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Evaluating the Saudi Arabian technical and vocational training corporation

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Introduction

Training is one of the most powerful tools for improving job performance, increasing insertion of trainees in the labour market, and enhancing the performance of the organization in both private and public sectors. Evaluation is essential part of training techniques in addressing various organizational challenges and strengths. Through evaluation, the organization would be able to understand how training interventions yield results at various stages: outputs, outcomes and impact. It is therefore important to tie training strategies to development agendas, emphasising on impact of learning.

The present Saudi Arabian TVTC seeks to reinforce the workforce capacities for training services evaluation that it offers. The report will focus on determining the usefulness, efficiency, sustainability and TVTC impacts on training programs and activities.

Evaluation

The report will reveal the practicability of concepts, methods and tools, used by TVTC in training, and this will be through concrete and actual evaluation approaches used by TVTC. The detailed report will entail a step-by-step strategy for the evaluation of TVTC outputs, outcomes and the levels of its impacts on the organization. The report will entail assessments, objectives formulation, evaluation questions development, stakeholders’ identification and collection of data and analysis. The results will hence show how TVTC contributes to the development of the organization and TVTC’s effectiveness.

The report content

The report will clearly analyze TVTC’s contributions and therefore indicating its effectiveness in achieving the organizational goals and objectives.

The report will indicate the impacts of TVTC on the organizational management and its contribution towards the performance.

The TVTC relevance will be shown in the report. This will show whether the TVTC’s objectives are responsive to the present organizational development agendas.

The quality of TVTC’s assessment will also be presented. The report will show whether or not TVTC employed quality standards in its training and whether the trainings were in line with the current organizational goals and objectives.

The report will in-depth indicate the impacts of TVTC on both the workforce and the organization. Whether the newly acquired skills and knowledge were properly employed and the outcomes thereafter.

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The Name of the School (University)

The City and State where it is located

The Date

 Evaluating the Strategic Role of Human Resources in modern organizations

The role of the human resource managers (HRM) in the modern day world is quickly shifting from earlier perceived roles. presently, the roles of the HRM is closely associated with hiring, training and establishment of the employees at enterprise accorded promotion within the employment system and attain responsibilities and rank s to the topmost position in the company. The modern HRM extends his thinking on model of nurturing inside skills and talents to rise up the company than acquiring raw knowledge from the employment arena unless the talent and skill is deemed unfounded in the job company sphere. The process aimed at holding the right capacity of the inside workforce is referred ftp as the workforce planning (Kaufman, 2004, pp34). The role of the HRM is instrumental in the expansion of the enterprise to far limits relevant to the growth of the enterprise. The pivotal coordination of retiring and promotion of the staffs is vital in attaining the critical a bank of knowledge desirable for the continuous existence of the company. Promotion and retiring of the company staffs leaves behind voids that should be filled immediately and that function is assigned to the office of the HRM. The modern office of the HRM is swayed by the ever mutating trends in technology that hampers the model of communication and handling of the employee statistics and change in the legal framework that the staffs operate on. The HRM also oversees the setting of the standards on the dos and don’ts of the company thus gearing the company for a successful future (Kaufman, 2004, pp56). Main challenge of the current HRM is the incorporation of the people with potential to grow and aid in raising the company. With best models of combining the recruitment of best talents in to the enterprise the HRM benefits the modern organization wholesomely. The summary of the roles of the modern HRM includes the conducting of the performance appraisals, maintenance of goods work ambience and conduction of the proper training and recruitment (Dunn, & Bray, 2010, pp67).

With intent of teaching Ms Cutter, there are various ways in which employment relationship can be conceptualized. The models include the unitarist and pluralist. Unitarist has as a model has been very applicable in the UK and Australasia. Application of frameworks has been indicated to create a hampering state to the proper functioning of the most employment industrial sector due to the insistence by the managers to employ both pluralist and unitarist strategies in management of the employees. The surfacing of fox unitarist framework in the industrial sector that assign the considerable reinforcement framework with reference to the management of attitudes and the model behaviors of the employees. The inclusion of the Fox ideology has been applied in minute regional basis (Dunn, & Bray, 2010, pp67).

The availed models (pluralsit and unitarist) inject an alternative model of tackling strategic management for the organizations and therefore contribute hugely to the successful management of the workforce. The entire quality in the employment system and improvements in commercial relations may have an important impact on the overall show of the organization. As well, the fine print of employment which directly influences the excellence of employees’ working lives in addition to their capacity to within many facets of their lives outside of work (Kaufman, 2004, pp56). These kinds of issues connected with efficiency in addition to equity the efforts of industrial relations for the wellbeing connected with work organizations and even the countrywide economy within the one palm, and the outcomes of adjusting industrial associations for employees within the other are core themes within recent countrywide policy debates, in organizing deliberations within company boardrooms. The countless controversies concerning industrial cases demonstrate its great strengths as a possible academic subject matter. It can be lively and passionate. It is truly is relevant and compelling It truly is every day, but it is also concerned with great sociable movements; and it seems in order to require commonsense at the same time which it requires serious analysis and complex concepts. To appropriately harness the actual potential connected with industrial relations as a possible academic subject matter, however, requires apparent thinking and a couple of concepts that allows students on the subject to determine past the actual confusion connected with competing ideas and to understand the actual complexities connected with both its practice and it is rhetoric (Dunn & Bray, 2010, pp56. The aim of this phase is to begin this task. Step one is in order to define the region of review by planning beyond the actual commonsense and it is often thin conceptions connected with industrial relations into a more regarded as theoretical explanation. The following step is to explain the real key concepts which are used within this book to review industrial contact. The subsequent step is to acknowledge that it approach to analyze the entire world of do the job; the approach adopted within this book can be consequently famous from alternate approaches just like human resource management and ‘labor-process’ concept (Dunn, & Bray, 2010,pp67).

Statement made by Ms Cutter does not accurately reflect the intention of the provisions fair work 2009. Ms Cutter acknowledges the importance of cutting down cost and asserts that following of the fair work provision 2009 only creates a burden to the managerial sector. While the fair work may exhibit stiff financial sacrifice for the company, it has very relevant advantages to the employees. The provision creates a reliable platform for the interaction of the modern awards and subsequent enterprise development. The provision also provides the maximum possible working hour, standard duration of work leaves and associated entitlement of the worker. The provision offers guidelines on the payment expected for certain rates of payment for the workers that aid in structuring the workforce and thus securing a consistent output at work. The eventual outcome is the workers morale is improved and output is even higher than it would anticipated (Cch Editors, 2010,pp67)

.

Bibliography

Cch Editors. (2010). Understanding The Fair Work Act. Sydney, Cch Australia.

(2010). Australian Fair Work Act: With Regulations And Rules. Sydney, Cch Australia.

