in order to eke a meaningful living. We rely on income from labor to maintain or improve our living standards. Rewards of labor give us a sense of personal achievement and self-worth. Losing a job translates to lower living standards and loss of self esteem. Unemployment comes with a severe impact on a person’s emotional and economical well-being. In the words of Martin Luther King, Jr., “Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly” (King). This means that unemployment is not a problem for the affected individual alone but for the entire national economy as well. Unemployed citizens are considered by economists as an impediment to the growth of a country since they do not contribute the country’s production and national output.

Productive labor is internationally recognized as a means to an external but basic end. As a gainful activity, employment is an instrumental good. It is instrumentally valuable to the individual due to the income that it brings. From a socio-economic point of view, employment is also instrumental in the production of common wealth. Unemployment, therefore, adversely affects a person physically and mentally. Unemployed people are bound to suffer from conditions such as depression, obesity, malnutrition, and self-resentment besides the torment their families and dependants undergo. They lose their self-esteem when the society seems not to recognize their skills and achievements. The end result is development of deviant or unproductive behavior such as alcoholism or crime which might permeate through successive generations. This is what creates cultural stereotypes and discrimination in distribution of jobs.

From a simple citizen’s point of view, I find it absolutely scandalous for a country as rich as the United States to have over 46 million of its citizens collecting food stamps due to rising rates of unemployment. The real scandal here is that unemployment is a problem hardly discussed in the same level as warfare and celebrity gossip. Problems related to unemployment come to the center stage during election years only. I had the misfortune of accessing the national unemployment statistics recently and was quite disheartened to learn that by August 2011, African-American unemployment rate had surged to 16.7%, which was the highest since way back in 1984. At the same time, white-Americans’ unemployment had fortunately dropped to around 8%.

I say “fortunately” to underscore the scandalous nature of unemployment in one of the richest nations in the world. Job losses due to the current economic crisis seem to have affected some groups more adversely than others. This unemployment situation is even more scandalous considering the words of Thomas Thoreau: “If I have unjustly wrested a plank from a drowning man, I must restore it to him though I drown myself” (Thoreau). Thoreau’s statement in this case refers to the instigators of the 2008 financial crisis whose actions resulted in massive lay-offs worldwide. These culprits took away the only means most people had in the pursuit of success and happiness. Most people who lost their jobs were not responsible for the financial crisis and deserve to be reinstated back to work. Wall Street, Enron, Citibank, and other companies responsible for the current rise in unemployment rates should be made to give back the plank to the drowning people and pay for the lost wages and salaries.

High unemployment rates among minority youths call to mind the state of Ireland’s poverty stricken youths described by Dr. Jonathan Swift as young laborers who “cannot get work, and consequently pine away from want of nourishment, to a degree, that if at any time they are accidentally hired to common labor, they have not strength to perform it, and thus the country and themselves are happily delivered from the evils to come” (Swift). Jonathan Swift’s implication in this statement is quite relevant to the present situation where some sections of the American citizenry are denied working opportunities for such a long time that when they eventually become employed they can never meet the demands of a highly competitive corporate world. They are eventually laid off on the pretext of incompetence yet the government does little to correct this injustice. Provision of full employment for all deserving citizens regardless of race or gender should be the central purpose of every government. As Thoreau states in the famous “Civil Disobedience” discourse, a state that is not governed by principles of reason has only poverty and shame to provide to its citizens (Thoreau). This implies that a government that does not address unjust distribution of jobs breeds poverty and shame among its citizens.

There are however some legitimate views to the argument that unemployment is, to a large extent, self-instigated. The government plays its part by providing access to successful employment such as in provision of quality education for all and implanting laws that ensure there is no discrimination in the hiring process. Most companies operate under an ‘equal employers’ status meaning they do not discriminate on the basis of age, gender, and race. It is therefore imperative for minority groups to stop pointing fingers at rising unemployment rates and strive to improve their status. This is possible through development of skills and capacities for all citizens equally.

It is the legitimate business of every government to ensure that deserving candidates for employment positions are never denied such opportunities due to age, gender, or ethnic bias. Equal employer policies should not only exist on paper but in practice too. Above all, the economy of the country should be structured on principles that lead to creation of more job opportunities for all rather than on amassing wealth for a few billionaires. These are, in my honest opinion, rationally justifiable objectives our government should pursue in its efforts to reduce unemployment.

Works Cited

King, Jr. Martin Luther. Letter from a Birmingham Jail. African Studies Center – Universityof Pennsylvania, 16 April 1963. Web. 26 March 2012.

