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Agriculture in the UAE Past and Present

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TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc415311404” Agriculture in the United Arab Emirates PAGEREF _Toc415311404 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc415311405” Agricultural Imports and Exports of UAE PAGEREF _Toc415311405 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc415311406” Imports PAGEREF _Toc415311406 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc415311407” Al Dahra, United Arab Emirates PAGEREF _Toc415311407 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc415311408” Al Dahra Al Ain Branch PAGEREF _Toc415311408 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc415311409” Al Dahra UAE Farms: PAGEREF _Toc415311409 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc415311410” Al Dahra Dairy and Animal Production PAGEREF _Toc415311410 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc415311411” Al Dahra Trading Forage PAGEREF _Toc415311411 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc415311412” Agriculture and fishing PAGEREF _Toc415311412 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc415311413” References PAGEREF _Toc415311413 h 8

Agriculture in the United Arab EmiratesMost of the UAE’s cultivated land is taken up by HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_palm” o “Date palm” date palms, which in the early 1990s numbered about 4 million. They are cultivated in the arc of small HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oases” o “Oases” oases that constitute the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Liwa_Oasis” o “Al Liwa Oasis” Al Liwa Oasis. Both HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates” o “Politics of the United Arab Emirates” federal and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate” o “Emirate” emirate governments provide incentives to farmers. For example, the government offers a 50 percent subsidy on HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizer” o “Fertilizer” fertilizers, seeds, and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide” o “Pesticide” pesticides. It also provides loans for HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_machinery” o “Agricultural machinery” machinery and technical assistance (Al-Deeb & Enan, 2010). The emirates have forty-one agricultural extension units as well as several HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_farm” o “Experimental farm” experimental farms and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_experiment_station” o “Agricultural experiment station” agricultural research stations. The number of farmers rose from about 4,000 in the early 1970s to 18,265 in 1988.

Lack of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land” o “Arable land” arable land, intense heat, periodic HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locust_swarm” o “Locust swarm” locust swarms, and limited HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supplies” o “Water supplies” water supplies are the main obstacles to agriculture. The drive to increase the area under cultivation has resulted in the rapid depletion of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_aquifer” o “Underground aquifer” underground aquifers, resulting in precipitous drops in HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_table” o “Water table” water tables and serious increases in HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity” o “Soil salinity” soil and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_salinity” o “Water salinity” water salinity in some areas. As a result, several farms have been forced to cease production. Despite the creation in 1983 of a federal authority to control drilling for water, development pressures in the 1980s and 1990s increased the exploitation of underground water supplies.

Between 1979 and 1985, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_production” o “Agricultural production” agricultural production increased sixfold. Nevertheless, the UAE imported about 70 percent of its food requirements in the early 1990s. The major vegetable crops, supplying nearly all the country’s needs during the season, are HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato” o “Tomato” tomatoes, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage” o “Cabbage” cabbage, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant” o “Eggplant” eggplant, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_%28plant%29” o “Squash (plant)” squash, and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower” o “Cauliflower” cauliflower. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_al-Khaimah” o “Ras al-Khaimah” Ras al-Khaimah produces most of the country’s vegetables. In addition to dates, the major fruit crops are HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus” o “Citrus” citrus and HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mango” o “Mango” mangoes. A HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_canning” o “Vegetable canning” vegetable canning facility in HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ain” o “Al Ain” Al Ain has a processing capacity of 120 tons per day.

HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_farm” o “Poultry farm” Poultry farms provided 70 percent of local requirements for eggs and 45 percent of HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_meat” o “Poultry meat” poultry meat needed in 1989. Local dairies produced more than 73,000 tons of milk in 1991, meeting 92 percent of domestic demand.

Considerable revenues have been devoted to HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestation” o “Forestation” forestation, HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_landscaping” o “Public landscaping” public landscaping, and parks. Trees and shrubs are distributed free to schools, government offices, and residents. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afforestation” o “Afforestation” Afforestation companies receive contracts to plant plots in the range of 200 to 300 hectares. The goals are to improve the appearance of public places as well as to prevent the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertification” o “Desertification” desertification process in vulnerable agricultural areas.

Lying in the heart of the world’s arid zone, the UAE has little rainfall and one would expect it to be a barren place. Barren places there certainly are, but the process of desertification has very largely been arrested in the country. It is now possible to see forests, fields of grass and wheat where once there were only desert sands and winds. The UAE has a long tradition of agriculture in its oases where crops have been grown for 5000 years. Underground water was chandelled to palm groves and small fields and the technique is still used today.

Since the formation of the UAE in 1971, this small scale traditional farming has been complemented by investment that has seen thousands of hectares being cultivated. In the past 25 years, the country’s population has increased ten-fold and agricultural production has kept pace with this growth. The country is self-sufficient in salad crops and poultry for much of the year and even exports crops to markets in Europe.

Most of the UAE’s agricultural production comes from four areas: from in and around Al Ain, from a narrow but fertile strip along the east coast, from the oasis of Dhaid east of Sharjah and from the gravel plains in Ras al Khaimah. According to figures from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, agricultural production stands at over Dh 2 billion per year. An average crop season yields over 600,000 tons of crops such as tomatoes, cucumbers, aubergines, lettuce, cabbage and animal feed. Studies have shown that much of the country’s soil can be cultivated provided there is water and as a result, there has been an extensive programme to drill water wells. The government will prepare land for local farmers which they are then given free along with seeds, machinery and advice on pest control.

There is also government-funded research on different crops to see how they adapt to the local climate. In an attempt to conserve and use as much water as possible in as many ways as possible, the government has embarked on a three-part programme designed to make the most advantageous use of this scarce resource. First, farmers are given advice on how to reduce their consumption of water, mainly through trickle irrigation. Desalinated water as well as recycled and purified sewage effluent is used. Second, with the help of the United States Geological Survey, the government is searching for new aquifers and monitoring current rates of extraction. Third and last, to prevent the waste of valuable rainwater, retention dams have been constructed in many areas.

These store the water until it can be used for irrigation. Tens of millions of gallons of rainwater are being retained by the dams already built throughout the Emirates. In the long run, of course, it is realized that desalinated water will provide the bulk of agricultural water. There is more to agriculture than simply growing crops. One area that has seen dramatic growth is the keeping of poultry for meat and eggs. The same is true of dairy products. Herds of imported cattle have adapted to the climate and are now producing milk, cheese and yogurt for the local market. The presence of trees and gardens in the UAE is always noticed and commented upon by visitors. Over 10 million trees have been planted plus more than 18 million palm trees. In all the cities and towns of the UAE, there have been beautification campaigns with the creation of parks and gardens for the local people.

Any householder, even those in flats, can get free plants from the Municipality under a programme that distributes thousands of plants annually. Besides the greening of the cities and towns there has also been a massive programme in the desert and it is here that most of the trees have been planted. Flying over the desert, one now sees great patches of green where formerly there was only sand. All kinds of arid region plants, both local and imported, have been planted and as they grow to maturity, their roots reach down to the natural water supply. When this happens, they will be able to survive with little care and attention. The face of the land and the environment too have been changed. Wildlife flourishes as do native plants and animals. The UAE was never purely and simply a desert. Today it has become a place where greenery can be seen in both urban and rural areas. Twenty years of dedicated commitment have made the point that the process of desertification is reversible. And given time and money, that is exactly what has happened and is continuing to happen.

The agriculture in UAE is reserved to dates, vegetables, fish, eggs and dairy products (Ministry of Foreign trade, 2011). Tunnel farming is the way forward to agriculture in UAE, more and more people are learning the techniques involved in tunnel farming. For a country like UAE which is a desert the land available for farming is limited, and the water resources are also limited, therefore using the latest technologies in farming plays a vital role in controlling the supply and demand of agricultural products in UAE.

Water plays an important role in increasing or decreasing the supply of local agricultural products in UAE. One of the studies revealed that the consumption of water in UAE on individual basis is one of the highest in the world (Gornall & Tordorova, 2009). For a country with already a very low export of agricultural products and local production, high water consumption makes it even more complex to cater for shortages of agricultural products in UAE.

The Government in UAE is involved in discovering new ways to increase the land available for cultivation by using desert reclamation initiatives (Salama, 2008). The government has a history of investing in tree planting schemes and irrigation systems to increase the total agricultural production of UAE. The planting schemes involve planting trees which help crops to survive wind and also stop soil erosion, the schemes also involve initiatives to plant shrubs and date palms. According to figures released by Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, UAE is producing 600,000 tonnes of crops approximately which include, cucumbers, tomatoes, lettuce, aubergines, cabbages and feed for livestock (Al-Mulla, 2011). The Government of UAE is rapidly increasing the land available for cultivation by converting desert into cultivated land one of the example is the 40,500 hectares of land available for cultivation along the Liwa Oasis, which has been converted from dessert into cultivatable land, in UAE there are more than 6,000 greenhouses and 22,700 farms.

