Adoption of New Technology Systems

Introducing New Technology in Nursing

Name

Institution

Adoption of New Technology Systems

Introducing a new technology in an already functioning industrial system can be a breathtaking task, contrary to the common belief and assumption that a new technology barely means improvement in efficiency (Markgraf, 2013). Being a nurse responsible for the processes that involve introduction of a new electronic health record keeping system (EHRs), one must be really gifted in terms of change management, public relations, and devising a working convincing framework (van Djik, 2004; Waddell, 2004). There is no short cut in this role: such a nurse must have all it takes, particularly as it regards the five qualities embedded in the Roger’s

(2003) theory, namely: relative advantage; the new technology’s compatibility with the old means; technology simplicity; its trialability; and capacity of the new technology to give out observable results. Definitely, as the leader nurse who is bestowed the role of seeing to it that the other workmates embrace the new EHRs technology; I would utilize the Rogers’ proposed qualities as my foundation (Waddell, 2004).

For the uniting role, the first quality, the relative advantage of the new technology, would be my first focus. Before approaching and addressing other employees about the benefits of the new technology, I would first of all study and comprehend the new technology (Markgraf, 2013) so that I derive a stiff convincing framework (Van Djik, 2004). In other words, the other members of the staff must be so much used to the old technology that insufficient knowledge about the new technology would not simply work (Waddell, 2004). I would thereafter prepare a “demo model” that actively shows how the new system will make the work easier. Such a demo would be, for example, a presentation of animated slides with clear cut comparisons of the workability of the new technology with that of the old way of doing things (Markgraf, 2013). Things like advantages and disadvantages tutorials must be in place; for example that the EHRs are more efficient in retrieving data of a particular patient than the would-be case with manual filing system. Similarly, with the new technology nurses will be in a better position to multitask and as well as have an expert opinion in nursing cases exhibiting legal ,ethical ,and practice challenges, unlike with the old system (Van Djik, 2004).

In the meantime, the second Rogers quality would pops in, and here I would critically analyze and recognize first to what extent the new EHR system will perform the same work the old one performed (Rogers, 2003). A similar demo framework would be incorporated to explain that the new system would be used not to change the nature of activities but to simplify them. This would presumably make the audience readily understand the benefits of the new system and embrace them. Simultaneously, the third Rogers quality, simplicity, would be taken into account: Like before, I would first learn and master how to use the new technology before I can prepare its use means tutorial for the audience, the workers. This would help me gain enough confidence to be able to answer even the toughest questions correctly without contradicting myself. In other words, it would be appropriate for me to understand how the entire mechanism of the new EHRs technology works so as to effectively introduce others to it (Markgraf, 2013).

For the fourth quality, I would prepare the technological specimens and make sure each worker is seated by a computer so that I can engage them step by step to the new technology. The whole exercise would need to be practical and real for the reason that it would be introduced and applied from the present to the future. It would be appropriate for the workers to practically experience hands-on-work on the new technology before actually using it industrially (Rogers, 2003). Before meeting the nurses, as advocated in Rogers fifth quality, I would also collect pertinent information from the places where the new technology has worked and proven to more efficient that our old system in order to provide a real life example and in turn learn from them of any possible mishaps. This would be important for me to drive the point home that the new system works better than our old system (Waddell, 2004).

Rogers’s five proposed qualities are a key guideline for any leader preparing for such a role as introducing the new technology in a continuing industry. With the qualities in hand, I suppose I would easily introduce any new ideology in an organization with high hopes of success (Rogers, 2003).In particular, the five qualities gives the responsible leader numerous ideas for proper preparation of say a speech and, in the long run, such a person cannot easily falter while explaining the phenomenon in context. Certainly, I recommend that every nurse potential to be a leader should learn the Rogers five qualities because these qualities are applicable while introducing any new ideology in the field of nursing or any other field (Van Djik, 2004). But there are various challenges like resistance by some workers. For such challenges, I would note the problems and address them directly. Alternatively, I could arrange for collection of the questions as regards the new technology as the meeting goes on and address them one by one in the end. Better still, I could invite external experts who would help me solve some of the complaints by the resistant workers and inform them that change is inevitable and it’s not a choice (Markgraf, 2013).

References

Markgraf, B. (2013). How to Introduce New Technology to an Organization. Hearst Communications, Inc. Accessed on 08/10/2013 from <http://smallbusiness.chron.com/introduce-new-technology-organization-41307.html>

Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). New York, NY: Free Press.

Van Dijk, T.A. (2004). Ideology and Discourse – a Multidisciplinary Introduction. Barcelona: Pompeu Fabra University.

Waddell, J.P. (2004). The Introduction of New Technology. Canadian Journal of surgery, 47(4): 246–247

Admission Essay Transfer to New York University

Admission Essay: Transfer to New York University

Quality education is important because of its ability to broaden one’s way of thinking and equip the same with vital skills for survival. This realization played a critical role in influencing my decision to pursue higher education after completion of my high school. The urge to assume a leadership position in future made me to settle for a business administration course that would enable me to achieve this goal. In order to be globally competitive, it was imperative to seek oversea education that was relatively of higher quality. Thus I secured a chance at Northern Virginia Community College to pursue business administration. The experience broadened my way of thinking and exposed me to various opportunities.

However, my dream had always been to pursue higher education in the most renowned institution of higher learning. As indicated earlier, I believe the quality of education is instrumental in enabling one to be more competitive. This can only be guaranteed in institutions that have a proven record of providing the same. It is for this reason that I am applying for a transfer to New York University. Notably, its Stern School of Business has been accredited for providing quality and leadership oriented education.

A recent national survey ascertains that the institution ranks among the top fifteen in the country. Its graduates dominate the international sphere with regard to leadership. Moreover, the institution has excelled in co curricula activities and accommodates students from diverse social, economic, racial and cultural backgrounds. The close relationship between the students and the teaching staff in undertaking vital research contributes significantly to broadening the knowledge base of the students.

I feel that my educational goals can be effectively met at this institution because of the fact that it offers innovative programs that are comprehensive and creative in nature. In particular, they are tailored and designed to meet the diverse and dynamic needs of the commercialized world. I strongly feel that this is a fundamental attribute of quality education. Thus attending this institution would enable me to attain the critical creative skills that are needed for adaptation in the changing world. Further, the institution has excellent facilities as well as resources. These are vital in molding informed individuals that would fit in the society on completion of higher education.

The opportunity to study at this institution would also give me a chance to interact with persons from diverse backgrounds at different levels. This interaction is vital in preparing me for challenges in the job market. At this juncture, it should be appreciated that the international environment is highly diversified and therefore very challenging. Also, its internship programs would expose me to actual job environments that characterize the international community. Of great importance however is the fact that the institution seeks to inculcate effective communication and critical thinking skills in its students. These are imperative in development of good leadership skills that are basic for effective administration.

ADR Alternative Dispute Resolution

Name

Course

Institution

Instructor

Date

Alternative Dispute Resolution

ADR (alternative dispute resolution) refers to methods that are adopted in seeking for solutions on legal disputes without use of litigation but by adopting such means as the negotiation, arbitration as well as mediation (Anon, 68-76). Among other legal disputes solved through the ADR are disputes on contracts, environment, insurance, security, labor, international trade and technology.

