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Etisalat Egypt

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INDIVIDUAL PART

1. Executive Summary

Emirates Telecommunication Corporation, marked as Etisalat is one of the significant telecom organizations on the planet, working crosswise over Middle East, Asia and Africa. In Egypt it gives versatile and altered line information and voice administrations to people, endeavors, and telecomm organizations and so on. It additionally gives an extensive variety of cutting edge and complimentary administrations to telecomm organizations including SIM card fabricating, installment arrangements, staff preparing, peering, voice and information travel, sub marine and area link administrations. (Etisalat.ae, 2011) 3. Company Profile

Existing Markets

The Egyptian business sector is a standout amongst the most vital markets in the North Africa and Middle East. It has a larger customer base. Nigeria, and the middle East countries are other main markets.3.1 Brief history of the company

Etisalat situated in Egypt is a branch of Etisalat in UAE that is a leading telecommunication service provider in UAE. It is one of fifteen branches of Etisalat that has branches in Africa, Asia and in the Middle East. The company in Egypt gathers an entry to a potential business sector of just beneath 1 billion clients and today Etisalat benefits more than 130 million customer including the aggregate number of settled line, Internet, versatile and TV from each of its auxiliaries. In Egypt, the firm moved up to 3.75G in 2007 with implementation of HSUPA. It is an upgrade of 3.5G systems that builds transfer speeds. The company was the first portable firm to offer telecommunication in Egypt with integration of 3G with a Downlink that accelerates to 7.2 Mbit/s. Today, firm’s 2G and 3G strong system covers and serves 99% of the populace in Egypt, with download rate coming to up to 84Mbit/s. Also, it is the first and the main provider in Egypt that has a selective worldwide passage (Etisalat, 2011).3.1 The Companies’ product rangeBusiness Landline administrationIt offers extraordinary esteem and convenience for conveying broadly and universally. Stay associated with Etisalat postpaid telephone line which issues you a complete answer for add to your business by empowering the telephone calls and fax, and associating you to the web and considerably more.Mobile and WirelessRemote access to interchanges and data is no more an extravagance held for top executives. It is a business need for versatile specialists and passageway warriors all through your association.Internet and data servicesBusinessOne professionalizes the organization’s correspondence and enhances your efficiency. It gives high-velocity web access, as well as staff email accounts, your organization’s site, and security for staff PC’s. With BusinessOne, little and medium estimated organizations and additionally ventures can exploit the web.BusinessOne administration is accessible in two flavors: Limited and Unlimited. Restricted BusinessOne clients have the month to the month volume top on utilization while Unlimited BusinessOne clients don’t have use top. Distinctive bundles are accessible for the single client and various client organizations, to empower organizations of all sizes to influence the advantages of the web.Payment ServicesThe installment is the most vital component of any business exchange. For eBusiness, where exchanges happen 24×7, the requirement for a strong installment arrangement is of foremost significance. Not to overlook the significance of guaranteeing the installment happens in a safe and solid environment. Etisalat is the head supplier of online installment benefits in the UAE. Outfitted with a safe, dependable, vigorous and adaptable installment stage, we at Etisalat offer a scope of moderate administrations to fulfill fluctuating installment necessities. This stage gives a fantastic establishment to performing a few sorts of exchanges. The secluded structure empowers different installment instruments to be connected to the stage easily. Besides, it comprises of a typical exchange motor with big business administration and reporting capacities. The installment stage is intended to process exchanges from Visas, financial balances, direct counter installment and additionally ability to process installments from the versatile channel.3.3 Promotional strategies

The company in Egypt has been effectively occupied with a method of developing its universal operations at record rates while likewise keeping up the center quality of its household business in the Egypt. In 2012, the gathering overhauled its corporate procedure from the columns that were exhibited in the past to a more current, fresher standpoint that sets firm at the heart of a quickly developing telecoms industry in Egypt.

The company perceives that inside the worldwide telecoms industry it is confronting new and energizing open doors; the division is changing quickly because of changes in utilization designs and strong advancements in innovation, and the organization accepts that telecom leaders will remain the key empowering influences of the “Joined Society” without bounds. The employees assume an indispensable part in improving the client’s experience by utilizing their top to bottom learning of the client, sending empowering stages for the general business and giving the greatly required access foundation. With the expanded many-sided quality in the business comes further accentuation on administrators to draw in synergistically with up to date contestants in the advanced world, which the company is grasping through an extensive variety of global associations.

3.4 Pricing strategiesProduct mix pricing StrategiesThe Corporation constantly attempt to catch the client by its nature of leadership and group evaluating system; it offers bundles which are suitable for distinctive clients concurring to their needs. It offers a heap of the bundle with decreased cost to meet the necessity of the client. The prepaid bundle is having straight canceling rate and offers crest hours for both nearby and worldwide calls, the guest needs to pay ordinary charges for the universal calls, with the exception of at the season of off top hours i.e. 2:00PM to 4:00PM (office break timing) and from 11:00PM to 07:00AM and the staying calling rate remains unchanged. It offers clients to join the of super crest hour which accompanies a bushel of tax and most reduced rate of universal call yet the guest needs to ensure the bit higher cost for the SMS and nearby call.Price adjustment StrategiesThe company levy is extremely intricate and has a rebate, for neighborhood calls there is no especial reduction in the tariff and the duty is same. In any case, they have multiple value methodologies for diverse arrangements. The establishment is utilizing remittance and rebate, advancement and portioned valuing procedures and outline distinctive arrangement to suit the client need. It has limited time and recompense evaluating as it offers reduced costs to promote its items, to advance the postpaid services; the company lessened the charges share of the clients that are utilizing prepaid. Due to high cost of postpaid association larger part is not taking intrigue and even most of the populace do not think about the bundle, to advance the postpaid connection The firm is utilizing special estimation and offers stipend manifestation of free adjustment.

For its most loved planning the company is utilizing portioned valuing; for distinctive countries they have the diverse duty, then again takes playing point to charge all the more on nearby calls and other global calls in Egypt. It is utilizing special, and recompense estimating system for recharging and new association.

3.4 Distribution Strategies

The organization’s distribution association deals with a solid worldwide foot shaped impression, with devoted nation working units concentrated in light of conveying customer worth. Inside these units, customer relationship experts work with coordinated groups of advisors, item authorities and conveyance satisfaction groups to enhance customers’ business execution. These groups convey esteem by comprehension of the customer’s business and needs, and afterward unite capacities from crosswise over Egypt and a broad system of Business Partners to create and actualize answers for customers. By joining worldwide aptitude with nearby experience, Egypt ‘s geographic structure empowers committed administration center for neighborhood customers, speed in tending to new market opportunities and opportune interests in developing open doors. The geographic units adjust industry gifted assets to serve customers’ motivation. The firm stretches out capacities to mid-market customer portions by utilizing industry aptitudes with advertising.

3.6 Current Target Market(s)

It additionally has solid development opportunities which will help the company expand its movement in the Egyptian market and beyond, the more the development opportunities in the business sector build, the more this helps the organization and its offshoots supply speculations to the Egyptian market. The company has made substantial ventures in the course of recent years, which affirms the presence of more development open doors generally in many countries mostly in Africa as it has untapped opportunities and competition is very low. There are only few competitors. Sudan, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, Congo and Rwanda are the most targeted markets

4. Country-Based Research Brief discussion of the country’s history

Egypt is one of the supports of human advancement in the Middle East. Hints of right on time man were found in Egypt going back as ahead of schedule as 700,000 years prior. Egypt and antiquated Canaan toward the north presumably served as the extensions by which progressive floods of people clearly relocated out of Africa and into Mesopotamia and Europe. Antiquated Egyptians utilized a phonetic-pictograph composing called hieroglyphics by the Ancient Greeks. This framework developed from depiction of pictures of articles to utilizing adapted representation of items to speak to sound blends and create words, to a phonetic letters in order much like our own. Antiquated Egypt gloated significant accomplishments in craftsmanship, medication, space science and writing, and was the center of human advancement in a great part of the North Africa and Near East (Mideastweb, 2015).

Geographical setting (Location + Climate)

Egypt would have been a desert if there was no Nile River be abandon. Every late spring, the waterway rises in view of downpours at its source far toward the south in Ethiopia. Surges cover the waterway’s valleys, leaving dregs required for trees, plants, and products to develop. The nation is frequently isolated into two segments: Upper Egypt in the south and Lower Egypt in the north. The segments are named thusly in light of the fact that the Nile streams from south to north. Southern Egypt’s scene contains low mountains and desert. Northern Egypt has wide valleys close to the Nile and desert toward the east and west. North of Cairo, the capital, is the sprawling, triangular Nile River Delta. This rich area is totally secured with homesteads (Nationalgeographic, 2015).

