Category: Uncategorized

Finding Fish

Name

Institution

Finding Fish

According to the story about Antwone Fisher as presented in the book “Finding Fish”, it was all about the triumph of the will. The kind of disregard, abuse and neglect Antwone was taken through throughout his early stages of life were too tough to have turned any man into a cold heart that would seek transference of such experiences to any other individual he came across later in life. However, a part of him remained intact and did not despair. In a psychosocial analysis of Antwone’s development, one ought to find various intriguing aspects of his life that depict his endurance.

Stages of Development

In reference to the stages of development as proposed by Erik Erikson, a developmental psychologist, Antwone experiences were well spread across his stages of development. The first stage in this case entails trust versus mistrust development (Berge, 2010). This is the most vital stage of development as it involves the initial care and love that a child receives from the mother. The experiences that a child is taken through in this stage will help them to either trust that life is a smooth ride, and have hopes that it will always be well for them in the future, or develop mistrust about life and loose hope for betterment. In Antwone’s development, this was the stage where he received the full attention that he deserved to surpass the various undesirable experiences that he was to be subjected to later in life. Mrs. Nellie Strange, his foster mother showed him all the gentleness and care he deserved. She even did not like the idea of giving Antwone up, and she consistently said she wanted to be with him (Fisher, 2001). Because of his experience of love and care at this stage, Antwone developed trust in life. He believed that everything would turn in his favor in life.

In the second stage of development, Erikson speaks of autonomy versus shame (Berge, 2010). At this stage, Antwone also seemed to gain some positive value that was important for his development. Having left his foster mother at an early age of three, he appeared to have developed a great extent of self-reliance. “Antwone crawls all over the place, stands and walks holding onto things, he says hi and bye bye…he smiles a good deal and appears to be a well-cared for child” (Fisher, 2001). Nevertheless, this stage brought a sharp turn in Antwone’s development. His new foster family was such a mess with his foster father Mr. Pickett, who was a preacher, being aloof, while Miss Pickett was domineering, manipulative, and very abusive. As a result, Antwone was a victim of sexual, physical and emotional abuse at this tender age. He lost his initiative and instead was filled with guilt, which made him feel inadequate, an aspect that was to haunt him for most part of his life.

In the next stage of development, this focused on industry versus inferiority development, Antwone was subject to various feelings of inferiority and inadequacy among other children due to his prior life experiences of abuse (Berge, 2010). His teacher, Mrs. Profit was however of great importance when she intervened in his situation and helped him overcome his feelings. Antwone proceeds to make friends at school, who became a vital part of his perseverance. However, his mother turns out to be a cause for drawbacks when she strives to slow down his development. She punishes him whenever he needs compliments and even uses his idea of gaining independence through raking the lawns of other people for her own gain (Fisher, 2001). Nevertheless, Antwone trusts her again.

The fifth stage of development, identity versus role confusion, appeared to be one in which Antwone was to remain stuck for a long period of time (Berge, 2010). This was not until he was enlisted to join the navy. He was asked in various instances how he wanted to carry put his life and what he wanted to do and he seemed to ignore the question. As much as he considers venturing in art, he does not show any pragmatism in the issue. He did not look at the goal as achievable. However, his colleagues at the navy proved to be of great assistance to him (Fisher, 2001). They stirred in him a wave of change that allowed him to overturn his perception of inferiority in him and develop confidence in himself, an aspect that changed his course of development back to the positive tract.

Various development tasks were realized during these stages. One of such tasks that one ought to achieve is social attachment. Right from infancy, an individual is prepared to attach themselves to the caregiving person and later to the people surrounding them (Berry, Poortinga, & Pandey, 1997). There develops a strong bond between an infant and the caregiver, which is vital for satisfying the basic psychological needs. Antwone achieved this task by being attached to his initial foster mother Mrs. Nellie, such that the two found it hard to let each other go when the time came. However, Antwone’s social attachment was disrupted for a while by the cruel Miss Pickett, who built in him a sense of inferiority and subjected him to various abuses that created in him fear and isolation. This need for attachment is rejuvenated in school where he makes friends and later in the navy where most of the persons he interacted with wanted to help him (Fisher, 2001).

Another development task of importance is attaining a sense of identity (Ingersoll, 2012). This is an important task in the development of a child as it involves identifying what makes one unique in the way they are. In most cases, an individual’s identity extends from their parents, but it is unique and forms a separation from their parents. Antwone faced a tough time realizing his identity due to the inferiority that had been developed into him by Miss Pickett. However, he later developed his sense of identity when he joined the navy and received much support from his colleagues (Fisher, 2001).

Psychological and emotional independence from parents is yet another development task of importance (Ingersoll, 2012). As much as an individual may seek to maintain the support they receive from parents, the progress into adulthood requires them to start practicing a sense of independence. Antwone’s emotional and psychological independence seemed to have been developed earlier in life, as he did not receive any emotional support since he started staying with the pickets and he was left to persevere and heal himself from the emotional trauma that he was taken through with all the abuses he faced. However, his independence to come up with ideas was also hindered by Miss Pickett who punished him for accomplishments (Fisher, 2001).

Antwone Fishers psychosocial crisis is of great relevance as it depicts the importance of the initial developmental stages of an individual in their lives thereafter. The cycle of development is a continuous process that needs not to be broken. As much as there may be various hurdles in life that may pose a threat on this cycle, it is important to ensure that the cycle remains intact. The crisis showed how the initial stage of trust set a positive mind in Antwone, onto which he built his resistance to negativity. As much as he may have despair a few times due to his experiences, he just required little guidance to rejuvenate the trust that he had inside and surge forward again.

Bio-psychosocial Framework

Identifying Information

Antwone Fisher is a polite individual with much of a story to tell hidden behind his outlook. At first, he could not speak out his heart and mind, but was later pushed to speak in honesty even in occasions when he is filled with anger. He is a single orphan, whose mother abandoned him.

Presenting Problem

Antwone suffered emotional and psychological wreckage over his early stages of development, where he was abandoned by his mother and lost his father to murder. The Pickets, a family that subjected him to abuse of all kinds at a tender age and derailed his development, brought him up. He engages in many fights with his colleagues, an aspect that is likely related to his previous life.

Client’s Description and Functioning

The client show proper cognitive functioning. He also maintains honesty even at his points of anger and bitter memories.Physical and Economic Environment

The client was brought up in a poor economic environment, and he was subjected to physical abuse.

Current Social Functioning

The client has a poor relationship with most of his colleagues and often engages in fights with most of them.