Negotiation:

This method involves the informal interaction between disputing parties with an intention of settling on the disputes and may involve a lawyer or not. It is to be noted that this process does not acknowledge the involvement of a third party (even neutral such as a judge or a jury). Two main approaches involved in negotiation are adversarial negotiation as well as problem solving approach. In adversarial approach, the warring parties seek solution through negotiation with a motive of maximizing own gain whereas in problem solving approach, joint gain is sought by parties involved. Though the method is discussed as an independent tool for solving disputes, it is often used before adoption of formal method(s) to solve a dispute and is such a case, negotiation is not perceived as an alternate to litigation processes.

Mediation:

In mediation, unlike the case with negotiation, a neutral person is a characteristic feature and is involved in facilitation of communication between the parties while at the same time offering suggestions to possible ways of solving the dispute at hand. As an expertise, the neutral person chosen (mediator) is often chosen by the consent of the warring parties. The main feature of the process is having the mediator assist each side listen to the other in a dispute. Persuasion is a mandatory character for the mediator in order to have the deliberation on the various solutions sighted and the process is concluded after the parties involved unanimously accept a solution after which the decision is put into writing and signed into by all the parties. Collective bargaining issues are main examples to disputes which adopt mediation as a tool for solution where the conflicting parties (like employees) must work together even after the dispute. It is to be noted that though mediation is adopted as an alternative to litigation, the main reason for its adoption is usually to avoid court procedures.

Arbitration:

This tool of solving disputes is explained by the use of a neutral third party and outside of court system to find a solution to a dispute. It has a distinguishing feature in that parties involved in arbitration are in contracts and they assume the role of a judge though not as constrained by precedents and the arbitrator’s role is finding a solution which is legally binding. The process therefore assumes like procedures like those ones used in trials though the rules applied in the process of arbitration are a little relaxed than in a legal trial. However, it is also noted that the choice of an arbitrator is a process that involves both parties involved in the dispute. Efficiency and low costs involved in arbitration makes the main advantages sighted for its use as against litigation.

In conclusion, this paper discusses the three main ADR tools, which are negotiation, mediation as well as arbitration, and shows their applicability instead of adopting litigation methods of solving disputes. The paper orders/ranks the tools according to value where negotiation comes first, followed by mediation and finally arbitration. This rank is based on ease of use, costs incurred as well as time involved where negotiation become fundamentally the most easy tool in cost and time to be used. On the other hand, arbitration process is time consuming and often expensive in awarding the arbitrator hence the last rank.

Works cited

Anonymous, “Chapter 4: Alternative dispute resolution”. Part 1, The legal Environment of Business. nd. Print.

Admission Essay Zoology

Admission Essay: Zoology

It seems to me and perhaps in my learning vocation, that learning itself is a procedure that defines itself as it goes on. More precisely, choices present themselves as education continues to move forward and this serves in encouraging more detailed trail. Student fundamentally comes to learn what they mainly want to study and for me, I have realized what I want to study due to my growing interest in Zoology.

One cannot easily explain what creates an attraction or enthusiasm for a specific kind of learning because there are several elements involved in learning. On a certain level, and even during my high school career, I realized that I possessed an aptitude for zoology. Knowledge regarding zoology comes to me more smoothly and I have retained the knowledge for a long time and very successfully. This is an advantage to me and this advantage has off course tied me to instinctive delight of studying zoology.

From my own point of view, there is a cycle that has already been set in motion in my life and the study of zoology time after time whets my craving for more of the same. A student who pursues any subject should have a sense of rightness and follow his or her dreams. From my own point of view, I interpret to an instinctive consciousness that zoology is a discipline to which I can considerably donate, as long as I recognize the amount of energy and study required by the work.

I have gained knowledge in Zoology as far as education is concerned. First I have acquired Masters of Science in Zoology from the University of Tripoli and secondly, I possess a Bachelor of Science in Zoology from the same university making me very much informed as far as the field is concerned. Apart from the basic knowledge I acquired in school, I have also gained some experience by working in the same field. I first worked as a teacher in Microbiology lab in an Agricultural college based in Tripoli, then I went to a veterinary school where I worked as a teacher in Parasitological lab, after working at the veterinary college, I worked as a lab technician in Emitiga Hospital, I also taught Biology in Al Asma high school, taught Microbiology classes in a Nursing collage and finally taught Histology and Microbiology at the Faculty of Higher Institute for Medical Professions. Doing all these jobs made me gain more experience and added to what I already knew.

On a more practical level, writing my thesis also established that I had the curiosity of pursuing a zoology career. When I completed my undergraduate studies, I had a sentiment that doing sensible researches in zoology would give me better standpoint on my PhD school. I therefore started securing positions that would award me experiences not only in the academic world but also in my future career. I did my researches in places like, Agricultural research center which is based in Tripoli, Libya and here I was a research participants; I carried my research on potato tuber moth biological control.

Zoology is an extremely huge field of study. My enthusiasm for zoology does to bar me from seeing the fact that brilliance inside an individual can only be accomplished via detailed focuses on detailed components. I am still not aware of what this will bring for me. I am so much surprised by the manner in which zoology is seen as an essential science in the current understanding of extinction rates and species and these factors goes to important environmental concerns. I am also interested in studying the manner in which evolution takes place.

Modern technologies and insights are capturing facts of evolution taking place around us and also in various species. The only thing I can state with great confidence is that, multiple sciences revolving around zoology are where I have placed my ambitions. I am very sure this is true because, in the field of zoology, I am very eager to begin by discovering how much there is to gain more knowledge.

Adult Development and Life Assessment

Adult Development and Life Assessment

Author

Institution

Introduction

Psychologists have always been preoccupied with matters pertaining to the influences on people’s development and come up with varied theories and models over the same. The ecological theory, posited by Urie Bronfenbrenner, states that an individual’s development is shaped by varied things including culture, family and society at large (Fancher, 1985). Looking at my life, I would attribute my shy behavior especially in talking to boys to the absence of my dad. I never got to know exactly what the best way for communicating with them would be, or even issues that would be of interest to them. On the same note, many are times when my parents would quarrel or even fight over small issues. They ended up separating a few years ago, something that affected my self-esteem tremendously. However, the effects were more pronounced in the first year, and my self-esteem is increasing with time. While both genetic makeup and environment have a role to play in my development, I must admit that the environment has played a considerably greater role. Genetic makeup may, undoubtedly, increase the likelihood than an individual will behave in a certain way, but their experiences and values imparted by the environment determine how they view and react to situations (Fancher, 1985). This explains why identical twins, despite having similar genetic makeup, will react differently in instances where they grow in different environments.

Question 2.

Holland’s theory or career choice outlined six personality types. I feel that the personality type that fits me is the “investigative personality”. An individual with investigative personality enjoys solving science or mathematics problems and places a high value on intellectual or scientific jobs. I have always enjoyed solving puzzles especially as pertaining to human relationships. I hope to become a lawyer in the future, in which case my personality type is in line with my future career prospects. Career satisfaction affects self-image in that it determines the value that an individual assigns to a career and consequently on himself (Fancher, 1985). If an individual is not satisfied or unpleased with the outcome of his job, he or she is likely to place a low value both on the job and on himself, which affects his self-image and esteem (Fancher, 1985).