Social Institutions

The most established mainstream learned institute in Egypt is the Institut d égypte, was established in 1859, however its forerunners retreat to the organization secured the institution. The foundation was gravely harmed by a flame amid the uprising against President in 2011, and a great many notable items were demolished. The Arabic Language Academy is another social institution among the many. It was set in 1932 and its notoriety and impact, a standout amongst the most imperative social establishments (Jason, (2011).Education

Egypt’s instructive framework both reflects and expands the financial status of its own kin. Notable clashes in the middle of religious and common pioneers, in the middle of custom and advancement, and in the middle of outside and national intrigues all impact contemporary Egyptian instruction. Instruction in Egypt has political, social, and monetary goals, in particular: training for reinforcing majority rule government and far reaching advancement as a consistent methodology, inside the system of Arab society (State University, 2014).Legal System

The Egyptian lawful framework is based on the mix of Islamic (Shariah) law and Napoleonic Code. The Egyptian lawful framework, being considered as a common law framework, is based upon a settled arrangement of written laws. Egypt’s preeminent law is its composed constitution. As for exchanges between common persons or lawful elements, the most essential enactment is the Egyptian Civil Code which remains the fundamental wellspring of legitimate tenets relevant to contracts (Wahab, 2014). Political System

The Egyptian political framework alludes to the standards, regulation and practices, its political structure and major laws, all which demonstrates how the legislature, its state power and relationship between the state and society lives up to expectations. Egypt being a Republic with a law based framework traces the political framework and characterizes its open powers (123independenceday, (2014).

Culture

Egypt is maybe the most entrancing of the old civilizations. It’s one of the longest in the west. With a written history of five thousand years its among the most punctual human advancements. For quite a long time, Egypt kept up an especially intricate and consistent society that impacted later societies of Europe, the Middle East and Africa. What is wonderful about Egypt’s way of life is not their quick development and advancement, but rather their capacity to save the past and succeed with genuinely little change (123independenceday, (2014).

Living conditions

The country populace lives in a more conventional style, and a couple Bedouins still live restlessly in tents. So also, neighborhood nourishments speak to a mix of customary Arab dishes, for example, flame broiled sheep with spiced rice, with South Asian, Chinese, European and progressively prevalent American quick sustenance promptly accessible in urban zones (123independenceday, (2014).Recreational pursuits

Customary games, for example, falconry and steed and camel dashing, stay famous with more up to date sports, especially soccer (football). Tribal characters keep on being communicated through devotion to some Egyptian football groups. Most Egyptians appreciate the family-focused excitement, incorporating routine visits with a system of companions and relatives and viewing feature media at home (123independenceday, (2014).Economy

Egypt’s financial opportunity score is 55.2, making its economy the 124th freest in the 2015 Index. Its general score is 2.3 focuses higher than a year ago because of enhancements in six of the 10 financial flexibilities, including work opportunity, fiscal flexibility, and venture flexibility that exceed decreases in exchange flexibility and the control of government spending. Egypt is positioned 12th out of 15 nations in the North Africa and Middle East locale, and its general score is underneath the world normal (Guyana, (2015).5. Media Marketing

The media that Etisalat employ are social marketing, newspapers, youtube, magazines, and TV advertising.Social marketing: Powerful online networking utilization include convincing and important substance will snatch the consideration of potential clients and expand brand perceive-ability, one can react quickly to industry advancements and get to be heard in your field, it can be much less expensive than conventional publicizing and limited time exercises, social substance can by implication help connections to site content by showing up in general list items, enhancing pursuit movement and online deals, one can convey enhanced client benefit and react adequately to input, one can discover you through new channels, producing more leads and there is expanded dependability and backing from the clients you’ve associated with.Newspapers: The daily paper promoting is that daily paper clients are the demographic gathering that sponsors are looking to reach. Daily papers draw in clients of all ages. Daily paper clients are additionally well-to-do, coming to substantial number of families with the salary between normal of family units with wage between medium pay.YouTube: Online feature is becoming exponentially, with more than 4 billion features saw every day. On the off chance that you utilize YouTube for the business, one can without much of a stretch achieve the crowd, both by making features and promoting on other individuals’ features. Utilizing YouTube for your business can be a financially savvy approach to developing it if utilized frequently as a component of your advertising system.

Magazine promoting’s significant advantage in organizations is its capacity to show higher quality pictures than either regular postal mail or daily paper. Higher quality pictures, spoke to with full shading and gleam, permit a clearer photo of your item, giving general society a superior thought of your organization. Moreover, numerous magazines focus on a particular demographic, for example, individuals who have a place with a certain exchange or of a specific age bunch. By publicizing in magazines inside your industry, you are practically ensured to achieve your target group.

Television has dependably possessed the capacity to engage different faculties through its blend of content, pictures, sound and movement. While the improvement of viable TV spots obliges huge arranging and the utilization of experienced, and frequently lavish, creation specialists, the worth can be noteworthy also. It will be its multi-tactile request that permits TV publicizing to remain a suitable alternative for some sponsors.6. Individual Reflection

The Egyptian market is very fast and still penetrable however, the company can go beyond its boundaries. The company has approximately five million clients in Egypt. It implies that the company makes enough capital that can allow new market penetration. The achievement can be ascribed to the quality and scope of the company’s far-reaching system, which has made Egypt a standout amongst the most developed nations comprehensively regarding consistent and amazing network. The economy of Egypt’s financial score is 55.2, making its economy the 124th freest in the 2015 Index. Its general score is 2.3 focuses higher than a year ago because of enhancements in six of the 10 financial flexibilities, including work opportunity, fiscal flexibility, and venture flexibility that exceed decreases in exchange flexibility and the control of government spending. Egypt is positioned 12th out of 15 nations in the North Africa and Middle East locale, and its general score is underneath the world normal (Guyana, (2015)..

The country populace lives in a conventional style, and a couple still live restlessly in tents. So also, neighborhood nourishments speak to a mixture of customary Arab dishes, for example, flame broiled sheep with spiced rice, with South Asian, Chinese, European and progressively prevalent American quick sustenance promptly accessible in urban zones.

Customary games, for example, falconry and steed and camel dashing, stay famous with more up to date sports, especially soccer. Tribal characters keep on being communicated through devotion to some Egypt football groups. There are a few universally known and show rivalries held every year in the Egypt in golf, tennis, steed dashing, auto cross, engine energizing, and powerboat hustling. Most Emiratis appreciate the family-focused excitement, incorporating routine visits with a system of companions and relatives and viewing feature media at home.

The way of life of the Egypt is a mix of conventional and present-day components, which is interested in numerous sorts of change. The religion of Islam and the legacy of a customary, tribal Arab society shape the premise of a steady and traditionalist culture structure. There is the level of openness and a tolerant that allows chances to appreciate well-known excitements and relaxation exercises. The culture presents a favorable environment for business.

Aside from empowering the country with essential telecom administrations, the company likewise offers a scope of creative and advanced services that have served to position Egypt as a standout amongst the most developed countries regarding telecom administrations. Therefore the success can be able to make the company penetrate international markets every well. Also with the firm’s mobile, clients appreciate the advantages of predominant voice and information applications like WAP, GPRS, 3.5G, MMS, Push-To-Talk, Black Berry and others. Handling individual clients on the altered line system have the advantage. The corporate offers settled line benefits over a Next Generation Network and has been moving the segments of its clients onto the propelled system. By creating NGN, company will have the capacity to offer voice, feature and information more than one single source, and empowering genuine Triple-Play usefulness. The benefits gained by Egyptians can be employed as a strategy to capture international markets starting with countries in Africa and beyond.

It is coupled with the fact that the company has made a great picture in brilliant administration and in this manner have the steadfast clients who are difficult to change to another telecommunication supplier. As the has been the first telecom organization in Egypt it has a few focal points which imply that the client who needs to change from the company to other contender organization will confront a few troubles of spreading out their contact. African in particular has no intense competition in the telecommunication sector, therefore the company can capitalize on the market sector beyond it own country beside Nigeria where there is another Etisalat branch.

However, as the firm is being the first holder of new advancements, for example, 3G in Egypt may not have total expense advantage. It implies that the expense will be higher in the prompting stage. While getting to the comparable innovation it can be less expensive to the new contender organization. On the other hand, because of the current and client base the expense is minimized which will be troublesome for the potential contenders to contend.

In Egypt the company is one of the greatest associations, which has issued gigantic bargaining control over their suppliers-this can be employed to make moves in the international market. Moreover, the business comprises of two players just this implies that the suppliers have restricted business sector. Also, almost all business is purchaser who gives better terms to arrange with its suppliers.

GROUP PART

Introduction

The company is no doubt understood Egypt-based technology transfers provider (Etisalat, 2011). The partnership is now working in 18 distinct countries around the world and in 2009, the Etisalt organization as a whole turned into the 13th biggest Mobile system firm on the planet. At present, a sum of 100 million client base makes the organization more noteworthy. The fast development of innovative progression in the making of firm in the public has that has brought individuals such a great amount of straightforwardness in all the things they do (Etisalat, 2011). The management of development is frequently viewed as the unchallenged foundation towards intensity in the 21st century. These innovative headways have gotten individuals particularly that business word to use a technique that would be useful in upgrading the business estimation of (Etisalat, 2011). Moreover, this advancement has rolled out improvements and advancement of planning and procedures for the management of any association. Inside the commercial center, a standout amongst the most critical things to consider is to secure a system that will be valuable for diverse exercises of the association and upgrade the estimation of the business overall. Some piece of the opposition of these businesses universally is the new financial matters, new market structure, new advertising methodology and additionally the new structures of every single industry inside this field.