Dunn, A., & Bray, G. (2010). Minimum Wage Transitional Instruments Uner The Fair Work Act 2009 Amd The Fair Work (Transitional Provisions And Consequential Amendments) Act 2009. Canberra, Fair Work Australia].

Leow, J., Murphy, S., & Hooper, G. (2010). Australian Master Superannuation Guide 2010/11. North Ryde, N.S.W., Cch Australia.

Kaufman, B. E. (2004). Theoretical Perspectives On Work And The Employment Relationship. Ithaca, Ny, Ilr.

Kaufman, B. E. (2004). Theoretical Perspectives On Work And The Employment Relationship. Ithaca, Ny, Ilr.

NILES, N. J. (2013). Basic concepts of health care human resource management. Burlington, Mass, Jones & Bartlett Learning.

NKOMO, S. M., FOTTLER, M. D., & MCAFEE, R. B. (2011). Human resource management applications. Mason, OH, South-Western Cengage Learning.

SWANEPOEL, B., ERASMUS, B., & SCHENK, H. (2008). South African human resource management: theory and practice. Lansdowne, Juta & Co.

STEWART, G. L., & BROWN, K. G. (2011). Human resource management: linking strategy to practice. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley.

Running head: Aging with grace

Aging with Grace

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Institution:

Tutor’s Name:

Date of submission:

The book “Aging with Grace” explains the realities that people experience in their daily lives. These realities include aging, poverty and even diseases. The target group of the book is the Catholic nuns and the realities of life that they go through. It targets the health and science issues that affect the nuns. Being a religious group, the author admits that he thought that the nuns would be the ideal group since they would be honest. He therefore decided to carry out a research on cervical and breast cancer. The author admits that when he first entered the convent, all the nuns looked fine and healthy. Many of them were exercising in the convent gymnasium; others were watching and cheering on the baseball games while others were writing official letters to other Catholic representatives. He also admits that most of the nuns had earlier worked as teachers, so they were in active mental states. Since they had similar levels of education, diet and lifestyles, it was easier to deal with them. When he reveals the idea to them, the nuns humbly accepted the concepts.

Due to the fact that the nuns had similar diet and lifestyles, the experiment target’s was why some nuns developed dementia while others did not. It was also targeting the effect of Alzheimer’s disease on the brains and how the aging occurs with grace. The views of the nuns reveal the secrets of living longer while staying healthy. Having grown up like an alter boy, the author understands the humble and gracious lifestyles of the nuns. The nuns, who are very old, with their ages ranging from 79 to 100 years of age, agree to donate their brains when they die. They believe in the grace of God in order to live longer than expected. The nuns believe in faith, wisdom and spirituality as driving forces behind their long lives. For instance, the 104 year old Sister Matthia, who passed away in 1998, was very active irrespective of her age. She could say a prayer to each of the four thousand people that she had taught in the earlier years. She also knitted mittens daily.

According to Snowdon (2001), the major objective of the study is to emotionally interact with the aged and to know understand their feelings. He recommends that they should be treated with care and special attention. He conducts his research in a manner that allows for efficient interactions with the nuns. He also examines the relationship between the Alzheimer’s disease and the ability of one to express himself or herself in oral and written terms. As explored by Snowdon (2001), those who were able to express themselves in the most excellent and impeccable terms with no difficulties were less likely to develop signs of the disease. Additionally, those who were active in community were less likely to develop the disease, as well those who were devoted in daily readings of materials. Other factors such as diet and heredity were also proved to avoid any sign of the disease.

The work of Snowdon is a personal encounter with the nuns and the moving unfolding series of events in their lives. The autobiographies that were written by the nuns in their early lives indicate that the same fluent and creative language that they used is not the same as the language that they write in their present age. It is important to note that the as the age progresses, they find other things and activities to concentrate on. After the nuns had died and their brains taken as per their wishes, it was noted that their brains did not decay but was still very active.

Snowdon also explains the psychological impact of dementia on the family members in the event that someone suffers the disease. He explains the need to give care and support to these patients without fear. Being a disease which takes a process according to the research conducted, it is almost difficult to fully diagnose it. It is, however, today argued that plagues and tangles are the major symptoms of the disease. It is approximated that one third of the nuns whose brains detected the disease had no earlier signs of the disease since they scored well in the mental tests that were administered to them while they were alive. For example, According to the article, Sister Mary had scored highly in the cognitive tests, yet at her death at age 101 the brain autopsy showed Alzheimer’s disease with neurofibrillary tangles and plaques.

It is therefore noticeable that though Snowdon conducted a scientific research, there was the friendly emotional interaction with the nuns. The nuns agreed to participate in the research and revealed their personal and professional histories, which made the research process very easy. Having been an alter boy in his early years of life, Snowdon understood the lifestyles and operations within the convent setting. As readers of his research study, we also learn about his personal life. He had prior knowledge on how to approach the nuns in the most convenient way. This compelled the nuns to give the honest and sufficient information concerning the research.

One of the greatest strengths of the research is that the target group is appropriate and convenient. There is maximum co operation from the nuns who gave honest views of the questions that were asked by Snowdon. The approach that was used was friendly and effective. Due to the fact that Snowdon was once a alter boy, he interacted with the nuns in the most adorable ways. The nuns were women who showed maximum interests. An earlier study had targeted men and it was rated unsuccessful. It was discovered that women are more passionate and tender in their ways of interactions with other people. Additionally, the nuns were spiritual and God fearing. This was a guarantee that they would co operate and give the most credible views and opinions. Snowdon’s basic idea was to find out how the disease affects the aged people who were intelligent in their youth. The aged group of nuns was therefore most convenient since they had all been teachers in the mission schools. The target group was also convenient since they had similar eating habits. For example, they all took very minimal alcohol or no alcohol at all. They had similar spiritual lifestyles in the convent as well as similar social lives. This is to say that their prayer schedules were similar and to some extent they even cited similar prayers.

Secondly, the approach that was used to collect and gather data was convenient and friendly to the target group. Due to the level of close interactions, the nuns felt appreciated and cared for. They were more willing even to donate their brains upon their demise. Snowdon did not just impose the scientific methods of data collection, but he used a more social and psychological approach. Bearing in mind that the nuns were aging, the data collection methodology was flexible and it allowed for patience. The data that was needed was readily available from the convent archives. Each of the seven convents that were centers of the research had the data in their archives. The data had existed for over the last 100 years. The data entailed their family lives, the grades that they had earlier scored in their respective schools, their earlier occupations and professions and their exact ages. The nuns were also willing to volunteer most of the information to the best of their knowledge. The fact that the nuns were also active in teaching and educating others also boosted their brains functionally. This was a fundamental aspect in the study since the same brains would be used as data upon their demise.