UAE is also committed to invest in agriculture overseas on islands and other parts of the world, because 85 per cent of the agricultural products in UAE are imported which include wheat, rice and corn. This is a major threat faced by a country set to become the business hub of the world with an increasing population, therefore the supply and demand forces play a major role in agriculture in UAE. Another strategy followed by UAE to tackle food shortages is to create food storage facilities where large quantities of agricultural products could be stored for longer time periods.

Agricultural Imports and Exports of UAEUAE is the largest importer of agricultural products in the region and the imports of agricultural product in UAE will increase this year following the drought in the major exporters of agricultural products in the world which are Russia and Ukraine. Consequently rapidly changing the demand and supply of agricultural products in UAE and presents a major challenge for the Government to deal with supply and demand forces in Agricultural products.

The global food crisis has reached alarming situation posing a major threat to economies with increasing population and consumption of agricultural products. Also the major suppliers of world agricultural products will experience a reduction in their yield of agricultural products this year due to draughts in different parts of the world.

ImportsUAE is the largest importer of agricultural products in the Gulf, the consumers of UAE have the highest consumption when it comes to consuming water and other agricultural products. Due to limited resources for agricultural activities the country has to heavily rely on agricultural imports from all over the world. UAE is also used as a re-export hub of the world many suppliers buy their products from underdeveloped or developing countries of the world with trade restrictions and then bring the products to UAE enabling them to ship the products anywhere in world, the geographic location of UAE makes it attractive for suppliers from all over the world for re-exports (Ashraf, Q̈ztürk & Ahmad, 2010).

Al Dahra, United Arab Emirates

In 1995, Al Dahra began its humble operations in Al Ain. Over the years, the company has achieved tremendous growth and expansion in business activities. This resulted in the shifting of its headquarters to Abu Dhabi; which controls all regional and world-wide offices.The strategic partnership with Abu Dhabi Municipality has helped Al Dahra to provide the region with high quality produce, based on an efficient supply chain system. This partnership is based on a mutually beneficial association in terms of   innovation, flexibility and the united vision of both entities.  Al Dahra UAE operates state-of-the-art farms whose activities include: Farm production, Dairy & Animal production and trading in Forage (Assi, Al-Shamisi & Jama, 2010).

Al Dahra Al Ain Branch

In its expansive, lush green farms in Alain, Al Dahra produces the best variety of fruits and vegetables for the UAE market. This has helped to achieve a Market Dominance complemented by the drive towards perfection. Notable factors are

14 farms produce fruits, vegetables, dates

Ecologically compliant Green houses spread over 2000 acres of land

Al Dahra UAE Farms:

Bearing in mind, the commitment towards a healthier society, Al Dahra farms offer the finest products which are fresh and organically produced. A few of them, from our hamper are

Fruits : Apples, strawberries, sweet melons, watermelons, mangos, olives, dates

Vegetables: All kinds of lettuce, cucumber, tomatoes, cherry tomatoes, capsicum, zucchini, eggplant, broccoli, cabbage and different kinds of herbs

Fertilizers

Al Dahra Dairy and Animal Production

The initial operation of the company was the importing and distribution of high quality hay as cattle feed for the local market requirements. By broadening our horizon to include both large and small scale sectors of the market; Al Dahra has proved its competency and managerial skills at all levels. Achievements in Dairy and Animal production:

3,300 milk producing cows

3,500 sheep

Main Supplier of Dairy products to Dairy companies in Abu Dhabi and Al Ain

Production plants of Milk & Organic Cheeses

Al Dahra Trading Forage

As a company, we may have reached new pinnacles of success but we strive to remain rooted to our initial business operative of importing high quality forage.  We have maintained the highest standards for all imports of feed, sourcing it from credible and viable companies across the globe. One of the largest operations in the UAE for importing and distribution of Forage, Al Dahra is proud to obtain 25% of the UAE market share. Only about 81,000 hectares (200,000 acres) of land are cultivated. About 24% of cultivated land is used to grow vegetables, 30% fruit, 10% feed crops, and 36% for other uses. The most productive region is Ra’s al-Khaimah, which receives HYPERLINK “http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/knowledge/Groundwater.html” o “View ‘underground water’ definition from Wikipedia” underground water supplies from the nearby mountains of HYPERLINK “http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/knowledge/Oman.html” o “View ‘oman’ definition from Wikipedia” Oman and which enjoys the most plentiful rainfall. The main crops are tomatoes, melons, and dates.

The Digdagga Agricultural Trials Station in Ra’s al-Khaimah is central to all HYPERLINK “http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/knowledge/Agricultural_science.html” o “View ‘agricultural research’ definition from Wikipedia” agricultural research and training efforts in the UAE. HYPERLINK “http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/knowledge/Abu_Dhabi.html” o “View ‘abu dhabi’ definition from Wikipedia” Abu Dhabi has two large wheat farms at Al ‘Ayn, and experimental farms at Rawaya and Mazaid (near Al ‘Ayn) are designed to encourage local Bedouins to take up settled farming. The Abu Dhabi Arid Land Research Center on Sadiyat Island produces vegetables through special irrigation and HYPERLINK “http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/knowledge/Hydroponics.html” o “View ‘hydroponic’ definition from Wikipedia” hydroponic techniques. In 1999, UAE agriculture produced 1,055,000 tons of vegetables and melons, and 358,000 tons of fruit. Produce includes citrus, mangos, tomatoes, celery, potatoes, cucumbers, lettuce, melons, peppers, and fodder crops.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries reported a 48% increase in vegetable production between 1992 and 1995. Dates, traditionally grown on oases by nomads, are becoming less important because of vegetable and fruit production. In 1999, the UAE produced 295,000 tons of dates. The UAE currently satisfies about 60% of its domestic fruit and vegetable demand; bans on imports of certain vegetables and government incentives and subsidies are used to encourage domestic production. Roses and chrysanthemums are grown for export to Europe.

Agriculture and fishingAgricultural production—centred largely in the emirates of Raʾs al-Khaymah and Al-Fujayrah, in the two exclaves of ʿAjmān, and at Al-ʿAyn—has expanded considerably through the increased use of wells and pumps to provide water for irrigation. However, agriculture contributes only a small fraction of gross domestic product (GDP) and employs less than one-tenth of the workforce. Dates are a major crop, as are HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/598843/tomato” tomatoes, HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145850/cucumber” cucumbers, and HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/180255/eggplant” eggplants, and the United Arab Emirates is nearly self-sufficient in HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/221056/fruit” fruit and HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/624564/vegetable” vegetable production. The country also produces enough eggs, HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/472991/poultry” poultry, HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/208456/fish” fish, and HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/149947/dairy-product” dairy products to meet its own needs but must import most other foodstuffs, notably grains. The HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34232/Arid-Lands-Research-Centre” Arid Lands Research Centre at Al-ʿAyn experiments with raising crops in a HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158992/desert” desert HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/189127/environment” environment. Most HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/127892/commercial-fishing” commercial fishing is concentrated in HYPERLINK “http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/613889/Umm-al-Qaywayn” Umm al-Qaywayn, and the emirates have one of the largest fishing sectors in the Arab world.

ReferencesAl-Deeb, M. A., & Enan, M. R. (2010). First record of a phoretic astigmatid mite (Sancassania sp.; Acaridae: Astigmata) on Oryctes agamemnon (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in UAE. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 12, 157-160.

Al-Mulla, M. (2011, November). UAE State of the Water Report. In 2nd Arab Water Forum (pp. 20-23).

Ashraf, M., Q̈ztürk, M. A., & Ahmad, M. S. A. (2010). Plant adaptation and phytoremediation. Dordrecht: Springer.

Assi, A., Al-Shamisi, M., & Jama, M. (2010, May). Prediction of monthly average daily global solar radiation in Al Ain City–UAE using artificial neural networks. In Proceedings of the 25th European photovoltaic solar energy conference (pp. 508-512).

Bailis, R., & Yu, E. (2012). Environmental and social implications of integrated seawater agriculture systems producing Salicornia bigelovii for biofuel.Biofuels, 3(5), 555-574.

Shahin, S. M., & Salem, M. A. (2014). The cost of landscaping beauty in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): Call for quick actions to save the irrigation resources. Proceedings of ICMTSET.

Evaluating the Benefits and Risks of Stem Cell Research

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INTRODUCTION

Over the decades, the scientists have been conducting research both in the laboratory and in the field in order to find the solution and medical therapy for a number of health infections. This has prompted extensive investments into the scientific research and laboratory experiments. Through such investments, a breakthrough has been reported with the respect to cure, prevention, vaccination, and treatment of numerous illnesses and medical complications. One of the most recent medical researches that have attracted interest from all the sectors of the society is stem cell. Stem cell research utilizes the modern technological advancement in medical therapy to solve health complications. Although this research has been successful, there are a lot of controversies that surround this research exercise. Some of them are based on the ethical considerations and economic factors (Panno, 2008). Unlike a number of medical and clinical researches with no success, stem cell research is a historic medical breakthrough in the cure of fatal medical and health challenges.

