Category: Uncategorized

American Airlines

Name

Instructor

Date

American Airlines

American Airlines History

The American Airlines Incorporation is among the leading airlines in the United States. The owner of the American Airlines is the AMR Corporation with its headquarters located at Fort Worth in Texas State. The development of the American Airlines Incorporation was through a formation of the conglomerate of 82 small airlines. This was through an active bid f acquisitions and reorganizations, majorly carried out in the 1930s. In fact, American Airlines was a common brand used by most of the independent carriers such as the South Air Transport from Texas, Colonial Air Transport from the Northeast, and Universal Aviation from the Midwest. This airline operated a transcontinental air and rail route in 1929. These small conglomerate airlines also included the Thompson Aeronautical Services, which operated a Cleveland – Detroit route as from 1929, as well as the South Air Fast Express (SAFE), which operated in the Western United States (Miles, 2008).

The American Airlines acquired an American Export Airline after the Second World War and renamed it as the American Overseas Airways destined to serve its destinations in Europe. However, the company sold AOA to Pan Am in 1950. The American Airlines once again launched a second subsidiary named Líneas Aéreas Americanas de Mexico S.A. This new branch was to fly through Mexico as well as create a number of airports. During the early years, and to promote its brand, the American Airlines provided free usage as well as advertising on its aircraft, especially for the “Three Guys Named Mike” film of 1951. The American Airlines was the largest airline in America until when Capital merged into the United in 1961. This meant that the American airlines were still the second largest airline in the world alter Aeroflot. The airline continued its expansion over the years, with August 1940 seeing the airline increasing its scheduled flights to 44 airports, 66 airports in august 1953, and 68 airports in November 1978 (Rolow, 2009).Economic Status

The American Airlines is currently financially stable, and the best proof of this is their planned merger with the US Airways. This is thanks to the products and services that the airline provides to both its passengers and cargo travelling. The airline strives to ensure it meets all the needs of its customer, both affluent, as well as, those from a low-income level do. The airline operates a Flagship Suit service, which provides ambience, class and prestige to passengers using this service. The services at these suites are first class as the airline ensures that customers get the right value for their money. Other flight class categories that the airline operates include the domestic first class, the business class, and the economy class. The services offered at these different levels of flight categories varies in relation to the chosen level, with the economy class being the most affordable class for most users (Szurovy, 2003).

This differentiation of flight classes enables the airline to serve a diverse majority of the society depending on their economic capabilities. As such, the airline becomes a major leader in the industry as all customers identify positively with it, basing on the travel fares and quality of on-board services that they receive while using the airline. In addition, the flyer program launched by the company assists in the development of a loyalty program in the world, whereby passengers earn points for every time they use the airline’s services, which they can later redeem free flights and other gifts (Miles, 2008).Possible Merger with US Airways

The American Airlines announced a possible merger with the United States Airways in February of 2013. A successful merger between these two major airlines would result into the formation of the largest airline in the world, both in fleet capacity, as well as regional and geographical coverage by their flights. The merger terms and conditions stipulated that the shareholders of AMR would own 72% of the newly created the company while those of the United States Airways would own the remaining percentage of shareholding, which was 28%. The new combination of the airline formed would bear the name of American Airlines as well as carry its brand. Furthermore, the new holding company that would list in the stock exchange for trading would use the name American Airlines Group Incorporation (Rolow, 2009).

However, despite the major benefits that would arise through the culmination of this merger, the planned move got some serious opposition from a civil suit filed by the District of Columbia, six attorney generals as well as the United States justice department. These groups filed a petition against the planned merger of the two largest airlines in the United States basing on antitrust concerns. Nonetheless, this did not deter the two airlines from realizing their chief goals, which was to form the largest airline in the world. In fact, the American Airlines vowed to go ahead with the planned merger as well as fight against the law civil suit presented against their merger. This strong match ahead got a reprieve in November 12, 2013 when the two airlines reached a common consensus with the six state attorney general’s as well as the united states justice department to allow the merger to take place (Szurovy, 2003).Ticket Pricing

The ticket-pricing model used by the American Airline is so simple and systematic that it provides it users with convenience and satisfaction. A customer gets an opportunity to book a flight, alongside a hotel room, a rental car, a cruise, and other assortment of activities all at a single click owing to the great package offers from the airline’s website. Furthermore, the company adopts a low pricing range for its tickets in order to attract more passengers to travel with its flights. The airline offers its travelers the lowest airfares charges as well as provides a guarantee on their travel prices. In addition, passengers get to earn AAdvantage miles whenever they travel using the airline’s services (Miles, 2008).

Passengers save a lot of time when booking their flights with the American Airlines, or any of its partners, such as the American Connection and the American Eagle which through a combined effort serve to a maximum of two hundred and fifty destinations in fifty countries across the world. Passengers use a search by price schedule to check availability on a wide range of forty flights and their prices within their travel dates. In addition to convenience and variety while booking flights at the American Airline Corporation, the passengers also get the best packages in the pricing of their airfares. The airline guarantees the lowest airfares in the region, as well as zero charges for online booking of flights. In addition, passengers using the Airlines services get to earn AAdvantage frequent flyer miles using it major flights. The passengers can later redeem these flyer miles for gifts and bonuses, or use them to travel another flight at the airlines expense (Rolow, 2009).