The quiet and peaceful lifestyles of the nuns were an important aspect in the research study. This was important because the reliable states of their minds were assured. This was attributed by the fact that the nuns had peaceful times when they would meditate and reflect on prayer.

However, one wonders how the results in random selection of the target group would be. The research only targeted the nuns who had similar lifestyles; hence the results of the research were similar. Most research procedures involve random selection so that credible results are achieved. For instance, a portion of the nuns should have been sampled as well as another portion of the married population. Since the convent nuns are unmarried, their lifestyles totally differ from the married people. Married people, for example, have their families and careers to concentrate on.

Another weakness of the study is that it is not very clear whether the nuns were consistent in their spiritual lives. It may be assumed that the freedom from the complicated family lives may have been a contributing factor to the successful and powerful results of the research. It would have been ideal if the lives of the ordinary people who are unfamiliar with spirituality. The reality is that the nuns only form a small portion of the entire population. It is also evident that most of the people have ordinary lives and spirituality is only a small aspect of such lives. The stable state of mind also assured the good physical health. For instance, the oldest and aged participant was 107 years of age when she died. At 98, she was strong and she would visit the sick and work on the switchboard.

According to Snowdon (2001), the fact that the traces of Alzheimer disease were detected in the brains of the nuns who had scored highly in the physical and cognitive tests affirm that the disease is a gradual process. It is also noticeable that the higher the level of education among the nuns, the lower the risks of the disease. Therefore it was argued that the disease is more of a social factor. For instance, when the autobiographies of the nuns were retrieved from the archives, the highly educated nuns used complex, well punctuated sentences with an excellent command of the language. These autobiographies were written in their late teenage lives. However, when they died, only a small portion of the disease was traced in their brains.

Dr Snowdon admits that keeping mental fit is fundamental in living long healthy lives. The idea of going for outdoor games and taking short or long walks is equally important. In his journal article, he admits that is critical to make important investments while in the youth stage. Dr Snowdon advises that in order to age gracefully, and then it is never too late or too early to improve the mental and physical health of a person. This is important in living long healthier lives. He also recommends that spirituality should be embraced for long lives. Spirituality brings about peace and wisdom. It also entails meditation which involves sober reflection upon one’s relationship with the Creator.

Moreover, one of the most important lessons learnt is that education does not only improve the intellectual capacity of and individual, it also reduces the exposure of the individual to the Alzheimer disease. This is an astonishing revelation. The efficient linguistic competence of and individual also reduces the risks of the disease. It is therefore critical that parents and guardians expose their children to excellent learning facilities so that they master language well while they are still young. The nuns who demonstrated fabulous linguistic skills in their teen autobiographies had little trace of the disease on their brains.

The research also educates on the types of foods that protect the aging process. Having fed on similar balance diets that were well prepared, the nuns’ physical features did not tally with their respective ages. Dr Snowdon admits that he was astonished that even the very aged nuns still performed and conducted the same daily chores that they carried out in their youth. It is also notable that avoiding conditions such as strokes and depression helps in curbing dementia. This is where spirituality comes in handy since it brings peace and calmness upon an individual’s life.

According to the article “Alzheimer’s Research Success Stories,|” an individual’s attitude towards life plays a vital role in the aging process. People who are optimistic about their lives are always enthusiastic about each new day. They are eager to do something different each new day as opposed to pessimists who grow old very fast. Most pessimistic people also tend to be suicidal and over dependent on other people. One’s faith is also essential in successful aging process. The strong belief in God and in God helps one to enjoy life to the maximum even in the old age.

References

Snowdon, D. (2001). Aging with grace: what the nun study teaches us about leading

longer, healthier, and more meaningful lives. USA: Bantam Books.

Lichtenstein Creative Media (2004). Alzheimer’s Research Success Stories. Published by

Lichtenstein Creative Media.

Agonist Potency

Name

Institution

Abstract

The effectiveness of drugs in pharmacology is determined by using the recommended EC50 of varied agonists’ concentration. EC50 is the concentration of agonist that produces maximum response at 50%. This experiment was conducted with the primary objective of comparing the potency of BU007 and BU006 on the pig bladder’s muscarinic receptor. This was conducted by immersing the bladder tissues of the pig into krebs solution baths before being exposed to BU007 and BU006 drugs of different concentrations. It is after these that the values of the receptor occupancy and the EC50 values of these two drugs were determined through by calculating them. The result of this experiment showed that BU007 and BU006 had different EC50 concentrations of 95.63% and 97.76% respectively. Besides, the t-test for the mean contractile response to BU007 and BU006 showed no statistically significant differences. From these experimental results, it was established that since BU007 produced a relatively lower EC50 than BU006, it was worth concluding that BU007 is therefore more potent compared to BU006 that produced a higher concentration of EC50, as compared to BU006, an indication that BU007 drug attained half of the maximal response in the experiment with lower concentrations.

Introduction

A number of physiological processes are highly influenced by the receptors that are often activated in order to induce the signal cascades that further leads to the physiological responses. The receptors can also be inhibited in the patient to produce physiological responses by stopping the signal cascades from working. All the endogenous chemicals messengers that are found in the body (such as neurotransmitters or hormones) bind to these body receptors thereby instigating a physiological body response particularly on the body cells having these receptors (Rang, et al, 2007). It is this receptor that pharmacologists play with in altering the body physiological responses by using drugs with the ability to block or mimic the effects and threats caused by natural chemical messengers in the body. As outlined by pharmacologists, any drugs has two main features; efficacy that defines the degree of physiological response of the body after being initiated by the receptor chemical messengers with the ability to mimic. Secondly, drugs have the affinity that enables them to strongly bind to the receptors, an ability of the chemical messenger mimicking pharmaceutical drugs. The drug’s potency is the relationship that exists between the drug’s efficacy and the drug concentration, thus, representing the ability the messenger mimicking drugs to realize the highest level of efficacy possible with the lowest EC50 concentration possible.

From a pharmacological point of view, agonist represents drugs that enhance the receptors’ activities (those receptors that the agonist binds) so as to induce or facilitate a pharmacological reaction that is similar that showed when in its natural state. Notably, the agonist’s efficacy is more valued over its affinity. Unlike full agonists, partial agonists produce less response that is not as effective in enhancing the activities and operations of the body receptors. Contrary to agonists, antagonists are a group of pharmaceutical drugs that block or inhibit the normal activities and operations of the body receptors that they bind to, hence inhibiting any natural physiological response that would have been produced by the attacked receptors. As opposed to agonists where efficacy is of greater significance than affinity, antagonist drugs place value on affinity over efficacy that is always zero (Rang et al. 2007).