Emirates Airline on the other hand is among the largest airlines found in the Middle East and operates about 3500 flights every week. The airline is based in Dubai where it operates in about 142 cities in more than 75countries. It was launched in 1985 where it has operated for around 29 years since its establishment. The company is the most growing and reputable among the airlines that operate internationally. One of the countries where Emirates airlines operate in is France.

Summary

The risk of substitutes is greatly low as the telecommunication organizations are creating both the landline and portable telephony administrations which make them safe for the entry of any new substitutes. The best part is that the firm in Egypt is giving the products which are nearest to the substitutes. The monopolist enabled the company manufactured its notoriety without needing to contend. This has given the company the upside of simple get to and assembles association with the client. Additionally the firm redesigns its items routinely with quickly developing telecom industry. In Egypt, the firm has around 34 years of involvement in the information transfers industry which made them known among its rivals. It has as well extended more than 19 unique nations this because of the client support. They have fabricated their experience continuously through the years and today it is considered as an impalpable resource of upper hand (Etisalat).

In Egypt the firm uses the corporate level to separate furthermore guarantees that their operation is extended or possibly staying with the business. There are two unique incorporations that Etisalat use which are level and vertical. Flat joining could be the best system as there are just two contenders while the administration regulation implies that it would be hard in consolidation.

Emirates airline does not engage in global strategic alliances since it understands that entering into such kind of business will serve the interest of alliance leaders. Therefore, by avoiding the alliances, the company can make its decisions that help it to compete favorably in the airline industry. The company has collaborated with other airlines in different countries to enable distribution of its services in different countries. Through this strategy, the firm has been able to serve different destinations with the help of other airlines. The company is the most growing and reputable among the airlines that operate internationally. One of the countries where Emirates airlines operate in is France.Group Reflection

Emirates air revenue keeps on increasing year after year out most probably due to increased number of passengers and the increased number of the destinations that the country has established in different countries. The increase in the revenue can be approximated to be 20% every year due to increased scope of business that keeps on increasing when the company establishes a new destination in the different country. The company should increase the number of the destinations in France if at all it wants to rip more revenue from the country. France, which is the largest populated country in Europe, has only four destinations in only four cities. The company should increase the number of destinations to achieve more than 20% projected.

In Egypt Etisalat has approximately five million clients in the Egypt. It set the Egypt as the most exceedingly entered markets on the planet. The achievement can be ascribed to the quality and scope of company’s far-reaching system, which has made Egypt a standout amongst the most developed nations comprehensively regarding consistent and amazing network.

Numerous enhancements have made in the Emirates air transport in the connection of client care such that the organization puts client benefit first before the hobbies of the organization. The clients ought to be fulfilled so that the organization can get the required benefits. Best administrations that are quality will offer the organization name to the potential clients that are not mindful of the organization’s administrations. This will push those travelers to have the desire of attempting to taste the administrations and contrast and those of the contenders. A piece of the overall industry will increment as soon the new clients begins indicating steadfastness towards Emirates air transport.

With the company mobile, clients appreciate the advantages of predominant voice and information applications like WAP, GPRS, 3.5G, MMS, Push-To-Talk, Black Berry and others. Handling individual clients on the altered line system have the advantage. The corporate offers settled line benefits over a Next Generation Network and has been moving the segments of its clients onto the propelled system. By creating NGN, the company will have the capacity to offer voice, feature and information more than one single source, and empowering genuine Triple-Play usefulness.

The company made the great picture in brilliant administration and in this manner have the steadfast clients who are difficult to change to another telecommunication supplier. As the company has been the first telecom organization in Egypt it has a few focal points which imply that the client who needs to change from the company to other contender organization will confront a few troubles of spreading out their contact. As the company being the first holder of new advancements, for example, 3G in Egypt may not have total expense advantage. It implies that the expense will be higher in the prompting stage. While getting to the comparable innovation it be less expensive to the new contender organization. On the other hand, because of the current and client base the expense is minimized which will be troublesome for the potential contenders to contend. Egypt is one of the greatest associations in Egypt. which has issued gigantic bargaining control over their suppliers. Moreover, the business comprises of two players just this implies that the suppliers have restricted business sector. Also, almost all business is purchaser who gives Etisalat better terms to arrange with its suppliers.

A large number of the organizations utilize the valuing system of lessening the measure of cost on the administrations and items offered to focus on the low-wage bunch that are most of the travelers on the planet. The organization ought to lessen the measure of cost underneath their rivals since it utilizes wide body Airbuses, which are savvy to run when contrasted with the extravagant planes that include the mixture of little and wide-bodied utilized by the contenders as a part of the business. Bringing down the costs in the economy class ensures numerous clients since greater part of the clients are poor and can’t manage the cost of lavish air tickets like the ones offered by the clients. The organization charges kids no cash consequently expanding the quantity of family units who go through their planes since it spares them more cash.

References

123independenceday, (2014). Art and culture of Egypt. Retrieved from:

HYPERLINK “http://www.123independenceday.com/egypt/art-and-culture.html” http://www.123independenceday.com/egypt/art-and-culture.html

Etisalat annual report, 2010, p-3

Etisalat. Company Profile. 2013. 9 April 2013

HYPERLINK “http://www.etisalat.ae/eportal/en/corporate/company-profile.html&gt” http://www.etisalat.ae/eportal/en/corporate/company-profile.html>.

Etisalat.ae, 2011, company website, about us: corporate profile

Etisalat.

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Ethiopian Malaria

Malaria occurs due to infection with Plasmodium parasites. They are mainly four types of the parasite that affect humans: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale (Mouchet, Pierre, and Sylvie 59). P. vivax and P. falciparum species are the main causative agents of malaria in Ethiopia. The parasites are transmitted through the Anopheles mosquito, which is the malaria vector, and the disease is spread through the bites of infected mosquitoes. The disease manifests itself in the individual seven to fourteen days after infection. Common symptoms include chills, fever, malaise, headache, and vomiting. Plasmodium falciparum causes severe malaria, which is fatal if not treated within 24 hours of infection. The symptoms of the severe malaria in children include cerebral malaria, respiratory complications due to metabolic acidosis or chronic anemia while adults often develop multi-organ complications. Individuals residing in endemic areas often develop partial immunity to malaria. Susceptible groups with weakened immunity include children, the elderly, pregnant mothers, HIV/AIDS patients, and travelers from non-endemic areas (World Health Organization Web).

Malaria is a global concern because it is the most infectious disease particularly in Sub Saharan Africa. In Ethiopia, it occurs in about 75% of the country and affects about 40 million or 68% of the country’s population. Transmission of the malady is common during the rainy season in the months between March and May, and September to December (Lautze 55). High-risk areas include areas that are 2000 meters above sea level, which have a favorable microclimate for the development of malaria parasites. According to a WHO epidemiological profile recorded in 2011, high transmission areas where the rate of infection is more than one case per 1000 individuals recorded 847000 individuals affected by the disease. Low risk areas where the rate of infection is 0-1 cases per 1000 individuals recorded 55 900 000 cases while safety zones with zero cases recorded 28 000 000 individuals. The total number of infected individuals in the same year totaled to 56 747 000 cases out of a population of 84 747 000 World Health Organization Web).

Timely malaria diagnosis is essential in controlling and preventing the disease since misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis could lead to death. The main diagnostic methods include microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests. The diagnostic tests are significant in improving the control of the disease and minimizing the spread and the emergence of drug resistance by reserving antimalarials especially in infected patients. Microscopy involves the inspection of blood under the microscope for malaria parasites. A high number of hospitals and large health clinics often use microscopy for malaria diagnosis, but the method if often considered inadequate. Diagnosis results in both methods are ready within 15 minutes after collection of a finger prick of blood. Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum, which is the major causative agent of malaria in Ethiopia, involves the use of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) (World Health Organization Web).

Both local and international bodies have been actively involved in the prevention and treatment of malaria in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian government has devised a five-year National Malaria Prevention and Control Strategic Plan. The plan aims at reducing the morbidity and malaria-related mortality in the country by 75% by the end of the year 2013. Other local bodies including the Regional Health Bureaus (RHBs) and the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health (FMOH) have also collaborated with the government with the aim of enhancing socioeconomic conditions and health in Ethiopia. International bodies such as the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC) have also formulated policies and programs aimed at preventing and controlling malaria in the country (World Health Organization Web). The aforementioned organizations have played significant roles to boost the access to equitable, timely, and requisite services for the population in malaria prone areas and the country as whole.

Works Cited

Lautze, Jonathan. Incorporating Malaria Control into Reservoir Management: A Case Study from Ethiopia. Ann Arbor: ProQuest, 2007. Print.

Mouchet, Jean, Pierre Carnevale, and Sylvie Manguin. Biodiversity of Malaria in the World. Montrouge Country: John Libbey Eurotext, 2008. Print.

World Health Organization. Malaria. 2013. Web. 6 December 2013.

World Health Organization. World Malaria Report .2012. Web. 6 December 2013.