Stem Cell Research

According to Panno (2008) “a stem cell is a cell that has the ability to divide (self-replicate) for indefinite periods…under the right conditions, or given the right signals, stem cells can give rise (differentiate) to the many different cell types that make up the organism” (NIH). Scientific research has shown that stem cells are significant medical building blocks with the potential of saving lives of persons suffering from cell complications. Two common types of stem cells are of great scientific interest. These are embryonic and adult stem cells. However, embryonic stem cells are preferred over adult cells because of their ability to generate multifunction differentiated cells. Unlike the other trillion body cells, stem cells are unspecialized body cells with the potential of developing into a specialized body cell (Panno, 2008). Stem cells therefore have been used in medical and scientific research to investigate the possibility of replacing or repairing any damaged, missing, or dead cells. Stem cells research plays a significant role in the field of health care and medicine; it brings some light for the future generation through increased living and medical cure. “One major goal of stem cell research is to provide healthy differentiated cells that, once transplanted, could repair or replace a patient’s diseased or destroyed tissues” (Panno, 2008). Not only would this medical research act as a cure for chronic infections but also as a healer for the general body functioning.

Cost-Benefit Analysis of Stem Cell Research

This research process has generated a number of benefits that are embraced by the entire medical fraternity. Stem Cell Research would be helpful in treating medical complications and problems including: Parkinson’s disease, birth defects, replacement of damaged organs and cells, spinal cord injuries, diabetes type 1, heart disease, cancer, etc. (Panno, 2008).

The second benefit of stem cells research is that through disease treatment, the society will reap greater socio-economic benefits and gain improved healthcare for the society members. With the improved medical treatment, the individuals in the society become more productive and hence it increases the contribution to the economic wellbeing of the society at large. Generally, the improvement in health condition is accompanied by the increase in the productive capacity of an individual, which is further reflected in the society. Besides, stem cells research reduces the risks of organ transplant (Panno, 2008). As observed, the process of organ transplant is very complex and is often characterized by complication and risks factors. This implies that patients who undergo organ transplant are more likely to develop complications associated with the risks involved in the process. Therefore, stem cells research is a medical research success as it reduces or eliminates the risks involved in organ transplant since it is an alternative to organ transplant.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the advancement of technology in the medical field is very critical as it helps in improving the quality of healthcare provided to patients. Therefore, although surrounded by controversies, stem cells research should be encouraged and massive financial resources should be invested in this research. The ethical and religious groups who are opposed to stem cells should embrace the value of this research in improving the quality of healthcare.

Cited References

Panno, Joseph. (2008). Stem Cell Research: Medical Applications and Ethical Controversy. New York, NY: Facts on File.

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Evaluation Creterion

Introduction

Learning institutions are the sources of light to the modern society, considering that knowledge is light, and therefore power. It is therefore very important for an individual to critically consider and evaluate the nature, type, standard, level etc, of the learning institution he or she is about to attend. Through evaluation process, it is easy and encouraging to stamp a comprehensive and convictive background about the institution. The institution of evaluation in this case is Texas Christian University (TCU). As a Christian University, it has a strong affiliation with Christian discipleship, a fact which is highly encouraging based on the ethically moral standards to be observed by the institution. This paper undertakes a step by step evaluation process of the Texas Christian University using certain criterion, explaining the factors making the institution to be favorably the best university among the best in the world.

Evaluation Criteria

Tuition Cost

Although the dream of an individual is to attend the ‘University of Choice’, one of the restraining factors considering the university is the cost of tuition. Tuition cost is a dependent variable when it comes to institutions of higher learning since there is no standard cost for all. Texas Christian University offer favorable costs of tuition at $34,500 to all residents on annual terms (Swaim, 2012). Despite being high, it is however relatively lower compared to the tuition costs of other major (national) universities in the United States.

Financial Aid Received

This criterion analyses institutions based on the financial aids available to students, and particularly the vulnerable group of students. Based on the Christian values and objects, TCU has been on the forefront in terms of its offers of financial aids to the students who may not be able to raise a part of the tuition and overall costs. The financial aid offered by the institution to the students range from grants to loans. 66% of the students receive grant aid from the institution totaling to $16,028 per student on annual terms. 16% of the students receive Pell grant, averaging $4,153 per student annually. More than that, 36% of the students of the institution receive Federal Student Loan, averaging to a total of $7,122 per student on annual terms. Under these circumstances, the financial aids are available based on certain qualifications and runs all through to completion of the program duration.

Living Aspects: Dorm availability and cost

According to Hall (2007), the gender distribution of the institution in the 2013/2014 academic year is fair at 40.5% male and 59.5 female students. Out of the total number of students, 47% live in college-owned and operated housing while 53% of the students live off campus. This percentage is fair considering other institutions of the same standards. Being the biggest religious university, TCU have a regulation that binds all the freshmen and sophomores to live on campus, unless they are older than 21 or can commute from parent’s home. This means that availability of dorms (hostels) is not a problem for the freshmen and sophomores. The cost of the dormitories is charged at $7,650 on annual terms per student which is relatively cheaper compared to other universities, for instance Duke University which charges $10,650 annually per student (Swaim, 2012). One of the elementary factors to consider in evaluating an institution of higher learning is the availability of living rooms (hostels), thus, TCU is among the best universities in the world which available space for everyone at reduced costs. Texas Christian University also has campus safety services (24 hour footed and vehicle patrols) with 24 hour emergency telephones, lighted pathways among many other security measures making the university a personal choice and preference.

Reputation

Texas Christian University is ranked among the best universities in the world that offer numerous programs at different levels. The foundation of the University is based in Christian morals and values, and thus being open for students of any faith. It offers a semester based academic calendar and is ranked at position 82 among the national universities (www.greeks.tcu.edu). Founded in 1873, the institution has a marked standard of intellectual home and very reputable in manufacturing professionals in various fields of specialization. More than that, the institution is well reputable in sporting activities, rangi9ng from athletics, football, and other games.

Courses (my major)

The pursuit of good programs is in most cases one of the major dilemma to many students. Texas Christian University offers various degree programmes, in the major fields, like Management, Economics, Marketing, and related services, health professions and related programs, social sciences and education. The student –faculty ratio according to Swaim (2012) is 13:1 and the school has 41% its classes with fewer than 20 students. More importantly, the academic life, and therefore the average freshman retention rate which measures student satisfaction is 87%.

Conclusion

According to the matching criteria; tuition cost, financial aid, courses, reputation, living aspects, and the university standards, Texas Christian University stand out to be an institution of excellence, self actualization, moral and ethical advancements, and a university of choice. The evaluation criteria used above explains the reason for the adoption of the University as the best.

Work cited

Hall, Colby D. History of Texas Christian University, a College of the Cattle Frontier. Ft. Worth: Texas Christian Univ. Pr., 2007.

HYPERLINK “http://www.greeks.tcu.edu/” http://www.greeks.tcu.edu

Swaim, J. Walking TCU. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press, 2012.

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Introduction

While a great number of people back Wikipedia’s wide range of information, its ever-increasing popularity is raising certain questions in the academic circles. Over the past few years, Wikipedia, the free, online encyclopedia, has received a great deal of criticism for issues relating to the credibility of its authors and its general accountability. In addition, some intellectuals argue that Wikipedia is filled with inaccuracies which affect the research process. One therefore is left to wonder whether Wikipedia can be trusted as a reliable source of information. This particular essay seeks to evaluate the credibility of Wikipedia as a source of information.

It can be argued that Wikipedia is a trusted source of information based on the fact that it is one of the largest peer-reviewed as well as a regulated information source available all over the world. According to Waters (2007), Wikipedia is collaboratively written by a large number of its readers. Large numbers of these people are constantly improving it, making thousands of changes each and every hour, with all the changes recorded on article histories as well as latest changes. Moreover, inappropriate changes are usually removed quickly by one of the many daily visitors to the site. The process works in a way that when someone observes an inaccuracy in an entry, he/she makes the change immediately. He/she does not need to inform an editor, await verification, or even confirm from sources. Therefore, according to Waters (2007), since entries are tracked and appropriate changes made, people tend to make correct changes or corrections. As a result, it can therefore be argued out that Wikipedia is a trusted source of information.

On the other hand, Stross (2006) objects the fact that Wikipedia is a trusted source. This is because the site accords equal rights to everyone to contribute to its articles. This questions the credibility of Wikipedia as a source of information. Stross (2007) argues that the reputation of Wikipedia and its internal editorial process as a trusted source can only be gain by having a single authority guarantee for the quality of a particular article. With anyone visiting the site being an author or an editor, changing and adding entries, there is difficulty dealing with intellectual disagreements. This creates suspicion as to the reliability of the information especially when they lack the expertise to judge the content. According to Stross (2006) therefore Wikipedia cannot be trusted as a source of information.

Wikipedia can also be argued a reliable source of information based on the fact that it provokes a given measure of critical thinking especially to student’s approach to sources for research. As highlighted by Stross (2006), thousands of college professors and secondary school teachers encourage the use of Wikipedia as it provides a comprehensible boundary that any person with a typing as well as some minimal search capabilities can master. As a result, it is able to pay off in terms of building up a knowledge base as well as the ability to come up with best practices and training rapidly. In this case, it Wikipedia can be argued to be a reliable and trusted source of information.