Different agonists imposed on a single receptor often produce different maximum responses, which is the highest possible response of the agonists. However, in pharmacology, the potent degree of drugs is determined by EC50 with different agonists’ concentrations. Pharmacologically, EC50 is defined as the agonist’s concentration level that produces 50% of maximal drug responses. According Rang et al. (2007), the differences in the EC50 concentration in different drugs is such that the agonist drug that produces 50% of the maximal response at the lowest concentration is considered more potent.

The drugs that were examined in this pharmacological experiment were both tissue bladder agonists and their potencies tested by the use of pig bladders. The pig bladder was used in this experimental given the fact that pig bladder have the M3 (type 3 muscarinic) receptors that also exist on the human bladder. Asserts Marieb & Hoehn (2010), the muscarinic receptors are presents on the walls and other soft parts of bladder muscles and hence stimulating muscle contraction of the body when bound by Ach (Acetylcholine). In particular, the bladder smooth muscles found in human contain M3 (70-80%) and M2 (20-30%) receptors (Choppin, 2002). The activation of M3 receptors results into a G-coupled protein and phospholipase initiated direct contraction. On the other hand, the activation of M2 receptors in the body tissues would result into indirect body contraction that takes place by inhibiting the activities of the receptors through G-protein and cationic current elicitation (Choppin, 2002; Mehdia et at, 2011). As earlier stated, the primary objective of this research experiment was to evaluate the differences in the potency of BU007 and BU006 on the muscarinic receptor tissues of the pig’s bladder.

Methods

This was done “As per Laboratory Protocol, BMED 13-217 Pharmacology, Pg.23-33, Agonist Potency, Bond University, 2012.

The data was analyzed using unpaired 2-tailed t-test.

Results

Part A: Individual Lab Report for BU006

Fig.1: Contractile Response (of the bladder tissue) plotted against BU006 Concentration at EC50 value.

From the above figure (Fig.1) it was evidenced that the BU006 had little effect on these tissues until the point where the concentration of the BU006 was 100ug/25ml with the corresponding maximum contractile response being 22. The simulation peak was realized at 10000ug/25ml BU concentration level. From fig.1, the EC50 for BU006 was on 800ug/25mil concentration level.

Molar EC50, pEC50 values and receptor accupancy for the BU006

EC50 into Molar Units:

EC50 for BU006 mass = 800 ug; molecular weight = 183g/mol

Moles = Mass (g) / Molar weight (g/mol)

Moles = 800ug/183g/mol

Moles = 8-4/183 = 1.334 x 10-6Mole

Recall, M = Moles / Vol.

Molarity (M) = 1.334 x 10-6/0.025 = 5.336 x 10-5M = 53.36 uM

Converting Molar EC50 to pEC50 value

EC50 Value = 53.36 uM = 53.36 x 10-6 M

pEC50 = -log (53.66 x 10-6) M

PEC50 = 4.271

Receptor occupancy for BU006 at EC50

Dissociation Constant (KD) for BU006 was at 10uM

Receptor Occupancy = 53.36uM / [10uM+53.36uM] = 0.8422 = 84.22%

The Molar Emax and Receptor Occupancy for the BU006

Converting Emax to Molar units:

Mass of Emax = 10mg and molecular weight = 183g/mol

Moles = 10000ug/[183g/mol] = 54.64 x 10-5 Moles

Molarity (M) = 54.64 x 10-5 /0.025

M = 21.86 x 10-3M

M = 21860 uM

Receptor Occupancy for BU006 at Emax

KD of BU006 was 10uM

Receptor Occupancy = 21860 / [10 +21860)

= 99.94%

Therefore, the space receptors have a value of 0.06%.

Fig.2: Contractile Response (of the bladder tissue) plotted against BU007 Concentration at EC50 value.

Part B: Combined Experimental Data for BU007 and BU006

Fig.3, contractile response against BU007 and BU006 drug concentration at EC50 values for both drugs.

Measurable effects were realized at 1000ug/25ml while the maximum value was noticed at 10000ug/25ml while the EC50 values for BU007 and BU006 was 900 and 800 respectively.

The mean Molar EC50 and mean pEC50 values

Mass of BU006 = 10000ug and Molecular weight = 183g/mol

Moles = 1.0 x 10-2 / 183 = 5.464 x 10-5 Moles

Molarity = 5.464 x 10-5/ 0.025 = 2.186 x 10-3 M = 2186 uM

Converting the Molar EC50 to pEC50

EC50 value = 2186uM or 2.186 x 10-3 M

pEC50 = -log[2.186 x 10-3]M = 2.660

Receptor Occupancy mean for BU006 at EC50

KD = 900 uM

Receptor Occupancy = Conc. Of BU006 /[KD + Conc. Of BU006)

= 2186uM / [900uM + 2186uM]

= 0.7084 = 70.84%

The Mean Molar EC50 and pEC50 for BU007

Converting mean EC50 to Molar Units of BU007

Mass 2000uM and Molecular weight =183g/mol

Moles = Mass (g) / Molecular weight (g/mol)

Moles = 2.0 x 10-3 / 183

Moles = 1.093 x 10-5 Moles

Molarity = Moles/Volume

M = 1.093 x 10-5 /0.025

M = 4.372 x 10-4M = 437.2 uM

Converting Molar EC50 to pEC50 for BU007

EC50 value = 437.2 uM or 437.2 x 10-6 M

pEC50 = -log(437.2 x 10-6)M

pEC50 = 3.359

Obtaining the receptor occupancy for BU007at EC50

Dissociation Constant KD for BU007 = 4000ug

Receptor Occupancy = 437.2 uM / [4000+437.2] = 0.09853

Receptor Occupancy = 9.853%

The Molar Emax and RO for BU007 and BU006

Converting Emax into Molar units,

Emax of BU006 and BU007 = 6000ug, and Molecular weight = 183g/mol

Moles = 6.0 x 10-3/183

Moles = 3.279 x 10-5 Moles

Molarity (M) = Moles / Vol (L)

M = 3.279 x 10-5 / 0.025

M = 1.3115 x 10-3 M

Molarity = 1311.5 uM

Receptor Occupancy for BU007 and BU006 at Emax

RO for BU006 = 1311.5uM/[4200uM + 1311.5uM) = 0.2379

RO for BU006 = 23.79%

The spare receptors for BU006 are 76.21%

RO for BU007 = 1311.5 / [4000+1311.5) = 0.2469

RO for BU007 = 24.69%

Spare receptors for BU007 are 75.31%

From Fig.2 above, it was observed that BU007 reaches its maximum at lover values than BU06, hence more effective than BU006. The BU006 showed a weaker agonist curve and also appears more linear compared to BU007 that displayed stronger agonist characteristics. On the other, hand, BU007 agonist required more receptors to realize its desired EC50 maximal response while BU006 needed less receptor so as to produce its half maximal response.