Family Situation

The client is a single orphan, abandoned by his mother.

Sexual/Emotional Relationship

The client is in a relationship with a woman colleague, whom he is in love with. They have an active sexual relationship.

Personal and Family History Relevant to Current Focus

The client’s further was shot dead by his former girlfriend, and his mother abandoned him in his early childhood. The client was well cared for and loved by his first foster mother. He later faced hardship and abuse when he moved to stay with his second foster family.

Assessment

The client is mad at his family for neglecting him during his times of suffering.

Psychological/Social and Emotional Functioning

The client accepts that he came with his problems to the navy. He links his fights not with the navy but with his initial life. The client accommodates all the new information delivered to him by the therapist during the sessions and through the take-away material, and exhibits changes in his stance. Progress is evident in terms of overcoming anxiety, as the client is able to develop a positive relationship with the therapist and his girlfriend.

Worker’s Understanding of Client’s Presenting Situation

Most workers understand the client’s current situation and they have given him a chance to overcome his anxiety by showing him support.

References

Berge, K. S. (2010). Invitation to the Lifespan. New York: Worth Publishers.

Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., & Pandey, J. (1997). Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology: Theory and method. New York: John Berry.

Fisher, A. Q. (2001). Finding Fish. New York : HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.

Ingersoll, G. M. (2012). Developmental Tasks of Normal Adolescence. Retrieved April 18, 2014, from California Coalition on Sexual Offending: http://www.ccoso.org/library%20articles/Developmental%20Tasks%20of%20Normal%20Adolescence.htm

32645358851265450000

21310603322320Accounting Analysis

0Accounting Analysis

Year Sale Volume

1 $ 70,000

2 $ 80,000

3 $ 100,000

4 $ 85,000

5 $ 75,000

PDA

Prototype $ 8,500,000

Marketing $ 2,500,000

Selling Price $ 250

Variable Cost $ 86

Fixed Cost $ 2.4 million per year

Machine Cost $ 10,000,000

First Year

Sales

Less: Variable 70,000 QUOTE 6,020,000

Fixed Cost

Net Income before tax

Less: Tax

Net Income after tax $ 5,448,000

Depreciation Expenses

Cash Flow $ 7,448,000

Second Year

Sales 80,000 QUOTE 20,000,000

Less: Variable 80,000 QUOTE

Fixed Cost 2,400,000

Net Income before tax

Less: Tax

Net Income after tax $ 6,432,000

Depreciation Expenses

Cash Flow $ 8,432,000

Third Year

Sales 100,000 QUOTE 25,000,000

Less: Variable QUOTE

Fixed Cost 2,400,000

Net Income before tax

Less: Tax QUOTE $ 5,600,000

Net Income after tax 8,400,000

Depreciation Expenses

Cash Flow $ 10,400,000

Fourth Year

Sales 85,000 QUOTE

Less: Variable 85,000 QUOTE 7,310,000

Fixed Cost 2,400,000

Net Income before tax

Less: Tax QUOTE

Net Income after tax $ 6,924,000

Depreciation Expenses

Cash Flow $ 8,924,000

Fifth Year

Sales 75.000 QUOTE 18,750,000

Less: Variable QUOTE 6,450,000

Fixed Cost 2,400,000

Net Income before tax

Less: Tax

Net Income after tax $ 5,940,000

Depreciation Expenses

Cash Flow $ 7,940,000

Year Cash Flow

1 $ 7,448,000

2 $ 8,432,000

3 $ 10,400,000

4 $ 8,924,000

5 $ 7,940,000

Pitfalls of using playback Period

It has insufficient genuine certainties, which pick the length of best payback period? Nobody from different does – it is arranged by setting one venture opportunity against an alternate. Money streams are viewed as either prepay back or post-payback, however the last have a tendency to be disregarded. Payback makes no note of the impact on business benefit. Its sole concern is money stream.

The genuine downside of payback period is it doesn’t depend on the period estimation of cash it may prompt wrong choice making (Hail, Leuz & Wysocki, 2010). Since the money inflows of a venture may be dubious, in this manner an undertaking could have a worthy rate of return yet it still not by any stretch of the imagination meet the organization’s obliged least payback period. Payback period additionally does not measure the gainfulness of a business which is the essential objective in business. It simply essentially tells the administrators that the obliged years to recoup the first venture.

Accounting Rate of Return

Advantages of ARR

Accounting rate of return (ARR) is to assess a venture or venture’s benefit that without material assessments and gathering enthusiasm after wipe out the cash contributed from returns. Accounting rate of return permits organizations to gauge the venture’s productivity focused around speculation income that less cash contributed. ARR may be ascertained more than one years of a venture’s lifespan. On the off chance that figured more than one years, the midpoints of venture and income are taken. The recipe of ARR as beneath:

ARR has a gainfulness objective where when the buys have made, firms can utilize the accounting rate of return system to track the productivity and expense viability of the capital venture. This may help firms to enhance choices making and arrangement adequately related to capital consumptions. In addition, it is basic and less demanding approach to compute and see by utilizing ARR strategy, it can be assess rapidly on the recognize that permitting firms to exploit quick open doors.

For long haul activities and ventures evaluation might great to utilizing net present quality technique on the grounds that it account period estimation of cash which considers potential approaching money stream and measure the abundance of money streams. This may then to consider the issues and dangers of future money stream and general net money stream. Net present esteem additionally serves to expand association’s worth

It consider the period estimation of cash when gauge a ventures or activities in light of the fact that when venture’s available worth is zero, the count figure out the return then will know the base rate of return. It will take care of the expenses and make a benefit the length of the rate is sure. Interior rate of return technique is easy to see as the estimation gives a rate for each one venture. The higher inward rate of return will be the best to pick when choose from more ventures, this assistance to settle on the choice effortlessly

There are a few hindrances for interior rate of return. Inward rate of return computation overlooks the dollar esteem subsequently it is not the best for looking at totally unrelated tasks. For example, Project X may give introductory venture of $10000 a 10% inside rate of return. Venture Y may give beginning speculation of $100000 a 5% inward rate of return. With interior rate of return strategy, would dismiss the Project Y despite the fact that it come about a higher benefit. Next to inside rate of return is hard to comprehend to figure diverse rate in light of the fact that when the present estimation of money inflow not balance with present estimation of money surge the genuine estimation of inward rate of return may be two new rates.

