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The truth about JAY-Z & Beyoncé’s vegan diet recommendation

BEEF MAGAZINE

Emerging trends from plant-based companies, celebrities and activists are putting greater pressures on the animal agricultural industry.

Amanda Radke | Jan 04, 2019

Not to sound alarmist to the meat-loving crowd, but many are predicting that 2019 will be the “Year of the Vegan.”

In fact, John Parker for The Economist claims that one in four Americans in the ages between 25 and 34 years old consider themselves to be vegans.

What’s more, Davide Banis for Forbes claims that “ending animal farming, or substantially reducing it, would indeed bring huge benefits to the planet, our health and the lives of the 56 billion animals slaughtered every year for meat consumption.”

Of course, the industry is contending with emerging alternative proteins such as cell cultured proteins and plant-based protein patties.

Then there’s a new company from the Netherlands called The Vegetarian Butcher, which aims to become the “largest butcher in the world” while making plant-based meats “the standard.”

Yes, really.

On top of all this, you have some of the biggest celebrities on the planet endorsing a vegan diet. Most recently, JAY-Z & Beyoncé have challenged their fans to join in their vegan journey in 2019.

The musical powerhouse couple wrote an introduction for Marco Borges’ (Beyoncé’s personal trainer) new book, “The Greenprint: Plant-Based Diet, Best Body, Better World.”

The duo says, “Having children has changed our lives more than anything else. We used to think of health as a diet—some worked for us, some didn’t. Once we looked at health as the truth, instead of a diet, it became a mission for us to share that truth and lifestyle with as many people as possible.”

They add, “We all have a responsibility to stand up for our health and the health of the planet. Let’s take this stand together. Let’s spread the truth. Let’s make this mission a movement. Let’s become ‘the Greenprint.’”

Are you nauseous yet? I must admit I am.

To be clear, it’s not that I care if people abstain from eating animal fats and proteins.

Quite frankly, it’s none of my business.

Well, actually as a beef producer, I guess it is my business to sell beef, and I have no qualms about my bias when I’m promoting the nutritional, environmental and ethical benefits of eating beef.

When Beyoncé and JAY-Z talk about veganism as “truth,” like it’s some sort of religion, cult or the “only” way we should be eating, that’s when warning bells start to ring in my head.

This “truth” ignores an overwhelming amount of science to the contrary. In fact, no society in the history of our planet has proven that a vegan diet is healthy or sustainable for the long term and from generation to generation.

However, it’s important to note that many civilizations in our history — Inuit and North American natives come to mind — who have thrived largely on meat-based diets. Think seal blubber and whales in the Arctic and bison and other wild game on the Northern Plains.

What’s more, I worry that if plant-based becomes “the truth” or “the standard,” our freedom of choice will be taken away. Sin taxes will be slapped on beef. The government’s nutritional guidelines will reflect plant-based recommendations. Regulations will burden producers until it’s no longer feasible to operate. Consumers will place great burdens on companies to move to plant-based menus. The list goes on and on…

I don’t mean to sound doom and gloom, but I write this to wake us all up. We’ve got a real challenge headed our way, and the threat to our way of life and our freedom of choice is tangible and growing larger each day.

I’ve been writing about consumer trends on this blog for 10-plus years now, and never before have I seen the movement as strong as I’ve seen it at this point.

However, the one thing that reassures me that beef cattle producers will still be relevant in the years to come is this — Americans consumed record amounts of meat in —a whopping 218 pounds per capita, according to the National Chicken Council. Of that, 57 pounds was beef.

Beef demand is stronger than ever. Our export markets are incredible. People love our product and are willing to pay for it. It tastes great, and despite the abundance of misinformation out there, it’s good for us and good for the planet, too.

If this issue isn’t on your radar in 2019, you better peak out from underneath the rock you’re hiding under. It’s never been more important than right now to share the positive word about beef with our consumers. Let’s get to work, everybody. Only collectively can we make a difference!

The opinions of Amanda Radke are not necessarily those of beefmagazine.com or Farm Progress.