References

Fancher, R. E. (1985). The intelligence men: Makers of the IQ controversy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company

administration PROCEDURES

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Procedures and Routines

There are various procedures and routines depending on the school. This is because different schools have different administration. During the first day in school, students are introduced to the calendar of that semester. They are then advised to handle in their assignments to the respective departments. The school calendar mostly entails the days for sitting for an exams and other important functions that are to be held in the school.

A teacher must be able to come up with strategies that will assist in achieving classroom motivation. The teacher ought to believe that he can provide motivation for students in the classroom. For this to happen, the teacher should believe that students want to learn reading skills. The teacher ought to establish an environment that will make learning engaging for the students (Ackerman, 2007). This can only happen when the teacher understands that students are humans who are motivated with the same things that motivate adults. The teacher serves an imperative function in the administration of the classroom. The small roles might not be necessary for efficient classroom management, but they assist students to survive in the classroom. This will make students invest in education and protect it because they want it to work.

Reading is considered as one of the most important skill that a child learns from school. This is because a child must learn to read so that he can excel in other academic areas. The perception of teachers is very crucial when dealing with any proficient reader. This is because teachers have great impact on learning than any other person. Perception of secondary school teachers on whether they should teach reading skills is very influential for the successes of secondary school teachers. Therefore, it is important for teachers to have a positive attitude towards teaching reading skills to their students. This is because students are likely to conform to how their teachers label them.

The effectiveness of teaching reading skills in a class depends on the teacher’s ability to maintain order in the classroom (Ackerman, 2007). When the teacher is unable to maintain order in a classroom then students are not able to learn reading skills. There are different strategies that can be used by a teacher for classroom management. A teacher can use the give up model, inducement model, knowledge and control model or classroom community model. Effective reading skills can be achieved when a teacher establishes a conducive classroom climate. The teacher is supposed to create a classroom climate that is focused, fun and safe for the students.

Transition

Every teacher needs to understand the role that is played by awards for learning and teaching reading skills. The topic of rewards and awards is very controversial and should be handled very carefully (Lalani, & Rodrigues, 2012). There are teachers who give students candy to get the behavior they want. Teachers should understand that good behavior is not achieved by giving candy to students. Giving candy to students is not a good strategy for teaching and learning reading skills. Good performance can be achieved when teachers do things that would make them perform at their highest level. This can be achieved when a teacher notices good behavior and rewards it by specific praises. Teachers should encourage students to read together aloud when they are sitting on the floor because it is a way of promoting classroom community. Books can be used as effective classroom management resources when student read them together loudly.

Active Learning Strategies

These strategies are used to replace lecturing by teachers which is teacher centered to facilitating which is student centered. There are six approaches that can be utilized to hearten student center form of instruction.

Short Lecture and Lesson tasks

For many years, teachers have lectured their students for long hours as they scribble notes. It has been proven that short lectures are more effective than long lectures when it comes to learning. The short lectures are followed by class exercise; thus, the teacher will know whether students have understood what he has just taught them. This type of learning strategy gives room for students to ask questions where they have not understood.

Peer Teaching

This is an effectual approach of learning because it encourages active learning. Students learn 95% on what they teach others because they are adequately prepared with the content they plan to teach (Lalani, & Rodrigues, 2012). Peer teaching does not only encourage active learning, but it also sharpens the communication skill of a student. Peer teaching does not involve teaching the whole class but it can be used to teach small groups of only two students. This strategy has helped in teaching complex material because students are willing to share the materials they know when they are in small groups.

Cooperative Learning Groups

Cooperative learning involves the grouping of students from one another to attain the desired goals in education (Jones & Jones, 2013). Success in education is a result of students working together as a team. When a member fails then the whole group will have negative impacts. Each student is given specific roles to research on in connection to educational matters. This makes students to be active in the topic they are researching as they reflect upon the topic. A group can be composed of students who have different opinions of a subject and debate about the subject. When students are debating upon a certain subject they are able to understand the topic perfectly.

Games

This is another active strategy since a teacher engages fun materials when he is teaching. The teacher can get fun materials from the internet and incorporate it in the curriculum. A teacher can use classroom jeopardy which resembles the television type of jeopardy. The teacher provides the answers to a certain question and students are expected to come up with the questions.

Problem Statement There is a development of electronics in classroom for the past few years. Students used to carry heavy books and laptops in the classroom, which was disadvantageous to the size of unit (Jones & Jones, 2013). The introduction of netbooks facilitated similar functions with smaller and lighter materials. Tablets are used as household products thus; most people are using them for studying and taking notes. Teachers are using tablets as multimedia content to facilitate learning process. The use of smart tablets in class is beneficial to students because they are helpful in lectures, allow faster information retrieval, and are environmentally friendly.

Tablets are fast as students’ use less time in searching information compared to other learning materials. Students get the information about a topic by use of tablets thus saving a lot of time. Tablets have a large screen that provides enough space for taking many notes (Lalani, & Rodrigues, 2012). Large screens on tablets provide students with visual ways of learning. Many apps instill drawing and writing skills for young children. Tablets have a visual nature device that makes learning easier for students. This is because most subjects become easy to learn for students as they see what they are taught. Students learn current activities that are going on globally by use of tablets.

Tablets are multipurpose as they combine the ability to solve mathematical problems and learn literature easier. They assist students to solve complex mathematical problems that were a burden. Various mathematical applications assist students in solving and understanding equations. There are unique features in tablets that facilitate teaching and learning process. The motion sensor in tablets provides students with an opportunity of using their hands for instructing the tablet to conduct equilibrium and balance skills (Lalani, & Rodrigues, 2012). The clinometer assists students to measure wall levels, surfaces and determine precise angles that incline and decline. Physics students can measure accelerations and change in force by using tablets. Tablets are used in aerobic classes to measure exertion levels, balance and repetition.

Conclusion

The perception of teachers is very crucial when dealing with any proficient reader. This is because teachers have great impact on learning than any other person. The effectiveness of teaching reading skills in a class depends on the teacher’s ability to maintain order in the classroom. A teacher must be able to come up with strategies that will assist in achieving classroom motivation. Every teacher needs to understand the role that is played by awards for learning and teaching reading skills.

Reference

Ackerman, B. (2007). PRAISE: Effectively guiding student behavior. Colorado Springs, Colorado: ACSI.

Jones, V., & Jones L. (2013). Comprehensive classroom management: Creating communities of support and solving problems (10th). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

Lalani, S & Rodrigues, S. (2012). A Teacher’s Perception and Practice of Assessing the Reading Skills of Young Learners. Retrieved on June, 7th 2013 from,

<http://imanagerenglishlangaugeteaching.blogspot.com/2013/03/a-teachers-perception-and-practice-of.html>

Administration Robotics Market

Executive Summary

Administration Robotics Market is taken a gander at as the future human partners that are intended to help individuals to would what they like to do in a characteristic and unconstrained way. Additionally, with the rise of omnipresent figuring and correspondence situations, robots will have the capacity to call upon a boundless learning base and direction their exercises with different gadgets and frameworks. Further, the developing spread of universal processing will prompt robot advances being implanted into omnipresent ICT systems to end up human operators of physical activities, improving and amplifying the physical capacities and faculties.