Fig. 4: Contractile response of the bladder tissues against receptor occupancy (%) for BU007 and BU006 using different drug concentrations at EC50 for both drugs

Fig. 5. Represents the Contractile response of the bladder tissues against BU007 & BU006 drug concentration at EC50 values. This test was carried out to help in determining the significance of these results obtained for different BU007 and BU006 concentrations using t-test values. Since pEC50 = 3.359, then p>0.05, hence there is a statistical significance between the two drugs at CE50 half maximal value. In addition, the BU007 curve reached its maximum possible response at relatively lower contractile response values than BU006 drug.

Discussion

To realize the primary objective of the experiment, the two agonists, BU006 and BU007, were compared in the process of determining the most potent among them in activating the bladder muscarinic receptors. As shown the potency test carried for the two drugs, it was realized that BU007 was more potent than BU006. The analysis of the two drugs acme to a conclusion based on the findings that the EC50 of BU006 and that of BC007 were 125ug/25ml and 40 ug /25ml respectively. In the same way, their percentage measurements of the receptor occupancy required in the production of half the total response of both the drugs were 35.33% and 8.04% respectively. According to the results, considering also that the percentage measures for their receptors to produce total response were found to be 97.76% and 95.63% respectively, it meant that lesser receptors are required for BC007 in order to produce maximum response.

According to Mehdia et all. (2011), it is true to conclude that the extra receptors are treated as spare or reserve receptors. Okamoto et al. (2002) also affirms that BU006 seemed to bind 97.76% of the receptors to reach maximum response, meaning 2.24% are the reserve receptors. In comparison to the BU007, that needed to be bound with 95.63% to attain maximum response, left only 4.375 reserve receptors. Despite the fact that same receptor type of a drug has the same affinity, the number of receptors present and different qualities of the pathways may affect the affinity (Mehdia et al. 2011).

As a measure of potency of a drug, EC50 determines the connection between response and affinity of a particular drug on particular tissue. According to Choppin (2002), lower EC50 reflects more potency of the drug; hence low concentration was required in the production of half the total response. Choppin (2002) also illustrated that the difference in the EC50 of the same drug were attributed difference in the number of receptors, different second messenger pathways, as well as different breakdown rate of a drug on other tissues. Okamoto et al. (2002) also indicated that in the event of a piece of a very reactive gall bladder with high receptor density becomes exposed to BU006 or BU007, EC50 remained the same since receptors exceeded the required number to activate maximum response.

Okamoto et al. (2002) affirms that EC50 decreased, when drugs were broken down in a particular tissues, since less drug were required to activate sufficient receptors to produce EC50. The best way therefore to determine the breakdown of the drug in the tissues, is by considering the level of EC50 of the drug before and after the enzyme inhibitors are added. More concentration of EC50 would be required to attain half the total response, thereby changing the EC50 curve to the right. Failure to break down the drug in particular sites however made the EC50 curve to be constant. It was also found out that breaking down the drug by enzymes shifted the EC50 curve to the left since enzymes were inhibited, and less concentration of the drug are required for half achievement of maximum response (Choppin, 2002).

Conclusion

Lack of efficiency in the use of the computer programmes that measure contractile response, and errors in preparation of the bicarbonate solutions are some of the human mistakes that have brought inconsistencies of data. However, in the end, the experiment made a general conclusion that BU007 drug was more potent than BU006 because BU007 attained a lower EC50.

References

Choppin, A. 2002, ‘Muscarinic Receptors in Isolated Urinary Bladder Smooth Muscle from Different Mouse Strains’, British Journal of Pharmacology, [Online], Vol.137, no.4, pp.522-528.

Marieb, E.N. & Hoehn, K. 2010, Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th ed, Pearson Benjamin.

Mehdia, N.,et al. 2011, ‘A Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Tetrabutylphosphonium Bromine Analogs as Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Agonists’, Journal of Serbian Chemical Society, (Online), Vol.76 (8), pp.1117-27.

Okamoto, H, et al., 2002, ‘Muscarinic Agonist Potencies at three different Effectors Systems Linked to the M2 or M3 Receptor in Longitudinal Smooth Muscle of Guinea-Pig Small Intestine’, British Journal of Pharmacology, [Online], Vol. 135(7), pp.1765-75.

Rang, H., Dale, M. M., Ritter, J.M., & Flower, R. J. 2007, Rang and Dale’s Pharmacology, 6th ed, Elsevier Limited, Philadephia, USA.

EVALUATING TRAINING NEEDS

As suggested by Craig (2008) action research could take a quantitative, qualitative or mixed-method approach, for collection of data from the respondents. The paper examines some of the data collection methods that can be used to improve service delivery in the organization.

Motivation of the workers

Surveys could be used to gather employees’ responses and discover which elements of the reward system are working and which are not. In addition, the surveys could be used by the management and the consultants to determine whether employees favor extrinsic or instruct motivators. Surveys could be delivered online, and McClelland (1994) recommends the use of custom-designed survey questionnaire due to its flexibility. Use of surveys has several advantages including elimination of bias, easy administration, and can be used to collect a wide variety of information. Interviews can also be used by action researchers for collection of qualitative data, and they could be structured, semi-structured and unstructured (McClelland, 1994). To obtain standardized information from the employees, it would be advisable for the researcher to use structured interviews. Focus groups provide action researchers with an avenue to validate the responses given and should be used in conjunction with numerically oriented methods while on-site observations are used to capture elements such as the physical environment, social organization, program activities and interactions of the employees (McClelland, 1994).However, according to McClelland (1994) on-site observations are limited by need for subject matter experts

Outsourcing the non-core activities

To effectively deal with this theme, action researchers could conduct surveys targeted at specific departments, and employees who have the necessary technical expertise. This is very necessary, as some of the employees may not be even be aware of how the organization operates. Given the likely impact of outsourcing on employment, surveys provide an organization with the best opportunity of obtaining standardized responses from the employees. The quantitative data obtained could then be supplemented with the information collected through interviews, focus groups and on-site observations.

Improving communication capabilities and proper resource allocation

To improve the existing communication channels and resource allocation, the researchers will equally rely on both qualitative and quantitative data. In this regard, data collected through surveys, interviews, focus groups and on-site observation will highly be appreciated.

References

Craig, D. V. (2008). Action research essentials. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

McClelland, S. B. (1994). Training needs assessment data-gathering methods: Part one, survey questionnaires. Journal of European Industrial Training, 18(1), 22-26.

McClelland, S. B. (1994). Training needs assessment data-gathering methods: Part two—Individual interviews. Journal of European Industrial Training, 18(2), 27-31.

McClelland, S. B. (1994). Training needs assessment data-gathering methods: Part three, focus groups. Journal of European Industrial Training, 18(3), 29-32.