Swift, Jonathan. A Modest Proposal: For preventing the children of poor people in Ireland,from being a burden on their parents or country, and for making them beneficial tothe publick – 1729. Guttenberg. 27 July 2008. Web. 26 March 2012.

Thoreau, Henry David. Civil Disobedience. Berkeley Digital Library. 20 Aug. 2001. Web. 26March 2012.

Examining Various Educational and Curriculum Philosophies over At Least the Past 100 Years

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Introduction

Education is simply a form of learning where skills, knowledge, and the habits of a group of individuals are consequently transferred from a given generation to the next generations through trainings, teachings, or research. While on the other hand, curriculum is the intended interaction of the pupils with the instructional materials, content, processes, and resources for the evaluation of the attainment of the educational objectives. While the curriculum theories are usually esteemed by the scholars within educational field as a significant component of the of the curriculum studies, it is often held in very low regard by several practitioners who in moat cases dismiss it as being completely not related to their daily work. Nonetheless, the theories are of great value to the practitioner and scholar. The curriculum theories are capable of providing a set of the conceptual tools that is applicable in the analysis of the curriculum proposals, for the guiding reform and illuminating practice (Ornstein & Hunkins, Frances, 2009). Indeed, the theories are significant in the planning process within the education sector.

Various Educational and Curriculum Philosophies over At Least the Past 100 Years

In order to understand education and how it should be delivered via the curriculum, it is significant to explore some of the different philosophical theories of education. There are several educational and curriculum philosophies that have been advanced by different scholars within the education sector. On of the approaches is the behavioral curriculum theory that is based on a given plan that outlines objectives and goals through the use of strategies and models in the formulation of a curriculum. This approach is rigid and relies on scientific and technical approach step by step strategies and models. This approach is the oldest and has remain the most applied. On the other hand the managerial approach is always inclined to center on the selection, communication, and supervision of the people involved. The theory plans its various ways of communication through schedules, programs, resources, space, personnel, and equipment. The approach focuses on the implementation and administration and not the subject matter (Ornstein & Hunkins, Frances, 2009).

Another philosophical theory of curriculum is the systems approach that stresses the significance of engineering the policies and individuals into different units as well as sub units. The curriculum is actually structured with the flow charts, diagrams, and committees that establish the different concerns of the whole school as opposed to subject or department. This approach is also known as total quality management. While academic theory examines and produces trends, chief positions, as well as trends on a philosophical and historical level rather than with the practical or social reasoning. This approach is often overwhelming for the learners who are not having any strong background of the knowledge (Glatthorn, 1980). Nevertheless, the approach is subject oriented, traditionally intellectual, and encyclopedic.

The humanistic philosophical theory considers all the other approaches inflexible to the extent that they miss the social and personal aspect of the need for human development in the context of creative solving of problems and natural curiosity. The theory focuses the curriculum on the games, group, life experiences, and interest centers. It stresses on the cooper-active learning as opposed to competition. While on the other hand, reconceptualist philosophical theory is actually more focused on the reform and change. The approach stresses the curriculum to be inclusive of the ideological issues while investigating and consequently influencing economic, social, as well as political issues (Glatthorn, 1980). In this approach the theoretical work is more significant as opposed to the practical applications. The approach considers the school to be an extension of the larger society and therefore should play a role in changing the future of the society.

After discussing the various philosophical theories of curriculum, it is significant to indicate that philosophy is one of the main foundations of the curriculum. Allan Glatthorn has mentioned seven different types of curriculum that includes recommended, written, taught, supported, assessed, and learned, as well as hidden curriculum. However, this paper will argue from a school of thought that the reconceptualist philosophical theory or simply society-centered approach is the best approach that should be adopted during the conceptualization of a curriculum (Glatthorn, 1980). Several of the curriculum theorists have actually agreed that social order is the starting point and consequently the determinant of the curriculum. The students learn from what they see within the society and if curriculum is focused on the social issues then it will definitely achieve its intended purpose.

The school of thought that reconceptualist philosophical theory or simply society-centered theory is best suited can be supported through looking at the social learning theory. The theory was developed by Albert Bandura in the year 1977. In this theory, Bandura indicated through numerous experiments, that the presence of consequences was not mandatory, in order for learning to occur. Learning could take place through simple observation of other peoples’ activities. He demonstrated this through the Bobo doll experiment. In this experiment, Bandura demonstrated that, children can change their behavior patterns simply by observing others. He held a notion that, aggression can be explained in three dimensions. The first dimension is how aggressive modes of behaving are developed; secondly, what factors make individuals to show aggressive behavior, and what indicates if this pattern of aggressive behaviors will be sustained in the future (Isom, 1998).