Current Market Situation

The UAE, the world’s eighth biggest oil maker, keeps up a free-advertise economy and is additionally a standout amongst the most politically steady and secure in the district. This guarantees that the nation has a strong focused edge as the district’s head business center and second biggest economy.

Monetary development in the UAE is unfaltering in spite of a fleeting rest as the worldwide economy vacillated. Recuperation was helped by high oil costs, expanded government spending and a resurgence in tourism, transport and exchange. Also, fruitful rebuilding of obligation owed by prominent organizations, solidarity among the emirates and accommodative fiscal and financial approaches all assumed a part in conveying noteworthy monetary soundness to the business sector.

Taking after the plunge in 2010, UAE GDP rose to achieve US$419 billion toward the end of 2014, up 4.8 every penny on 2013. The IMF predicts that GDP will keep on growing at a rate of 4 to 5 every penny through the following seven years.

In spite of high monetary execution, expansion rates are required to stay between 2 to 3 every penny.

Despite the fact that oil has been the backbone of the UAE economy and keeps on contributing signifcantly to financial success, a decided and far-seeing arrangement of monetary enhancement has guaranteed that non-oil segments now represent 69 every penny of GDP, with oil supplying the staying third.

Abu Dhabi’s Economic Vision 2030 and Dubai’s Strategic Plan 2015 are driving the drive towards broadening. The methodology is to expand interest in mechanical and other fare situated segments, including overwhelming industry, transport, petrochemicals, tourism, data innovation, information transfers, renewable vitality, flight and space, and oil and gas administrations. Much has as of now been attained to in these fields, particularly in satellite and information transfers, the aeronautics area and in renewable vitality, and albeit fleeting needs have been changed to oblige evolving substances, the long haul system continues as before.

At the government level, the UAE is seeking after its 2021 Vision, which intends to place advancement, exploration, science and innovation at the middle of an information based, profoundly profitable and aggressive economy when of the organization’s brilliant celebration in 2021. Fundamentally, the celebration year is likewise the deadline for the dispatch of the first Arab Islamic test to Mars by the recently settled Emirates Space Agency.

Tourism has had vast influence in the accomplishment of monetary expansion and amid 2014 the UAE has kept on strengthenning its position as a top visitor destination. Abu Dhabi’s 156 lodgings recorded their best year ever regarding guest numbers, whilst Dubai’s 634 foundations have likewise encountered a critical increment in visitors. Different emirates are taking action accordingly (Uaeinteract, 2015).)

Market Description

Exchange has assumed a noteworthy part in UAE monetary life for a long time. This is not by and large shocking considering the nation’s key geological position. On the other hand, centered and far-seeing interest in air terminals, ports and administrations, and additionally an empowering business environment, has guaranteed that the UAE has turned into an essential exchanging center uniting territorial markets to the outside world. Consistent recuperation of most financial segments has additionally prompted an increment of remote exchange.

The UAE outside exchange lists skiped in 2013 to preglobal budgetary emergency levels whilst mass product fares, including oil, are relied upon to become by 5.8 every penny to US$381 billion in 2014, contrasted and US$354 billion in 2013.

The Asia-Pacific area kept up its driving position among UAE’s exchange accomplices as far as non-oil exchange, representing 43 every penny or Dh106 billion of aggregate direct exchange volume. Europe stayed in second place, contributing 27 every penny or Dh67.2 billion to aggregate exchange, took after by the MENA area with 14 every penny or Dh35.1 billion. The US and Carribean positioned fourth with 10 every penny of aggregate non-oil exchange (Dh24.1 billion), took after by West and Centra Africa (4 every penny, or Dh9.4 billion) and East and South Africa (3 every penny or Dh7 billion).

The UAE’s economy is the most nearly incorporated of all the Arab economies into the worldwide financial framework and endeavors are keeping on upgrading the nation’s business benevolent environment, both to encourage exchange and draw in inflows of outside immediate venture, which will help to accomplish adjusted, economical advancement. This procedure proceeds through the signature of numerous respective and multilateral participation understandings. Mainly, these endeavors have grasped changes and redesigning of enactment, including another Competition Law, which became effective in 2014.The new law manages financial exercises and misuse of licensed innovation rights (IPR). This is required to elevate rivalry and to add to endeavors to meet the targets of Vision 2012, which tries to construct an information based economy.

The benefits and features of a Robot Security

The thought of a robot security gatekeeper has been around since no less than 1955, with Philip K. Dick’s short story “The Hood Maker,” however from that point forward, they have gotten to be sensible different options for people. These robots have been conveyed to parking structures, shopping centers and business properties. In spite of the fact that these robots have hindrances, for example, their absence of compassion and restricted capacity to reason, they additionally have numerous favorable circumstances over their human partners. These favorable circumstances merit investigating further.

Incorruptible

A robot can’t be affected or transformed from its way. Robot security watchmen are ethical and, along these lines, dissimilar to a few people, are not inclined to eagerness and can’t be purchased off. While some contend that robot security watchmen have a constrained limit for managing people and are deficient in sympathy, such robots can thoroughly uphold guidelines modified into them.

Cost Effective

Robots operate on batteries and are equipped for working for the life of the batteries. They can, subsequently, work all day, every day, without requiring lunch or latrine breaks. So long as their batteries are working they additionally keep up a 100 percent level of fixation. This implies the robot security gatekeeper is equipped for doing the work of a few watchmen, who might ordinarily work in movements. The running expenses of robots are generally less expensive than a proportionate human’s wages, which bodes well for organizations looking to streamline costs.

Vision

Robots utilize vision innovations. This ability empowers them to have ceaseless 360-degree vision, infrared vision and movement indicators. College of Oxford robots can overhaul their database maps to consider new questions. Robot vision is not influenced by tiredness, and article recognizable proof programming permits robots to perceive people and associate with them. Pictures caught by an automated security watchman can be spilled back to a PC and recorded.

Nonlethal Weaponry

Robot security monitors must be furnished to manage individuals in conceivably perilous circumstances. Numerous security robots have been fitted with nonlethal weapons, for example, smoke or steam emitters and paintball firearms. Robots right now can’t catch physically with troublemakers or gatecrashers, however the robots can ready human protects and convey restricted weaponry. Albeit, hypothetically, robots can be fitted with weapons and firearms that discharge energized darts to daze or immobilize a man, this has offered climb to moral predicaments (Wallcott. M, (2015).

The segment needs and the Corresponding features

The UAE youngsters expecting to make robots a piece of the homes without bounds The UAE kids intending to make robots a piece of the homes without bounds . Dubai turns to automatons for firefighting

Occupations

It’s official. The worldwide robot populace has come to 18.2 million. Not a simple design any more, it appears these new “visitors” are staying put. Indeed, the quantity of robots is becoming quicker than at any other time in recent memory some time recently. In 2007, there was one robot every 1,000 people. Today, there is one every 380 of us. Around the world, there are a greater number of robots than specialists or cops, while a large portion of the world’s robot populace possesses Japan. At the same time there’s no compelling reason to frenzy yet.