Stross (2006) yet again argues that impressive computer insights of students cannot be used to judge the impressive levels of critical thinking, especially when it comes to evaluating the reliability of new information tools at their disposal, and the information such tools provide. Stross (2006) highlights therefore that despite the fact that the internet has opened up new highways of information, it is important that people spot the potholes. In this case, it can be argued that Wikipedia cannot be trusted as a source of information.

According to Stross (2006), the openness of Wikipedia can also be used to argue for the reliability of Wikipedia as a source of information. This is based on the fact that openness ensures accuracy. A reader browsing the site may notice something he/she believes is incorrect and updates it. The openness of the information ensures it is accurate. This concept as highlighted by Stross (2006) has taken media to another level and it works. Based on this ideology, it can therefore be argued that Wikipedia is a reliable source of information.

However, according to Waters (2007), the accepted correction and openness of the Wikipedia leaves more questions than answers regarding its credibility. One is therefore left to wonder whether the acknowledged correction improves or destroys the original version of the work. In this case, Wikipedia’s reliability is viewed with suspicion, thus regarded as an unreliable source of information (Kapp, p178).

Conclusion

From the above analysis, what is evident is that the greatest strengths of Wikipedia are also its greatest weaknesses. Anonymous, unaccountable, voluntary, often non-expert yet passionate editors built Wikipedia. However, their ambiguity ensures that Wikipedia cannot be deemed a reliable source of information.

.

References

HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Karl+M.+Kapp%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=8” Kapp, Karl .Gadgets, games, and gizmos for learning: tools and techniques for transferring know-how from boomers to gamers. John Wiley & Sons, 2007,p173.

Stross, Randall. Anonymous Source Is Not the Same as Open Source, New York Times, 2006, Pp.1.

Waters, Neil. Wikipedia: The Latest in Open Source, Middlebury Campus, 2007, Pp.1.

OUTLINE

TITLE: Agents of socialization from a personal perspective and personal experiences

INTRODUCTION

Socialization is a vital aspect of human life that helps people learn about their communities and themselves.

Thesis: There are several socialization agents, which facilitate the socialization process. The agents act differently on a person and his or her knowledge. The agents alongside technology had a have a long-lasting impact on people.

SOCIALIZATION AGENT IN MY SOCIALIZATION

The socialization agent that has had the most insightful impact on my life is family, peers and schools. My family influenced my acquisition of language, shape how I relate with other people, my early social interaction and morals.

Family

My family members were my first role models.

School

School enlarged my social world. I got to interrelate with other persons other than my parents and siblings. These were teacher and children from different backgrounds, with different knowledge and skill sets. The school exposed m to new values such as competition, patriotism, honest and democracy.

Peers

I acquired peer who also had a profound impact on my socialization. I had several adventures, discussions, and arguments with my pear that shaped my life, as well as theirs.

THE AGENTS AND THE PRESENT SOCIETY

These agents are still influential in our society.

Family

Family still provides a powerful unit of the society and a strong sphere of influence on people. In fact, there is a lot of emphasis on the significance of functional families.

Schools

Schools are still held regarded with high esteem in the present day society. Schools are built and professionally managed due to their pivotal role in the socialization process.

Peers

Peers are also an essential component of socialization. For theses reason parents at home and teacher at school are always guiding children on how to choose friends, and push of negative peer influence.

SOCIALIZATION PREPARED ME FOR THE WORLD

My socialization prepared me for the world in different ways. First it exposed me to different people and taught me to interact with them. I leant about my community, my culture and my country. I can clear understand other people’s perspectives, and I learnt to respect them too. I understand that there is endless competition and rivalry. There is a lot of conflicting interests and to in order to sustain the fabric that holds together the society such socialization is important. I developed the ability to amicably solve conflict and get along with people with conflicting interests.

TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIALIZATION

Technology has also affected my socialization. This has been most through information communication technology, television, radio, computers and videos. Technology also had a strong impact on my education and has continually influenced they way I interact with my peers and family members.

CONCLUSION

Socialization is a continuous and critical process that helps us learn about our world and appreciate it and appreciate our role in it. It is shaped through various agents and also faces a lot of influence from technology.

References

Andersen, M. L., & Taylor, H. F. (2008). Sociology: Understanding a diverse society. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

Castells, M. (2007). Mobile communication and society: A global perspective: a project of the Annenberg Research Network on international communication. Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.: MIT Press.

AGD Case Study Analysis

Introduction

A strategy lies in the identification process of a business’ objectives and the laying down of a clear and feasible plan of accomplishing the set goals. As such, the strategies laid down by the management of a company are highly dependent on the achievements the stakeholders want. Aceitera General Deheza (AGD) is a company founded in 1948 by an Argentinian known as Adria´n Urquı´a. The goals of Adria´n Urquı´a were clear and he strived to keep them afloat through the application of various business strategies. At first, the company begun as a small oil factory specialising in the indigenous industry, but as time passed by, circumstance and opportunities forced various changes in the business. The aim of Adria´n was to set up shop in the countryside and specialise in oil production and supply. Thus, his goals were clear and he worked diligently to attain them through various strategies. The following brief will be an elaborate report detailing means that AGD used in its growth from its inception to its successful years in the 21st century. The scope of the details will range from the business models applied in AGD to the theories and concepts related to strategic management. To increase the depth of the information in the details, the brief will explore different literature sources to add on to the analysis (Twarowska & Kąkol, 2013). The brief will also contain a detailed proposal of an international expansion strategy and the focus will be on product-market combinations, which will include market entry strategies.

Key Business Models Used by AGD

During the inception of the company, Adria´n saw it fit to specialize in the production of oil and his model was the basic strategic management. Upon the creation of the company, Adria´n ventured into a strategy that encompassed identification of opportunities and explored them with a goal of maximizing the profits. He sought to have an increased volume of production with an aim of cutting costs. In turn, the reduced costs led to increased margins, which was among the initial goals of the company. A basic strategic management model of doing business entails coining of the objectives, formulating a feasible means of attaining the goals, projecting sales, increasing the production volume and monitoring the progress. Once everything is running, the management keeps close tabs on the areas to improve in order to achieve the set goals. In the case of AGD, the company’s goals included dominating the oil industry and with time, it resolved to increase its production volumes. To achieve an increased volume of production and balance the economies of scale, Adria´n indulged high-levelled technology. In turn, logistics was optimized and production was kept as high as possible. The increased use of technology led to high volume production in the company, which was essential in the increment of margins through reduced costs. All these endeavours occurred prior to the year 1968 when the company hit a hurdle that saw its closure, but was brought back to the market later. Several factors led to its downfall, but the main players were a global increase in oilseed prices and the company’s failure in establishing a business strategy that would stand several commercial tests (Hoeffler & Keller, 2003).

At first, AGD had to restructure and formulate a new strategy that would increase its chances of acquiring increased sales. The strategy was to coin a feasible strategy before the other companies in the same industry. The target was the retail market where AGD aimed at increasing supply by using brands. Bringing new brands in the market is a feasible strategy used by several companies, both new and old. It creates opportunities to penetrate the market in an influential way. Other benefits of introducing a new brand in the retail section of an industry include enhancing the product’s recognition in the market. Based on various logistics such as packaging and advertisement, companies target to increase the chances of selling as many products as possible. Brand loyalty is yet another target aimed at by several companies and it is achieved when the product meets the demands of many clients. The target is for clients to attain a product that they would like to be associated with in their homes and other places. At this point, marketing is the key to getting the products recognized by the targeted customers. Once the niche has been identified, the company should aim at looking for the best outlets for the products. For example, supermarkets and other huge companies on the retail level are quite a preferable point of dispensing the products (Aspara, Lamberg, Laukia & Tikkanen, 2010).

Prior to 1985, and after AGD had reopened and resumed operations, it had restructured the strategy. Firstly, it improved the technology in the production process and manufactured its products in a unique way. Sequentially, the company specialised in selling bulk products that were produced using state-of-the-art technology. The essence was to capture many customers from both local and international scopes. Consequently, by 1985, AGD was a 100% focusing on international clients through exports. By this period, the only business AGD was indulging in was bulk production, which targeted international clients only (Harnish, 2010).

Concepts in Strategic Management

The period ranging from 1985 and 1999 involved uncertain economic shifts in Argentina, which highly affected the companies’ operations. At that point, different companies had to adjust their functionalities. AGD was among the first companies to take a step in adjusting their ways of operating in Argentina. In turn, this gave the company an edge over others and was soon a leading exporter of edible oils in Argentina. To escape the uncertainty of the Argentinian economy, AGD beefed up its logistics chains. The aim was to achieve cost-effectiveness in its operations in the country and around the globe.