Social theory is based on observational learning, which is sometimes referred to as imitation or modeling. In the social learning process, learning takes place when people imitate and observe others. In this process there are four aspects. They are influenced by the observer’s perception, after being exposed to learning models. These aspects include: retention, attention, motivation, and motor reproduction. The first component of observation learning is attention. People can not learn a lot by observing without perceiving and concentrating on the important aspects of the behavior in the learning model. For example, Mary had to pay attention to what her abusive fathers were doing, for her to reproduce the same behaviors later (Akers & Sellers, 2004). The second component of social learning is retention. For an individual to reproduce the behavior in the model, the individual must retain the information in long term memory.

The third process in observational learning is motor reproduction. The individual, who learn though observation, must be in a position to physically reproduce the behavior in the mode of learning. A case which shows motor reproduction is where an individual learns how to ride a bike. After a behavior is learnt through the processes of attention and retention, the observer must be in apposition to produce the learned behavior. Mary had the ability to reproduce her learnt behavior, through her violent adult life. Reinforcement or motivation is the final stage of observational learning. In this stage, the individual expects to obtain positive reinforcement from the learned behavior. In the Bobo doll experiment performed by Bandura, children were made to watch violence films. These children observed that, adult in the film who acted violently, were rewarded for their behavior. Therefore, these children after watching the film, acted violently to achieve the same results. Bandura also observed that, as these children grew up, the violence they were exposed to formed part of their personality as adults. This turned them into violent adult (Akers & Sellers, 2004).

Later, Bandura introduced cognitive aspects to his social learning theory, to enhance observational learning. In this modification, he viewed human behavior as a result of interaction between the psychological processes and the environment. He postulated that, human beings are able to control their behavior through self regulation. The self regulation process involves three steps: the first step is self observation. This implies that, human beings observe themselves, and their ways of behaving, and keep a record of their behavior. The second step of self regulation is judgment. In this step, individuals measure their observed behavior against standard behavior. These standards can be either societal norms, or personal standards set by the individual. The last step in self regulation is self response. If the person after judging himself, realize that, the standards have been maintained, the person will reward himself. If the person performs poorly, it will result into self punishment (Wortley, 2006). The theory has simply proved that society or simply the immediate surrounding of the student or leaner influences the learning process and the curriculum development should be focused on it in order to achieve the goals of education. In a nutshell, when coming up with a curriculum, it should be focused on the society making reconceptualist philosophical theory or simply society-centered theory the best approach.

Conclusion

The very nature of the curriculum theory is appearing to be a culmination of the approaches and functions whether apparent or hidden or whether new or old. Theorists have become aware that when coming up with a curriculum, an individual should not just focus on the school or the student but rather the general society and this is what makes reconceptualist philosophical theory the best approach.

References

Akers R. L. & Christine S. S (2004). Student Study Guide Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Applications. Accessed from web March 13, 2013

<http://roxbury.net/images/pdfs/ct4ssg.pdf>

Glatthorn, A. A. (1980). A guide for designing an English curriculum for the eighties. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.

Isom, M .D (1998). Theorist -Albert Bandura the Social Learning Theory. Accessed on web March 13, 2013 http://criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/bandura.htm

Ornstein, A. C., & Hunkins, Frances, P. (2009). Curriculum, Foundations, Principles, and Issues. U.S.A: Pearson Education.

Wortley, R. (2006). Guilt, Shame and Situational Crime Prevention. Accessed from web March 13, 2013 <http://www.popcenter.org/library/crimeprevention/volume_05/06_wortley.pdf>

Essay questions

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What led to the emergence of an American middle class? How did the structure and nature of the family change with this emergence?

The following essay focuses on explaining the factors that gave rise to the emergence of the American middle class. It is also going to explain the manner in which the emergence of middle class affected the structure as well as the nature of family in the United States of America.

The American middle class exists as a social class that is found in the United States. Concerning the model used, this class is usually constituted anywhere from 30% to 60% of households (Faragher et al., 2005). The members of the American middle class come from diverse groups that often overlap with each other. They are characterized by the fact that they conceptualize, consult and create. This shows that the primary composition of the middle class has gone to college, acquired knowledge in diverse fields. The middle class can be said to have emerged as a result of growth of the American economy as well as the development of industries. In this case, this is a class of people in the society that emerged due to the jobs that they were offered.