& Pulido-Fernández

ABP Post Graduate Diploma In Business Management

1.0 Introduction

This report identifies and critically evaluates the costing techniques used by Morrison and the role of such costing techniques in setting prices. The report will also analyse the last three years of the financial statements of the company to evaluate its performance and recommend possible ways to improve the financial performance of the company. Lastly, the report will cover a flexible budget for the actual production of 48,300 units in a small hypothetical electronics company called Safety First Limited, calculate the variances between the flexed budget for 48,300 units and the actual costs for 48,300 units, write an email to the Finance Director Mr. Mike Kenny, evaluating the budget out turns and reasons for these variations and then offer recommendations on how the company’s cost control activities could be improved.

2.0 Company Profile

Morrison Supermarkets PLC is the fourth largest retail chain in the United Kingdom, headquartered in Bradford, West Yorkshire. The company forms part of the FTSE 100 Index of companies with a market share of around 12 percent after Tesco (31 percent), Asda (17 percent), and Sainsbury’s (16 percent). The company started as an egg butter outlet back in 1899 but today it has over 450 outlets across the UK. Its current market share was however, boosted in 2004 when it acquired Safeway (Carollo, 2012). Today the company sells thousands of brands under the “own brand” banner. Some of these own brands include M Savers for all range of low-cost products, M Kitchen for all range of kitchen products, NuMe for all range of health products, and VM Morrison for all range of high-end products (Morrison, 2012).

Over the last three years, the company has however experienced a 0.2 percent drop in market share while the other three largest retail chains expected Tesco have experienced a growth of almost the same margin. This was a time when the market grew by about 4.5 percent, with smaller retail chains such as Waitrose registering huge gains perhaps due to the increasing perception that high-end retail chains are for high-end customers while low-end retail chains are for low-end customers who form the greatest portion of the UK grocers (Carollo, 2012). Again this could be because low-end retail chains tend to open up stores near neighbourhoods unlike high-end retail chains which target customers with cars.

The company registered one of the strongest financial performances in recent years in the 2011/12 financial year – a 7 percent growth in sales (£17.7billion), 8 percent growth in EBIT (£947 million), and a Net debt of £1,471million. This shows the company has been utilizing sound costing techniques especially in creating high returns on equity and reduction of unnecessary costs (Morrison, 2012). Morrison was selected to be the case study for this report because of its ability to achieve huge profits (as shown above) in a highly competitive and unpredictable industry where small players are slowly winning the hearts of the consumers.

3.0 Costing Techniques Employed by Morrison

Morrison utilises the activity-based costing technique. The company utilises this costing technique because it is flexible and allows managers to reduce redundancy by eliminating costly processes in favour of efficient and cheaper ones. Activity-based costing is in line with the company mission to create value for its customers and employees (Morrison, 2012). Though complex, the technique can be broken down into two broad steps. The first step entails the identification of cost drivers (activities) involved during the production of a commodity. The second step entails the assigning of costs (indirect and direct) to each specific activity. A combination of these two steps gives a manager an opportunity to set a reasonable and responsive commodity price while factoring in past, current and future cost indicators (Kaplan & Anderson, 2007).

For instance, when calculating the costs of say, pork, a manager should allocate all direct and indirect costs incurred in acquiring the product in two different pools/stages. The first pool will comprise of distinct sections (the number will be determined by the activities involved) such as procurement, acceptance, processing, delivering, packaging, as well as shelving. The second pool should include the actual cost drivers for each of the specified activities. Such costs should be calculated based on past, prevailing, and future indicators such as the average costs of labour for slicing and packaging pork into one kilogramme packages or even the average costs of transporting pork from the farm to the store. Here, the manager can decide to split the costs into major categories, say, direct and indirect costs. The bottom line is that the cost of every activity (cost drivers) should be clearly established and noted for costing (Baker, 1998).