In what capacity will this “attack” influence our lives?

Some claim that robots will at last take away the officially few occupations that are cleared out. At the same time how about we not be guileless. Robots are one heck of a sort of machine. They are extremely lavish ones. On the off chance that we take a gander at the nations with the most robots – Japan, the US, Germany and Switzerland – insights demonstrate that they rank high on expectations for everyday comforts. Generally, those benchmarks were raised when robots were presented. Be that as it may just the nations that create them will advantage the most. New to numerous, the UAE is a regarded player in this worldwide race. The Dubai-claimed PAL-Robotics creates one of the few robots that can remain up to Honda’s renowned Asimo.

An in number deals pattern appears to demonstrate that the fate of mechanical autonomy, generally as with the PC upheaval, lies not in the modern fragment, however in the “individual” section. The Big Bang of mechanical autonomy won’t be modern machines that make things, yet robots that clean, review and do as such called “administrations” for us. In this manner, the enormous venture opportunity lays not in the current “IBM of mechanical technology”, however in the following Microsoft for robots. Also, the following next-Apple without bounds won’t offer applications for iPhones, however applications for “home robots” – household robots that will cost about Dh72,000. These applications will permit robots to wash the dishes, walk the canine, clean the auto and show kids how to play the piano. They will spare us time, which is the thing without bounds (Lopez. J.O, 2012).

The Product

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has courted much exposure over late years as the Middle East’s most cosmopolitan and element city. With a top of the line framework and negligible formality, the city is known as a simple spot to work together where a large number of the world’s biggest multinationals decide to position their local central station. Year-round daylight, political steadiness, social resilience, and copious lodging and recreational choices, has made it one of the world’s top traveler destinations.

Dubai’s broadly broadened and entrepreneurial economy includes more than 85 percent SMEs. In order to properly ground they host a mechanical autonomy and mechanization occasion to bolster the city’s hunger for innovation and venture its cutting edge picture. With the UAE’s blossoming development rate its application in autonomy and mechanization division is very nearly a growing. The UAE has effectively executed various mechanized administrations in the most recent five years. Dubai Metro is the world’s longest completely computerized driverless metro system. In Abu Dhabi (the UAE’s capital city) Khalifa University has concocted the FLOAT (Free Levitation for Overground Active Training) framework that can help individuals with development inabilities. Dubai International Financial Center has the world’s biggest mechanized stopping office.”

“UAE government and security administrations are utilizing automatons for fringe reconnaissance and conveyances, and there is robotized warehousing inside the logistics and framework parts.”

There was a buzz from the minute RTEX opened its entryways. Drawing just about 2,500 guests over the three days, more than 30 exhibitors showed robot advances extending from human services, instruction, mechanical and space applications through to land overviews and reconnaissance checking.

rtex dubai 44

There were college stands kept an eye on by understudies showcasing their own particular automaton models. Some were anticipating going after The UAE Drone for Good Award, an acceptable show of the nation’s dedication to building up its mechanical technology industry. A substantial extent of guests were innovation understudy bunches.

Inside the classes program which extended over the three days was a remarkable presentation by Dr Pedro Sousa from Portugese firm, Holos, on the organization’s creative new observation item, ServRobot.

With 20 years’ involvement in mechanical exploration ventures, Holos is no more abnormal to apply autonomy. It has created canny satellite checking and information gathering frameworks, and also approaches to gather climate information from the sun. All the more as of late the organization has added to a penetrating device for the most recent Mars investigation venture.

servrobot

Holos’ most recent endeavor, ServRobot, is a self-sufficient administration robot versatile to diverse sorts of use, territory and natural conditions.

As of now it is being used in Europe and Angola, despite the fact that Sousa declined to say what number of were in operation. Applications incorporate the investigation of force stations, checking for pipeline uprightness (running along the surface, not inside which requires other apparatus), the observation of open spaces, and the observing of oilfields. This incorporates recognizing flames, spills, gas spillages and gatecrashers.

As opposed to offering ServRobot in made structure, Holos offers the patent for particular segments or setups to its customers. “After that the customer can deliver much as it needs, or fuse the same parts into its own items,” clarified Sousa. “At the same time the customer must have fabricating abilities.”

The improvement methodology drew in different individuals from a few nations, and included interfaces with PhD understudies from colleges crosswise over Europe. At an expense of around US$1 million each to deliver, ServRobot innovative work activities are co-financed by Holos, other Portuguese organizations and the European Union.

ServRobot’s different PCs give computerized reasoning, permitting it to peruse its surroundings while minimizing the requirement for human mediation. Its distinctive sensors (counting warmth, cams, lasers and ultrasonic) empower it to gather data it needs to meet its goals.

Being versatile to various different conditions, claims Holos, is the thing that separates ServRobot from other mechanical frameworks which are frequently intended for certain parts.

An alternate application is to move payload inside a military situation, or convey loads up structures under development. In the recent case it rises the building through the current structures utilized for development. With 30 watts of force, it can transport heaps of up to around 143 pounds with up to a 5 percent most extreme incline.

dubai silicon desert garden

ServRobot’s development can be enacted in diverse ways. One is utilizing a situated of predefined hand flags that give particular charges, for example, begin and stop, and which additionally set the way to remembered historic points.

It can likewise be radio-controlled by joystick, or move self-governingly when given a target coordinate. It will attempt to achieve its objective by the most immediate course, while identifying and moving around hindrances it may experience.

Holos has a little office in one of the city’s tech center points, Dubai Silicon Oasis, and a humble vicinity up to this point, in spite of the fact that it is wanting to develop its provincial vicinity over the long run.

RTEX, van Huyssteen feels, was a reverberating accomplishment, with guests effectively asking about one year from now’s occasion: “Not long from now we firmly centered around innovation that can give answers for a more intelligent and more practical method for living. From the second RTEX onwards we would like to include segments that address the stark requirement for supportability and environmentalism.”

On leaving the occasion, we were given a duplicate of The Young Vision, a UAE youth training magazine, with RTEX emphasized strikingly on the title page and containing an exceptional peculiarity on apply autonomy and robotization. In the event that RTEX 2014 summed up anything, it was the means by which it caught the creative energy of a more youthful era which as of now is driving the drive towards mechanical technology in the UAE (Atkinson. M (2014).

Competitor Review

As per another study by Grand View Research, Inc., worldwide versatile apply autonomy market development can be ascribed to expanded reception in military & barrier applications. Commercialization of computerized autos because of mechanical headway in portable apply autonomy is required to drive the business sector through the following six years. Good administrative situation, including supports and awards for advancing the apply autonomy industry is likewise anticipated that would absolutely affect the worldwide business.

Accessibility of open source stages coupled with lessening in sensor and cam costs is relied upon to impel interest for residential versatile robots, for example, vacuum cleaners and yard cutters. Lack of specialists furnished with the ability sets needed for R&D may represent a test to versatile mechanical technology market development. Generally low market entrance coupled with developing interest from end-use businesses is relied upon to be a development open door for key industry members.

The portable mechanical technology market for administration applications is relied upon to witness high development over the gauge period. Proficient robots ruled the general administration apply autonomy market, with an expansive number of utilizations in protection and agrarian applications. Expanding use in individual aid and for therapeutic purposes, for example, in medication conveyance, is required to be good for the individual mechanical technology market. In the modern fragment, warehousing & circulation is relied upon to remain the key business sector; different applications basically incorporate painting, covering, and examination.