Being a company operating on an international level, AGD had to strengthen its logistics chains. Specialising in exporting edible oils by selling bulk products to various markets in the world requires strong and functional chains of supply. As such, AGD had to have an effective channel of supplying the bulk goods around the globe. There are several merits associated with strong logistics chains. Several factors are bound to affect the supply chains, especially for companies involved in exporting goods. In this case, AGD was highly involved in exporting edible oils, which means that it was highly affected by various factors. Risk and compliance are two great factors affecting exporting companies (Moen, Bolstad, Pedersen & Bakås, 2010). The risk of sending goods over several miles away is high because of the uncertainties that exist in the transit routes. For example, shipping can be delayed or the quality compromised during the transportation process (Wang, Walker & Redmond, 2007). Therefore, the companies have to formulate means to get their goods to the customers in good shape, which guarantees acceptance by the customers. The demand on an international level is high and quality has to be maintained for a company to achieve success in the market. As such, the companies involved in exporting goods need to mind their customers’ demands. Competition is high on the international platform and companies need to identify clients, comprehend their needs and satisfy them. As much as the global market is vast, it is required for companies to comply with the rules set to control the functionality of each international company. The cultural differences and varying market logistics can be the root of problems for companies striving to comply with the varying specifics. The bigger the market, the larger the variations and compliance requirements that companies need to follow. At the same time, they need to watch their moves to ensure that they do not compromise their quality and supply quantity.

As aforementioned, companies operating on a global scale do it with the help of different chains of supply. Therefore, the management has to establish a supply chain execution convergence strategy aimed at helping the company achieve its goals. Orchestrating and synchronizing the involved processes of delivering the goods from the production plants to the global clients. The basic processes involved include transportation and warehousing after production. All the processes are to be executed meticulously to maintain quality and quantity of all the goods produced. A company should also recognize the need to keep everything running as per the stakeholders’ expectations. Converging and operating all the supply chain logistics is essential in keeping the management in harmony with the market demands. Cost-effectiveness is essential in a company because several organisations aim at increasing revenues and margins. Controlling the entire organisation’s supply chain logistics offers the opportunity to avoid cases of unwanted costs and wastage (Cheng, 2011).

In 1995, AGD pointed out at an area of concern that aimed at revolutionising the management of the company. The company took the initiative to check into its governance structure with the aim of improving it. A company’s governance is the engine propelling it to success and it has to be adjusted accordingly to keep its plan afloat. The management is the main source of decisions made in a company. As such, the management has to be properly structured to handle the leadership role in the company in an essential way. The main functionality of the company’s management team is to delegate authority in the establishment. The management is formed with the aim of leading the company (Oh & Contractor, 2013. The leaders are expected to make crucial decisions aimed at steering the company to success. Therefore, the formation of the management team is crucial and is often composed of directors who are the pioneers of the company. On the contrary, the company have its founders as stakeholders and employee directors. Thus, the board of directors leads the company and makes every crucial decision pertaining to the functionality of all the sectors in the establishment.

Once a company has been formed and its objective established, it is the duty of the management to formulate feasible policies. Following the formulation of the policies, it is the management’s duty to work and control every individual in the company. Among the main agendas of management is to implement the policies accordingly and ensure that everyone in the company is working towards its goals. Managing employees through essential sectors in the organisation such as the human resource is the work of the management. Additionally, the management ensures accountability in the company for the essence of success. By the time Adriana died, in 1996, he had passed on valuable knowledge and management tips to his successors that continued to work for AGD in a positive way.

During the 1990s, AGD developed a feasible strategy in its business that led to its decreased costs in its operations. It adopted a plan by the name origination, which was highly concerned with the production process. AGD specialised solely in the production and retailing of edible oil on an international platform. Its main concern was acquiring the seeds, their transportation and crushing process. Prior to the changes in the strategy, AGD was dependent on intermediaries who supplied the company with the raw materials. The supply by intermediaries was a source of the problems associated with the closure of the company in 1968. Hence, in the 1990s, the directors were adamant to seek a change of the source of the edible oil seeds. To sustain the company’s demands, the management decided to extend its chain of supplies on the production side. It set up several grain collection stations and purchase points around Argentina. The aim was to acquire the raw material from the farmers instead of relying on the intermediaries. This strategy was a way of evading market price shifts since the company had plenty of supplies of the raw material (Hatum, 2011).

To enhance the logistics chain, AGD integrated a transport mode aimed at easing the transfer of both the raw material and products. The integration process involved indulging AGD into a partnership with other companies to take over more than 4000 kilometres of railway in Argentina. To add to its transport channel, AGD acquired a port meant to make supply easy. The enhanced transport system in the logistics chain of AGD opened up opportunities for other businesses. It helped AGD establish a purchase and export cereal business that saw its revenues escalate and network enhanced all over the world. In the course of increasing revenue and growing the company, AGD also established an Agro-product Department that dealt with agrochemicals and seeds. It was at that point that AGD started using another strategy in its operations, diversification.

AGD was a grown company by 1996 and it required a change in the structure because of the diversity it was experiencing. Prior to the change, the company’s directors were still the top managers. Business and support units were set up in the company to help in running the company. In this new structure, the company delegated responsibilities to everyone in the organisation. Managers within the lower levels of the business structure had more authority than prior times, which meant that directors were relieved of some duties. Restructuring a company is a huge step and it is meant to change the way things are done in the establishment. The normal way of executing duties in a company can distract the organisation and restrain it from exploring better options. However, when a company restructures its operations, it is bound to increase the chances of better performance in its industry. For example, giving lower level managers more power makes the decision making an easier process. As such, the decisions are made at a faster rate, which enhance operations because the support staff members need not wait for directive of the top managers.

In order to facilitate the restructuring process of AGD, a new human resource department was formed whose main job was to implement the changes. At first, it was not an easy process to accomplish, but as time passed, the new HRM managed to convince every manager in the company to adopt a new structure. In turn, this separated the board from direct management of the company and supervisors were scrapped from the system. The move intended to create a chance for the managers to interact with the subordinate members of the company. Following the death of the founder in 1996, the company had made tremendous structural changes. Separating the board from some of the company’s responsibilities gave the top most management the chance to divide the remaining duties. For example, one of the members was entrusted with the responsibility of overseeing the purchasing unit of the company. In turn, delegating major duties to the board members made operations easy to accomplish in the company. It is clear that AGD began its operations as a simple factory producing edible oil, but by 2001, it had undergone several transformations. By the year 2000, Argentina was facing an economic crisis that saw several companies suffer. However, AGD’s diversification in its operations gave it the tools to evade some of the detrimental effects of the economy degradation. For instance, specialising in the export business helped AGD evade tax retentions from the government for products sold in the local market in bulk (Vermeulen, 2001).

An International Expansion Strategy

Based on the AGD analysis, it is essential for a company to formulate a viable strategy. In the case of the intention to expand business and operations to the international grounds, a company needs to identify a feasible plan to follow. The following is a probable expansion strategy that can see to it that a company extends its operations from local to international markets. The initial step involves coming up with a rationale behind the expansion of an already existing business. Some of the targets a company can choose to attain through the expansion strategy include increasing both the revenue and margins. Overcoming competition from the industry is yet another reason why a company may decide to venture into the international arena.

An existing business already has on-going production strategies and their products are known. Once they decide to venture into the international market, they should have a clear marketing strategy. It is essential to have a feasible way of netting clients in addition to determining ways of meeting their demands. An international market is quite a difficult platform to operate on and companies venturing into it should have an entry strategy. Indeed, marketing is necessary for increasing the popularity of the products. At this point, the company decides to the strategy to use to acquire a market for its products. A company can market its products and provide an outlet for them through several channels. It all depends on the company’s management and the decisions they make.

Joint ventures are a channel through which a company can use to operate in the international market. Under this venture, the company enters a partnership with another establishment, preferably in another country. Once the two or more companies agree to work together, they often result to the formation of another company. Export and import are the main channels to get the goods from the main company to other countries. Therefore, it is necessary to acquire the most appropriate and risk free routes for exporting the goods. Strategic alliances can also open up a way for a company to venture into the international market. Coming up with the new products and extensively, marketing them is the next step the company needs to take. At this point, it establishes clear networks in the global market as a way of growing the product brands. Sustaining the products in the international market is the next step required of the company, which is done in several ways (Zheka, n.d). For instance, a company can choose to expand the existing brands by producing better ones that suit different regional customers. Therefore, it is conclusive that a company needs to identify a niche for its products, establish a feasible channel to use and a way of sustaining brands in the market.

References

Twarowska, K. & Kąkol, M., 2013. International business strategy – reasons and forms of expansion into foreign markets [Online] (updated 21 Jun. 2013) Available at: <http://www.toknowpress.net/ISBN/978-961-6914-02-4/papers/ML13-349.pdf> [Accessed 28 Apr. 2014].

Harnish, V., 2010. 5 strategies for global expansion markets [Online] (updated 14 Jul. 2010) Available at: <http://money.cnn.com/2010/07/13/smallbusiness/strategies_global_expansion.fortune/> [Accessed 28 Apr. 2014].