Market Power

The American Airlines operates an extensive flight network, involving both domestic as well as international flights. The flights made by the airline’s schedule to fly through numerous corners of the globe, inclusive of Asia/Pacific, South America, the Caribbean, and North America. The largest hub of the American Airline is the international airport at Dallas/Fort Worth. As such, the American Airlines as well as the American Eagle, which is a regional carrier of the AMR group, account for 85% of the traffic at the airport, together with accounting also for 83% of the landing fees at the airport. The American Eagle and the American Airlines use this hub to travel to more destinations compared to the frequency they apply in using other hubs located across the United States (Szurovy, 2003).

The American Airlines serves four of the seven continents in the world, trailing behind the United Airlines and the Delta Airlines. Both of these airlines serve six continents. The company has a number of hubs that serve certain markets and destinations. For instance, the Miami and Fort Worth/Dallas hub serves as the Americas gateways, whereas the American Chicago hub graduated as the primary gateway used by the airline to Asia and Europe. On the other hand, the New York JFK airport is the primary gateway for the airlines Americas and Europe markets with the airlines Los Angeles hub (LAX) serving as the primary gateway to Asia. This shows that the airline has perfect control over its respective markets (Miles, 2008).

References

Miles, J. (2008). Dear American Airlines. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

Rolow, A. (2009). The Plane Truth from an American Airlines Flight Attendant. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse.

Szurovy, G. (2003). Classic American Airlines. Hong Kong: Zenith Imprint.

University Admission Essay

Presented by

Institution

Presented to

Date

I am a man in a family of 7, my five sisters and my mother. I am a young person who understands hard worker, focus, determination, ambition and good attitude are the key factors to succeed in life. My main reason for applying for the USC Marshall MBA Community is because of the experience and skills I have gained in my life. I believe I am a good fit for the USC Marshall MBA community that has people who are driven, exceptionally smart and have tremendous leadership potential.

Firstly, I have served in sales and operations leadership roles for the past ten years. Throughout my services, I have met different entrepreneurs whom we have shared a lot in the field of operations management. I have also strived hard throughout my career to make a difference in the businesses of clients, who spanned diversely in the divergent sales and leadership sectors by making the transaction processes and applications as simple as possible to the client. In addition, I have had many successful meetings that have made me achieve business and operation goals. From this experience, I am confident enough I can make the best person in your organization and move it to the next level. This will be achieved through a combination of strategic planning, team leadership and business skills development that I have leveraged to meet and exceed beyond expectations.

Secondly, my services as in the sales and operations department have made me become a different person who sees opportunity in every process. I have worked as a real estate agent for six years where I gained experience in selling real estate’s worth millions of dollars; hence I have a wide network of customers both locally and internationally. Moreover, mortgage owners recognize me because of my dedication and hard work in ensuring their clients pay their dues in time. As a result of my experience in real estate business, I have managed secure a NMLS certificate and a real estate license. The possession of these two important documents has enabled me to own two mortgage branch offices and employed more than 200 employees within my fifteen years of experience in the industry.

On the other hand, my hard work in the sales department made me be rewarded as the best in sales as Account executive for World savings and MIG. This trophy made me realize my potential and gain more confidence in applying for the USC Marshall MBA community. Through the accumulated experience, I am confident that I can make a valuable contribution to your brand’s future projects and initiatives. Whether working as an entrepreneur, a lead volunteer for social causes or an agent, my work is characterized by an approach to perform end-to-end analysis, solve problems, and a penchant for innovation.

To me one appealing aspect is how collaborative, tightly knit and down to earth the Marshall community is. I have always believed in helping people and giving back to the community most importantly in times of need. I have demonstrated this in different ways. For instance, I helped raise money for Mortgage Investors Group, a retail bank from the East Coast. I also played a key role in bringing them from the East coast to open their first Wholesale branch in Irvine, California. I have also helped the Retail bank to not only open their wholesale division in California but also play an intricate part in attaining wholesale warehouse lines with large financial institutions.

On a more personal level, I would like to improve in multi- tasking, interpersonal and presentation skills, because these are important skills both professionally and socially. I would like to work in a real estate firm as an operations manager once I have completed my MBA from Marshall; I am particularly attracted to the innovation occurring within the real estate industry. With the frequent updating and revolutionizing of the real estate industry game changers like new mortgage policies and rates being introduced. I have found the whole experience from negotiations to implementations fascinating. I believe through the Marshall MBA program that I will be able to give me the tools to fully understand the relationships between different functions within a business and allow me to achieve my long-term goal of working in a leadership position at a real estate firm.

Through the achievement of the above goals, I would be better equipped to contribute to the highly respected real estate industry and add value to it. I would be in a better position to educate my peers in the industry about the Marshall Program strength in different business functions, where I would adequately encourage them to take up the roles and thus, making Marshall a prominent force in business. I would also like to strengthen the alumni network through the countries USC Marshall so that alumni can reach out to each other to share the knowledge, business opportunities and expertise with each other.