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eTool for Compliance Assistance

E-Tools are independent, electronic training model techniques that are usually employed in building capacities in health and occupational safety. They are user friendly and can therefore be employed by various health professionals. In certain cases, they do not constitute the system’s software bundles. They are complex and use graphical menus that are appealing to the user. The types that employ expert system modules are sustainable as they enhance user interactivity. In this regard, users are able to not only get precise and reliable data but they can also employ the tools to resolve certain questions. E-Tools aid in compliance and are also instrumental in providing guidance that is fundamental for formulation of ideal health programs. Moreover, some tools also provide specific recommendations that define good industry practice. The man examples of e-tools that are instrumental in healthcare include; evacuation plan as well as procedures, ammonia refrigeration, electronic power generation, anthrax and so forth.

With regards to administration, e-tool provides some basic and common safety and health topics that would be good practice for nurses who work in this department. In particular, relative information aids in elucidating the risks that are inherent of the environment. For instance under the safety and health program, it has been concluded that it is essential that the safety and health of workers is paramount to effective management of workers. Thus it addresses the dangers that involved, whether or not there are government standards that require them. It also addresses among other things, computer work stations, employee and employer rights and proper and confidential recordkeeping (Carroll, 2009). Notably, addressing the interplay of these factors enhances effective management and optimal performance.

The eTool is equally important in the central supply segment. The potential risks that are evident in the central supply cannot be overemphasized. This tool offers a comprehensive list of supplies with an intrinsic risk that need to be managed with utmost care in order to avoid any disaster. Among its topics is the review of the potential hazards that may befall a nurse or any other worker when exposed to Ethylene Oxide Gas, Mercury Exposure, Glutaraldehyde, Burns and cuts, Blood borne Pathogens, Hazardous Chemicals (Carroll, 2009). It also discusses the potential harm of slips, trips and falls and addresses latex allergy.

It also addresses the health effects of such exposure and provides possible solutions such as proper ventilation, care, and substitution of more harmful sterilants and other supplies for less harmful ones in the event of an exposure. Then, clinical services address issues on physical therapy, radiology and sonography. Each has its unique risk potential and modes risk management compliance. In light of dietary, it needs to be appreciated that generally, dietary employees perform several lifting, reaching and other various repetitive tasks as part of their job and entails of their duty and therefore the area they work in can create a humongous amount of disorder. All the risk concerning: Ergonomics, Kitchen Equipment, Fire Safety, Hazardous Chemicals, Machine Guarding, Food borne Disease, Slips/Falls, Electrical Safety Infectious Materials.

The workers in the emergency department are particularly at the risk of among other dangers, for exposure to blood and other blood borne pathogens as a result of their immediate and life threatening nature of the emergency treatment. As such, they require precautions when dealing with emergency room situations and other potentially infectious materials. The e-tool for compliance assistance addresses several other issues as concerning Engineering on fire safety, lockouts and tag outs, risk of electric shocks, chemical exposure and the potential risk of diseases and heliport on equipment hazard, noise, debris on helipad and fueling hazards.

With regards to house keeping, the e-tool provides vital information pertaining to contaminated work environments, appropriate disinfectants, contaminated equipment, contaminated laundry, sharps and containers, hazardous chemicals, latex allergy slips, trips and falls. Notably, this information is important for preventing infections that undermine human health. There are several other health hazards and their possible solutions that have been addressed in various other departments such as ICU, laboratories, laundry, pharmacy, surgical suite, healthcare wide hazards, and other healthcare wide hazards.

Summary

At this point, it ca not be disputed that the e-tool is fundamental in building capacities and enhancing human health. As it has come out from the study, relative information is imperative for preventing health related risk in a diverse and potentially infectious nursing environment. E-Tools are interactive and cover a wide range of occupational safety and health topics that are easy to navigate and composed with several graphic illustrations. They make it very easy for anybody to find information about the hazards and their possible solutions that are unique and specific to the work station and location that a nurse is involved in any hospital and a lot more. In addition, the experts behind these eTools are from several alliance programs and industry experts who are involved in the development and ensure the accuracy and applicability of the information provided (ISHN.com, 2010).

References

Carroll, R. (Ed). (2009). Risk Management Handbook for Healthcare Organizations. American Society for Risk Management. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

United States Department of Labor. (2009). Hospital e-tool. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/index.html” http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/index.html.

Industrial Safety & Hygiene News. (2010). What on Earth is an eTool. Retrieved from http://www.ishn.com/Articles/Feature_Article/c81fb2732b0c7010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0

Name:

Course Name:

Course Instructor:

Date of Submission:

Affirmative Action

Affirmative action is termed to be a subject that has an extensive public debate. Different people think that affirmative action is one of the policies not understood and characterized properly. This is not thought by the people opposing affirmative action, but also the defenders of affirmative action. This essay will try to define these delusions, expound why people consider them to be delusions and put greater defense of policies in affirmative action. Prevalent misrepresentations of policies in affirmative actions are challenged and examined in this paper (Edley, Pp 65).

These are both delusions about the various groups that these policies are created to benefit and the benefits to be achieved. In addition, misunderstandings on policies in affirmative action rationales are addressed. There are arguments that policies in affirmative actions are supposed to be understood as there are attempts to make equal various opportunities for different peoples’ groups confronting lack of equality in opportunities and institutional discrimination (MacKinnon, Pp. 50).

Arguments that surround affirmative action distort the scope of policies in affirmative action in various ways. One of the most disturbing misrepresentations is the prevalent tendency to understand policies in affirmative action as based on race alone and talk more about the African Americans as the group anticipated to benefit. The policies in affirmative actions are to put these talks as false ones. When the policies in affirmative actions were first put into effect, they were created to help members of other racial groups that had disadvantages rather than the African Americans. An example is that nearly two thirds of the learners admitted in Davis Medical School program of affirmative action challenged by the Bakke’s landmark case in 1978, were Asian Americans or latinos (Harris and Narayan, 2007).

The opinions made by the justices of the Supreme Court who considered this incident, discussed the affirmative action as if the African Americans were the main people to benefit. This was an unfortunate misrepresentation because in the United States racial history, such misrepresentations are dangerous. This is because it is easy to create stereotypes that are negative concerning these programs when the groups of African Americans are regarded as their main beneficiaries (Edley, pp. 115). It is vital for everyone to know that even if the policies in affirmative actions were primarily based racially, they were created to prepare the institutional exclusion of different groups that were racially disadvantaged.

In various institutional perspectives, policies in affirmative action have been extended so that they may cover areas concerning unequal opportunities and discrimination. Policies in affirmative action in various institutions like professional schools, have tried to promote the access of applicants who were working (MacKinnon, Pp. 98). A world whereby policies in affirmative actions are initiated is a world where quite a number of prestigious professions and institutions are enclaves of white people of the upper classes.

The dominant catastrophe to contemplate the number of people that policies in affirmative action have had benefits raises different objections to these affirmative action policies. For example, a big number of people argue that policies in affirmative actions are supposed to be class based as an alternative of race. This is because the people believe that African Americans in the middle class are not worthy of these affirmative action. This argument has various problems. The first one is that a large number of people supporting this argument position the matter as a choice amidst class and race, taking no notice that policies in affirmative actions are both race and class based (MacKinnon, pp. 121).

The second one is that the people supporting this argument believe that Blacks from the middle class are not suffering from the discrimination effects despite significant proof to the opposing. During 1980’s, studies made independently by Urban League and Grier partnership showed striking disparities in Whites and Blacks level of employment in Washington, one of the areas deemed as Blacks “best markets” (Harris and Narayan, 2007). The two studies made reveal that racial discrimination is one of the factors that leads to this difference.

A study conducted by the Urban Institute in 1990’s surveyed practices of employment in Washington and Chicago by sending Black and White applicants dressed identically and equally qualified to advertised positions in the newspapers (Harris and Narayan, 2007). In addition, the applicants were matched for age, work personal characteristics and experience. This study found that there was a repeated discrimination according to the advertised position level. On the other hand, the study exposed that White people are the ones who receive more job offers than the Blacks who are qualified. There are no suggestions that discrimination based on gender and sexism faced by the people in institutions is an end product of their status either middle or low class. Moreover, there have been defends that affirmative action provide special treatment to certain people of groups that are marginalized as reimbursements for the injustices they went through (MacKinnon, Pp. 157).

According to Harris and Narayan (2007), different people argue that a party paying a price for affirmative action has no responsibility for the injuries its beneficiaries have suffered. Other people argue on the specific payments involved. These critics strengthen the arguments made by showing that the policies in affirmative action may not be the equitable forms of compensations. This is because; the injured people are not the getting compensations as their injuries are due to them lacking the qualifications considered. Various attempts have been made to secure compensation rationale contrary to these objections. There are believes that this still remains as one of the problematic and inadequate affirmative action rationale.

By suggesting on affirmative action compensating individuals for damages done by sexism or racism, the rationale states that one of the problems is an individual who is damaged relatively than the problem itself because of the practices, structures and institutional principles within the institutions that obstruct fair valuations of American capabilities. Procedures and prevalent valuations are not used in gauging the abilities of people of given marginalized groups. This compensation model does not put questions on the normative valuations the institutions use. To add on that, the model does not encourage serious reflection on the assessment processes used in determining these qualifications (Sharma, pp. 94).