3.1 Role of the Activity-based Costing Technique

The activity-based costing technique helps Morrison to keep its costs of selling at manageable levels. According to Sibun and Hall (2008), retail chains employ activity-based costing technique when entering into contracts with supplies of critical supplies such as groceries. In fact, when it comes to choosing suppliers, the retail chains try as much as possible to get the lowest bargain so as to keep the cost of selling at relatively low levels compared to their competitors. As it will be demonstrated in the financial analysis section below, Morrison has succeeded in keeping its profitability at low and stable levels because the activity-based costing technique makes it easy to predict costs and therefore make the necessary plans for less costly alternatives.

The activity-based costing also helps Morrison to make future strategic plans. Recent industry statistics show a decrease in consumer purchasing power yet the costs of manufacturing has escalated. This has made it hard for prices of critical household commodities to remain low. To mitigate this adverse scenario, retail chains always look for the best deal so as to keep their shelf prices at relatively low levels. An activity-based costing enables retail chains to approach each product line independently as determined by the cost of producing it (Baker, 1998). At Morrison, for example, the activity-based costing helps the company to distinguish between commodities for both high-end and low-end – M Savers versus VM Morrison.

By using an activity-based costing technique, Morrison gets an opportunity to set responsive prices for its products as well as to constantly review its product prices in order to make align with the prevailing economic standards. This is in line with the company mission to be a unique grocer that delivers to its customer’s fresh, high quality, accessible, and affordable groceries. Specifically, the company believes its futuristic strategy is based on its clear view of the future of the retail industry (Morrison, 2012). Arguably, such clear view of the industry cannot be achieved without getting a clear glimpse of the trends of key cost drivers.

2.0 Analysis of Financial Performance of the Company in the Last Three Years

2.1 Profitability

Profitability 2012 2011 2010

Morrison

GP 6.9% 7.0% 6.9%

NP 3.9% 3.8% 3.9%

ROCE 9.7% 9.7 % 9.4%

ROE 12.8% 11.7% 12.1%

Tesco

GP 6.1% 6.4% 6.1%

NP 4.4% 4.4% 4.1%

ROCE 13.3% 12.9% 12.1%

ROE 15.81% 16.07% 15.91%

Morrison has a “healthy” GP that beats the industry leader, Tesco for the three years but it has a smaller NP than Tesco for the same period of time as the table above shows. Even so, Tesco seems to enjoy strong and stable profitability than Morrison given, its GP has the smallest change for the three years. This is an indicator that Morrison costing techniques are not as efficient as Tesco’s.

Again, Morrison does not perform well in managing costs of sourcing capital given its low NP during the three years – Tesco score well on this front too. Since Morrison has low ROCE and ROE ratios than Tesco it can also be argued that the company does not fare well in investing its capital – its investing activities yield more expenses perhaps because it is in a period of laying down a strong foundation for competing with Tesco, Asda, and Sainsbury’s.

2.2 Liquidity Ratio

Liquidity 2012 2011 2010

Morrison

Current Ratio 0.57 0.55 0.51

Acid Ratio 0.24 0.24 0.24

Tesco

Current Ratio 0.67 0.68 0.71

Acid Ratio 0.48 0.50 0.54

Though most retail chains have liquidity ratios of less than 1 as they tend to rely more on inventories in cushioning short-term debt, it is clear that Tesco beats Morrison in paying its short-term debts – as it has a relatively higher current ratio and acid ratios when compared to the case of Morrison as shown above in the table. Nevertheless, Morrison has a more stable liquidity ration than Tesco, an indicator that the company relies on long term than short term financing and that it in deficit of short term assets and liabilities.

2.3 Asset Management

Asset Management 2012 2011 2010

Morrison

Stock Turnover 21.67days 24.03days 24.87days

Asset Turnover 3.27 3.04 3.1

Tesco

Stock Turnover 16.48days 17.50days 19.17 days

Asset Turnover 3.67 3.69 3.87

Morrison converts its stock at a slower rate than the industry leader, Tesco. Tesco seems to be improving its rate of converting stock, moving from 19.17 days in 2009 to 16.48 days in 2012 compared to Morrison which seems to have a stable but slower stock conversion rate, at 24.87 days in 2009 and 21.67 days in 2012.