I have also gone through many struggles and hardships in order to reach the position I am at today. The personal struggles and challenges I have encountered will contribute to changing the diversity of my class. In addition, these struggles have aided in shaping and directing my life towards my profession. To start with, I endured the pain of losing my father when I was two years old because it has affected me since I had to act as the man of the house since my early childhood. Our earlier life in Afghanistan was full of ups and downs because of the evils activities in the region. At one time, my mother had to secure us at night and took us to Pakistan in order to avoid soviet troops who used to kills and rape women and young girls. Our stay at United States was a challenge because we had no money and my mother had to feed us as a single mother. This necessitated that at the age of 14, I already had to hold two jobs, which continued into my late 20’s. After three years, my three sisters who were left behind in Pakistan since they could not all be brought to the US at once came and we were reunited.

With all these struggles and life challenges, I managed to get into the place I am today. My challenges will act as an example to many in my class who have the ability of giving up due to small issues. Moreover, being the man of the house will enable me handle classroom matters in a professional manner and promote peace at USC Marshall MBA community.

American Art Reflection

Steve Kiango

Institution

Abstract

American Art has a rich history that has a pull of inspiration from the very first mention of America as a country. Its colonial period, the tribal history of the Native Americans, as well as modern design trends all, have a common place; that is history. A visit to the art museums will tell a lot about the country’s past and its heritage, its pride.

The Makar tribal trends have a very rich cultural heritage. Their trends in image and design although not abstractly documented in anthropology have proved that Makar art trends are well placed in history (Natale, 1993). Makars cultural art is a favorite because of its originality as well as its rich inspiration from nature and the people. A tribal museum like MAKAR CULTURAL AND RESEARCH CENTER (MCRC) has a piece of what the rich cultural art of Makar has to offer.

This critical method has a place in showing what the country of America has undergone in terms of changes. Politically and socially, trends are studied to highlight precedent events, which have affected the current state of affairs. The art shows how the art in this community has evolved from past beginnings to the current. Hence, so as to understand the present we need to seek the past (Natale, 1993).

One cannot study History without the mention a certain period’s art. Art is an important basis in studying a community or country’s history. A look at the Indians from America proves this theory. Indians were all through the Natives of American Land, their culture and the history of America can be learnt from the art trends that have occurred since the discovery of America (Novak, 2007).

A reflection of trends in art is important not only in preserving the nation’s cultural heritage but also in ensuring that the past is held in solemn admiration. Criticism of a country’s history, which has been preserved through art, will provide more knowledge on how to face the future.

References

Natale, M. L. (1993). The American Art-Union, 1839-1851: A reflection of national identity.

Novak, B. (2007). Voyages of the self: Pairs, parallels, and patterns in American art and literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Name:

Institution:

Course:

Date:

Evolution and Our Culture

Errors and misconceptions identified in the disclaimer

The message from the Alabama State Board of Education about the adoption of the disclaimer has a number of errors and misconceptions. Therefore, learners are at risk of getting confused about science and evolution. Teachers also experience a lot of trouble since they will have to correct such propaganda for their students. From such statements, official reports by public officials will always be considered to be against scientific truth and good educational practice. The statement that some scientists show evolution as the description indicating the origin of species is not valid. This is because it expresses a fake sense of uncertainty concerning evolution theory. A viable statement would be to inform learners that evolution is not only acknowledged by a number of life scientists, but also American established scientific organizations and National academy of science, as the most excellent justification for the origin of species.

The statement that evolution should be taken as theory and not fact has a serious misconception of the scientific application of the term “theory” and “fact.” Scientifically, a theory is defines as a natural observable fact while a fact is defined as a confirmed observation. Theories are always used to provide more information of established facts, and contrary to the notion in the disclaimer, this implies that facts are less important that theories (Larson 202). The disclaimer will confound learners concerning the nature of science by meaning that science can only by carried out with directly seen observable facts. Arguably, a number of the scientific discoveries come out of directly seen phenomena. Additionally, the publishers of the disclaimer use scientific terms wrongly. According to evolutionary biologists “Microevolution” is the development that brings about evolutionary changes in groups of species. The publishers of the disclaimer have not only wrongfully used this definition, but also noted that such processes can be seen at work.

Authors’ understanding of the scientific process

According to the author, the scientific process has a number of challenges. For instance, the fossil evidence does not reveal the existence of the essential intermediate forms that should have taken place. Therefore, he expects to see an intermediate between mammals and reptiles since scientists believe that mammals originated from reptiles. Even though both reptiles and mammals have a long evolutionary history, came from a general ancestor, there is no proof that the species resembled the present animals. The author also believes that the creation of fresh species or groups has not been experimental. However, he acknowledges that selection can change characters within species, but cannot produce new species. Even though some people consider evolution as a conflict to their religious beliefs, the author believes that evolution can only deal with questions concerning nature and not spirits and divinities.

Why school boards only adopt similar disclaimers across the country for evolution

Similar disclaimers for evolution theory are adopted because they are not considered to be observable facts. For instance, the notion that human being evolved cannot be clearly proved. Conversely, theories on plate tectonic and gravity are considered to be observable facts. Continents and mountains are some of the clear proofs of the earth’s plate tectonics hence it is considered to be an observable fact and not theory. In addition, the force of gravity is observable and there is no debate about it. For instance, when an object is thrown up in the sky, it will eventually fall back to the ground due to the force of gravity.

Work Cited

Larson, Edward J. Trial and Error: The American Controversy Over Creation and Evolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Internet resource.