In addition, the model does not question how affirmative action involves special treatment. People consider this as one of the weaknesses as there is no challenges that policies in affirmative action lead to entry of individuals with less qualifications. This insists that preferences given on individuals with less qualification are vindicated as a compensation form. On top of that, this compensation also conflates basis for gender policies in affirmative action and race with that for the policies that endorse veterans’ institutional access (Sharma, pp. 106).

These veteran policies are supposed to be understood as ways of compensating their injuries, efforts and risks sustained while serving the nation. The risks, efforts and injuries may detract or impede the veterans from their educational or employment goals. People believe that their rationales for affirmative actions are stronger than the arguments of social utility proffered in the defense. According to Harris and Narayan (2007), Dworkin argues that policies in affirmative action giving preferences to smaller candidates are not violating the rights to Blacks getting equal treatment as the Whites.

In his arguments, Dworkin says that there will be violation of rights when a White person undergoes disadvantages when contending with Black people. This is because the race of the White people is the contempt’s object. In addition, Dworkin goes on to argue that the costs suffered by the White people applicants due to policies in affirmative actions are acceptable. This is because these types of policies endorse various helpful social ends. Other social ends that are beneficial and argued by Dworkin are attended by affirmative action including providing blacks with role models such as lawyers who will be willing to help the Black community (Harris and Narayan, 2007).

Policies in affirmative actions are justified as they are necessary in ensuring the right of any person of a given marginalized group to treatment. Rationale for the affirmative action also varies from societal utility arguments justifying these policies on a way they lead to great range of backgrounds and different perceptions inside academic institutions thus facilitating the process of learning. Diversity in the university can be improved by different people from various widespread backgrounds being admitted. In addition, these people must have different talents that are special (MacKinnon, 167).

Diversity commitment could substantiate policies promoting recruitment of abroad students from areas of the country said to be remote and those students that have interests that are unusual. Despite institutional reasons used in promoting diversity, no students need to have suffered from effects of institutional discrimination forms in United States. Hence, a quite number of students who provide diversity are not eligible to qualify for an affirmative action despite existence of reasons of admitting such students. Admitting large population of people working in these institutions that significantly under represent the people leads to an increase in institutional diversity in various ways (Harrisand Narayan, 2007).

In conclusion, these beneficial consequences are viewed as additional remunerations of affirmative action. While people believe that affirmative action has had consequences that are beneficial by making various work areas to be integrated along gender lines, class and race, these consequences are viewed as results used in treating people equally (MacKinnon, Pp. 175). Affirmative action has been condemned because it stigmatizes the people participating because they regard the affirmative action beneficiaries as people with low qualifications. On the other hand, the policies in affirmative action have been criticized due to the thoughts that they cause bitterness to the people who are qualified and denied entry due to these policies.

People believe that the two criticisms are as a result of failures of accurately understanding rationales for affirmative action. Many people who complain on the preferential treatment they have faith in affirmative action concurrences to the people in academia think that everybody is admitted in an institution due to merit (Harrisand Narayan, 2007). Confusions surrounding affirmative action surpass ideological categories supporters and critics, of all administrative stripes that have underestimated the importance of policies in affirmative action, joined in comparing affirmative action with special treatment and gave permissions to vital assumptions on ways institutions function.

Works Cited

Edley, Christopher. “Not all Black and White: Affirmative Action and American Values.” New York: Hill and Wang, 1996. Pp. 56-115.

Harris.C, Luke and Narayan, Uma. “Affirmative Action as Equalizing opportunity: Challenging the Myth of Preferential Treatment.”African American policy Forum. 25 February. 2007. <http://aapf.org/2007/02/equalizingopportunity/>Web. 8 June 2012>.

MacKinnon, Barbara. “Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues.” Stamford: Cengage learning, 2010. Pp. 25-175.

Sharma, Arvind. “Reservation And Affirmative Action: Models of Social Integration in India And the United States.” California: SAGE, 2005. Pp. 77-180.

African Americans and Healthcare Dynamics

Author

Institution

Introduction

Healthcare has always been a fundamental pillar for any country’s wellbeing. It affects the economic, as well as social aspects of society. In fact, it has always been recognized as a fundamental determinant of the economic wellbeing of any country especially considering that only healthy individuals have the capacity to create wealth for the nation. This should explain why a large number of governments have had to use a sizeable amount of their finances in safeguarding the health of the nation. However, as much as the health of the nation may be determined by the financial investment of the government the social aspect plays a key role in the same. This is especially with regard to the decisions that individuals make. It goes without saying that there exists some disparities in the health status of individuals of different ethnic and racial backgrounds, gender, religion and even ages. This difference may be explained by the influence that these aspects have on numerous other factors that affect the health of the individual, or even his or her perspective towards healthcare as a whole. This is the case for Mr. Levy, an 83 year old African American living in South Carolina.

How race and gender affect the socioeconomic status of Mr. Levy

Race and gender have always been recognized as having an enormous effect on the social economic status of an individual. It is worth noting that the social economic status is usually measured as a combination of income, occupation and education. More often than not, it is conceptualized in terms of the class or social standing of a person or group of individuals, with the emphasis being placed on control, power and privilege in instances where it is viewed via the social class perspective. Social economic status has been recognized as incredibly relevant to every realm of social and behavioral science (Brown et al, 2008). While there are numerous elements that affect the social economic status of an individual, race and gender comes as one of the most crucial. Research shows that the social economic status of an individual is intimately intertwined to his social economic status (Brown et al, 2008). The stratification aspect of ethnicity and race often has a bearing on the socioeconomic status of an individual especially considering that segregation often occurred within the lines of ethnicity, race and even gender (Brown et al, 2008).

In Mr. Levy’s case, his being an African American means that there is a distinctive characteristic that he is likely to exhibit as far as his social economic status is concerned. For example, research shows that children have three times likelihood of living in poverty than their Caucasian counterparts.

In addition, his race is bound to influence his educational status. While the educational sector has undergone fundamental changes, enormous gaps exist especially when comparing the educational attainment of minority groups to that of Caucasians. A study done in 2006 showed that Latinos and African Americans had a higher likelihood of attending high-poverty schools compared to Caucasians and Asian Americans (Wang et al, 2006). On the same note, their dropout rate was rated the highest in relation to that of Alaska Natives or American Indians. These factors deprive students of African American descent of valuable resources. On the same note, the research showed that high-achieving African American students have a high likelihood of undergoing a less rigorous curriculum, have instructors who do not expect much from them in terms of academics, as well as go to schools that have relatively few resources than their Caucasian counterparts (Wang et al, 2006). Needless to say, this has a bearing on the quality of life that they live as education status has been found to determine this. For example, research shows that race or ethnicity and socioeconomic status are related to avoidable hospitalization, untreated ailments and avoidable procedures (Brown et al, 2008). This explains why African Americans stand a higher possibility of undergoing an involuntary psychiatric commitment compared to any other race.

What are cultural beliefs/practices related to aging? How might they affect the person in your scenario?

African Americans have peculiar beliefs pertaining to aging. They believe that aging well is composed of a strong spiritual life, social activities, travelling and desisting from taking medications. In addition, they believe that aging well involved being independent, cognitively intact, as well as free of serious health problems and mobility impairment (Wang et al, 2006). It is worth noting that they did not associate nutrition with aging well, which is one of the similarities between whites and African Americans.

These beliefs have a bearing on their health. For example, their distrust for medication means that health strategies that involve taking medications would be unlikely to be effective unless they are closely monitored (Mayer et al, 2005). On the same note, their unwillingness to be dependent on anybody means that they would be unwilling to seek assistance in time. Deterioration of health is increased by their lack of interest in exercises and physical activities (Mayer et al, 2005). However, they would do well in nursing homes or homes for the elderly as they value family and social bonds.

Effect of socioeconomic status on health behaviors and decisions

As noted earlier, the socioeconomic status of an individual determines the decisions that he or she makes pertaining to his health. As noted, their education standards may not be as high as that of other races such as Caucasians. The systems through which they go do not have an appropriate curriculum or sufficient resources, not to mention the fact that their dropout rates are extremely high (Mayer et al, 2005). In this case, their capacity to make rational decisions based on facts rather than cultural beliefs is bound to be low. This explains why Mr. Levy would rather skip medication to save money, whereas rationality demands that he caters for his health first. On the same note, their low educational status affects their income (another aspect of socioeconomic status), which affects their capacity to get quality healthcare. Mr. Levy’s decision to skip medication, so as to save some money, may be predicated by some other needs that he considers as more pressing than safeguarding his health. It is worth noting that the family receives meals and financial assistance from well-wishers in the community, as well as the local community center, in which case they are not at the top as far as the financial ladder is concerned.

Leading causes of death for older persons among African Americans and the role of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status

African Americans have disproportionate rates of key health problems that are associated with high mortality and morbidity. One of the key causes of death among African Americans is heart disease. These are mainly high blood pressure and arteriosclerosis (Pathman et al, 2006). Research shows that two United States residents get a heart attack every minute with one of them succumbing to it. Studies show that African American men have the highest hypertension rates compared to any group.