The emergence of the middle class had a lot of influence on the structure and the nature of the family. Firstly, the standards of living of these families improved. This is because the members of this class acquired decent jobs that paid handsomely. Therefore, their families could not rely on the government for basic needs. They even had the cash to spare and spend on luxuries (Faragher et al., 2005). Secondly, the structure of the family changed by the fact that there were divisions amongst people. When one graduated from the small class to the middle class, the manner in which they carried out duties changed, and they were thus separated from their mates in the low class.

Describe the policy that Andrew Jackson employed in his quest for Indian Removal. What problems did his system encounter? What effects did the removal have on Native Americans?

This essay aims at describing the policy that was employed by President Andrew Jackson in his assignment to remove Indians from their territories. It will also show the problems that were encountered in the process as well as the effects of the Indians removal from their territories.

The Indian removal was the US policy that was used for the indigenous people, as well as the resettlement of the Indians to the Indian Territory. The depredation of Indians lands by the government of the United States symbolized one of the saddest chapters in the American geography history. As per the law, the president had the right to conclude treaties with the Indians on the land exchange. President Andrew Jackson considered the Indian tribes to be a very stumbling block in the manner in which civilization was delivered. Thus, he supported the Indian removal from the rich southeastern side of the USA towards the wild lands in the Great Plains. One of the problems that he faced was the disapproval of Indians, as they did not want to leave. Jackson also had to face opposition from a faction of leaders who deemed the exercise as against human rights.

The result to this was the adoption of the Indian removal act in 1930, after which the process of the taking over of the Indians land was at its peak. Many Indians lacked sufficient funds that would enable them cater for their own transport, and they were thus forced to walk to the lands where they were directed. Thus, about 10000 Indians moved to the Indian Territory in the present day Oklahoma (Faragher et al., 2005). There were instances whereby many Indians lost their lives, and thus this wasseen as a sad and shameful era that was heralded by President Andrew Jackson.

References

Faragher, J., Buhle, M., & Armitage,S. (2005). Out of Many, Volume 1: A History of the

American People. Prentice Hall.



American Modernism: The Influence of Industrial Efficiency as it was Expressed Through Modern Art

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American Modernism: The Influence of Industrial Efficiency as it was Expressed Through Modern Art

With World War II ending, there were tremendous changes on Western from a general perspective, and many other different changes both in the lives and art of the citizens found in various Allied countries. The cultures of the allies of the United States in the war commenced the process of rebuilding, which was a long one. These allied countries were mainly England and France, which came to form part of Western Europe. The United States on the other hand was bathing in the glory of the military victories within the Pacific and European fronts. This was due to the fact that the United States had its industrial complex intact. There was also a widespread innovation as well as increased production of technology and programmes of manufacturing existent in the wartime. A remarkable trend in the artistic sphere was the influx of artists into the United States, which was as a result of these artists fleeing the Nazi occupation in Europe. This phenomenon led to the development of the Art that was prevalent in the period of American Modernism. This study therefore delves into the concept of American Modernism in light of industrial development. The research looks at the manner in which modern art has been used in expressing this important phase of the concept of American modernism.

With the advent of American modernism emerged renowned creative individuals who exhibited, taught as well as shared and influenced a generation that developed during this time. These notable people included Piet Mondrian, Arshille Gorky, Salvador Dali and Marcel Duchamp. Surrealism as a technique of art became very popular among these practitioners of this important historical time. Surrealism was a very new experience for the artists, as it offered them the freedom towards the exploration of their own psyches. Furthermore, it helped in establishing a connection, which was direct between the deep archetypal self and the art of painting. There was a reawakening characteristic of the modernism period in America whereby individuals went to college to gain knowledge that would help them to make universal sense of the experiences they went through. Art during this time also went through some sort of revolution as it gained academic respectability. Universities began to offer a new graduate professional diploma as well as the distinguished Master of Fine Arts degree. Different theories and criticisms explain the art of the American Modernism era. These theories and criticisms are instrumental in understanding the art of this important phase of American history.