Evolution

Institution

Name

Evolution of species is less in scope than macroevolution. Macroevolution incorporates origin of species as well as fates of major differences observed in living organisms. These differences could be found in limbs, wings, bone structure, and body covering. Macroevolution links the impact environment and earth movements such continental drift alongside other earthly physical processes to evolution of species (Jablonski, 2012). Paleontology, the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains is said to play a vital role in macroevolution. There are evidence of fossil records stand as a proof of the large pattern in evolution and macroevolution (Jablonski, 2012). These evidences do not stand a full chance in making every person believe in macroevolution. There are those agree with the fact the current species are due to the forces of macroevolution while at the same time there are those who do not agree with the process. This essay supports the argument that macroevolution exists.

Most scientists support the process of evolutionary origin of species with respect to earth movement process such as tectonic movements and continental drift. Some scientists do not agree with the theory whatsoever. This group of scientists argues that evolution no happening now nor did it happen in the past (Morris, 2012). They argue that there is no distinct evidence that shows one organism having evolved into another organism with completely different traits. In supporting this argument, evolution and macroevolution are taken to be scientific belief. The research behind this proof of non existence of evolution include various documentations that points out that evolution did not occur at any time in the pass, is not happening in the current life and will never happen in the future (Morris, 2012). There is no person having seen it happen but what is seen are various kinds of animals and plants. These species of plants and animals have no bridgeable traits (Morris, 2012).

Other people, specifically biologists argue about the existence of evolution and go further to point out the existence of microevolution and macroevolution. There is a broad acceptance of the Darwin theory of evolution (Erwin, 2000 ). This fact has led to evolution of more other theories on evolution, macroevolution, and microevolution and all of them agree firmly with the process of natural selection as part of evolution. They talk of macroevolution to be associated with morphologic novelty. A controversy originates from an existence of discontinuity between microevolution and macroevolution with a second phase of the argument emphasizing on differences in innovativeness between species (Erwin, 2000 ). The main subject of the argument is not on whether macroevolution exist or not, but that macroevolution is a system of repeated microevolution patterns.

Looking at the current changes in the human development and various breeds or species, one would notice that evolution is still happening and subsequently has occurred in the past (Freeman, 2004). Macroevolution often occurs from the accumulation of very small changes in organisms. Some could be unnoticeable. The summation of all these changes brings about macroevolution. It is today seen with the development of the human brain and creation of better animal and plant species (Luskin, 2011). An observable phenomenon in macroevolution could be seen in evolution of automobiles. This is an evidence of the human intellectual evolution. Engineer whose brains tend to improve from one generation to another, intellectually designs the newer and better models of automobile. This is a clear evidence of macroevolution, an evolution influence a lot by environment and exposure, part of the strange theory of light and matter (Feynman, 1985).

Some bodies such as the Supreme Court of the United States do not support this innovation and evolution in the automobile industry. This US court suggests that such innovativeness comes from the combination of ideas and the addition of various designs by intelligent designers to a single basic design plan. Whatever biologist claim to be a common ancestry or evolution, the Supreme Court of the US terms it as a common evidence of a design (Luskin, 2011).

To get much about the existence of macroevolution, one has to understand about the universal common descent hypothesis. It states that all organisms, living and terrestrial, are related genealogically (Theobald, 2012). Evolution is gradual and the existing species evolved gradually through biological and reproductive process. This evolution happens on a timescale of geology and with effects from geological physical activities. There are original species commonly referred as ancestors, from which the current organisms originated (Darwin, 1872).

Most who disagree with evolution or macroevolution deny the genetic process that gradually causes changes within species and ultimately ending up generating completely new species. Genetic changes may not be noticed immediately but the morphological changes usually appear first (Theobald, 2012). Gradualness is not termed to be an evolution mechanism but posses stun constraints on macroevolution. A research on the evidence of macroevolution mechanism and the associated theories found various fundamentals to have been based on assumption although correct. Such fundamentals include developmental biology, genetics, molecular biology geology and biochemistry. They mainly do not aim to explain on adaptation of species (Rhodes, 1983).

Macroevolution is not addressed clearly by any of the many existing prediction on the process. Morphological changes such as the way fins developed into limbs and an instance of the leopard developing spots are never clearly explained in many books and researches (Grantham, 1995). The same problem comes in whenever trying to figure out the evolution of the vertebrate eye among other morphological changes believed to have been caused by macroevolution. This lack of support on such evidences brings a weakness to be used by those who argue against macroevolution. The evidence from fossils, tectonic movements and continental drifts collectively prove that evolution and macroevolution have occurred (Grantham, 1995). At the same time, the current developments in human history as well as improvement in animal and plant breeds proves that macroevolution is occurring today and its morphological changes may be observable in an undefined future.

References

Darwin, C. (1872). The Origin of Species. Sixth Edition. . New York: The Modern Library.

Erwin, D. (2000 ). Macroevolution is more than repeated rounds of microevolution. Evol Development vol 2 issue 2 , 78-84.

Feynman, R. P. (1985). QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Freeman, S. a. (2004). Evolutionary analysis 3rd edition. . Upper Saddle River NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Grantham, T. (1995). Hierarchical approaches to macroevolution: Recent work on species selection and the “effect hypothesis”. Annual Review on Ecological Systems, vol. 26 , 301-321.