In addition, cancer comes as one of the key causes of death among African Americans. Women usually suffer from breast cancer, while their men take on colon and prostate cancer than their counterparts in any other race.

On the same note, African Americans succumb to diabetes more than any other race (Mayer et al, 2005). This is especially the case for African American women. It is worth noting that the key risk factor for the condition is diabetes, in which case it is not wonder then that African American women have the highest rates as research shows that about 60% of them are overweight and obese (Pathman et al, 2006).

Their ethnicity has had a bearing on their educational standards and socioeconomic status and, consequently, their decisions pertaining to health. It is worth noting that about 50 percent of the chronic diseases that have high mortality rates among African Americans mainly result from dietary factors (Mayer et al, 2005). As noted earlier, they do not hold physical activity in high esteem, which leads to their being overweight. On the same note, their socioeconomic status means that they are virtually incapable of seeking quality medical attention early enough as to save themselves (Mayer et al, 2005). This is worsened by their cultural practices that do not lay emphasis on medication, in which case they may not even follow up on health regimen, especially in instances where it weighs on their pockets.

Mr. Levy’s strengths in his aging experience

The key strengths of Mr. Levy in his aging experience reside in the strong parent-child and sibling ties. It is noted that Mr. Levy enjoys the support of his children who take turns to take care of him and his wife. This is in line with the notion that African Americans have a high likelihood of having members of the extended family providing social and economic support, as well as family members taking care of the ill and dependent family members (Fiscella, 2004). It is noteworthy that a large part of their income emanates from assistance from the community. Research shows that, despite the health problems through which African Americans undergo, they have a significantly less likelihood of residing in nursing homes than their European American counterparts (Fiscella & Williams, 2004). This is based on their strong culture-based ethic that requires the elderly to be taken care of by “blood”.

Mr. Levy’s challenging in his aging experience

While aging, at the face of it, may appear minority or race neutral, there are challenges that are unique to ethnic or racial groups different from those encountered by the elderly people in the majority groups.

One of the key challenges pertaining to African American elders revolves around the geographical locations of their housing (Fiscella, 2004). Research shows that African Americans and their elders are predominantly situated in the inner city areas. These studies show that, the aged people that live in urban areas, make up over 60% of the entire population of older persons in the entire United States, with 31% living in the central areas (Wang et al, 2006). African Americans elderly constitute about 11% of the entire population of inner cities (Pathman et al, 2006).

In addition, they face the challenge pertaining to their incomes, which determines the quality of life that they lead or even the neighborhood within which their housing is located (Mayer et al, 2005). Research shows that about 41.1% of African American elders have incomes totaling less than $6000, with 58.2% of African American women falling in this category (Pathman et al, 2006). It is, therefore, no wonder that Mr. Levy and his wife survive through the assistance of their family and the local community center.

On the same note, African Americans face challenges pertaining to their living arrangements, which is not independent of the functional status (Fiscella & Williams, 2004). It is well acknowledged that African Americans usually live with their spouses and other relatives or friends rather than signing up in nursing homes. Of course, this underlines the importance of community and neighborhood to the elderly among African Americans (Fiscella & Williams, 2004). However, it also exposes the fragile relationship of aging in place, living alone and income. Research shows that African Americans face constraining forces that influence their ability to cope, as well as make decisions pertaining to their living arrangements (Van Doorslaer & Andrew, 2003). Domestic competence and health status, alongside geographic availability of their kin and economic feasibility have a bearing on the choice of living arrangement (Fiscella & Williams, 2004). African Americans have low institutionalization rates thanks to the available systems of social support, poverty, as well as dominance of males among their elderly.

Recommendations for Improving the Aging Experience of Mr. Levy and Their Rationale

Varied strategies may be used in enhancing the quality of life of Mr. Levy in his old age. These strategies should not only examine the best solutions for the problems, but also their customization so that they can fit into the likes and preference of Mr. Levy or in line with his beliefs and the way of life. Three strategies could be used to improve his aging experience.

First, Mr. Levy and his wife could be admitted in the same home for the elderly. Mr. Levy is already aged and has been suffering from diabetes, hypertension and Alzheimer. The risk of death is increased by his tendency to skip medications so as to make some savings (Fiscella, 2004). His admission in a home for the elderly will ensure that he does not skip his medications. While African Americans favor staying at home to being admitted in nursing homes, the presence of his wife and the capacity of his relatives to visit him would make him feel at home (Knight & Ricciardelli, 2003).

Second, Mr. Levy could have a home care service provider hired for him. Most African Americans would rather stay at home rather than be admitted in nursing homes, in which case this experience would not be interrupted (Van Doorslaer & Andrew, 2003). The nursing professional would ensure that his healthcare needed are taken care of at home, including meals, exercising and even medications, which would undoubtedly improve his health and aging experience (Knight & Ricciardelli, 2003). It is imperative that the professional is as close to the family as possible, considering that African Americans prefer to have the “blood” take care of them.

Third, Mr. Levy should be subjected to independence promoting strategies. As much as community and family may be crucial to African Americans, they still prefer to maintain their independence even in old age (Van Doorslaer & Andrew, 2003). These strategies come in handy in improving the functioning of the patient as they retain his physical and mental abilities, while assisting him with daily activities such as dressing, eating, grooming and hygiene. These will also include strength or mobility enhancement strategies such as scheduled walking, and simple stretches so as to decrease any dependency (Knight & Ricciardelli, 2003).

Positive impacts of the recommendations

Having Mr. Levy in a nursing home with his wife, or having a homecare professional look after him would ensure that his health needs are taken care of in time. Any healthcare problems that he has may be emanating from his inability to follow on the treatment regimen for Alzheimer from which he suffers. On the same note, the health of an individual is depreciably reduced in instances where he is inactive or unable to take care of himself (Van Doorslaer & Andrew, 2003). In essence, incorporating strategies that increase his independence means that his functionality is increased, which would improve his health.

References

Van Doorslaer, E & Andrew J, (2003). “Inequalities in Self-Reported Health: Validation of a New Approach to Measurement”. Journal of Health Economics. 22:61-87.

Brown CA, McGuire, FA & Voelkl J (2008). The link between successful aging and serious leisure. International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 66(1):73–95.

Knight,T & Ricciardelli, LA (2003). Successful aging: perceptions of adults aged between 70 and 101 years. International Journal of Aging and Human Development. 56(3):223–245.

Fiscella, K (2004). Socioeconomic status disparities in healthcare outcomes: selection bias or biased treatment? Medical Care .;42(10):939-942.

Wang L., Larson, EB., Bowen JD., & van Belle, G (2006) Performance-based physical function and future dementia in older people. Archives of Internal Medicine 166:1115–1120

Pathman, DE., Fowler-Brown, A., & Corbie-Smith G (2006). Differences in access to outpatient medical care for black and white adults in the rural South. Medical Care 44:429–438.

Mayer, ML., Slifkin, RT., & Skinner AC (2005). The effects of rural residence and other social vulnerabilities on subjective measures of unmet need. Medical Care Research and Review 62:617–628.

Fiscella, K & Williams, DR (2004). Health disparities based on socioeconomic inequities: implications for urban health care. Academic Medicine;79:1139–1147

Advocacy: Taking a Stand

Name of the Student

Name of the Institution

Introduction

The level of staffing affects productivity in all organizations. Good staffing is associated with higher productivity, while inadequate staffing has a negative impact on productivity. With regard to the healthcare organizations, good staffing is associated with improved patient care, whereas inadequate or poor staffing is leads to poor quality care of patients. Every healthcare giver has a moral or ethical duty to initiate or implement the required changes to solve any observed problem affecting the quality of care (Toren & Wagner, 2010). The purpose of this paper is to describe various aspects of my advocacy process meant to solve the problem of inadequate staffing in the labor and delivery department of our organization.

The problem and Outcomes of lack of Intervention

Our community healthcare organization is renowned for the quality healthcare services offered to patients for a long time. However, Mrs. Judy, one of the experienced nurses who have been working in the patient care in the labor and delivery department retired last week. Mrs. Kelly, another nurse who has been working in the same department took her off early this week. As a result, only to of us are currently working in the labor and delivery department. We are currently getting an overload of work, given that the number of patients served range between 7 and 12 every day. The problem is compounded by the fact that the remaining colleague does not have adequate experience to work independently.

Failing to solve the problem will lead to our exhaustion due to overload. Exhaustion will lead to a delay in response to patients’ calls for assistance in the department. Unsafe deliveries are likely to occur due to the delay in response. Lack of adequate attendance is likely to lead to adverse effects on patients, such as injuries on babies and/or mothers, excess breeding of the mother or even death of the baby and/or the mother. Due to the overload, I may not be able to give adequate guidance to the inexperienced nurse. Without adequate guidance, the inexperienced nurse may give the wrong diagnosis or medication. In short, the problem will lead to poor quality services in the labor and delivery department (Finkelman & Kenner, 2012).