In tackling the period 1915-1935, Corn uncovers the roots of an exceptionalism discourse, a concept that is prominent in the arts and letters of America during the modernism period . What the theory means in essence is the grand narrative of American exceptinalism, which was a guiding concept for research and writing for the period following World War II in the United States. This ideology hinges on the assumption that the exceptional circumstances that informed the American experience gave rise to the alteration in the course of artistic development as well as development in other fields, whose general trends had been hitherto predictable. There were pertinent questions prevalent in the culture of graduate school of the 1960s concerning the concept of exceptionalist discourse. Corn asserts that the most common of these questions was why the American abstract expressionism more spontaneous abroad as compared to the abstract paintings of 1950s in the same front. The Revisionist texts of the late 1970s and early 1980s attempted an explanation of these questions and revealed the ideological assumptions bases that were responsible for this school of thought. The origins of these trends were established to be in the Cold War as well as the politicized sites that attempted cultural legitimization, which included sources such as journals, some which drew their funding from the Central Intelligence Agency (C.I.A), exhibitions, and organizations such as the Congress for Cultural Freedom affiliated American Committee for Cultural Freedom. In an attempt to examine the cultural history identified with a generation of artists, who perceived the notions of America and Europe as mutually dependent concepts that could not be looked at without the other. These pertinent questions about the art of the modernism period trace their roots to the early twentieth century. The quest to trace these roots is of high relevance to the body of art as there has been an invigorated attempt at rehabilitating nationalist accounts concerning the politics and culture of the people of America dating from World War II. Furthermore, revisionist historians have also undertaken this cause of revisiting American art during this important phase of history.

Existentialism

Theory and Criticism

The renowned artist Fredrich Nietzche described the image of the modern man as ambitious, lone but suffering and coined this image in the phrase “Will to Power.” This was a very descriptive form of the coming phase of psychic evolution among the human circles. The propounded theory within the period of modernism lay bare the individual as being responsible for, and primarily to his or her own will. This was possible after doing away with all pretense, piety, and false authority. This was the basic concept of existentialism that created the way for a new idea about humanity, referred to as Ubermensch or translated as Super-human. This character would be able to act out the new consciousness and in the process bringing in the newly discovered freedom and exultation dealing with the notion of being alive. Ayn Rand, a Russian who had migrated into the United States p5rovided a classical example of the theory of existentialism in her writings. Her renowned book of 1943, The Fountainhead had a great influence in the history and literature in the United States in the modernism period. In the book, the protagonist, who is a visionary and self-driven architect, prefers to destroy his design in order to get a big commission, instead of having it changed and made inferior by an agency from outside. The author gained the reputation of being a prophet of anti-communist individualism in which she depicted benevolent selfishness. The underlying idea in her theory was that there is need for humans to act basing purely on self-interest in order to become fully human. This ideology which uncompromisingly championed the pursuit of the self, influenced many forms of expression which included art, literature and film in this era

Another notable writer that influenced this phase of development of the art is Clement Greenberg who published in some known New York journals alongside other theorists. He was instrumental in coining of the term “abstract expressionism.” The theorist leaned towards action painting in the 1950s and 1960s. There was the development of language, definitions, and apologetics of what the scholars deemed to be viable new art and the direction in which American Art was supposed to take. The theorists of this school of thought supported the idea that painting possessed a greater number of expendable conventions more than other art forms. This in essence would pave way for other forms of art sculpture and painting whose aim was to do away with all the other aspects except the essential ones. The common pursuit for the artists working on different styles was the authentic purity. This saw some of them turning to Native American as well as other aboriginal cultures with a reduction of superfluous elements in their work. Others immersed themselves into the politics of creation of image itself, while others searched for authenticity in the painting process. The common characteristic among the artists of this time was their belief in the existence of a truth that needed to be ascertained. This therefore saw them exhibit the same vigor that the governments in the Cold War had when they aspired to conquer outer space, as well as the inner space of the atom, which had a lot of mysteries surrounding it.

Abstract expressionism

New York school

The artists of this school are not known to have attended a common art school but they shared the common characteristic of fascination with the development of the influences of European Surrealism and Cubism that had classical principles of a new form of process oriented and expressive art. There was a replacement of the architectonic composition with the entire aesthetic of the hand. The highest ideal of this movement was potent improvisation. The Cedars Bar was the institution that most of the artists working in the city shared in common. In this place, there were intense discussions on important topics such as sex, art, and politics, which many times led to fistfights between artists like de Kooning and Pollock. This state of things created a microcosmic American Bohemian, which energized the European interest in the concepts of eccentric imagination and erudition.