Disadvantage of using ARR method

The drawback of ARR technique is that it accept steady adapting to keep up same expense of capital. This once in a while happens as money inflows over the period change the adapting. An organization will need to issue obligation routinely to keep up same outfitting (Kothari, Ramanna & Skinner, 2010). This is hard to do because of regulatory issues and expenses. It is likewise not simple to compute expense of capital that is utilized for marking down money streams (Kothari, Ramanna & Skinner, 2010). At long last, the ARR technique is not helpful all alone’s the point at which an organization confronts capital proportioning. The benefit file may must be utilized alongside the ARR to assess interests in a capital apportioning situation.

The ARR system in capital planning looks to cure a portion of the shortcoming of payback and the accounting rate of return. Net present worth takes entirety of all money streams and outpouring over the life of the venture and makes recompense for the period estimation of cash and computes the present estimation of all normal future money stream by utilizing least target rate of return.

Net present esteem additionally has inconveniences where if the measure of speculation is not equivalent in tasks of fundamentally unrelated, ARR can’t settle on a choice precisely. It is hard to ascertain the rebate rate proper on account of indeterminate in assessing markdown rate may make unverifiable of ARR numbers. Likewise, when specific activities are not equivalent life ARR may not give right choice.

Taking everything into account, to settling on a choice by utilizing ARR system, pick the task which has higher ARR than standard and reject lower ARR if the undertakings are autonomous. While, if tasks are fundamentally unrelated, pick the venture which has most noteworthy ARR and reject different ventures.

The company should consider undertaking the PDA project, but it should on the other hand consider the AAR approach because it shows that there exist profitability trend in the project. This will be an added advantage to the business as it lows cost of production.

References

Hail, L., Leuz, C., & Wysocki, P. (2010). Global accounting convergence and the potential adoption of IFRS by the US (Part I): Conceptual underpinnings and economic analysis. Accounting Horizons, 24(3), 355-394.

Kothari, S. P., Ramanna, K., & Skinner, D. J. (2010). Implications for GAAP from an analysis of positive research in accounting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2), 246-286.

Accounting auditing and fraud

Presented to

Institution

Madoff was a successiful entrepreneur who made use of computer technology in making trading systems more secure, efficient and cheap. Madoff used to visit Wall Street during early stages of life and wished he would become a leading player in the finance sector. In collaboration with other friends, Madoff organized the NASDAQ exchange, which ended up becoming the world’s largest electronic stock market. Other security agencies, like NYSE were forced to switch to electronic securities trading. Madoff fame came to an end after the federal authorities realized he was operating a 50-65 million U.S. dollars Ponzi scheme. Prior to his confession to the family in 2008, Madoff used the investments made by new clients in pay fictitious returns to fellow clients. This made both Madoff and his independent auditor face fraud charges. The following discussion relates to Madoff Securities International Limited fraud case and its implications on the nation’s financial reporting system (Knapp, 2013; 161-163).

The ineffectiveness of Friehling made Madoff securities sustain the financial fraud for so long. In addition, Madoff’s independent auditor, David Friehling, played a vital role in ignoring fraud checkups for decades. The results of poor audit management by Friehling have made the business fall under heavy scrutiny and face more challenges from the public. Friehling is liable for arrest by the federal prosecutors for flouting the accounting profession’s auditor independence rules. Moreover, Madoff’s independent auditor failed to subscribe to the AICPA code of conduct making him ignore most rules. Freihling failed in correcting the entity’s financial statements that were false when he had the authority to record the entity. In addition, the company violated the rules of performance and profession service by disclosure of confidential client information (International Federation of Accountants, 2013).

Madoff had had issue with Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) since the financial statements that introduced fraud were stamped. In addition, Madoff had provided false information regarding his employees since the body came to realize that he had only one active accountant. Moreover, the failure by Freihling to disclose the financial audits to AICPA made SEC angrier with Madoff. After December 2008 situation, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) took decisive and comprehensive steps in reducing chances for such frauds as seen at Madiff Securities Limited to occur again. Financial fraud plays a key role in stabilizing a nation’s economy requiring the associate bodies, like SEC, to develop strategies for minimizing or preventing such case in the future. On the other hand, Madoff auditor operated in a tiny CPA firm that brought many questions by the SEC professions as to how such a big company could be operated by one auditor in a small office.

From the following discussing, Madoff’s conduct should not be allowed in the present society since it portrays how selfish a person could be. According to the NASBA (2010), entrepreneurs should portray high degree of ethics towards their clients and avoid misusing their funds for their own benefiters. The SEC in collaboration with AICPA should develop strong systems and rules that govern the actions of auditors to capture the like of Freihling. In addition, firm leaders should stress on the importance of ethical behaviors and encourage members to act towards the public interest. Moreover, Freihling conduct demonstrated employee ignorance of the rules and regulations governing their profession. Freihling should be jailed in order to serve as an example to others.

References

International Federal of Accountants. (2013). Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants.

Retrieved from:

http://www.ifac.org/

Knapp, M. C. (2013). Contemporary auditing: Real issues and cases. Australia: South-Western

Cengage Learning.

NASBA. (2010). Audit Fees and Engagement Profitability: A Threats and Safeguards Approach

to Strengthen Compliance with Standards of Ethical Behavior. Retrieved from:

http://www.nasba.org/files/2011/03/Ethics_and_Strategic_Issues_Discussion-2010.pdf

Student’s Name

Professor’s Name

Course

Date

The United States and Iran Foreign Policy

Introduction

The associations between the United States and Iran have persisted ever from the nineteenth century. The American missionaries are regarded to have been in Iran for a more extended period than the nineteenth century. However, the real association between these two countries is well evident only from the Second World War. The association between the United States and Iran has commonly been tight, but it seems to have deteriorated. The weakening of the relationships among the two countries can be attributed due to many reasons, but the predominant one is the involvement of the United States CIA in overthrowing Mohammed Mossadegh who was a prominent prime minister during the 1953 coup (Offiler and Ben, p.123). Another reason is during the Islamic Revolution of 1979, whereby it contributed a lot to a breach in associations which seems to have not yet been resolved up to contemporary times. Therefore, these two countries that were regarded as great partners and exhibited close links among themselves nowadays view each other as enemies.

However, the persistent hostility between Iran and the United States typically signifies the dominant paradox for the United States policy in the Persian Gulf. Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the world seems to have changed a lot. The Revolution led to the introduction of a religious administration in Tehran, and therefore this led to the breaking of the United States and Iran relations. The changes which ascended continued to be felt even within the Iranian Revolutionary politics, for instance, the rise and ascendancy of a popular reform movement that was initiated by electing Mohammad Khatami’s into power as a president in the 1997 election, who was a moderate President. Thus this progression stimulated a decline in all-inclusive United States sanctions, and after that, it amplified the expectations of reconciliation between the two countries.