Hoeffler, S. & Keller, K. L., 2003. The marketing advantages of strong brands [Online] (updated 20 Jan. 2010) Available at: <http://www.iseg.utl.pt/aula/cad1196/2003_Hoeffler_Keller_MktAdvantagesStrongBrands_JBM_10-6.pdf> [Accessed 28 Apr. 2014].

Aspara, J., Lamberg, J., Laukia, A. & Tikkanen, H., 2010. Strategic management of business model transformation: lessons From Nokia. Journal of Management Decision, 49(4) pp. 622 – 647.

Wang, C., Walker, E. & Redmond, J., 2007. Explaining the lack of strategic planning in SMES: The importance of owner motivation. International Journal of Organisational Behaviour, 12(1) pp. 1-16.

Cheng, G., 2011. Market expansion and grand strategy of rising powers. The Chinese Journal of International Politics, 4 pp. 405–446.

Oh, C. H. & Contractor, F., 2013. A regional perspective on multinational expansion strategies: reconsidering the three-stage paradigm. British Journal of Management. 25 pp. S42–S59.

Moen, Ø., Bolstad, A., Pedersen, V. & Bakås, O., 2010. International market expansion strategies for high-tech firms: Examining the importance of different partner selection criteria when forming strategic alliances. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(1) pp. 20-30.

Hatum, A., 2011. The transformation process of AGD, Argentina. Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies, 1 (1) pp. 1-12.

Vermeulen, F., 2001. Controlling international expansion. Business Strategy Review, 12(3) pp. 29-36.

Zheka, V., n.d. The impact of corporate governance practices on dynamic adjustment of capital structure of companies in Ukraine. Economic Education and Research Consortium, 8 (74) pp. 3-33.

Evaluating Childhood Experiences and Resiliency

Name of Student

Name of Institution

Evaluating Childhood Experiences and Resiliency

As a child, one is bound to go through traumatic events in life. Children and adolescents are the most affected in this regard. The American Psychological Association (2008) noted that a huge number of children and adolescents become exposed to traumatic life events. These include physical abuse, sexual abuse, community, school and domestic violence, motor vehicle accidents, medical trauma, war experiences, suicides, acts of terrorism, and other traumatic losses. Cumulatively, these events have serious negative effects on the mental health of children and adolescents.

I happened to be a victim of traumatic life events. The family, in which I was raised, was marred by domestic violence. My father was a drunkard and often caused chaos after his drinking sprees. He beat us badly each time he returned home and got mad over small mistakes. I sustained wounds each day, which slowed down my academic performance. My concentration in class and other activities were adversely affected because I could only think of the next beatings. Moreover, the pain from the beatings and wounds could hardly allow me pay attention to what I was doing. In short, I was mentally tortured, but knew very little on how to go about it since my parents and those around me were never concerned.

Accordingly, it is safe to argue that children and adolescents, that are mentally healthy, have an array of protective measures around them (Malchiodi & Perry, 2008). As established by research, almost every child and adolescent experiences traumatic life events. However, the manner in which the problem is attended to distinguishes between mentally healthy and unhealthy children and adolescents. In my case, education efforts by school counselors helped me cope with the situation. The counselors taught extensively about reactions to trauma, and how these can help me and those around me, including my parents, fellow students, and community. Such teachings helped me avoid possible traumatic events. For instance, I always stayed away from my father’s presence until he had calmed down or slept. In addition, I avoided the mistakes that drove my father mad at me. I also opened up to my teachers, who called my parents for dialogue on the matter.

References

American Psychological Association (2008). Children and trauma: Update for Mental Health

Professionals. Retrieved from  HYPERLINK “http://www.apa.org/pi/families/resources/update.pdf” t “_blank” http://www.apa.org/pi/families/resources/update.pdf

Malchiodi, C. A. & Perry, B. (2008). Creative interventions with traumatized children, First

Edition. New York: The Guilford Press

Evaluating contemporary views of leadership paper

A review of the commonalities and disparities between the contemporary views of leadership

The analytical matrix focuses on the description of some of the commonalities as well as disparities that emanate from six contemporary leadership views as outlined in Wren’s text. The leadership models in consideration from the text are inclusive of the Leaders-member exchange model (LMX) model, the In-group model, Charisma, mentor, Hersey and Blanchard model and leadership substitutes. From the paper, it is possible to identify that all the articles support the fact that in the Leaders-member exchange (LMX) model, leaders in an organization should be able to involve their subordinates in making some of the crucial decisions in the organization (Wren, 1995). The consideration of involving subordinates in some of the decision-making processes within the organization has an influence on the relationship between them and the leaders, which is a consideration that is likely to have an effect on the performance of the organization. Other models that exhibit commonalities are inclusive of the promotion on mentorship in some of the leadership schedules as well as the leadership substitutes.

Some of the models that exhibit disparities as indicated by the different authors are inclusive of charisma, the in-group model and the Hersey and Blanchard model. The different authors focus on different aspects of the models, which are likely to have an influence on the overall success or failure of leadership in an organization (Wren, 1995). The charismatic model emphasizes on the personal attributes of leaders, which are attributes that are likely to be dissimilar. The Hersey and Blanchard model also emphasizes on the ability of the leaders to mould their followers, and the likelihood is that leaders will exhibit different mannerisms in the quest of molding their followers. On the other hand, the in-group model emphasizes on the relational disposition of the leaders with their subordinates. There are different views on the same, considering the fact that the leaders should find a suitable way of dealing with task coordination between their followers (Wren, 1995).

Criterion to evaluate contemporary leadership theories

Leadership views in the contemporary world are always viewed depending on how people understand it especially when it comes to the basic leadership components. Leadership views play a vital role in determining or influencing how contemporary leadership theories are evaluated. Alternatively, there are various ways and criterion to evaluate leadership views in the contemporary world. Understanding leadership theories which underpins the current leadership practices remains invaluable for any leader in the contemporary world. This specific context reviews contemporary leadership models, views and theories that emphasize some of the recent conceptualizations including complexity leadership aspects, distributed leadership and global leadership.

As part of the criterions to evaluate leadership views in the contemporary world, there are various leadership perspectives, which are important in this case. Some of the perspectives include the theoretical perspectives, the conflicting perspectives and the alternative perspectives. The theoretical perspectives are categorized in four fold typologies, which are mostly based on some of the assumptions that dominate when it comes to contemporary leadership. The focus in this case is the appropriate set of leadership characters. Secondly, the focus will be on the universally appropriate behavioral styles. Thirdly, the focus depends on the situational contingent traits in leadership while the forth aspect will focus on the situational contingent behavioral style (Wren,1995).

Conclusions from the critical evaluation

From the evaluation of the contemporary leadership views, it is possible to insinuate that leaders should be able to employ clinical judgment and reasoning in the determination of some of the leadership orientations applicable in their position in an organization. As exhibited by the commonalities and disparities between the contemporary leadership views, an important factor to consider would be the creation of a suitable environment that will ensure good relations between leaders and their subordinates. This consideration follows the servant leadership view, which involves the philosophy of setting practices that enriches the relationships between individuals in the organization (Spears, 2001).

It is also evident from the evaluation regarding criterion to evaluate leadership theories in the contemporary world that in as much as leadership views is an important aspect when it comes to leadership, it generally vary depending on how people understand it especially when it comes to the basic leadership components. Alternatively, leadership views play a vital role in determining or influencing how contemporary leadership theories are evaluated. Alternatively, the three perspectives thus the theoretical perspectives, the conflicting perspectives and the alternative perspectives play a vital role during leadership evaluation. The assumptions, which dominate various aspects in the contemporary leadership also remains a key aspect during leadership evaluation and in this case, where the theoretical perspectives come in handy. With all these aspects in mind, the paper remains of great significance especially to contemporary leadership. Alternatively, the paper allows the identification of various articles, which support the fact Leaders-member exchange (LMX) model, and organizational leadership should always involve subordinates in making important decisions in the organization.

References

Spears, L. C. (2001). Focus on Leadership: Servant-Leadership for the Twenty-First Century. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Wren, J. T. (1995). The leader’s companion: Insights on leadership through the ages. New York: The Free Press.

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Age of Anxiety in Europe caused by the Great War

At a time of war, those involved normally have great expectations on the happenings and results. This is usually based on optimism. However, after the war, there are normally resounding effects on the physical especially mental as well as economic effects that at times do not wear off (5-10). The Great War that took place between 1914 and 1918 was made popular and even termed as blessed from the thoughts of the non violent artists as they thought it would take part quickly and gloriously. This was caused by so much innocence that the writers finally view as unnecessary.

However, it turned out to be the cause of bitterness in Europe against the expectations of many especially those who fought. As most writers and filmmakers currently portray the events of the war, it created an age of anxiety in Europe. This includes Paul Valery who describes the civilization in Europe and European mind in his book “the Crisis of The Mind” where he indicates one of the effects as crisis. This he writes besides his being sure of Europe’s greatness where he refers to it as “the elect portion of the terrestrial globe, the pearl of the sphere, the brain of the vast body.