One notable artist from this era is the Armenian Arshile Gorky who fled his country because of the genocide and settled in New York. The artist had been a casualty of the ethnic cleansing that had taken place just before the onset of World War II, whereby more than one million Armenians were killed and Turkey and the remains of what was the Ottoman Empire exiled over two million. The artist settled in the United States in 1920 with a heavy influence of the pioneers of European art such as Picasso, Miro and Kandinsky. The artist applied the improvisational techniques that belonged to the modern masters of the early time on the photograph of him and his mother, which a he had carried into exile. There was an expansion of the visual language that belonged to the quasi-figurative and suggestive form. This approach to art was refreshingly original.

Progressivism

The art of the modernism period was in harmony with the ideology of progressivism. According to Wiebe, progressivism was the central force in the changes that were exhibited in the structure which the politics and governments that marked the onset of the twentieth century. The scholar differs from his colleagues, who were in existence both in his time and afterwards in the sense that he perceives progressivism as a progressive ideology. In essence, he saw it as modernizing, reforming, and forward-looking. This departs from the view that the ideology was regressive, reactionary, and retrograde. Progressivism involved the replacement of the age old values of community life such as promptness, frugality, efficiency and foresight that were concentrated in a small town set-up, with the assumptions arising from a bureaucratic order the focused on regularity, rationality, continuity, functionality and management.

The abandonment of the values that concentrated more on relationships between individuals in favor of a bureaucratic orientation was a big leap towards the establishment of a capitalistic society that was characterized by impersonality and urban industrialization. Progressivism as such shaped the political and intellectual tools that were important for Americans to face the twentieth century economy that was highly industrialized and interconnected. Bureaucracy was the underlying pillar of the ideology as it provided the worldview that provided a sophisticated approach to the social problems that had become complex as opposed to community centered moralist approach of the era that had existed before. The art and literature in the progressivism era responded to the needs of the bureaucratic order, departing from the moralist approach that had been dominant in the previous phase. This was a new social order and it found expression in works of art that belonged to this school of thought. These works highly exalted the industrial advancement while presenting the conservative community life as outdated and not compliant with the technological innovations of the time. These works promoted a sense of anti-communist individualism in which the pursuit of self-preservation was overriding. Marcel Duchamp’s painting of the lone modern man highlights the individualistic characteristic that is an inherent characteristic of capitalism. In his painting 1954 painting of Head Surrounded by Sides of Beef, oil and pastel on canvas in which he brings together a copy of Velazquez’s painting, Portrait of Pople Innocent X and other images that he draws from a slaughterhouse, Francis Bacon makes comparisons between raw meat, the crucifixion, and the tribulations an individual goes through. He brings out the hidden aspect that every individual has within their “self” which in a way makes the viewers come to terms their own experiences in a rapidly changing modern world.

Music and Theatre

Both in the United States and the West, the post World War II celebrations were short-lived as there were the fears of the Cold War as well as the nuclear standoff that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union. For the artists of this era, the Suburban lifestyle of the war veterans that was characterized by pleasantness, comfort, predictability, and safety were the repressive and cold features that were purely Capitalistic. A genre of jazz known as Bepop challenged all the pleasures of that conventional era. Musicians such as Dizzy Gillepsie, Charlie Parker, and Thelonious Monk composed forms of music that was both eccentric and innovative in a bid aimed at deconstructing the swing styles that were associated with the Harlem Renaissance. This break from the conventional formed the inspiration for the artistes of the 960s and 1970s to reinvent Jazz and create a new genre out of it referred to as fusion. Closely associated to this form was Beat poetry. This genre, just like Bepop dwelt on unveiling the unsocialized consciousness, and condemned the pretentious suburban culture that ignored this important point. The form blamed modern society for undermining what was pure and natural through industrialization. Young and educated audiences of white background experienced the earthy forms though a blend of Blues. These developments in conjunction with other influences gave rise to Western Counterculture, a philosophy that emphasized rebellion and self-expression as well as gratification.

Conclusion

It is evident from the above discussion that there was a remarkable revolution in the art of the modernism era owing to the different developments in the industrial sphere. Industrial developments and modernity shaped the manner in which art developed. The era produced experiences and circumstances that eventually led to a rich art culture expressed in various forms of paintings, films, and music.

Bibliography

Corn, Wanda M. 1999. The great American thing: modern art and national identity, 1915-1935. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Dreiser, Theodore. 1997. Sister Carrie. New York: Doubleday.

Weibe, Robert. 1998. The Search for Order, 1877-1920. Oxford. Oxford University Press.