McClelland, S. B. (1994). Training needs assessment data-gathering methods: Part four, on-site observations. Journal of European Industrial Training, 18(5), 4-7.

DISSERTATION

Cardiff Metropolitan University

TITLE

Evaluating Satisfaction of International Students with Extracurricular Activities Provided by Universities in the UK.

The Case of International Undergraduate Students in School of Management at Cardiff Metropolitan University

PRELIMINARY PAGES

Dedication

Acknowledgements

ACRONYMS

This section will alphabetically list all the words and phrases that are written in short forms or abbreviations.

ABSTRACT

Abstract will summarize the whole project by answering what, why, where, how, and when the study shall be conducted. It will give the reader the gist of the project.

INTRODUCTION

Introduction-overview of what the research is all about

Background of the study-provides the contextual background of the reason to help in deriving the study’s rationale.

Problem statement-Will be written based on the previous researches and then provides the research gap for this study.

Dissertation aim- To evaluate the satisfaction level of the international students in the UK With regard to the extracurricular activities provided by universities

Research Objectives-The objectives will include investigation about:

Satisfaction of international students in the UK universities

The relationship of extracurricular activities and student satisfaction

The student service programs in Cardiff Metropolitan University (CMU)

How the international students are engaged in the services

Proper recommendations for improving of the extracurricular programs or services

Research Questions

What is the statistics of international students at CMU?

What are the extracurricular activities or services at CMU?

How are the international students involved in the programs?

How is the involvement related to student satisfaction?

What are the best recommendations to improve the engagement and satisfaction?

Research Framework

Conceptual –Gives the arrangement of the concepts

Theoretical – Provides the basis of theories to be used

Significance or Rationale of the study-Will provide the reason, justification or importance of the research

Hypotheses –outline the academic opinion related to the topic (both null and alternative hypotheses shall be outlined for approval or rebuttal)

Definition of Terms-Gives the definition of the key terms or ideas used in the study

Summary –sums all the rudiments in the introduction

LITERATURE REVIEW

This section will assess and evaluate the previous studies that are related to this research in order to determine the contrast, comparison, or consistency. As such, the review shall help in deriving the research gap and significance. The most preferred materials are the recent journal articles.

METHODOLOGY

Introduction

Overview

Study Area

Data collection

Population and Sample

Sample Frame and size

Recruitment

Sample size

Test and measurement of variables

Validity and Reliability measurements

Ethical issues

Limitations and Delimitations

Summary

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Excel or SPSS

DISCUSSIONS

SUMMARY

RESEARCH LIMITATIONS

RECOMMENDATIONS

CONCLUSION

APPENDICES

REFERENCES

ANSARI, W., STOCK, C., SNELGROVE, S., HU, X., PARKE, S., DAVIES, S., … Mabhala, A. (2008). Feeling Healthy? A Survey of Physical and Psychological Wellbeing of Students from Seven Universities in the UK.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 1308-1323.

DEGG, MARTIN, BUREK, CYNTHIA V, RIBCHESTER, CHRIS, POTTER, JACQUELINE, & LIPSCOMBE, BRYAN PAUL. (2010). Extra-curricular education for sustainable development interventions in higher education. University of Liverpool (University of Chester). HYPERLINK “http://hdl.handle.net/10034/109413” http://hdl.handle.net/10034/109413.

FORDHAM, I. (2004). Out-of-school-hours learning in the United Kingdom. New Directions for Youth Development. 2004, 43-74.

Lamb, F., Perkin, G., & Ahearn, A. (2003). Student-led employer-focused extra-curricular activity: A method of enhancing employability skills at Imperial College London and Loughborough University.Engineering Education, 31(2), 30-39.

LIPSCOMBE, B. P. (2008). Exploring the Role of the Extra-Curricular Sphere in Higher Education for Sustainable Development in the United Kingdom. Environmental Education Research. 14, 455-468.

Maringe, F., & CARTER, S. (n.d.). International Students’ Motivations For Studying In UK HE: Insights Into The Choice And Decision Making Of African Students. International Journal of Educational Management, 103(4), 459-475.

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES (U.S.). (2011). Expanding underrepresented minority participating: America’s science and technology talent at the crossroads. Washington, National Academies Press.

Quamrul H., M. (2013). Student Satisfaction in Private and Public Universities in Bangladesh. Internationcxal Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 2(2), 78-34.

STUART, M., LIDO, C., MORGAN, J., SOLOMON, L., & MAY, S. (2011). The Impact of Engagement with Extracurricular Activities on the Student Experience and Graduate Outcomes for Widening Participation Populations. Active Learning in Higher Education.12, 203-215.

TCHIBOZO, G. (2007). Extra-Curricular Activity and the Transition from Higher Education to Work: A Survey of Graduates in the United Kingdom. Higher Education Quarterly. 61, 37-56.

THOMAS, L., & TIGHT, M. (2011). Institutional transformation to engage a diverse student body. Bingley, U.K., Emerald.

Name:

Instructor:

Course/Class:

Date:

Evaluation

Learning institutions are the sources of light to the modern society, considering that knowledge is light, and therefore power. It is therefore very important for an individual to critically consider and evaluate the nature, type, standard, level etc, of the learning institution he or she is about to attend. Through evaluation process, it is easy and encouraging to stamp a comprehensive and convictive background about the institution. The institution of evaluation in this case is Texas Christian University (TCU). As a Christian University, it has a strong affiliation with Christian discipleship, a fact which is highly encouraging based on the ethically moral standards to be observed by the institution. This paper undertakes a step by step evaluation process of the Texas Christian University using certain criterion, explaining the factors making the institution to be favorably the best university among the best in the world.

Evaluation Criteria

Tuition Cost

Although the dream of an individual is to attend the ‘University of Choice’, one of the restraining factors considering the university is the cost of tuition. Tuition cost is a dependent variable when it comes to institutions of higher learning since there is no standard cost for all. Texas Christian University offer favorable costs of tuition at $34,500 to all residents on annual terms (Swaim 56-7). Despite being high, it is however relatively lower compared to the tuition costs of other major (national) universities in the United States.

Financial Aid Received

This criterion analyses institutions based on the financial aids available to students, and particularly the vulnerable group of students. Based on the Christian values and objects, TCU has been on the forefront in terms of its offers of financial aids to the students who may not be able to raise a part of the tuition and overall costs. The financial aid offered by the institution to the students range from grants to loans. 66% of the students receive grant aid from the institution totaling to $16,028 per student on annual terms. 16% of the students receive Pell grant, averaging $4,153 per student annually. More than that, 36% of the students of the institution receive Federal Student Loan, averaging to a total of $7,122 per student on annual terms (Rus 78). Under these circumstances, the financial aids are available based on certain qualifications and runs all through to completion of the program duration.