Asia Pacific was the predominant territorial market in 2013; it is further anticipated that would keep being the business pioneer through the following six years. Expanded reception of versatile robots in mechanical, farming, and restorative applications has driven territorial portable apply autonomy market development (Sharma, 2015).

Channel and logistic Review

Distribution: Channels and Logistics

Distribution (also known as the place variable in the marketing mix, or the 4 Ps) involves getting the product from the manufacturer to the ultimate consumer. Distribution is often a much underestimated factor in marketing. Many marketers fall for the trap that if you make a better product, consumers will buy it. The problem is that retailers may not be willing to devote shelf-space to new products. Retailers would often rather use that shelf-space for existing products have that proven records of selling.

Although many firms advertise that they save the consumer money by selling “direct” and “eliminating the middleman,” this is a dubious claim in most instances. The truth is that intermediaries, such as retailers and wholesalers, tend to add efficiency because they can do specialized tasks better than the consumer or the manufacturer. Because wholesalers and retailers exist, the consumer can buy one pen at a time in a store located conveniently rather than having to order it from a distant factory. Thus, distributors add efficiency by:

Breaking bulk—the consumer can buy small quantities at a time. Small and modest scale retailers (e.g., the USC bookstore) can buy modest quantities. This service reduces quantity discrepancy in the supply-demand relationship between manufacturers and end customers.

Consolidation and Distribution. It would be highly inconvenient for customers to have to buy each product at a different store. Most American consumers today also have limited patience with specialty stores in most categories. Rather than having to go to one store to buy produce, one store to buy meat, and other stores for other household products, there is considerable value in having everything available in a supermarket. The consumers can buy at a neighborhood store, which in turn can buy from a regional warehouse. It would also be very inconvenient for supermarkets and most other retailers to have to receive deliveries individually from each manufacturer. Wholesalers consolidate products from different manufacturers so that a large number of different products can be received in one shipment. This reduces costs by increasing the efficiency with which products can be (1) delivered and (2) received. Consolidation and distribution services offered by wholesalers reduce the assortment discrepancy between manufacturers on the one hand and local retailers and consumers on the other. NOTE: Some very large retail chains such as Wal-Mart may be able to handle distribution more effectively than outside wholesalers. Wal-Mart often insists on sales directly to the chain from the manufacturer rather than sales through wholesalers. This is the exception to the rule since Wal-Mart is large enough to be able to handle distribution itself rather than going through retailers. It should be noted that Wal-Mart has made very large investments to make this possible, and these capabilities have taken a long time to develop. Wal-Mart had a very difficult time breaking into the grocery business—especially for perishable items—and took several years to perfect this capability.

Carrying inventory. This service reduces the temporal discrepancy between

Manufacturers who may need to schedule production at relatively constant levels and consumers who need certain products only at certain times (e.g., turkeys needed mostly at Thanksgiving and Christmas)

Financing. Certain small manufacturers may have difficulty waiting for payment until goods are sold to the end-customer. Wholesalers and retailers may negotiate lower prices from the manufacturer in return for quick payment.

Many of the cost savings associated with having an efficient system of intermediaries result from specialization. Manufacturers specialize in what they do well—manufacturing products—while others specialize in handling various phases of the distribution path. Some specialize in retailing—usually selling a large assortment of goods in small quantities to a large number of end customers. Wholesalers, in turn, specialize in moving and goods from numerous manufacturers to a large number of retailers.

Channel structures vary somewhat by the nature of the product.

Jet aircraft are custom made and shipped directly to the airline. Automobiles, because they are difficult to move, are shipped directly to a dealer. Other products are shipped through a wholesaler who can more efficiently handle, and combine, products from many different suppliers. Several layers of wholesalers may exist, depending on the product. Occasionally, agents may also be involved. Agents usually do not handle products, but instead take care of the business aspect of negotiating with distributors, which manufacturers may feel uncomfortable or ill prepared for doing themselves.

“Wheel of Retailing.” An interesting phenomenon that has been consistently observed in the retail world is the tendency of stores to progressively add to their services. Many stores have started out as discount facilities but have gradually added services that customers have desired. For example, the main purpose of shopping at establishments like Costco and Sam’s Club is to get low prices. These stores have, however, added a tremendous number of services—e.g., eye examinations, eye glass prescription services, tire installation, insurance services, upscale coffee, and vaccinations.

Wheel of Retailing

MANUFACTURER DISTRIBUTION PREFERENCES

Most manufacturers would prefer to have their products distributed widely—that is, for the products to be available in as many stores as possible. This is especially the case for convenience products where the customer has little motivation to go to a less convenient retail outlet to get his or her preferred brand. Soft drinks would be an extreme example here. The vast majority of people would settle for their less preferred brand in a vending machine rather than going elsewhere to get their top choice. This is one reason why being a small share brand in certain categories can become a vicious cycle that perpetuates itself.

For most manufacturers, wide distribution is not realistically obtainable. In food product categories, for example, the larger supermarkets can carry a large number of brands. Smaller convenience stores and warehouse stores, however, are likely to carefully pick a few brands. After all, if convenience stores were to carry as many products as supermarkets, the purpose of having a neighborhood store with easy entry and exit would be defeated.

In a very small number of cases, some manufacturers prefer to have their products selectively, or even exclusively, distributed. This is usually the case for high prestige brands (e.g., Estee Lauder) or premium quality image brands (e.g., high end electronic products) that require considerable before and after sales service.

DISTRIBUTION INTERESTS: RETAILERS VS. MANUFACTURERS

Manufacturers of different kinds of products have different interests with respect to the availability of their products. For convenience products such as soft drinks, it is essential that your product be available widely. Chances are that if a store does not have a consumer’s preferred brand of soft drinks, the consumer will settle for another brand rather than taking the trouble to go to another store. Occasionally, however, manufacturers will prefer selective distribution since they prefer to have their products available only in upscale stores.

Parallel distribution structures refer to the fact that products may reach consumers in different ways. Most products flow through the traditional manufacturer – -> retailer –> consumer channel. Certain large chains may, however, demand to buy directly from the manufacturer since they believe they can provide the distribution services at a lower cost themselves. In turn, of course, they want lower prices, which may anger the traditional retailers who feel that this represents unfair competition. Firms may also choose to utilize factory outlet stores. To allay concerns held by conventional stores, however, these factory outlet stores are usually located in areas where they are not easily accessible.

We must consider what is realistically available to each firm. A small manufacturer of potato chips would like to be available in grocery stores nationally, but this may not be realistic. We need to consider, then, both who will be willing to carry our products and whom we would actually like to carry them. In general, for convenience products, intense distribution is desirable, but only brands that have a certain amount of power—e.g., an established brand name—can hope to gain national intense distribution. Note that for convenience goods, intense distribution is less likely to harm the brand image—it is not a problem, for example, for Haagen Dazs to be available in a convenience store along with bargain brands—it is expected that people will not travel much for these products, so they should be available anywhere the consumer demands them. However, in the category of shopping goods, having Rolex watches sold in discount stores would be undesirable—here, consumers do travel, and goods are evaluated by customers to some extent based on the surrounding merchandise.