Jablonski, M. J. (2012). Macroevolution in the 21st Century. Retrieved October 26, 2012, from Macroevolution : http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/paleonet/paleo21/mevolution.html

Luskin, C. (2011, May 19). Karl Giberson and Francis Collins Commit Berra’s Blunder While Arguing for Macroevolution. Retrieved October 26, 2012, from Evolution New and Views: http://www.evolutionnews.org/2011/05/karl_giberson_and_francis_coll046661.html

Morris, H. M. (2012). The Scientific Case Against Evolution. Retrieved October 26, 2012, from Proclaiming Scientific Truth in Creation: http://www.icr.org/home/resources/resources_tracts_scientificcaseagainstevolution/

Rhodes, F. H. (1983). Gradualism, punctuated equilibria, and the origin of species. Nature, vol 305 , 269-272.

Theobald, D. (2012, April 16). 29+ Evidences for Macroevolution . Retrieved October 26, 2012, from The Scientific Case for Common Descent: http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/

Evaluating Research Methods

<Enter Name>

<Enter Institution>

Date of Submission

6242051856740Favourable Selection

Favourable Selection

17443451856740Selected against

Selected against

50927003122930Features similar to new species’

Features similar to new species’

2913380911225Parallel evolution

Parallel evolution

5234940911225Convergent evolution

Convergent evolution

677545911225Offspring

Offspring

39230305167630Large groups

Large groups

26587455167630Small groups

Small groups

13468355306060Alleles

Alleles

35731456347460Isolation (Geographic)

Isolation (Geographic)

25063456421755Gene flow

Gene flow

1276356528435Mutation

Mutation

6915157687310Population

Population

4157980907415Divergent evolution

Divergent evolution

42144951913890Features different

Features different

32073851974215Features alike

Features alike

38627052860040New Species

New Species

38061903675380Isolation (Reproductive)

Isolation (Reproductive)

12261852860040Environment

Environment

13785853675380Variation

Variation

23996654196715Genetic drift

Genetic drift

49657005996940Niche specific evolution

Niche specific evolution

48558457400290Different common Ancestor

Different common Ancestor

Evolution Flow Chart

1095375140335Reproduction (sexual)

Reproduction (sexual)

Statistical Methods

In the article from steam boats to tourism economics, the author James Mak mentions several papers he has written on the topic of tourism economics. In all these articles, it is evident that the author relies primarily on secondary data. When doing research on tourist departures in Asia, he collects data from relevant government departments to use in his research. This data was not intended for the purposes of his research, but it is the one that helps him draw inferences on the nature and frequency of travel by citizens in the particular country.

In the analysis of his data, he uses the induction approach. This is whereby data is collected and analyzed so as to come up with a trend or gather information from it. This is in contrast to deductive approach which collects data with an already pre-existing hypothesis and looks to prove or disprove it.

His research is also non experimental since he has no controls and his results do not have a specific precision that they must fulfill. This is in contrast to experimental research where the observer has a controllde environment and has a precise expected result.

His research is also quantitive in nature since he relies on numerical statistics to come up with results. He also samples several tourist hotels for bed occupancy after taxation and uses this data to come up with generalizations about the whole industry.

In one instant where he says they edited a book on Japan day to day life, he was an active observer. This can be deduced from the questions that he sought to answer e.g. why vending machines were so prevalent. From this essay, it is easy to see that a researcher can choose to use a mix of methods to best suit his aims.

Reference

Top of Form

Dwyer, L. (2011). The discovery of tourism economics. Bingley, UK: Emerald.

Bottom of Form

Name

Course

Tutor

Date

Amazon Case

Introduction

Amazon has grown over time to become a large online bookstore and e-commerce retailer in the global market. The company serves millions of customers in about 150 countries. The growth and survival of the company relates to its competitive advantage and ability to adapt to changing market trends. The improvements in communication, technology, and transportation have enabled the rapid growth of Amazon’s businesses and commercial transactions. Globalization has allowed the company’s international diversification and innovation. The internet enabled international connectivity allows expansion of business into overseas countries allowing an increase in market size and sale.

The Evolution of Amazon

Evolution of through geographical/market diversification

Amazon.com was founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos in Washington (Hoffman, 2). Originally, the company began operations as an online bookstore but later expanded to be the largest online retailer in the world. It offers its products and services through agreements, partnerships and specified acquisitions. The main objective of Amazon was to achieve profitability and sustainable growth in long term. This was achieved by maintaining a lean culture which aimed at increasing income while managing the expenditures and the working capital.

By 2008, amazon.com had greatly diversified to be a global brand with their websites in approximately 150 countries all over the world. Further, its main operations which were mainly handled in America spread to Italy and Spain by 2012. Statistics by Alexa showed that in 2013, the percentage of visitors of the company from different countries were 66%, 2.6%, 2.2%, 2.1% and 1.4% from USA, India, United Kingdom, Canada and Japan respectively (Hoffman, 13). Evidently, the company has a wide geographical reach. From a single employee since its inception, the company has over 50,000 employees globally who work in their different offices. These employees handle software development, customer service and finally order fulfillment to clients all over the world. Evolution through product diversification