Again, Morrison scores low in terms of converting assets into revenue, at 3.1 in 2009 and 3.27 in 2012 when compared to Tesco, at 3.87 in 2009 and 3.67 in 2012. Nevertheless, Morrison rate of converting assets into revenue has improved while Tesco has experienced a reducing asset conversion rate. Morrison long-term strategic plan seems to be slowly yielding fruits.

2.4 Gearing Ratio

Gearing 2012 2011 2010

Morrison

Debt Ratio 27.25% 15.07% 18.67%

Interest Cover ratio 33.58 times 30.13 times 18.51 times

Tesco

Debt Ratio 38.41% 40.85% 54.0%

Interest Cover ratio 16.54 times 11.76 times 11.09 times

Debt Ratio 38.41% 40.85% 54.0%

Morrison gearing ratio can be described as future-oriented in nature when compared to the case of Tesco. They are future-oriented because they portray a company that is keen to keep its short-term liabilities at low levels while relying much on long-term funding. Nevertheless, this situation can be interpreted to indicate that the company relies so much on its inventories to cushion its short-term debts as the higher interest cover ratio indicates when compared to Tesco.

2.5 Investment Ratio

Investment 2012 2011 2010

Morrison

Dividend pay-out ratio 1.6% 1.5% 0.9%

Dividend per share 10.70p 9.60p 8.20p

Earnings Per share 78.31p 70.36p 65.67p

Price/earnings ratio 11.40 11.60 14.10

Tesco

Dividend pay-out ratio 0.5% 0.5% 0.6%

Dividend per share 14.76p 14.46p 13.05p

Earnings Per share 110.91p 105.13p 90.32p

Price/earnings ratio 8.50 11.10 13.20

Compared to Tesco, Morrison has registered low dividends per share for the last three years, yet it has a higher dividend pay-out ratio than Tesco. This situation can be interpreted to mean that Morrison has lower net income, earnings per share and price earnings ratio than Tesco – these are all indicators that Morrison offers a lower value to its shareholders than Tesco. Even so, both companies can be described as stable investments whose actual value is in the long-term rather than short-term.

3.0 Hypothetical Company Costing

3.1 Flexible Budget for the Actual Production of 48,300 Units

Actual Budget Variance

Materials £410,550 £361,776.7 (£48,773.4)

Labour £320,800 £331,386.4 £10 586.4

Overheads £346,430 £339654.5 (£6,775.5)

Fixed costs £200,000 £200,000 0

Total costs £1,277,780 £1,232,817.6 (£44,962.4)

3.2 Variances between the Flexed Budget and the Actual Costs

Variance for material costs = £410,550 – £361,776.7 = (£48,773.4)

Variance for labour costs = £320,800 – £331,386.4 = £10,586.4

Variance for overheads costs = £436,430 – £339654.5 = (£6,775.5)

3.3 Evaluation of the Budget

From: HYPERLINK “mailto:financeassistant@safetyfirst.co.ke/” financeassistant@safetyfirst.co.ke/

To: HYPERLINK “mailto:financedirector-kenny@safetyfirst.co.ke/” financedirector-kenny@safetyfirst.co.ke/

Subject: Evaluation of the Budget for Producing 48,300 units of Secure

Dear Mr. Kenny,

I am writing to respond to the attached flexible budget. The overall cost for producing 48,300 units of Secure is £1,232,817.6. This is actually a favourable variation given the actual cost for the same was £1,277,780.0. It is a favourable variation because the overall cost has reduced by £44,962.4. The favourable variation can be broken down as follows: Materials costs reduced by £48,773.4; Labour costs increased by £10,586.4, and; Overheads costs reduced by £6,775.5. As expected, the fixed costs did not change.