In general, a brand can expect lesser distribution in its early stages—fewer retailers are motivated to carry it. Similarly, when a product category is new, it will be available in fewer stores—e.g., in the early days, computer disks were available only in specialty stores, but now they can be found in supermarkets and convenience stores as well. Certain products that are not well established may have to get their start on “infomercials,” only slowly getting entry into other types out outlets. (Please see PowerPoint chart).

Different parties involved in the marketing of products tend to have different, and often conflicting, interests:

Full service retailers tend dislike intensive distribution.

Low service channel members can “free ride” on full service sellers.

Manufacturers may be tempted toward intensive distribution—appropriate only for some; may be profitable in the short run.

Market balance suggests a need for diversity in product categories where intensive distribution is appropriate.

Service requirements differ by product category.

Diversion occurs when merchandise intended for one market is bought up by a distributor that then ships it to a different market. Sometimes, a manufacturer will run a promotion in one region but not in another, and speculators will then buy extra quantity in the promoted area and ship it another area. The speculator will then sell it to local retailers or distributors for a price slightly lower than what is being charged through the regular channel but at a price that still allows a nice profit. Certain products sell for different prices in different countries. As we discussed in the unit of international marketing, a gray market occurs when a product is bought in one country and exported to another where the price is generally higher. Both Louis Vuitton suitcases and golf clubs were imported to Japan, depressing prices there.

Recent retail trends. Over the past decade, there has been considerable growth in both extremes of the continuum from low price, low service to high price, high service retailers. There has been considerably growth both in the Wal-Mart and Nordstrom-type retailers than there has been in between.

For some time, during difficult economic times in the mid 2000s, discount stores like Wal-Mart actually tended to increase sales as consumers seemed to switch their purchases of the same products from higher priced to lower priced stores rather than reducing the quantity and quality bought in the product categories. It appears that consumers have done most of the switching that can be reasonably done this

Administrative and Personnel Investigations

Administrative and Personnel Investigations

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Abstract

It can not be disputed that administration and personnel investigations are important roles that the security personnel play in any given organization. Administrative roles seek to enhance efficiency and improve the performance of the security personnel. Investigations are viable in problem resolution as they provide objective information upon which decision making is based. In all instances, investigators need to conform to the conditions and guidelines that are established by the organization. Usually, investigations present varied challenges especially because circumstances differ considerably. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of administrative roles by the security manning the warehouse. In addition, it underscores an objective procedure that needs to be followed by the security when carrying out investigations.

Administrative and Personnel Investigations

Administration of security issues and conducting of personnel investigations is at the core of security concerns in the warehouse. These should be pursued in an effective manner in order to enhance the security of the products in the warehouse as well as the occupants therein. Certainly, proper administration and conducting of investigations enables the organization to confront security concerns with ease. In addition, it helps this organization to address employee misconduct and facilitate assumption of acceptable behavior. This needs to be attained without compromising employee productivity or damaging personnel morale. The following guidelines should be followed in pursuing this goal.

Effective administration of security issues in the warehouse if of paramount importance for this organization. This is because it enhances efficiency and ensures that all activities are carried out in an effective and timely manner. This is essential for attainment of optimal outputs for any organization. Electronic facilities in the warehouse need to be monitored accordingly. This can be attained if security matters are coordinated in an effective manner. In this regard, it would be important for the security personnel to clearly define the roles of each employee (Curtis & McBride, 2004). It would also be useful for any security information to be stored safely and effectively for easy retrieval when need arises. Most importantly, all security personnel need to uphold professional ethics and follow guidelines accordingly.

With respect to personnel investigations, there are distinct guidelines that should be adhered to when undertaking this. These are objective and aim at limiting allegations of discrimination, harassment, dishonesty, insubordination and retaliation. According to Sloan (2008), they are procedural and start with recognizing when an investigation is required. The need for an investigation is in most instances informed by violation of rules, employee misconduct, filing of a complaint, reporting of a questionable scenario and so forth. This is followed by establishment of the goals of the investigation. In most instances, the primary objective of any investigation entails providing factual and sound evidence.

The security personnel then proceed to determination of who undertakes the investigation. The investigator needs to have sufficient experience, skills and knowledgeable of the legal dynamics and organizational rules governing investigations (Sloan, 2008). This is followed by the identification of witnesses as well as documents. Witness and document identification should be done immediately in order to avoid delays that can compromise the attainment of credible evidence. Then, the investigator proceeds to listing important questions as well as interviewing techniques. These should seek to elicit as much information as possible about the problem. After interviews, investigators need to compile the information and employ it in viable decision making.

References

Curtis, G. & McBride, B. (2004). Proactive security administration. New York: Prentice Hall.

Sloan, J. (2008). Conducting effective personnel investigations: An in depth manual for California public sector employers. USA: CreateSpace.

Administrative Decentralization

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Administrative Decentralization

Administrative decentralization refers to the redistribution of responsibility, authority and financial resources in an organization, taking on three forms: devolution, delegation and deconcentration (Dubois & Fattore, 2009). In devolution, authority when it comes to decision making, management and finance are actually transferred to quasi autonomous units. Deconcentration on the other hand entails redistributing management and decision making authority amongst different levels of management, with the overall supervision being done by the central management. The final form, delegation, entails the transfer of administration and decision making responsibility to semi autonomous units, which are ultimately accountable to the central government. In local emergency services, administrative decentralization has a number of potential benefits and pitfalls. The benefits however outweigh the pitfalls, making administrative decentralization a necessity in emergency services (Cohen & Peterson, n.d).

Foremost amongst the benefits is the potential it has to improve efficiency and effectiveness. Emergency services usually entail important decision making situations that require the quick, effective and efficient choices, as in most cases, lives are saved based on whether or not decisions were made in a timely manner. It is no different when it comes to administrative decisions, as the need to have a number of independent units capable of functioning on their own cannot be overemphasized.

In cases where the type of emergencies to be dealt with are known and clearly outlined, deconcentration may serve as the best model to adopt, as with uniform guidelines, operations at all the various units can be harmonized, due to the management chain being one, with particular protocols being put in place. Decentralization in this case, could actually improve effectiveness and efficiency in the sense that operations can be ran from the point of service, making the unit more effective when it comes to acquisition of required infrastructure and human resources, which may vary from one point to another. A good example would be the fire fighting department, after setting up uniform recruitment, operation and procurement procedures, each individual fire station would then be allowed to operate independently, and procure equipment or recruit according to its needs, making it more efficient and effective. Even in cases where the type of emergencies being dealt with are known, the need for administrative decentralization is still present, due to the fact that various areas experience emergencies at different frequencies and of different magnitudes, making it necessary for each unit to be flexible and malleable depending on its location.

For emergency services that respond to adhoc emergencies, decentralization is very important, first due to the importance of timely responses, and the need for prompt decision making. The need for prompt decisions therefore means that decentralization occurs not just at administrative level, but also in the level of authority accorded the field teams. In this case, discretion is usually not just applicable to human resources and procurement, but also to regulation. Due to the unpredictable nature of adhoc emergencies, the need for leniency when it comes to decision making is paramount, as most situations usually present unique challenges which require not just prompt but unique solutions. As such, it is therefore important that even the decision making process is decentralized for the field teams to be able to work effectively.