In his statement that people have realized their immortality he indicates how the Europeans viewed the war wrongly. Therefore they did not associate themselves with countries like Nineveh and Babylon that had experienced a similar fate and perceived them as vague (2). The age of anxiety is indicated from his relation of civilization to the fragility of life. He indicates this by the replacement of glory and honor with sorrow, cruelty and pity. The restlessness and uncertainty associated with anxiety is used in the civilization of the mind to prove this. In addition they are not sure of what will be born and harbor a fear concerning the future as a result of the destruction caused by the war (15-20). Although with vague hopes, their fears are more than the hopes they have for the future. This signifies the continuous doubt they have. These feelings are present consequent to the passage by the people through a series of great events followed by terrible times.

According to Valery the decline of Europe had begun long before the beginning of the war due to the fragility of civilization. This happened as it had reached the end of modernism (10) caused by lack of living and thinking systems hence the mind’s disorder. The lack of free coexistence present in all sophisticated minds, with dissimilar and contradictory ideas and principles of life and learning are all indicated as causes of the anxiety.

The decline in Europe’s politics became a weakness and contributed greatly to the characteristics. In addition to inequality of European predominance caused by the export of knowledge and applied science most people were forced to succumb to the anxiety created (25-30).

Other writers such as Erich Maria Remarque give way to this idea as well with the relation of life to death from the realization created by the war in a similar way to Valerie.

Cited Works

Valery, P. The Crisis in the Mind. 1919. HYPERLINK “http://www.historyguide.org/europe/valery.html.

Accessed 27 April 2011″ http://www.historyguide.org/europe/valery.html.

Accessed 27 April 2011.: par. 1-30

AgeCare Case study

Name

Course

Professor

Date

Section A – Analysis using Rich Pictures

This section is a representation of information from the entire case study and use examples from the case study.

Draw a rich picture for the complete AgeCare environment.

3209925295275 Service centers

Service centers

57150295275 AgeCare

AgeCare

Symbol Key

3209925421005Projects

Projects

57150421005 Government, Businesses and charity organization

Government, Businesses and charity organization

320992581915Workers and Volunteers

Workers and Volunteers

5715081915Individual donors

Individual donors

57150321945Management

Management

3209925274320Clients

Clients

Description and justification of the process I followed to arrive at my final picture

A2.1 Identification of the key actors in the environment

The rich picture is based on the key factors identified from the cases study. I base the identification of the main factors on CATOWE system of analyzing organization. CATOWE stands for. In examining an organization the CATOWE system is significant for expressing a problem by demystifying all the situational and permanent factors involved. In this regard I consider CATOWE a description of the human activities and situation involve tin the AgeCare environment. CATOWE is an acronym standing for Customer, Actor, Transformation, World view and Environment. This is a body of five factors that make up of an organization such as AgeCare. The elements identified using CATOWE are listed bellow

Customer

The customers are the beneficiaries of the activities of the organization. The main beneficiaries are the elderly people whose needs are the main inspiration for the existence. Supermarket the support the program could also pass for customer since the elderly people supported by the program purchase their good thus boosting their revenue.

Actors

Actors are the individual behind the running of the program. Indentify actors was as easy as indentifying the customers. The actors in this program the employees, both permanent employees and the volunteers who offer service at their convenience. The other actors are the fanciers such social service and supermarkets which fund the activities such as paying for the good bough by the elderly, fueling their vehicle and financing management operations among others.

Transformation

Transformation on the other hand is a process of change. The transformation in Agacare environment is a change in its operation model. The management of the organization is inefficient, poor record keeping, poor accountability, lack of proper coordination between departments, disagreements and the need to embrace information technology.

World View

AgeCare is based on a world view that there is need to provide the elderly people with the necessary or basic service to enable them to have a fulfilling life.

Environment

The AgeCare environment is characterized by numerous projects targeting various aspects of the aged in the society. The environment is customers who are the elderly people served by the projects, and actors who are the people involved in the financing and implementation of the projects.

A2.2 What led you to choose the key issues and areas of conflict affecting the environment that you have included in your diagram?

The choice of the key issues and areas of conflict affecting the AgeCare environment included in the diagram we chosen because of their central role in the presenting a summary of what AgeCare is all about. My aim was to symbolically present what AgeCare stands for, its activities and the people and organizations involved the activities of AgeCare. The diagram further represents the served in a symbolic manner. The choice was base on my belief that picture can be used as symbols to represent or develop a concrete meaning for perceive realities. To understand my perspective one must first agree that picture are symbols of reality and what take place in every organization is symbolic. All situation, factors and process are having indisputable symbolic values. The perception of these values is like reading a script of information concerning the organization.

Base on these views, I made the selection of the issues depicted in the picture to give observers a summery description of the relationships between player, actors, customers and processes in the AgeCare environment. Observers can gain knowledge on the organization structure of AgeCare by simply studying the picture.

A2.3.The main focus of the environment shown in your picture

In general, the main focus of the environment shown in the picture is the stakeholder and organization component of the AgeCare environment. To a specific level, the picture depicts the organization processes initiated by the stakeholders through the organization structure of the firm. An organization exists due to its strake holder and their activities. The stakeholders therefore, make an organization what it is by being responsible for it performance and dictating its services. This picture show AgeCare stakeholders, their organization structure, interactions and processes involved in delivering the service the organization was designed to deliver.

A2.4Where does the control of systems, data and processing lie in the environment as shown in your picture?

Control systems, data and processing lie in almost every aspect of the environment shown in the picture. Every process involved in value delivery by the organization. However, most of the control lies in the management which can be considered senior of executive management.

The senior management in the organization is the source of all the activities conducted by the organization. The executives initiate the activities and projects the organization undertakes. They design these programs and allocate resources for the realization of the programs goals. It is the executive officers that hire all employees including volunteers.

The executive office also monitors the activities of the sub center that are dispersed in other regions in the south of England. It coordinates the finances and labor allocated to his centers. It hold the centers accountable for the resources the receive form the executive office.

There is also a sphere of control from the financiers who donate most of the funds for various projects. These donors normally insist getting copies of reports indicating how project funds were utilized. Accountability is the main quality that the financiers insist one. Many financiers shy away from funding future programs when they notice discrepancies or fail to get proper accountability.

Section B – Requirements Analysis using Use Case modelling

The Green Drive project has been selected for the pilot project on the introduction of Information Technology systems in the AgeCare organisation. All the information about the Green Drive has been provided in by the AgeCare case stud in Appendix A. In this section I am going to analyse the Greed Drive project using Use Case Modelling. Use cases are scenarios which describe the channels by which an actor achieve a specific goal. In this regard, a use case model will consist of all the actors and use cases involved in realization of a common objective.

Draw a use case diagram for the system clearly identifying the actors involved.

B1.1A primary scenario for each use of the system

Scenario 1

Driver (actor) → System →Authentication → Access → Results (Duty plan, designate route and stops, bus assigned)

Scenario 2

Doris (Actor) → System → Authentication → Access →Results (Time bus returned, problems experienced, amount of fuel refills, receipt number)

Client → System→ Authentication → Access →Results (route of the day, time of collection, time of return)

B1.2A secondary scenario for each use of the system

Driver (actor) → System →Authentication failure→ Access denied →suggestion/redirection

Scenario 2

Doris (Actor) → System → Authentication failure→ Access denied →suggestion/redirection Scenario 3

Client → System→ Authentication failure→ Access denied →suggestion/redirection

Describe and justify the process that you followed to arrive at the final use case diagram. In describing this process, answer the following four questions:

B2.1.Why did you choose the actors you did and why are they key to the system?

I chose the actors in the use case model above because they are the main cause of action and activities engage in to realize the objectives of the project. Total of six actors are in this process. These include Clare Graham, Doris Smith, Drivers, the clients, social services, and supermarket. The contribution by each of the above actors leads to realization of shopping trips for the elderly people on the areas served by the project.

B2.2Choose one scenario. How did you identify the key activities to include in it?

There are several scenarios in the GreenDrive project which consists of several activities. I am going to explore the drivers handling of the bus, which is one of the scenarios involved in the shopping trips. According to the case study the drivers are mostly volunteers and may drive the bus of a whole day or part of the day. A driver reports to work in the morning, picks a key from the office and signs for a bus and takes off driving to the day’s designated route picking the elderly on the way. He then takes the elderly to the supermarkets where they conduct their shopping. After they have conducted their shopping the driver drive’s back through the same route dropping the elderly one by one at their designated alighting stations or points. In case of a problem along the way the driver calls to report what is going on to Doris who responds to emergencies. At the end of his/her shift the driver returns the vehicle to projects premises, returns the key and sign to indicate s/he has returned back the vehicle. On Friday, the last drive refuels the fuel tank using money already allocated by Doris. In this scenario, the driver is the main actor and the activates involve are reporting to duty, picking the key and signing for the vehicle, driving the vehicle, picking the elderly at designated points, taking the elderly to the supermarkets, dropping them off at designated points, reporting any problem encountered on the journey, refueling the vehicle, retuning the vehicle and the key and singing for the return.

B2.3How did you identify alternative uses to produce the secondary scenarios?