The Needed Advocacy Skills, Dispositions and Strategies

One of the most important skills needed in order to achieve the advocacy objective is communication skills. Good communication skills will help in conveying the issue to supervisors, leaders and managers in the organization. Specifically, speaking and writing skills will be very essential. Secondly, problem solving and decision-making skills will also be essential since they will help to come up with the most appropriate solution to the problem (Finkelman & Kenner, 2012). Ability to interact with other people is one of the most important dispositions that will be needed in order to pass the message successfully. Other important dispositions needed include politeness and determination. In order to achieve the objective, I will adopt persuasive strategy that will help to sensitive the leadership and management on the need to hire additional staff in the department.

Various aspects affecting the advocacy

The advocacy is likely to succeed due to several reasons. To start with, the values and principles that guide the nursing profession require all nurses and other healthcare providers to fulfill the duty of care for all patients by providing them with quality care and preventing harm that may occur on them due to poor quality services (Dempsey et al., 2010). The mission of our organization is “to provide the best quality patient healthcare services for all.” The organizations’ vision is “to meet the critical healthcare needs of the society.” The organization’s value statement is “to adhere to all the ethical standards of the nursing profession and to provide quality and satisfactory services that are valuable to all patients without discrimination.” The leaders and managers in the organization are competent and they are supportive to quality healthcare. On top of this, my values are to ensure that the patients get the desired services and to suggest improvements to enhance quality of care for all patients. My reasons for joining the nursing profession included the need to serve the community and to contribute in enhancing equality in access to healthcare for all. I am motivated to proceed with my stance even when it is difficult since I understand that my move will prevent severe repercussions that may occur as a result of inadequate staffing.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the staff shortage problem in the department of labor and delivery in our organization may have severe repercussions on quality of care. In this regard, there is need for urgent intervention to solve the problem. In order to succeed, I will have to apply the necessary skills, dispositions and strategies. Fortunately, the professional, personal and organizational values upheld in the organization are supportive to quality care services. As such, there is high likelihood that the advocacy process will achieve success.

References

Dempsey, J., French, J., Hillege, S. & Wilson, V. (2010). Fundamental of nursing and midwifery

a person-centred approach to care. Broadway, NSW: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pty Ltd

Finkelman, A. & Kenner, C. (2012). Professional Nursing Concepts: Competencies for Quality

Leadership. Massachusetts: Johns & Bartlett Publishers

Toren, O. & Wagner, N. (2010) Applying an ethical decision-making tool to a nurse

management dilemma. Nursing Ethics, 17(3), 393-402.

Ethics Policy

[Student’s Name]

[Institution Affiliation]

Part One: Ethics PolicyThis paper is an ethics policy paper that denotes the worth of supporting and protecting the environment. For businesses to flourish, it must ensure that such policies are implemented effectively and extensively.Declaration of PrinciplesOver the years, most business owners, stakeholders, and the management amid employees have not yet considered the importance of saving the environment. The notion has been that the environment is all over and cannot be exhausted. This can be viewed as a negative approach towards the environment and especially the use of water, fuel and animals. For this reason, it is worth to note that various businesses have a negative attitude towards the environment they operate in. To be precise, such actions comes with different approaches towards protecting and undertaking advocacy to the businesses, as well as the business owners concerning the importance of the environment as a whole. It is unethical to waste water, fuel and violating animal right today and in the future (Hackett, 2010).On the other hand, it is also unethical for business especially industry to dispose of their waste products without treatment them to the environment. For example (water and energy). Such considerations draw the concern that there exist a thin line between what we can consider as ethical and unethical use of the environment, in this case, water and animals as the environment. The gap draws close when defining the environment and its consequences when it depleted. For businesses to comprehend this ethical policy, it is primarily vital to consider the effects that come as a result of not following the due procedures for protecting the environment. The environment is a primary ingredient for survival for both businesses and animals inclusive of the human race (Dangelico & Pujari, 2010). Therefore, in order to meet the current demands, consequently to that of the future, it is mandatory to for businesses to adjust their attitudes towards the environment.Guideline OneThis guideline informs businesses about two concerns that support the above declaration: the relationship that businesses have towards the water and the ethical treatment of the same. There exist an unbreakable relationship between business and water. This means that without the existence of safe water, then the business will not exist. Thus, all business from a sole proprietorship, companies, firms, among other types of businesses must adhere to an ethical treatment of water and its environs. Since water is a primary raw material for these businesses, the have a bigger role to play in its existence and maintenance. This can only be achieved if ethical treatment of water is met. Business should make sure that all its uses of water ought to be effective and reasonable. In addition, businesses should understand that it never ethical to pollute the water in any way and if such a situation happens. They should be legally responsible for their actions (such as treatment of polluted water and compensating the parties affected including animals and human beings)Guideline TwoThis guideline depicts the relationship between energy production businesses and their ethical legalities or frameworks. These businesses ought to facilitate the production of energy in ways that are environmental friendly. The societal environment that they serve must not have negative impacts due to the production of energy. It’s due time that businesses of this nature must adopt green energy such as solar energy, wind energy amid others that have zero percent negative impact on the society. Production of energy from fossil fuel is considered ethical, but this is limited to the various condition. First, the production should not interfere with the society or the environment it operates from. Secondly, fossil fuel should not be exhausted. However, not all methods of production are ethical. For example, off-shore drilling of fossil oil is considered an ethical as it affects the form of life of animals leaving in water. Energy operating businesses should reduce the gap when it comes to such unethical methods.Guideline ThreeThis is an animal right guideline. Businesses ought to understand that that animals have the same right as they do. Businesses in relation to animals should consider that it’s unethical to use animals in any form of profit making venture. In any case that animals are used, such as in marketing they should also directly benefit from the funds sourced as businesses enjoy. Animals should not be exploited in any form.Part Two: JudgmentsCase 1Judgment: Nestle practice is considered ethical. The practice is part of the solution as not the problem to the global water crisis.Supporting Evidence:This is because the company supports the society where it gets the water with corporate benefits via corporate social responsibility programs (Dangelico & Pujari, 2010).Supporting Reasons: Nestle exploits water as a natural resource is the best way possible not affecting the society.Case 2Judgment: Fracking is an unethical practice of getting fossil fuel.Supporting Evidence: This is because it leaves the lives of the people in danger so does the environment (Gillespie, 2014). The chemical injected underground is not only a risk today but also in the future.Supporting Reasons: The guidelines indicates that any negative impact as a result of the production of energy factors such practice as unethical.Case 3Judgment: Factory is farming it unethical. Animals’ rights should be adhered to the later.Supporting Evidence: The animals close packed together. This violates their right of movement. The use of chemicals to stimulate production and growth is also against their right hence why factory farming is unethical and should be banned (Hackett, 2010).Supporting Reasons: The declaration as well as the guideline indicate that it unethical to use animals as a profit business or venture.

References

Dangelico, R. M., & Pujari, D. (2010). Mainstreaming green product innovation: Why and how companies integrate environmental sustainability. Journal of Business Ethics, 95(3), 471-486.

Gillespie, A. (2014). International Environmental Law, Policy, and Ethics. Oxford University Press.

Hackett, S. C. (2010). Environmental and natural resources economics: theory, policy, and the sustainable society. ME Sharpe.

(Name)

(Instructors’ name)

(Course)

(Date)

Ethics Policy

The company that I would like to work for is PwC, which is a multinational. It is known all over the world for being an excellent employer. Being a Software engineer, it will help me in furthering my professional career. Also, all its business dealings are carried out in an ethical manner, as it has an existing policy on ethics. PwC is known as an organization, which engages in services of a professional nature. In turn, it ensures that the clients it deals with are improved, managed, and built upon, for success. PwC ensures that as part of its business processes, it is consistent, trustworthy as well as transparent. The behaviors of employees are governed by laws, internal policies, regulations and professional standards. PwC has an ethical code of conduct, which must be adhered to, by all its firms and people. PwC also ensures that before action is taken by any party, it must be evaluated beforehand. The code seeks to ensure that issues of a territorial nature are addressed (Martin & Schinzinger, 1996. 67).

The other policy, which was obtained, was that of the General Motors Company. It has established its own ethics policy, which is in form of a code. According to the General Motors policy, it ensures that business dealings are carried out ethically, as well as with integrity. All times, the parties, which are related to General Motors, should ensure that ethical standards of an ethical nature are followed. After reviewing the two polices based upon ethics, it seems that the PwC one is better (Martin & Schinzinger, 1996. 89). This is because the document is large and addresses all areas, which the company deals with. There is a lot of valuable information in the General Motors and PwC ethics policies. The PwC ethics policy addresses matters related to types of ethical breaches and repercussions. On the other hand, the General Motors policy is not extremely detailed.

A code of conduct exists in the IEEE, which is essential to any engineer. The professional society believes that it is extremely necessary to ensure that ethical standards of the highest nature are followed. According to them, it is an obligation based upon the morality, which human beings have. There are ten ethical codes, which have been established by IEEE. PwC matches up to every one of them in every way possible. For example, IEEE makes sure that every employee in an organization does not accept bribery and at PwC, this code is followed strictly. At General Motors, there have been cases whereby, some employees have been engaged in bribery acts. Professional societies are extremely beneficial in any sector as they govern behaviors of employees in various firms (Martin & Schinzinger, 1996. 90).