Presently, the Middle East is a conflict-filled, resource-rich, culturally unique region that has been consistently overlooked and underestimated. Multiple stakeholders and states have been involved in the area for some reasons (Kemp and Geoffrey, p.31). The cultural ignorance has influenced U.S. foreign policy to neglect perspective opportunities of a country within impoverished regions. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to critically evaluate Iran and the United States foreign policy interactions from their national perspective. Their internal aspects shall encompass both cultural and administrative influences.

Research Objectives

This research entails fulfilling the following objectives that will examine the significant issues in the foreign policy between the United States and Iran. For example, what drives the United States foreign policy in Iran and also in what way Iran reacts towards the United States foreign policy.

Emphasize the influence of cultural practices on foreign diplomacy tactics

Provide a regional and country-specific historical context for the U.S. and Iranian relations

Differentiate foreign policy between administrations in both Iran and the U.S. With a particular focus on the comparison of Barack Obama’s comprehensive international diplomacy approach and Donald Trump’s restrictive foreign diplomacy approach.

Analyze the United States foreign policy towards Iran and Iran’s foreign policy towards the United States

Critically evaluate determining influences on foreign relations approach with specific adherence to culture, resources, and global status.

The Historical Context between the United States and Iran

According to this paper, the interactions, as well as the interrelations between the United States, instigated in 1951.

In 1951, the excellent relationship between the United States and Iran that existed before experienced a crisis in 1951. This was the period whereby there was a movement to nationalize the Iran oil industry that was regarded as the epitome of the contributor of the country’s economy for it was the primary basis of the foreign exchange revenues. Also, the oil industry existed as the most significant contributor to employment in the country. However, it was controlled by the British which the Iranians strongly opposed. The locals who majority were the Iranians had no say in the running of the industry mainly on production or setting the oil prices. For many years, the British administration benefitted a lot from this oil to the extent of overpassing the Iranian government itself (Duncombe and Constance, p.164). This issue angered the Iranians and therefore during the late 1940s and precisely in 1951, a movement was formed with an objective of nationalizing the oil industry. Mossadegh was the frontrunner of this movement whereby he eventually became the Prime Minister. This led to the nationalizing of the oil industry in 1951, and as a result, conflicts between Britain and Iran began.

Moreover, when the Truman administration was in power, the government tended to support Iran. Consequently, the United States became suspicious of the ancient imperial powers and therefore they backed the nationalists’ movement which was perceived as a significant obstacle towards the spread of communism. The United States was in support of Iran in controlling its oil industry, and they urged the British to look at the plight of the Iranians. However, they were persuaded by the British who from the first beginning oppressed the Iranians. Therefore the two joined hands against Iran.

In 1953, Truman who was the United States leader was not willing to accept the collaboration with the British to overthrow Mossadegh. However, when Eisenhower came to power with his administration, things changed. Eisenhower together with his brother Allen who happened to be the Head of the CIA both decided to join the British to overthrow the Iranian ruler. A joint American-British conspiracy contributed to the ousting of the duly elected Prime Minister. They eventually succeeded in overthrowing him, and thus this was regarded as the 1953 coup. Therefore most of the Iranians saw this as the original sin and from there the relationship between the two countries developed from bad to worse. Afterwards, there was the restoration of the monarch whereby Shah Mohammad Pahlavi who was liked by the Western countries came to power.

The coup consolidated power beneath the Shah, making specific cooperation on oil and discouraging Communist expansion. All this was according to the British interests. Up to now, this coup that led to the removal of Mossadegh is still recognized and more so remembered by the Iranians (Gasiorowski and Mark, p.62). They regard it as a symbol of the Western countries in meddling in Iranian internal affairs resulting in the weakening of the country’s economy as well as poor governance. They regard that the move was much inspired by greed.

In 1957, the United States assisted Iran to start its nuclear plant. Shah signed a deal with the United States which was a civil nuclear collaboration treaty. This led to Tehran creating its nuclear plant. Therefore, the agreement which they made delivered technical aid, and it endorsed the lease of improved Uranium to Iran. This helped Iran to develop a bit as the economy grew slightly. However, there existed some individuals who significantly opposed this idea, for example, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini who was an Islamic leader (Butler and Declan, p.45). He was detained for speaking out against the Shah’s relationship with the United States. His arrest resulted in him being exiled to Turkey. This led in some protests within Iran demanding for his release. From this incidence, it is evident that Shah’s method of the ruling was not according to the likes of several citizens. It can be regarded that Shah was looking for stability by engaging business with the United States (Lansford and Tom, p.28).

However the America’s Iran watchers seemed worried that Shah’s despotic strategies could backfire, and this sparked a revolution against the Western relationships. They claimed that the then regime was spending most of its dollars earned from the oil business on guns, and few of them were used on the basic needs of the populace. Subsequently, after ten weeks when John Kennedy became the leader of the United States and occupied the White House, several riots exploded about everywhere in Tehran. As a result of John Kennedy who was now the new leader, formed a task named National Security Council in 1961, aimed at studying the predicament in Iran. The United States president’s advisers settled at the point that the crisis in Iran, was home-grown and therefore it was not a communist-motivated one as it was regarded. The group feared that lest the Iranian leader embraced economic modernization as well as political reforms, he was going to be ejected from his great seat. On learning this, Shah came up with his new movement which he named as the White Revolution. His movement aimed to introduce some reforms like land reforms plus women rights among several others. However, his move was not well embraced by many individuals in Iran like the landlords and clerics.

One exemplary individual who stood up against Shah’s administration was a sixty-one-year-old cleric known as Khomeini. He typically scorned Shah and his administration and regarded them as the United States puppets. He viewed the reforms which Shah introduced as American-supported reforms and termed them as “Westoxification.” Consequently, the officials in the Shah’s administration considered Khomeini as an annoying bastard. They, therefore, hailed their leaders verdict to send him to exile in 1964. He was first taken to Turkey and was later transferred to Iraq.