Amazon has been known as a retail giant (Hoffman, 3). However, the company has greatly diversified its products, and now considered as a tech giant. Initially, the company only offered books for sale but later diversified to other products and services. The core business of Amazon when it was formed was online book selling.to ride on the competitive advantage; the company diversified its product offering to retail product. The website began selling various items such as movies, music, electronics, and pharmaceuticals among other products. The company realized the concept by third party vending strategy to increase product offerings and earned commissions. In 2007, the company launched an e-book reader which enabled their customers to read a large number of books and newspapers online. Later, Amazon launched a mobile e-reader and a cheap android tablet. The Amazon’s android-based products have led to direct competition with the Apple Company’s iPad. The diversification was fueled by developments from its team and competition from other companies. By 2010, the company offered a variety of products and services such as books, music, magazine subscriptions and video games to their customers. They also offered a credited card which benefited the company, customer and the bank. The product diversification that today focuses more on tech products has led to more shipments. According to Hoffman (13) statistical records of frustration free packaging, excluding Amazon branded products, are 250,000, 1.3 million and 4 million for 2008, 2009 and 2010 respectively.

Evolution through e-supply chain management improvements

The evolution of Amazon has been fueled by the growth of internet. The evolution of Amazon’s diversification can be attributed to globalization and growth of internet. According to Hoffman (2), “as people became more comfortable shopping online, Amazon developed its website to take advantage of increased internet traffic and to serve the customers more effectively”. The achievement of Amazon’s multiproduct strategy has been realized through its evolving website. Whereas the software solutions play a significant role in the integration and in enhancing the supply chain efficiency, it is mistaken to believe that an integrated e-supply chain management is as simple as installing a software tool (Chen, 10). The experiences of Amazon demonstrate that implementing an effective supply chain requires a heavy resource allocation, management and technical the amazon.com has undergone a lot of changes since its establishment with improvements being made regularly.

Multiproduct strategy

The Amazon Company pursues related diversification strategy. This strategy takes place where related businesses rely on the similar core competences for success and competitive. Amazon adopts this strategy to move beyond its current product offerings and existing markets, but within its industry. Specifically, Amazon adopts the related diversification multiproduct strategy. The related constrained multiproduct strategy suits the company’s businesses since the products and systems are related to each other.

To realize the related constrained multiproduct strategies, Amazon business and corporate behavior show certain characteristics. The company’s operations are largely carried out in one platform. The main resource owned by the company is the e-commerce website, the Amazon.com. The constrained multiproduct strategies are characterized by use of one major resource for business. The company’s website is the main resources used for competitive advantage. For an effective constrained multiproduct strategy to be achieved for economies of scale there must be successful sharing of primary tangible resource. The resources may entail plant and equipment or unique product delivery system. The website allows for operational relatedness. The website has ordering system, e-payment platform, and order tracking process.

The amazon e-commerce platform has helped achieve the constrained multiproduct strategy through shared information and resources as well as risks that are likely to face the company. To manage its inventory more efficiently, Amazon has a robust inventory delivery process. The company is able to regulate the inventory process in a manner that reflects the changes in market demand. Conversely, inventory management is always improved by gathering sufficient information relating to inventory such as logistics and production capacity.

The constrained multiproduct strategy is realized through closely managed resources and integration of services to cut on costs and realize savings. The focus of Amazon is to focus on its core competencies into the different businesses. Amazon Company’s corporate structure is characterized by centralization of strategic planning, human resource management, and marketing. The aim of the approach is to foster cooperation among the departments. The amazon company’s website is used for ecommerce, payment and billing and computing and web traffic databases. These websites provided technological infrastructure required by the company and the clients. This created reliability, for instance, ecommerce enabled the merchants to direct inventory when goods were purchased in the company’s fulfillment centers. By 2012, Amazon was a leading player in the ecommerce business all over the world. Further, the company has greatly invested in technological infrastructure to respond to this huge growth.

Works Cited

Chen, Te. Implementing new business models in for-profit and non-profit organizations:

technologies and applications. Shanghai: Idea Group Inc. 2010. Print.

Hoffman, Alan N. Amazon.com, Inc.: Retailing Giant to High Tech Player? Rotterdam School

of Management. 2013. Print.



Evolution Of Business Education As A Profession

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc380760123” First era: 1881 -1930 PAGEREF _Toc380760123 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380760124” Second Era- from 1918 though 1940s PAGEREF _Toc380760124 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc380760125” Third Era- After World War II PAGEREF _Toc380760125 h 3

First era: 1881 -1930The assessment of the progress of the business education profession across the historical platform takes us through various periods of the United States where different presidents were in office. That is, one major event in the development of the profession generally took place in a progression that encompassed periods of different presidents in office. The historical development of the profession can basically be put in three distinct eras starting from 1881. There is the formative era, the second era and the third era.

In 1881, the first major event to shape business education was the founding of Wharton School; which is the University of Pennsylvania’s business school and its founding established the first business school associated with an institution of higher learning. James Abram Garfield was the president by that time though it is the same year that Chester Alan Arthur came to office as the 21st president of the US.

Founding of Wharton led to two other important events in the years that immediately followed. However, the events were not instantaneous but rather took a form of re-organization in the field hence happened over an extended period (Stitt-Gohdes 2011). One event was the initiation and polishing of fundamental strategies and institutional arrangements. This event mainly began during the presidency of Alan Arthur and continued into Calvin Coolidge’s presidency from 1923 to 1929.