In use case modelling, alternative uses emerge as a product of failure in the main cases. The yare a created by alternative paths to the main parts use by the basic use case. For instance, in driver scenario above, if the sequence of activities is unable to take the usual designated course, the new course pursued is an alternative and the resultant use case an alternative case. An example, if a driver who has signed up for a vehicle is unable to return the vehicle leaves it to anther driver for an new shift, and the new driver return and signs for the return of the vehicle and the key, it is a diversion from the normal sequence of activities. Also only the driver who drives on Friday fuel the vehicle therefore, the sequence that involves refueling the bus is an alternative case.

B2.4You will have needed to make some assumptions about the system. In real life what questions would you have asked to get the necessary information? Who would you have asked?

The questions I would have asked to several questions in order to come up with the necessary information for the creation the use cases modeling are and people I would have asked are;

Driver

The drivers undertake the bulk of the activities involved in taking the elderly for shopping to the supermarkets and their questions would target their main line of activities;

What are the activities you under take when you are on duty?

How are your activities coordinated?

Which activities do you conduct occasional when on duty?

Do you feel that some activities are unnecessary? If yes which one do you consider unnecessary?

Do you feel the some new activities should be included? If yes which activities would like added?

Clare Graham

What activities do you engage in daily on behalf of GreenDrive?

What difficulties do you encounter with record keeping?

What do you believe are the best solutions to the problems you experience with record keeping?

What are your expectations of the new management information system underway?

Doris

What activities do you engage in daily on behalf of GreedDrive?

What difficulties do you experience in your daily routine?

What record keeping challenges do experience?

What solutions would you suggest to these challenges?

What are your expectations of the new management information system underway?

Supermarkets

What role do you play in Greeddrive project?

What challenges do you encounter in participating in the project?

What solutions would you suggest for these challenges?

What are your expectations of the project?

What are your expectations of the new information system underway?

The elder people

What is services do you derive from the GreenDrive project?

What challenges do you experience from the project?

What service would your want change, improved or included?

What are you expectation of the new management information system underway?

Social service

What role do you play in Greeddrive project?

What challenges do you encounter in participating in the project?

What solutions would you suggest for these challenges?

What are your expectations of the project?

What are your expectations of the new information system underway?

Section C – Critical Analysis

In this section, will discus how the analytical tools, rich picture and use case modelling have yielded useful information about the AgeCare organisation. The tools, both in A and B above have yielded adequate information to determine the minimum requirement to be met by the new system in order to enhance efficiency in the organisations service delivery activates.

C1. How these tools complement each other when carrying out a requirements analysis exercise

No single can be effective in analysing program to determine the inefficiency and look for opportunities for improvement. The result s of each technique would be undermined by the limitation of the technique. Using several techniques to conduct an analysis of the same program or object on the other hand enhance the accuracy of the accuracy of the analysis.

Using rich picture and use case modelling to determine the weaknesses of AgeCare organisation and programs and opportunities for improvement conferred the analysis the advantages of both techniques and reduces the effect of the shortcoming of each of the approach on the final results.

The use of rich picture had several benefits to the analysis. First, the rich picture helped map the entire organisation of the AgeCare environment is a simple symbolic outlook that enables easy conceptualisation of the actors, customers and processes involved in realising the objective of eh organisation.

Second, by mapping the entire stakeholder and the processes that take place in the AgeCare environment, the rich picture helped to draw the relationships and interactions between process and activities in the organisation environment.

Through observation of the outlook of the organisational environment and the understanding of the interaction between processes it is easier for one to determine the system requirement for AgeCare charity organisation.

The shortcoming of the rich picture analyses had little impact on the overall analysis of AgeCare management systems requirements due to the complementary effects of the use case modelling analysis.

The benefits Use case modelling conferred to this analysis can not be overstated. The main benefit I enjoyed while using the use cases modelling approach to understand the current state of AgeCare and its organisational need is the ease of managing complex issues. With use cases, I was able to focus on a single issue at a time. For instance, I would focus on a single actor and his/her line of contribution the entire process of service delivery. I was also able to isolate different use cases and examine then in exclusion of the rest of the other use cases. Use cases are based on a very simple principle that main reason for existence of a system is service to its uses. Based on this notion, I was able to examine how each set of activities lead to service delivery, and how each set interacted with other sets of activities.

Each use case presented a different in which the system is to be used to when it is complete. This gave me an opportunity to understand that those in charge like Clare and Doris will have different uses from the drivers who execute most of the activities, the supermarkets and social services that finance project and the elderly people who are the main beneficiaries or clients. In its entirety as case modelling, the approach helped me understand what can go wrong and understand the need for alternative course of activities. Certainly understanding the possible outcomes of all scenarios before designing the system serves to enhance the development process and reduce the need to make numerous alterations in the future.

Another benefit that I enjoyed while working with use cases was provision of a base for groundwork necessary to identify the requirements, documentation, and user needs; a body of information that can be used to enrich the development of new system.

Last the use cases enhanced the process of envisioning how the desired management information system would look like. With use case it was easier to imagine the design of the outcome before starting to define and design a new system. In this regard I found User cases to be proactive in facilitating development of a management information system for AgeCare, starting with the pilot project of GreenDrive.

In a nutshell, using use case modelling was like using a malty stakeholder approach to solving problems. This is because each use case involves a different actor.

However, all is not rosy while using use case modelling analysis approach. In my analysis I encounter various shortcoming of the approach whose negative effects were neutralised by the use of rich pictures. The shortcomings I hand to content with are; the approach only enabled me to focus on the needs and users experience with little regard to usability of the new system, second drawing the relationships among the various use cases was challenging.

C2. Incorporation of different cultural and world views into the model

Culture and world views are very influential in developing a management system such as a management information system. The cultural and world view factors that influence this analyses are enshrined in the nature of management, the management should be conducted centrally on specific duties designated to other bodies such as the centres of specific projects. This management approach is bureaucratic in nature. In the case study centralised management had been encouraged by the financial director Jayne Harrison, but Rodriguez he colleague discourages it. In my analysis, bureaucracy is evident in the rich picture where by it is the management that receives funds, recruits volunteer and employee, initiates projects, finances centers which intern oversee the projects.

Another culture that has been espoused clearly in the study and in the analysis is the culture or organisation and division of labour. Responsibilities are properly share and in the GreenDrive project thus enhancing service delivery. GreenDrive further encourage the culture of proper record keeping and accountability through the way it conducts is activist. Problems experience by drivers are recorded, purchases of fuel are also properly recoded. Doris maintains a spread sheet record that always leaves the finance department smiling.

C 3. Selecting data and information that was important for building the proposed system

I based my selection of the data necessary for construction of a new system on the current realities experienced by the employees and volunteers at AgeCare charity organization an observation of their current processes and complaint the employees have about the system are a clear indication that change us needed. Identification of the shortcoming of the system was very much easy. The case study provides the background information about the organization which paints a clear picture of the conditions at age care. Second, information of what is missing in the organization is generated through interviews with the employees of the organization. The employees air dissatisfaction with the working condition for sometime. This dissatisfaction and other direct communication on what the employees directly pointed to be lacking alongside study provide useful indispensable data on the important component of necessary for the new system. The most critical systems for proper performance of an organization which must be incorporated by the new system are financial information system and records keeping and management system.

I landed on the financial system because of the compelling by the management staff complaints about the organization’s financial system. Jayne Harrison, the AgeCare financial director is on record stating the need for a new financial system. He states, “…we need to sort our finance system first, before we start worrying about the information each of the projects holds” (Case Study). Finances are a critical component of projects and if mange poorly the success of the project can be seriously undermined. For instance Rodriguez, the Center manager at Basingstoke notes that in the prior to the interview the administration had accidently allocate extra £2000 to his center instead of Portsmouth center. This is clearly an indication that the finical systems are terrible. Financial management is left at the hand of individual projects and is this wasteful. The new system should enhance centralized movement of finance to enhance efficiency.

The filing and record keeping system also need to be streamlined to ensure that everything that take place is accurately recorded and filed. AgeCare centers mostly relay on had copy or paper documentation. A few centers like Basingstoke headed by Jose Rodriguez have rudimentary MS Excel database that are used to store information electronically. However, Rodriguez note that staff member normally have a problem filling the spreadsheets and sometime mix up data. Collecting information about projects and centers is also problematic according to Christos Papadimitriou, the Information quality officer a centralized database the can be feed information by members of staff through the internet is necessary to simplify his work. Such a system would also synchronize the way all centers present their data.

Other then the interview with senior employees at the organization the minutes of the Facilitate Workshop Development Meeting of AgeCare management information system directly state what the organization need. From the minute I deduce the main features that are necessary for the new system (which are similar to those espoused through interviews). They are accuracy in data collection, timely data collection, standard format of data collection, production of important process management reports, expandability, accessibility, map resource use, develop a common interface for all centers, provide a diary system, allow importation of existing information, and facilitate information sharing.

In a nutshell, the identification process for the necessary component of the proposed system involved reading and abstracting the case study.

Reference

The AgeCare Case Study