Around 1978, Khomeini continued with his activism by establishing an opposition movement in Paris, France. An example of his activism activities was in January 1978 when he led a demonstration against the government. The Iranian troops fired at the massive crowd of protestors in the Qom city where they killed a vast number of demonstrators and also wounding more others. Afterwards, a new revolution was formed whereby the demonstrators spread even to the nearby areas bringing some other coalitions together, for example, the merchants, mullahs as well as the middle-class students who had one thing in common as well as the same goalmouth that Shah had to go. When Shah’s soldiers killed around four hundred protestors on 8th September 1978, and also wounded four thousand in Tehran’s Jaleh Square, he was anticipated that he would eventually step down or be made to live office sooner or later (Lansford and Tom, p.64). This was amplified by a United States Ambassador known as William Sullivan who drafted a cable notifying Carter together with his associates that the right time for change had come. He addressed them that Shah’s ruling tenure was over. In fearing for a great battle of pro-American military command, whereby Shah was to be trolled down to nothing, the Carter advised Shah to pack his bags and leave the office peacefully. This was a humiliating incidence because he had ruled Iran for like forty good years.

Eventually, Shah had nothing to do but to go to exile in Egypt in January 1979. After he went off to exile, Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran after fifteen years. He vowed to cleanse the country of all evils which were introduced by the then rulers and the United States who he seems to have hated a lot as he regarded them as the “Great Satan.” He, therefore, promised to establish the Islamic Republic.

In 1979 that Khomeini together with his loyal supporters claimed Iran as an Islamic State. They occupied the United States embassy in Iran’s capital, Tehran, for over a year protesting for the closure of the embassy. In their response, the United States decided to limit their economic interactions with Iran by freezing their assets. This led to the diplomatic relations between the two countries to be cut short in 1980. Several incidences followed after that like holding into hostage the Americans who were in Iran. After Ronald Regan was elected the United States President and took oath in 1981, the American hostages were finally released by Iran. However, the release of the hostages, the relationship amid the new government in Washington plus the Islamic Republic in Tehran continued to be frosty.

The relationship between the two countries deteriorated which led to several severe incidences happening mainly in Iran. A good example is Beirut bombing which occurred in 1983. In this incident, a suicide bomber beleaguered a United States Marine barracks which led to the death of two hundred and forty-one United States military individuals. This incidence is regarded as the most deadly solo incidence for the American military for an extended period. This attack was associated to be backed by the Iranian militia Hezbollah (Hook et al., p.64). This led to the increased tension between the two countries since none knew what the other country was preparing to do. One year later after the deadly incidence, Reagan administration regarded and proclaimed Iran as a state patron of terror. Several occurrences which were terrific continued to occur between the United States and Iran for example when an Iranian passenger airliner was shot down in 1988 whereby all the passengers who were on board were killed.

In 1989, Khomeini passed away, and another Iranian political figure occupied the highest office, Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani. He continued with activism, and the political tension between the two countries seemed not to decline anytime soon. The 1997 election in which Mohammad Khatami a reformist was elected the president portrayed a new era as well as an opportunity for reconciliation among the two countries. He came up with several reforms for conciliation like stating that Tehran did not need producing some nuclear weapons and the rest should follow the same. In 2000 Madeleine Albright who was the United States secretary general publicly recognized and admitted the damage that the United States had caused it mainly in its political development. Therefore in 2002, Albright announced the lifting of sanctions in Iran. Afterwards, several leaders have come up since the tenure of Albright who seems to fight this menace of bad relations between the two nations like President George Bush. Although several efforts are being made to counter it the prolonged bad relations between the two countries is still evident up to today.

The Current Context between the United States Foreign Policy towards Iran and Vice Versa

Several examples explain the contemporary situation of the foreign policy between the United States and Iran. For instance: Khamenei quickly condemned the attacks that happened in 2011. The United States entered Afghanistan under their decreed war on terror. Afghanistan was able to defeat the Islamic extremist group, the Taliban government, after the U.S. led war. American and Iranian diplomats met together in the urban centre of Bonn, with a few representatives from the United Nations, to create a brand new government and constitution for the capital of Afghanistan. Iran also opened its borders for refugees coming in from Afghanistan. Iran proposed a “grand bargain” to the U.S. to assist their presence in the region and even claimed they would possibly recognize Israel as a state (Hook et al., p.42). The U.S. overlooked the proposed meeting, once again disrespecting Iran.

During the Obama administration, several treaties were signed between these two nations, for example, the Iran Nuclear deal. Obama administration proved to put more effort to address the importance of denuclearization as well as putting more effort to see the agreements and treaties were respected. The Iran Nuclear Deal which Obama was involved was broken up into four significant tenants;

Limitating Iran’s Uranium stockpile. The Uranium supply is always below the amount necessary to form a nuclear weapon.

Uranium enrichment also disables them from being able to create a nuclear weapon

Iran gave up two-thirds of their centre fuses.

UN inspectors have relatively easy access to inspect any Iranian nuclear or military facilities

The U.S., European Union, and UN will lift sanctions extremely damaging to their economy.

The president Trump Administration exists as a reversal of Obama’s progression. It is considered to be of disrespectful diplomacy. President Trump has abandoned the Iran Nuclear Deal, which was required to be signed by the President every 90 days. Donald Trump utilizations of fear-mongering tactics and generalizations translated into diplomatic action. He seems to increase the lift between the two nations instead of embracing dialogue to end the conflict.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the progress on the United States and Iranian relations have been set back from the Trump administration. Cultural influence and capitalistic needs have blurred relations that Barack Obama began to bring clarity to in the Iran Nuclear Deal. Unfortunately, the deceptive behavior of the current administration has to lead to regression in relations between the two nations. Therefore, peaceful international relationships should be enhanced not only between the two nations but also among other countries in the globe as there usually exist mutual benefits regarding economic growth and development.

The existence of violent and unethical religious groups in Iran does not mean that the government, as well as the nation in general, does not deserve support from the United States as this should be an incentive of getting to this specific country to assist the local government in enhancing cohesion among the warring communities. In effect to the violent relationships existing between Iran and the United States, there is the urge of the federal governments implement appropriate policies which can be enacted through the states’ Congress. Development of peaceful relations between the United States and Iran will open doors to economic growth in consideration of open trade interactions, cultural exchange as well as ensuring that there are no limits regarding investments among the citizens whose results will be significant societal empowerment.

Works Cited

“Engel Statement on Iran Deal.” States News Service, 14 July 2015, www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-421696508.html?refid=easy_hf.

“Introduction.” US Foreign Policy and the Modernization of Iran, doi:10.1057/9781137482211.0003.

“IRAN-US CLAIMS TRIBUNAL v. AS.” International Law Reports, pp. 321–330., doi:10.1017/cbo9781316152232.021.

Butler, Declan. “Iran Nuclear Deal Poses Scientific Challenges.” Nature, Sept. 2015, doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17296.

Council on Foreign Relations, Council on Foreign Relations, www.cfr.org/middle-east-and-north-africa/iran.