Living Aspects: Dorm Availability and Cost

According to Hall (66), the gender distribution of the institution in the 2013/2014 academic year is fair at 40.5% male and 59.5 female students. Out of the total number of students, 47% live in college-owned and operated housing while 53% of the students live off campus. This percentage is fair considering other institutions of the same standards. Being the biggest religious university, TCU have a regulation that binds all the freshmen and sophomores to live on campus, unless they are older than 21 or can commute from parent’s home. This means that availability of dorms (hostels) is not a problem for the freshmen and sophomores. The cost of the dormitories is charged at $7,650 on annual terms per student which is relatively cheaper compared to other universities, for instance Duke University which charges $10,650 annually per student (Swaim 88). One of the elementary factors to consider in evaluating an institution of higher learning is the availability of living rooms (hostels), thus, TCU is among the best universities in the world which available space for everyone at reduced costs. Texas Christian University also has campus safety services (24 hour footed and vehicle patrols) with 24 hour emergency telephones, lighted pathways among many other security measures making the university a personal choice and preference (Rus 67).

Reputation

Texas Christian University is ranked among the best universities in the world that offer numerous programs at different levels. The foundation of the University is based in Christian morals and values, and thus being open for students of any faith. It offers a semester based academic calendar and is ranked at position 82 among the national universities (www.greeks.tcu.edu). Founded in 1873, the institution has a marked standard of intellectual home and very reputable in manufacturing professionals in various fields of specialization. More than that, the institution is well reputable in sporting activities, rangi9ng from athletics, football, and other games.

Courses (My Major)

The pursuit of good programs is in most cases one of the major dilemma to many students. Texas Christian University offers various degree programmes, in the major fields, like Management, Economics, Marketing, and related services, health professions and related programs, social sciences and education. The student –faculty ratio according to Swaim (34) is 13:1 and the school has 41% its classes with fewer than 20 students. More importantly, the academic life, and therefore the average freshman retention rate which measures student satisfaction is 87%.

Conclusion

According to the matching criteria; tuition cost, financial aid, courses, reputation, living aspects, and the university standards, Texas Christian University stand out to be an institution of excellence, self actualization, moral and ethical advancements, and a university of choice. The evaluation criteria used above explains the reason for the adoption of the University as the best.

Works Cited

Hall, Colby D. History of Texas Christian University, a College of the Cattle Frontier. Ft. Worth: Texas Christian Univ. Pr., 2007. HYPERLINK “http://www.greeks.tcu.edu/” http://www.greeks.tcu.edu

Rus, Ginés . Introduction to Cost-Benefit Analysis: Looking for Reasonable Shortcuts. Cheltenham, Glos, UK: Edward Elgar, $c c2010, 2010. Print.

Swaim, J. Walking TCU. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 2012.

Agency law and its significance in business environment

Name

Professor

Course

Institution

Date

An agency has no statutory definition but can however be briefly described as the legal relationship that arises when a person known as the agent is appointed to act on behalf of another party known as the principals while engaging in a business transaction with a third party known. This means that the contact created is therefore between the principal and the third party, which makes the principal liable to the third party. If the agent acts within his/her authority, the principal is bound by this contact, which makes him liable (Dal, 2008). 

In this case, Delilah is the agent acting on behalf of the Company while contracting with Evon, Felipe, and Giorgio. The contact between Delilah and Evon, Delilah revealed to Evon that she was in fact acting on behalf of somebody else. In this case, when the third party is aware of the fact that Delilah is actually an agent and the principal’s identity has been revealed to him. Therefore, Delilah is not liable under the contract. She drops out the minute Evon accepted the contact. According to common business law, if the identity of the principal is disclosed to the third party, then the agent is not liable (Dal, 2008). However, the principal is liable because the agent assumed authority and was acting on his behalf.

In the contract between Delilah and Giorgio, Giorgio was not made aware of the fact that Delilah was actually acting as an agent and as far as he was concerned, she was in fact the principal. In this case, Delilah is liable to the third party and therefore Giorgio can sue both Delilah and I, the principal. Common business law states that in a case where the identity of the principal was partially revealed i.e. the third party knew that Delilah was actually acting as an agent although she does not actually reveal the principals identity, then both the principal and the agent are both held liable.

In the contact between Delilah and Giorgio, Delilah did not reveal to Giorgio that she was not the principal but was acting on the behalf of My Company. This means that as far as Giorgio was concerned, Delilah was the principal. Both Delilah and I are to be held liable in case of breath of contract. This is because Delilah entered into the contact with Giorgio assuming the position of the principal. This makes the contact legally binding. Although the contact was made with Delilah’s name she was acting on my interest as the principal was also makes me liable for any breach of contract. This leads us to the conclusion that a contract entered into by a third party and an agent where the identity of the principal was undisclosed, both the principal and the agent are liable. Therefore, Giorgio can either sue me or Delilah for breach of contract.

Reference

Dal, P. G. E. (2008). Law of agency. Chatswood, NSW: LexisNexis Butterworths.Munday, R. J. C. (2008). Agency: Law and principles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Agricultural Benefits of Genetically Modified Insects

Name

Institution

Agricultural Benefits of Genetically Modified Insects

Genetically modified insects are engineered through injection of desired genes into the natural insect eggs (Beard et al., 2004). The modified genes are referred to as transgenes, which are inserted using short DNA sequences. The resultant insects are transgenic with a complex assortment of transgenes (Beech, Koukidou, Morrison, & Alphey, 2012). There are several transgenic insects derived through genetic engineering with a variety of transgenes such as marker genes, refractory genes, and lethal genes. Marker genes create fluorescent insects that scientists use for differentiation of the modified and unmodified species. Refractory genes make the insect unable to transmit diseases while lethal genes render the insect unproductive or kill it. Transgenic insects have various benefits including health, environmental, and agricultural. This paper focuses on the agricultural benefits, which include pest control, as opposed to the use of chemical pesticides, and enhancement of agricultural productivity (Gill, 2013).

Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and Integrated Pest Management (IPM) have been significant methods used by scientists to create transgenic insects that reduce the need for pesticide use (Daily Mail, 2013). GM insects are also used as biological control agents to control pests and boost agricultural output. Using living organisms for weed and pest control eradicates the use of pesticides in crop production (GeneWatch, 2012). This has led to the safe and sustainable production of food and crops sans the use of pesticides, and minimized pesticide residues in plants. Medflies are destructive insects that cause high losses in the agricultural sector (Gilbert & Gill, 2010). The application of SIT to produce sterile males has significantly reduced the impact of the insect on crops. The olive fruit fly is also a deadly insect that causes severe damage to olives in California and the Mediterranean region (Gucciardi, 2013). Scientists have genetically engineered the fruit flies through the SIT to produce sterile males. The release of the sterile male into the wild results to the death of female offspring at the larval stage, which significantly suppresses the population of the olive fruit fly (Knols & Scott, 2003). In turn, olive trees produce fruits sans the need for chemical sprays since the reproduction of the destructive fly has been suppressed. This is an integrated pest management that aims at reducing the number of pests causing crop damage, as opposed to the use of pesticides ( HYPERLINK “http://people.oregonstate.edu/~muirp/instruct.htm” Muir, 2014).