The abrupt nature of all emergencies further underlines the need for decentralization, as a distribution of roles ensures that the organizations are constantly ready to handle any emergencies that might arise, regardless of the personnel present. Decentralization also results in increased accountability, as a larger group of people are held accountable for the smooth running of the organization, a factor that definitely impacts performance and therefore leads to efficient operations and even more transparency.

There however are pitfalls associated with administrative decentralization, foremost amongst them being the potential failures at local level due to weak technical or administrative abilities of those delegated to. Even though decentralization redistributes authority, it actually requires that the individual being delegated to have strong administrative abilities, otherwise the system would fail. This also applies to field operations, in that if the field respondents do not have the requisite technical and administrative abilities, operations will suffer in cases of decentralization. In addition, decentralization makes control and distribution of financial resources much more difficult, more so if the resources are scarce. This therefore means that the quality of services might actually not be the same throughout the locality, due to the fact that distribution of resources might not be equal. Furthermore, this skewed distribution may also lead to compromised efficiency and effectiveness in some areas. In cases where the emergency requires widespread efforts, coordination might actually be more difficult and complex, a major disadvantage considering that emergency services usually require swift responses (Mullins, 2004).

While pitfalls do exist, there is no doubting that decentralization in local emergency services is actually a necessity, although the most prudent approach would be deconcentration, which would allow for some degree of central control and effective coordination. This would therefore allow for local emergency services to enjoy the benefits of decentralization, such as improved effectiveness and efficiency, while eliminating the potentially avoidable pitfalls, as most of the people authority is distributed to, would have proven track records within the organization.

References

Cohen, J., & Peterson, S. (n.d). Administrative Decentralization: A New Framework forImproved Governance, Accountability, and Performance. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.cid.harvard.edu/hiid/582.pdf” http://www.cid.harvard.edu/hiid/582.pdf

Dubois, H., & Fattore, G. (2009). Definitions and typologies in public administration research:the case of decentralization. International Journal of Public Administration 32(8), 704727.

Mullins, D. (2004). Accountability and Coordination in a Decentralized Context: Institutional,Fiscal and Governance Issues. Retrieved from. HYPERLINK “http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/decentralization/June21seminar/LiteratureReview.pdf” http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/decentralization/June21seminar/LiteratureReview.pdf

Administrative Law Case Analysis

Administrative Law Case Analysis

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InstitutionAdministrative Law Case Analysis

A by-law can be defined to mean rules and regulations set enacted by a local government authority or a corporation with an aim of governing only that area. Bylaws can also be defined as laws enacted or passed by the local authority. The paper seeks to investigate the legality of the by-law enacted in the facts provided, and rise legal issues identified in the problem, as well as resolving the particular issues identified. Lastly, the paper is also meant to devise the remedies to the infringed parties and the situation.

Brief facts

Tabitha, a business lady ventures into the transport business, a gesture which is welcomed by the society because of the advantages the business promises to offer. First of all her single horse chariot reduces traffic jam in the city, it also attracts more tourists to the city. Abner Kravitz, a brother to the city mayor, convinces the mayor to pass a by-law stopping Tabitha to carry on her business because Abner Kravitz is engaged in the same business therefore he is fearing competition. Another by-law is created and it aids the city authority to take land which has been used to rear the horses.

Legal issues

Whether the bylaws enacted are valid and legally acceptable

Whether there possible remedies available for Tabitha

Whether the judge who was an animal activist will be on the bench that will hear the matter

What would be the possible defense for the decisions of the local authority?

Law applicable

The Canadian Constitution

The municipal government Act

Canada corporations Act part II

Common principals

Resolution of issues

Whether the bylaws enacted are valid and legally acceptable

Basically, there are several requirements that have to be conformed to for the by-law to be valid, of which failure would render the law a nullity. In every municipal, there must a body of authority governing the enactment of by-laws and the implementation of those laws enacted by the legislature of the nation. Section 151 of the municipal government Act provides for the procedures of passing a by-law by the municipal authority, it provides for a number of people or members who are required to be present. Failure to conform to the provision of this particular section, the passed by-law stands the chances of being challenged under section536 of the same Act.

In the instant facts, the council had “a closed door” meeting, thus no one can check the provisions that were violated. The Act does not provide for a closed door meeting, the number should not be below that required by the Act breach of which renders the resolution of such an authority invalid. Section 149 provides that for a by-law to be considered valid, it must be at least 180 days before the general meeting from which it will take effect and subsection 3 of the same Act provides that such a by-law must be advertised. From the facts provided, the by-law was not advertised andTabitha was caught unaware of any law regarding her business. Therefore, this by-law at common and in accordance with the municipal government Act is regarded a nullity.

Whether there possible remedies available for Tabitha

In common law, there is no wrong that goes without a remedy. Any infringement must have a remedy or else the doctrines of equity have to devise a probable remedy. Section 536 of the municipal government Act gives a provision for challenging a by-law that an individual does not feel comfortable with. Subsection 1(a) the same section states that any person may apply to the Queens bench that the by-law or the any kind of resolution passed is a nullity or invalid. (b) Also provide for a different remedy of repealing the law or amending it basing on what the court deems fit for the problem to be resolved. Therefore, in the facts provided and depending on the observations made above, it is clear that the process of passing the by-laws is full of irregularities, which are inconsistent with the municipal government Act.

The most appropriate remedy to apply in judicial review for the facts is prohibition. Prohibition is a court order which renders a given law or resolution of any authority or public officer invalid. This order implies that no subject is bound by the quashed order. With the facts provided it means that once the Queen’s Bench court issues this order, Tabitha will not be bound by the by-law.

Whether the judge who is an animal activist will be on the bench that will hear the matter

The other question that would arise is whether the judge who is an animal activist will be on the bench that will hear the matter. Any qualified judge can adjudicate any matter brought before him in the chambers or court of law. However, there are various issues that can be put forward that can disqualify a judge from hearing a matter. The standard for any trial in court is natural justice, and one of the principals of natural justice is fair hearing and being impartial. In the facts, it is established that one of the judges who are going to hear the application is a former activist for animals’ rights. As such, he cannot sit on the bench since he is biased to the application or he already has a side in the case.

The other remedy for Derwood Bay First Nation is section 15 of the municipal government Act this section provides that any one infringed by the municipal bylaws can apply to the land board to issue an order the vacation of the particular land or compensating the land owner. This is because with the facts provided, a piece of land occupied by Derwood Bay Nations is being taken over by the city authority under a new by-law enacted.

What would be the possible defenses for the decisions of the municipal authority?

In conclusion, the municipal authority would have some defence though in the end it will be the court to decide whether the defence will be successful. First, the authority will advise court not to rely on Tabitha’s claim of lack of knowledge because it is a general rule at common law that ignorance of the law is not a defense, it is her duty to know where to find the law as good citizen. Secondly, since the meeting was a closed door meeting how would one allege closed door meeting the irregularities yet know one attended. In summary, those are the few probable defenses the municipal authority would afford in the courts of law.