Duncombe, Constance. “Representation, Recognition and Respect: Foreign Policy and the Iran-US Relationship.” doi:10.14264/uql.2015.164.

Kemp, Geoffrey. U.S. and Iran: the Nuclear Dilemma: next Steps. Nixon Center, 2004.

Offiler, Ben. “US Foreign Policy and the Modernization of Iran.” 2015, doi:10.1057/9781137482211.

The Middle East: United States Policy and Relations in the …web.stanford.edu/class/e297c/war_peace/middleeast/hcentury.html.

“UN Nuclear Chief Supports US-Iran Talks.” Physics Today, 2009, doi:10.1063/pt.5.023023.

Lansford, Tom. A bitter harvest: US Foreign Policy and Afghanistan. Routledge, 2017.

Hook, Steven W., and John Spanier. American foreign policy since World War II. Cq Press, 2018.

Gasiorowski, Mark J. US foreign policy and the Shah: Building a client state in Iran. Cornell Univ Pr, 1991.

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The upside of conflict in human relationships.

Conflicts breed opportunities in many varied contexts. However difficult noting these opportunities might be, there is always an upside when human relationships are destabilized by conflict. Conflicts in romantic relationships, family relationships, or even the workplace all have a positive that can always be taken out of them. Some of these opportunities are sometimes even seized by the individuals involved unknowingly.

In romantic relationships, conflict raises the opportunity for both parties to pursue individual goals that otherwise were clouded by romance and the good of the moment. A common struggle for partners in thriving romantic relationships is a halt in the pursuit of individual life goals. Before romantic relationships, people have their personal ambitions and dreams of what they would like to be in the future. Romance has a way of clouding minds and partners tend to forget about these ambitions, dreams, or targets. Finding a person quitting what they used to do is not a rare occurrence whenever people get into serious romantic relationships. Conflict, in this case, serves as a reminder to lovers that before love, they had individual goals and now that they aren’t on very good terms, it is time to get back to chasing their dreams. It is an interference that ultimately impacts victims positively.

Conflicts in family relationships are in many cases the gateway to independence. Inherently, family members are responsible for one another and in seamless family relationships, support to a member almost looks like an entitlement. Conflict exposes this false sense of entitlement banishing any form of dependence on one member by another. An example is an adult who is dependent on their parents. Conflict between these two parties forces the adult to move out and channel the course of their lives. The interdependence between the adult and the parents vanishes courtesy of conflict. Normally, the adult who ends up moving out struggles for a while but in the end finds their feet. It is then that they appreciate conflict when they get their life around and become stable. Again, it interferes with the status quo but impacts at least one of the victims positively.

Workplace conflicts breed the most obvious opportunities. Employment has a tendency of making people believe that where they are is the best place to be. Many employees are in a comfort zone at their workplaces and often do not seek further opportunities. The perception is that when one quits a job, they are headed for a struggle, nobody sees the possibility of a better job. The grass may be greener on the other side, and this is what workplace conflict unlocks. A chance to better opportunities or the chance to get better at what one does. Before the Coronavirus pandemic, for instance, not many people knew that most of the tasks done in offices can be done from home. Or better still the opportunities online were not being fully seized. Conflict at workplaces can force individuals into better opportunities or into better ways of doing things. Generally, conflicts, – often viewed in a bad light; and whose negative effects are what people tend to dwell on. breed several opportunities some of which are noticeable while others are seized subconsciously.

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The United States has been involved in a number of peacekeeping missions in war tone countries. The U.S has a foreign policy that makes it stand for the restoration of peace in the regions especially if the country affected has been or is at a strategic point in terms of location or other relevant material gains and treaties that the United States share with the affected country (Hook & Spanier, 2018). For decades now, the U.S has assisted many countries, most of them being from the Asian regions and the main reason is that they are strategic for the trade especially in the oil industry. Therefore, there are some cases that the U.S have used an integrated approach to solve the war crisis in the region, some of them being successful while others failed.

In the first case where the United States has made success to restore peace is Libya, a country in the Northern part of Africa that had been involved in disputes (Woodward, 2016). As it has been said earlier that the United States does not venture or does not have interests with countries that it does not benefit from, Libya is an oil-producing nation, and therefore it becomes a country of interest. Another reason as to why the U.S had to step in and help the country solve its internal problems is that the then president of Libya, Muammar Gadhafi had been in power for long and was against the idea of the United States being involved in the country’s affairs. Most of the oil producing nations are engaged in domestic violence with antagonist groups rising against the government, trying to overthrow and take control of its country resources. Libya is not an exemption as antagonist gangs rose against the government forcing the U.S step in to assist. Here, the mission was a success, and the main reason for the excellence is that the government was weak as it had spent years fighting the opposition. Besides, the government was losing its popularity in that the president had been in power for a long time and the people needed a change, a transition to another government. The primary interest of engaging in the peacekeeping mission is that the U.S could enjoy the benefit of ripping the oil field and therefore the main areas that they secure first are the strategic points.

In another case, the U.S has had affairs in the Middle East especially in Syria. Syria has been in war for many years, and the main reason to be at war is for the control of oil, the only golden mines in the region as the country relies primarily on oil for their growth (Krieg, 2016). The fact that the government in Syria was not welcomed to the idea of the United States joining the war by deploying their troops in the country made it difficult for the U.S to bring peace. Syria is one of the largest oil-producing nations in the middle east, and therefore, the act of the U.S troops setting their foot in the country means that they were ready to take control of the golden fields, the only treasure for the government, depriving it of its main source of income. Due to this, it could not be simple to let it go in the name of restoring sanity in the country. The Syrian government stood strong, leaving no chances for the U.S troops. Due to this, the U.S had no other option other than using the usual tricks, attacking the enemy from within, and this meant finding an ally from the country to help stop the government. In doing this, the U.S took the initiative of sponsoring the antagonistic groups in the country, making them strong so that they could overthrow the government promising them that they will take the government once peace has prevailed. As these groups are power-hungry, they end up agreeing, getting ammunition from the U.S and fighting their own government. Through such sponsorship, the U.S contributed to the formation of the ISIS, Islamic groups to fight the government. The groups were formed to weaken the government, but they went out of control as they gained more power than what the U.S had expected. The U.S plans became a failure, leading the withdrawal of its troops from the region as their soldiers could perish in the region.