Prior to founding of Wharton, a significant event was the Organization of American Collegiate Schools of Business during the Abram Garfield era. The events above can be grouped to denote the formative era of the development of the business education profession (Sedlak 2001). Examples include founding of Harvard’s School of Business in 1908 and establishment of Northwestern University’s School of Commerce in the same year.

Another instance in the inquest takes us to an event that also sees more than one president were in the picture. During this period, development of the business education as a distinct profession was shaped by a major change in the general higher education ideology; an ideology that was fronted by Alfred H. White from the University of Michigan. White argued that higher education should be shaped by the needs of the employer of the college graduate.

This was the period that encompassed transformation of business education into an employer-centered perspective as opposed to institution-based approach. This development did not take place instantaneously but cut across the presidency of Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921), Warren Harding (1921-1923), and Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929).

Second Era- from 1918 though 1940sDuring this era the presidents who were in office were: Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921), Warren Harding (1921-1923), Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929), Herbert Clark Hoover (1929-1933), and Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945). This is the era that was marked by a rapid diffusion of educational approaches leading to an evident transformation prior to the war. Since the rate of industrialization was creating a demand for professionals armed with specific knowledge and skills, institutions of learning had to colossally embrace the employer-centered strategy in producing graduates (Boddy, 2011).

Another related event was the wide acceptance of specialized technical undergraduate training. An equally important event was the crash of the stock market in the October of 1929, which marked the beginning of the great Depression during

Third Era- After World War IIThis era had numerous distinct phases. They are as highlighted below:

Dramatic transformation of the undergraduate schools;

The World War II also shaped the place and nature of the profession by creating social and economic changes that called for rapid transformation of business education.

Emergence of distinctive graduate institutions that obscured the place of the undergraduate divisions as the favored mode of training;

Passing of the G.I. Bill was an event that led to vast expansion of higher education; and Rapid development n expansion of executive development institutes for midcareer administrators; notably president Roosevelt witnessed a major part of the early phases of the era, while other presidents included Harry Truman, and Dwight Eisenhower.

References:

Boddy, C. R. (2011). Corporate psychopaths, bullying and unfair supervision in the workplace. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(3), 367–379.

Sedlak, M. W. (2001) The Impact of Employment Opportunities on the Evolution of Collegiate Business Education, 1918-63: Northwestern University as a Case Study. Northwestern University

Stitt-Gohdes, W.L. (2011). The business education profession: Principles and practices (2nd Ed.). Little Rock: Delta Pi Epsilon.

Introduction

Over the previous year’s individuals, frameworks and the nature’s domain have developed. Change is the main thing that is consistent in this constantly evolving world. From the physical qualities of people, up to the nature, change is extremely obvious. Much the same as the earth and individuals, organizations likewise experiences transforms, it can be either enormous or insignificant. Generally, changes happen in the administration of the organization, to stay aware of the opposition. As indicated by Cantwell, Dunning & Lundan (2010) the individuals who went home champs and on top have the regular qualities of adequately taking care of the progressions in the circumstances. Changes in administration is a process that any association must experience, a business won’t be finished in the event that it never experienced change. Associations that oppose changes will inescapably confront more extensive introduction to dangers and misfortunes. There are various circumstances in which change is vital inside the association, for example, mechanical progression that is consistently used by distinctive organizations keeping in mind the end goal to adapt up to the opposition.

Evolution of Coca-Cola Corporation Management Strategies

Coca-Cola was built on May 8, 1886 by Dr. John Stith Pemberton, a nearby drug specialist in Atlanta, Georgia. It was first sold in Jacob’s drug store for five pennies every glass. At first Coca-cola was sold as a medication, Pemberton amid that time considers Coca-cola as a cure for infections, for example, dyspepsia, morphine fixation, cerebral pain and feebleness (Cantwell, Dunning & Lundan, 2010).

In the year 1985, because of the forceful fight of its opponent Pepsi, the Coca-Cola Company reformulated the prevalent carbonated beverages to suit the inclination of the customers which is sweeter pop. Notwithstanding, the New Coke turned into a business disappointment which prompts the unfavorable response of general society. Challenges from diverse parts of the general public rose. Because of these occasions the organization give back where its due recipe and named it Coca-Cola Classic. Notwithstanding furnishing a proportional payback recipe, the organization still got allegations from distinctive gatherings. In the year 2010 the organization propelled and affirmed their promising new items which are the Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero (Demil & Lecocq, 2010).

Coca-cola Company is obviously a standout amongst the most prevalent organizations on the planet. Beside the way that it is likewise one of the most established partnerships that had the capacity withstand World War II and different changes in the economy over the previous years. The actuality still remains that it is a standout amongst the most well-known brands of Cola on the planet

Evolution of External Environment

Over the previous decades, the Coca-Cola Company has confronted various changes in the outer environment that have changed the administration of the organization. One of the best cases is amid the World War II. The organization had the capacity keep up the status of the organization, in the meantime, had the capacity enter new markets regardless of the nature’s domain. As opposed to keeping out of sight on account of the war, the organization got to be more forceful through giving free beverages to the Gis amid the World War II. Through this the enterprise had the capacity hit two feathered creatures at one stone. In the first place, on the grounds that the carbonated beverages sent by the organization, it turned into a devoted image by the United States warriors in which prompted shopper steadfastness. Second, the organization had the capacity exploit the circumstances and built the item in recently involved nations by the Ally compels and due to that the organization made plants in different areas overall making ready for its post-war extension (Demil & Lecocq, 2010).