Honeybees have also been engineered to enhance their resistance to pests and diseases (Pimentel, 2001). This has led to the increased population of the bees, which previously succumbed to predation and diseases. Honey is an essential agricultural product with numerous health and economic benefits; thus, it is important to safeguard the population of the honeybees. Other transgenic insects include silkworms, mosquitoes, and kissing bugs that have been modified for economic benefits and improve public health (Richards, 2013). Silkworms have been engineered to synthesize industrial proteins and pharmaceuticals that serve various purposes (Walia, 2013). The proteins are used to manufacture parachutes, bulletproof vests, and synthetic ligaments. Genetically engineered mosquitoes are unable to transmit malaria, an aspect that benefits the public by reducing malaria cases. GM kissing bugs are also incapable of transmitting dengue, saving millions of people succumbing to the disease each year (Romeis, Shelton, & Kennedy, 2008).

Genetically modified insects have several uses such as weed and pest control agents without the use of chemical pesticides. Pesticides have adverse effects on the human health, crops, and the environment a large (Wentworth, 2010). They jeopardize the health of many people when they get in contact with them, cause severe environmental damages, and kill beneficial insects such as bees. Besides pest management, transgenic insects also have other beneficial uses such as disease prevention and increasing agricultural productivity. Therefore, the use of transgenic insects is better than other pest control methods such as vectors and pesticides (Winston & Edelbach, 2011).

References

Beard, C. B., Celeste, L., Bundy, T., Giddings, V., Jenkins, P., Matheson, J., Milewski, E., Miller, T., O’Brochta, D., & Rose, B. (2004). Bugs in the system?: Issues in the science and regulation of genetically modified insects. Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology. Retrieved on 15 March 2014 from http://www.pewtrusts.org/uploadedFiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/Reports/Food_and_Biotechnology/pifb_bugs_012204.pdf

Beech, C. J, Koukidou, M. Morrison, N. I. & Alphey, L. (2012). Genetically modified insects: Science, use, status and regulation. International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. Retrieved on 15 March 2014 from http://www.icgeb.org/~bsafesrv/pdffiles/Col6_Beech.pdf

Daily Mail. (2013). Frankenflies to battle pests: Scientists plan to launch thousands of GM insects into fields as alternative to using chemicals. Retrieved on 15 March 2014 from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2410484/Scientists-launch-thousands-GM-insects-fields-alternative-chemicals.html

GeneWatch. (2012). Genetically-modified insects: under whose control? Retrieved on 15 March 2014 from http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/Regnbrief_fin2.pdf

Gilbert, L. I. & Gill, S. S. (2010). Insect control: Biological and synthetic agents. Waltham, MA: Academic Press.

Gill, V. (2013). Decision awaited on genetically modified insect trial. BBC News. Retrieved on 15 March 2014 from http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-24958488

Gucciardi, A. (2013). Thousands of genetically modified insects set for release. Infowars. Retrieved on 15 March 2014 from http://www.infowars.com/thousands-of-genetically-modified-insects-set-for-released/

Knols, B. & Scott, T.W. (2003). Discussion-Ecological challenges concerning the use of genetically modified mosquitoes for disease control: synthesis and future perspectives. In Takken, W. & Scott, T.W. (Eds.), Ecological Aspects for Application of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes (pp. 235-238). New York, NY: Springer.

HYPERLINK “http://people.oregonstate.edu/~muirp/instruct.htm” Muir, P. (2014). Genetic pest controls. Oregon State University. Retrieved on 15 March 2014 from http://people.oregonstate.edu/~muirp/genecont.htm

Pimentel, D. (2001). Overview of the use of genetically modified organisms and pesticides in agriculture. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies. 9(1), 51-63. Retrieved on 15 March 2014 from http://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1227&context=ijgls

Richards, S. (2013). Will GM insects help stop disease? The Scientist. Retrieved on 15 March 2014 from http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/34005/title/Will-GM-Insects-Help-Stop-Disease-/

Romeis, J., Shelton, A. M., Kennedy, G. G. (2008). Integration of insect-resistant genetically modified crops within IPM programs. New York, NY: Springer

Walia, A. (2013). Thousands of genetically modified insects are set for release. Collective Evolution. Retrieved on 15 March 2014 from http://www.collective-evolution.com/2013/09/10/thousands-of-genetically-modified-insects-are-set-for-release/

Wentworth, J. (2010). Genetically modified insects. Post Note. Retrieved on 15 March 2014 from http://www.inasp.info/uploads/filer_public/2013/04/03/3_handout_1.pdf

Winston, M. & Edelbach, R. (2011). Society, ethics, and technology. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.

Agenda implementation

Introduction

The making of a bill is one of the most fundamentals jobs of any legislative house worth its name in whichever country leave alone USA. However what is worrying is the length and strenuous procedures that a bill passes before it becomes law. Given the many other things congress must do , it therefore goes without saying that some bills do not see the light of the day and if they see it is after a very long time. This is the case world over and America is no exception.

Question one

Based on this background, I can comfortably say that the chance of president Obama having his way and ensuring that these bills become law is impossible. The first reason being that the bills are simply too many as compared to the remaining time of the congress. Our congress is well known for taking long to pass a bill especially that one which does not benefit them directly. The second reason is that there is political fighting between the democrats and the republicans, therefore the republicans may be having ulterior motives to use this as a way to sabotage Obama’s rule. Finally it may not be possible to realize these laws because of the perceived political divide in the entire legislation process.

Question two

The first president whom I liked very much in the ways he implemented his agendas is Bill Clinton. He had the ability to oversee an obstacle in any of his undertaking well in advance and thus prepare by reaching to the various committees and subcommittees before a bill reaches the floor of the house. In the same note was Gerald Ford (1913-2006). Ford was very gifted in foreseeing barriers and team building. He was known to assemble his team well in advance and thus overcome any obstacles especially from the opposition when bills have reached the floor of the house.

Bibliography

HYPERLINK “http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=37” “Gerald R. Ford (July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006)”. American Presidents: Life Portrait. Retrieved January 12, 2009 at: www. history.com

“The capitol” Retrieved March 19, 2012 at: HYPERLINK “http://www.thecapitol.net/FAQ/faq_bill.htm” t “_blank”http://www.thecapitol.net/FAQ/faq_bill.htm