The two cases have some similarities in that the U.S is a superpower country and this means that it has ample resources that it can use to restore peace in areas of war. It, therefore, means that the country has strong and well-trained soldiers as well as tens of modern ammunition that help the soldiers fight and win the war against the countries of interest, restoring peace after destroying the present forms of government and instituting one of their kind. Getting into war is the main tool that the U.S troops have been using to restore peace as they have to subdue the resistance either by capturing or eliminating the leaders involved in the war. In the first case of Libya, the U.S succeeded because the people were in dire need of a new president and so, the government was losing popularity among its people. Besides, the presence a strong opposition that was reinforced by the U.S military made it possible to weaken the defenses allowing for an easy transition.

On the other hand, in Syria, it was difficult for the U.S to restore peace. The country had been in war for long, and the formation of the ISIS did not come in their favor. It is the same groups that turned against the U.S becoming more radical and uncontrolled and therefore making the restoration of peace in the region difficult. Besides, the region is known to be a terrorist background, with the Taliban and the Al-Qaeda having their basis in the regions. The terrorist groups have a lot of funding, and they are not afraid of engaging in war, unlike the U.S troops who fear death, the terror groups believe to be fighting Jihad, holy war and therefore difficult to deal with completely. It is due to this that the U.S troops failed to restore peace in a short period as the war became extensive against their will.

The two cases were of relevance to the U.S government in that, taking control of the region meant that they controlled the production as well as the sale of oil. Oil is the heart of both countries, and therefore it’s of strategic interests. Furthermore, in engaging in peacekeeping mission meant that they could have an opportunity to sell their weapons and at the same time making deals with the country concerning development, making them a preferred party to work with in future due to their aid. Besides, terror has been a major threat to the U.S since the September 11 attack and therefore it is the mission of the U.S troops to keep guard of its people preventing cases of terror attack in future and to do so they have to deploy intelligence from the terror tone countries as well as the breeding grounds for terrorists such as Syria and Libya.

There are a number of lessons that can be withdrawn from the two cases for the pursuit of the U.S foreign policy. Dealing with terror is a global issue, and therefore it calls for the action of all the relevant bodies to control. If it is not our responsibility to restore sanity and peace in war tone areas, then we shall become the victims either directly or indirectly. Another lesson is that, in peacekeeping missions, using rebels to fight against the government can be a success, while at the same time be a failure depending on the kind of group that one is dealing with, knowing the interests of each group makes the process of peacekeeping simpler and achievable at a lesser duration.

Reference

Hook, S. W., & Spanier, J. (2018). American foreign policy since World War II. Cq Press.

Krieg, A. (2016). Externalizing the burden of war: the Obama Doctrine and US foreign policy in the Middle East. International Affairs, 92(1), 97-113.

Woodward, P. (2016). US foreign policy and the Horn of Africa. Routledge.

THE US AND NEVADA GOVERNMENTS

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The Us and Nevada Governments

The united states of America is a union of many states, and it is in this union whereby the state of Nevada is found. The united states of America have its general federal constitution, which applies to everyone, and it has effects on every part of the union of states. However, each of the states has its leadership and its constitution. This makes it easy to run different activities in the federal government’s conditions has given autonomy to the states to run their actions, and the federal government only comes in when the issue at hand must involve the federal government. In line with this, the different constitutions of the other and varied states borrow a lot from the federal government constitution due to their relatedness and how they serve the same people even though in different geographical jurisdictions. Therefore, Nevada’s constitution and the constitution of the federal government are related expertly. Herein consequently, I will discuss the three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial arms of the two governments, which are the government of the united states of America and the government of the state of Nevada (Rawle, 1825). 

The history of the United States of America’s constitution has exciting and essential events that help us understand the progress of the union, and this is an integral part of understanding the government of the united states of America. The US constitution took effect in 1789, and from all this time, it has always served as the supreme law of the US. The constitution was written during the Philadelphia convention, and it was made better in the years 1787 and 1788 before its release and affirmation that it was the supreme law of the land in 1789. From the time it was enacted, it has been amended twenty-seven times, and the reconstruction amendments and the bill of rights were the most critical amendments that took place. The constitution of Nevada was formulated and passed in 1864. Delegates framed it, and the people of the territory voted for it to be their accepted law to govern them (Bowers, 2014). After enacting the constitution that the president of that time, Abraham Lincoln, proclaimed the acceptance and receivership of the state of Nevada into the union officially.

The judiciary system of the united states federal government and that of Nevada are closely related. This is for a fundamental reason that they all serve the same duty even though with different weights. They are all involved in the enforcement of laws and correction of behaviors that are not according to the constitutions of their respective areas of jurisdiction. The judiciary arm of the government has its peculiar manner of doing and running its activities. Therefore, this separates it from the other government components that also perform their duties in their way. The primary separation from the other arms is that the judicial system is independent. It applies to everyone, even the top-most leader of the union or the state of Nevada.

In the federal government, the president is responsible for appointing the justices, after which the senate approves their appointments, and they are allowed to serve for a lifetime. The justices are expected never to be affected by political climate since they are forbidden from campaigning. In Nevada State, however, judges’ election is different in that a district-wide vote votes them, and they serve for six years. Therefore, in Nevada, it is more political, while in the federal government, it is more entirely outside the politics. Thus even though the manner of election or selection is different, they still serve the same purpose and bring justice to the whole of the United States of America.

Executive leadership is always the one noticed majorly by most people. This is because these are the people who interact with the citizens freely and socially. In the federal government, the executive powers are vested with the president majorly. This is because he is the most powerful, and he is at the top of organizational leadership. He is the head of state and the commander in chief. In collaboration with the Congress, which is the central governing council of the United States, he makes sure that the union is protected and that whatever laws and orders passed by the Congress are followed to the latter. In the state of Nevada, the executive branch is responsible for carrying out laws made by the legislature. Other types and extensions of the executive in the form of Nevada are the county administration.

The executive is elected into their respective positions by the people of the area a person represents. This is even though Congress can select the president in case of a tie. The order of power in the federal executive government is that the president is the most powerful, vice president, and Congress speaker. In Nevada, the governor is the chief executive of the state, and under him, there is the lieutenant governor and the secretary of state (The White House. (n.d.).

The legislative arm of the government is involved with the process of making laws. The Nevada constitution limits the number of legislators to 75 maximum. The legislature is involved in the making and amendment of laws. Therefore this group of people is the ones who run the country, and they make the laws that are appropriate for the life of the people they represent. Therefore most of them are elected to their various positions, which they hold, and therefore they must work and make decisions for the sake of the citizens who voted for them. At the national level, Congress is the final body for sensitive and very important decisions to be made. Therefore, this body comprises representatives from the areas they represent and all kinds of people; then there is a trust that what is to be decided in the Congress will be at the best desire and wish for the person doing it. In Nevada, the legislature is also of great significance as it makes laws that the people abide by, and they are meant for the good of society and not its destruction.