There are various ethical theories, which govern the existing Code of Conduct at the two companies. At PwC, there is mostly the utilitarianism action theory. According to this theory, so long as many people benefit, thus good has been created. This means that depending on what effect occurs to a person, an action is unethical or ethical. In contrast, the General Motors ethical theory is based upon actions, which are deontological. Depending on the intentions of an individual, an issue can be unethical or ethical. This means that consequences are not judged but rather the action (Martin & Schinzinger, 1996. 243). The professional society, which General Motors follows, is IEEE while that by PwC is NSPE. I conclude by stating that the ethics policy at PwC is the best when compared to that of General Motors.

Work Cited

Martin, Mike. & Schinzinger, Ronald. Ethics in Engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill Science, 1996.Print.

Advocacy, subjecting a child to assault

Assault is the act whereby one is occassioned to an offensive act or physical bodily harm by another person. It is an offensive act and a crime in law to subject someone to assault moreso a child. In criminal law assault is categorised into harm, maim or gravious harm depending on the degree of injury occassioned to the person.

In the case of children, actual and sexual assault are very common. As an advocate, child assault is an abuse to the child and it should be taken into consideration more seriously to reduce the crime against the children. It leaves the child with long lasting scars, emotional depression, child neglect, affect self-esteem, and future relationship of the child and assistance given to such childmay create a huge difference in the child’s life. A child found in this state is required to be protected by first reporting the matter to police. Whatever you can do to help the child, provide it with a lot of reassuarance and unconditional support (McNutt, 2007).

If the child is physically or sexually assaulted, first take the child to any nearby health centre for first aid treatment and referral if need be. The medical pratictional will advice on the short or long-term medical attention requirement to the child. Offer material support to the child by taking the child to the parents or children’s home for housing and protection (DeVita & Mosher-Williams, 2001). Throughout the process, let the child explain in his or her own words what happened but do not ask the child too many questions of what happened. In domestic violence the child may experience denial and threatened from those assaulted him or her. Safety of the child should come first to be sure that he or she is on the safe hands. Leave the child to the professional and provide the necessary support as it may be required from time to time.

DeVita, C. & Mosher-Williams, R., (2001). Who speaks for America’s children? Washington: The Urban Institute.

McNutt, J., (2007). Adoption of New Wave Electronic Advocacy Techniques by Nonprofit Child Advocacy Organizations. Chicago: Lyceum Books.

 

 

 

Advocate Interview Project

Name: David Robinson

University: Miami

Course:

Tutor:

Date:

Advocate Interview Project

In this advocate interview project paper, it is significant to indicate that the researcher chose to carryout an in-depth interview with a social worker who deals only with the veterans. The interview was carried out at the office of chemical dependency at the Dayton Ohio Veterans Hospital. The social worker that the researcher interviewed wanted to remain anonymous fearing that some of the sentiments she would make might come back to haunt her. She has been in the V.A hospital for over ten years and is from the school of thought that more can be done for the veterans. Furthermore, the interviewee had worked in two other hospitals in different states. Moreover, she stated that since V.A had devised a plan that is used in hospitals globally, there is minimal leeway on the use of different plans fixed to help individuals rather than large groups.

During the interview, the interviewee was happy that more veterans were becoming interested in social work. This was due to the fact that her veterans have some connection within their group that eventually help them extend to the other veterans. The interviewee stated that the groups are further aimed at making a positive difference on the lives of the veterans who had fallen into dependency on drugs and alcohol since majority were not receiving any help. The information gathered from the groups is applied by the veterans to help better their lives. Further, the interviewee stated that the veterans sometimes try self-medication with absolutely no positive result. Therefore, large programs should be developed in order to help the population on issues related to dependency. Indeed, it is significant to note that the veterans are not just a diverse group but also disproportionate with several issues twined in their lives. Consequently, in the context of challenges faced, the interviewee stated that they have a huge amount of paper work required by V.A. such as keeping daily logs and several other forms that are required to be completed accurately. Moreover, since the program keeps on changing, there are several trainings that often require paper work.

The social worker interviewed indicated that despite the fact that they do recommend for changes that should be initiated, the implementations process is very slow in cases where they actually take place. The V.A. system that is used is that which was put in place by the Congress. The veterans are also recommended to join smaller groups with openings and are consequently assisted with filling the forms. The interviewee indicated that the forms are reviewed since they are often used in the compensation claims of the veterans. The forms are recorded electronically for preservation and future retrieval. Furthermore, the interviewee indicated that the local representatives are also involved through writing regarding the process that can be adopted to ensure the promises made to the veterans are fulfilled.

Further, the interviewee stated that as a result of the huge amount of veterans that are attended to by an individual social worker, it has not been easy to actually communicate with each other. Indeed, the social worker finds it difficult to remember the veterans at a personal level. The interviewee was from the school of thought that the process should be adopted when asking a specific question. Nonetheless, it can lead to increased problem whenever the question is not answered correctly and therefore does not use the process in such cases. In this process, even the very little changes in documentation or wording can cause delays in benefits or compensations that the veterans are entitled to.

The other challenges include the fact that working with many physicians within the system is often straining and learning the concern of each one of them is difficult. This is coupled with the need to meet every need of the veterans and consequently obtaining the best outcomes. Filling of the forms is detailed and the wording is then checked by the superiors. The interviewee stated that she often indicated to her superiors that the wording can have a poor reflection on the system and the treatment of the veterans. Indeed, it usually does not reflect the actual needs of the veterans and therefore delivery of the best treatment to them is likely to be hindered. Nevertheless, the interviewee stated that the process is not applied all the time since some of the areas she has worked have different ways of completing the reports. In such instances, the documents are kept as close as possible and are able to indicate what the social worker does.

Further, the researcher asked the interviewee about the job and responsibilities where she indicated her happiness in serving both men and women within the country. Indeed, she finds a sense of accomplishment whenever she helps a veteran find help and the need met. She made a reflection and stated, “When I look at a veteran I have no idea what they have been through in their time. To me they are not just another client to deal with. It is my honor to help with all the resources I have at my disposal.” The interviewee indicated that she receives different set of problems daily in her office and each of the problems does not have a specific solution. It is therefore significant to listen to the person with the problem or need. The interviewee ensures that what the client says is repeated severally to help get the exact need of the client in order to provide the best solution. This gives her a personal satisfaction that the need of the veteran is met. Nonetheless, the rules could be modified depending on the circumstances. However, such circumstances must be presented to the supervisor before any modification is done.

The interviewee made some recommendations aimed at helping the veterans with the problems not covered by the V.A. She stated that they would be happy to see the expansion of the healthcare and the dependency care in particular. This will help the homeless veterans as well as keep them away from drugs and alcohol. Further, teams should be launched for the veterans within the rural areas. This is because veterans within the rural areas fall into the cracks of those not receiving any care thereby creating a great concern within the social worker’s role of being unable to help the veterans. Coming up with a new role within the V.A. is not easy due to the processes involved and may take years before it perfectly works for the veterans. This is likely to create a feeling within the veterans that they are not cared for. Despite the fact that this is not true, it becomes difficult to actually explain to them since they believe V.A. cares for them. Indeed, the social worker indicated that they are often put on the spot to explain the process that is put in place by the Congress that are unrealistic.

The policies often change within different levels creating problems for the staff while handling cases. Nevertheless, some of the changes enhance the process while others do not. The social workers are usually asked about the whole process in the context of outcome. The personal feelings of the social workers sometimes make them not to actually speak out. The disappointment with the system is of great concern to the social workers who would want to help. There is a general feeling among the social workers that their hands are tied with regard to helping the veterans.

The interviewee indicted that building a strong relationship with individuals who have very little trust is not easy. She stated categorically that the veterans are only possessed with the memories of the promises made to them regarding care after the military service and not the obstacles involved in achieving the best care. This makes it difficult for the veterans to develop patient and trust in waiting for the processes involved in meeting their need. Despite the fact that the social workers interested in waiting for the help, they often get disappointed with the system and as a result loose interest. The interviewee therefore wished the process would be faster or simply come up with temporary measures to help the veterans as they wait for the whole process. Indeed, the process should not prevent the veterans from seeking help whenever they need it. Since there is increased prevalence of PTSD among the veterans, they should not be left without any adequate care. In a nutshell, the social worker indicated that any little help accorded to the veterans that may seem insignificant, is of great importance to them.

The interviewee stated that the policies recommended should include fast tracking. The social workers require a latitudinal movement whenever the veterans come for help. Moreover, separating environmental concerns is not easy when the needs are immediate and putting oneself into the life of a veteran is not easy. However, the researcher found it difficult to actually understand her mention that social workers should not get involved with the personal life of the veterans during care. Nevertheless, the veterans should not be seen as being the same as the general population since they go through different hardships with increased pressure.

In conclusion, the interviewee stated that ideas and policies should be developed to ensure the system is efficient. There should be increased collaborations and a focus on the lives of the veterans not on the numbers and cost involved. In a nutshell, the interviewee was optimistic that in the next ten years things will change with the policy making extending more help and subsequently providing flexibility for the social workers to make independent decisions.