An alternate perspective in the outside environment is the change of taste and desires of the purchasers. Amid the mid-1980s wherein the Americans favored the sweet taste of the adversary item, the organization made its partner yet turned into a business disappointment; however as opposed to calling it quits, Coca-Cola transformed its administration procedure and furnished a proportional payback recipe, and recently renamed it as Coca-Cola Classic. Furthermore with the ascent of stoutness in the United States and purchasers got to be wellbeing cognizant the organization discharged new forms of Coke so as to address the needs of these sort of customers, such items incorporate Diet Coke and Coca-Cola Zero.

Evolution of Internal Changes-

As specified prior, Asia encountered its money related emergency in 1997. As per Foster (2008) as the money related emergency cleared the Asian district, the CEO, Douglas Daft reacted to this by activating his officials to workshops about how Coca-Cola would seize new development open doors. Barton et al, expressed that Coca-Cola gave stress on securing open doors, Coca-Cola purchased procured packaging business in South Korea which gave more get to in retail locations in South Korea, and additionally, better passage in China, Japan and Malaysia. Coca-Cola dismissed its nation characterized business sector viewpoint and concentrated on local vital view and procured nearby brands of tea and espresso.

On account of wellbeing patterns and changing taste of the shoppers, Coca-Cola reacted to this through development and change. The change is impelled by the pattern in wellbeing and wellness and shopper tastes which had an effect on the matter of Coca-Cola. Amid World War II, the reaction of Coca-Cola to the circumstances is to give free beverages to the GIS so as to get to new markets in which the organization had the capacity do (Foster, 2008).

Evolution of Risk Management-

Companies whether it is little or expansive are now acting ahead of time to battle the conceivable dangers that may emerge later on. As indicated by Foster (2008) in the wake of 911, the protection business have changed, huge organizations rethink the conceivable dangers and how are they going to utilize protection, in Coca-Cola after the costs expanded the organization look past the normal way of purchasing protection straightforwardly however rather Coca-Cola considered wholesale protection through hostages. In the year 2000, The Business Wire, reported that Coca-Cola transformed its senior administration group and hierarchical structure with the end goal of confronting the opportunities, dangers and difficulties as the organization enters the new period of administration. Besides, Coca-Cola North America is decentralizing its association, and in addition, pushing responsibility and power into the field of the association. The change in the senior administration is one change administration step that Coca-Cola have experienced with a specific end goal to build the effectiveness of the organization. The selected people are prepared refreshment packaging officials; hence Coca-Cola sees steady increment in the incomes of the organization. The change in the senior administration has been successful in light of the fact that the offers of Coca-Cola in North America have been predictable (Harmon, 2010).

Evolution of Individual Change Management

As per Harmon (2010) individual change administration is the methodology in which the organization gives apparatuses and preparing to its representatives to have the capacity to handle their individual move through change. The ADKAR Model, as per Harmon (2010) is a model that can be used as an individual change administration. The ADKAR model demonstrates five stages an individual experiences amid the methodology of progress (Laudon, K & Laudon, 2009): Consciousness of the need to change- in Coca-Cola workers, stakeholders and even buyers are educated in the progressions, particularly in the administration, much the same as on account of designating as president of the Coca-Cola Company in 2010. Cola particularly the ones in the administration positions partake in the progressions that the organization must experience, as on account of changing the bundling of Coca-Cola.

Organizational Change Management Evolution

This theory displays a general technique for dealing with the change in the side of the individuals at an authoritative level (Harmon, 2010). As indicated by Hiatt and Creasey, the authoritative change administration is comprises of three stages, which are, get ready for change, overseeing change and strengthening change. A standout amongst the most prominent CEOs of Coca-Cola Company is Mr. Gouzueta, he was the CEO of Coca-Cola for a long time. He found himself able to focus the issue against other maker of carbonated beverages. Mr. Gouizetta assumed a gigantic part in measuring the operation of Coca-Cola and created techniques that supported the Coca-Cola to thrashing rivalry. Likewise, Mr. Gouizetta assumed imperative parts in arranging and heading the undertakings in attaining the objectives and targets (Harmon, 2010). Moreover, Mr. Gouizetta additionally designated Mr. Ivester whom changed the shortcoming of Coca-Cola into circumstances and strengths.

Conclusion

Change administration is a methodology in which all organizations experience. The global, and, the neighborhood market has a hardened rivalry, in this way with a specific end goal to be on top change administration must be used by organizations. Coca-Cola is one of the best cases of organizations that used change administration proficiently and have yielded positive results. The proof is the strength of Coca-Cola in the soda business in the United States as well as everywhere throughout the world.References

Cantwell, J., Dunning, J. H., & Lundan, S. M. (2010). An evolutionary approach to understanding International business activity: The co-evolution of MNEs and the institutional environment. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(4), 567-586.

Demil, B., & Lecocq, X. (2010). Business model evolution: in search of dynamic consistency. Long Range Planning, 43(2), 227-246.

Foster, R. J. (2008). Coca‐Globalization. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Harmon, P. (2010). The scope and evolution of business process management. In Handbook on Business Process Management 1 (pp. 37-81). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Laudon, K., & Laudon, J. (2009). Management Information Systems: International Edition, 11/E. Pearson Higher Education.