The two constitutions are almost similar in so many different and varied ways. These constitutions upon which the order of people and goods and other aspects of life are controlled, and we learn that it is essential. The two constitutions are both weak and healthy as well. One of the weaknesses of the constitution of Nevada is that the amendment process is always affected by political issues, and therefore it becomes challenging to deal with this. Other challenges include vagueness, equality, the imperial president, etc. One of its strengths is that the bill of rights, principles, and amendment processes. These make a person obey the law since they know what is stated in the law does not change. The federal government constitution is good but at the same time limiting, therefore encouraging people to make sure their friends were okay (Cherry, 2012).

In conclusion, we can say that both constitutions have had a lot of positive life due to their making and focus. The Nevada constitution is referred to as the summary and analysis of the federal government’s constitutions, and therefore they are both of equal importance. The federal government’s constitution has a lot of volumes, therefore in the daily lives of the citizens of the united states. This is similar to Nevada, which has a particular concern for the welfare of its residents.

References

‌ “The Executive Branch.” The White House, www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-executive-branch/.

‌ Cherry, M. A., & Brady, K. M. (2012). Battle Born: challenges facing the Nevada judiciary. Alb. L. Rev., 76, 2003.

Bowers, M. W. (2014). The Nevada State Constitution. Oxford Commentaries on the Sta.

Ferguson, M. R. (Ed.). (2006). The executive branch of state government: people, process, and politics. ABC-CLIO.

Rawle, W. (1825). A View of the Constitution of the United States of America. HC Carey & I. Lea.

The White House. (n.d.). The Judicial Branch. The White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-judicial-branch/

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Access to basic health care as a fundamental human right

Introduction

The right to health is inclusive of a number of factors, which are the determinants of health. These factors comprise of safe food, safe drinking water, adequate sanitation, healthy environmental condition, as well as gender equality. Apart from these factors, the most vital component that determines the right to health includes getting access to healthcare services. It is also necessary to consider the fact that the rights to health comprises freedoms such as the right to freedom from non-consensual medical treatment and freedom from torture, and degrading human treatment.

When discussing the aspect of rights to health, it is vital to consider that it contains entitlements such as having access to most of the essential medicines, the right the control, treatment and prevention of diseases and the right to a health protection system. The protection systems should provide equity and opportunity for every individual to enjoy a high level of health. This paper looks into some of the implications of the propositions to health care as a fundamental human right, further establishing the organization responsible for ensuring that all human beings have access to health care. Additionally, the paper looks into what it would take to guarantee health care provision, including the reasons as to why not everyone has the access to healthcare.

Implications of access to basic health

Mountains Beyond Mountains brings about some critical questions that address the issue of health care, as well as the distribution of wealth across the globe. The book gives a glimpse of some of the works that Dr. Farmer is involved in, in his quest to ensure change in the world, condemning some of the developmental issues in Haiti that neglect the improvement of the health practices of the people in the country. It is possible to equate the quest for Dr. Farmer to seeking justice for the people that are not in a position to access health care as a basic right. The particular sense of health rights in this case has to do with the distribution of scarce resources, which comprises of the overall requirements that ensure a healthy people. The understanding of distributive fundamental rights in this case ensures a fair distribution of health benefits and burdens among the different individuals in the society.

It is vital to take recognition of the fact that it is the responsibility of the government to ensure that its subjects have access to health care. Every individual in society has the right to a specific standard of living, which ensures adequacy in terms of health care access for him or herself, as well as his or her family. The state has the responsibility if ensuring that the citizenry enjoy the adequacy of food, housing social services, clothing, adequate sanitation and health care services. These needs are indispensable components of an adequate standard of living that improves the people’s well-being and health.

Some of the factors that the government or state should take care of to ensure an uncompromised living standards for its people include ensuring an adequate distribution of clean water to its people, making sure that they maintain a sufficient supply of food to its people and establishing sufficient standards of sanitation. Those factors that relate directly health include the provision of maternal and prenatal healthcare, educating the citizenry on malnutrition as well as disease prevention, and finally the administration of widespread medication and vaccination. All these are the responsibilities of the state or government, which are measures of providing some of the fundamental rights to the people inhabiting the subject community.

Quality health care includes making sure that the government meets its mandate of health care education provision, provision of good sanitary measures, as well as making certain that the citizenry have access treatment facilities. With all these considerations, it is vital to mull over prevention as the best determinant to a successful health care system, which is a way of ensuring that people have access to good quality health care. Dr. Farmer emphasizes on the distribution of risks for suffering and disease, which is an approach of delivering good quality health care. Dr. Farmer accentuates the fact that suffering and disease are not random events, but entail human agency.

Dr. Farmer incorporates the term structural violence, as indicated in the book, which refers to violations that are economic and political in nature, and are against the human rights. The consequence of the violations includes poverty, human suffering and disease. An example in this case s the flooding of the Artibonite Valley in Haiti, which led to the creation of water refugees, who were at risk of diseases, suffering and malnourishment. The water refugees had no livelihood means after the floods, and they comprised of Dr. Farmer’s poorest patients. Dr. Farmer insinuates that the suffering that the people were going through was not a result of random events, but they were consequences of decisions made by human beings. Dr. Farmer argues that the events are structured in a systematic way, whose consequences violate the fundamental human rights of accessing basic health care.

Ways of guaranteeing this right

The explanation for poor health or disease is possibly a derivative of economic social and political force, which shapes the outcome of the health. Some of the violations of the core human rights emanate from lack of social and economic opportunities. Education is one of the critical factors that determine the economic and social position of individuals; this is a precursor to their health. For this reason, it is possible to determine that individuals with low education levels are of a poor health status. The other economic factor that is important for determining the health of an individual is the income level, which is a modifiable factor that determines the health and well-being of individuals. The most transparent way of ensuring prioritization of health support, which is a way of fulfilling the human rights health needs, it would be necessary to ensure an equitable distribution of resources. Provision of preventive measures to the people, which might be inclusive of providing vaccinations to the people, is another way that the government can use to make sure that they provide the basic human health rights to the people. On the political front, the legislators are responsible for coming up with policies that promote health rights among the people. With all these considerations, it is vital to consider that obtaining the basic health rights has not been universally possible. It is possible to argue that shortcomings of the social economic and political responsibilities have affected the acquisition of health care as a basic human right. Not all people have access to the fundamental human rights, especially in relation to health issues.