This is actually a good situation for the company given it has succeeded in reducing production costs and that it can use the £44,962.5 for other productive activities such as increasing the number of units of Secure it produces. However, the company needs to work on reducing the labour costs as they have increased when other costs were on downward trend. For instance, the company should consider hiring fewer employees who are more qualified – those with necessary skills in operating high-tech equipments. The company can still consider sourcing less costly materials as well as durable office equipments to reduce on overhead costs.

It is my hope that the budget captures the actual situation at the ground and that it reflects the set financial goals of the company. I will be looking forward to making any additional interpretation of the flexible budget if required.

Yours sincerely

XXXXX XXXX

Finance Assistant

References

Baker, J.J. (1998). Activity-Based Costing and Activity-Based Management for Health Care. Aspen Publishing, Inc.

Carollo, B. (2012). Audit Report for Wm Morrison Supermarkets PLC. Scholarly Research Paper. Grin Verlag.

Kaplan, R.S. & Anderson, S.R. (2007). Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing: A Simpler and More Powerful Path to higher profits. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.

Morrison PLC (2012). Annual report and financial statements 2011/12. Wm Morrison Supermarkets PLC.

Sibun, J. & Hall, J. (27 April 2008). Supermarkets & suppliers: Inside the price war. Available at: HYPERLINK “http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/2789020/Supermarkets-and-suppliers-Inside-the-price-war.html/” http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/2789020/Supermarkets-and-suppliers-Inside-the-price-war.html/ (accessed 13 July, 2012).

Petrillo

Abraham And Isaac

The plot of the story revolves around three main characters. These are Abraham, Isaac and God. According to the play, God summoned an angel and told him of his intention of testing Abraham’s faith by asking him to sacrifice his only son Isaac. The Angel announced God’s wish to Abraham. Abraham was ordered to sacrifice his only son and this caused him intense inward conflict. Actually, Abraham loved his son and would rather sacrifice something else including his life and spare that of Abraham. At the same time, he was aware that faith and obedience to God was paramount no matter how painful God’s order was. While in the process of sacrificing his son, an Angel intervened and offered a lamb which was sacrificed instead of Isaac. Basing on Aristotle philosophy, the play raises a number of ethical issues (Boehm, 2007).

According to Aristotle, ethics, based on man’s nature, has the purpose of instituting what man must attain as the end to bring about happiness. Man is a rational animal and thus his end will be his attainment of wisdom. Virtue should be fulfilled with reason (Broadie &Rowe, 2002).

Abraham is obedient and acts quickly when asked to sacrifice his son. He obeys his God so much that he is ready to forego happiness for the sake of showing loyalty to God. Isaac, as his only son is the source of Happiness and when he is asked to sacrifice him, he exhibits inward conflict which clearly shows that he was not happy with the order but for the sake of faith, he conformed to the order. Basing on Aristotle’s philosophy of Ethics, Abraham’s conduct was immoral and unethical. The act of sacrificing his son to prove that he was obedient was not a mean of attaining happiness and would have resulted in sorrow. Actually Abraham is not happy with sacrificing his son but he wanted to prove his obedience. By contemplating to sacrifice Isaac, Abraham was not rational. If Abraham had followed Aristotle’s principle on ethics, he would have declined the order as sacrificing Isaac would not assist him in achieving happiness (Broadie &Rowe, 2002).

According to the play, God as a character shows a sense of rationality and thus follows the principle of ethics. God’s happiness is to see that Abraham is faithful and obedient to him. To achieve this means, he ordered Abraham to sacrifice his son. By Abraham accepting to sacrifice his son, God achieved his happiness. Although God is not human, he showed rationality by providing a lamb as an alternative to Isaac .God showed reason by substituting Isaac with a lamb as he did not want to see Abraham undergoing suffering from death if his son. God had already achieved his sense of happiness derived from Abraham being faithful to him and since he wanted to see Abraham, his servant lead a happy life, he spared Isaac in a clear indication that he was rational in his actions. God’s action conformed to Aristotle’s philosophy of ethics (Boehm, 2007).

Isaac was to be offered as a sacrifice and from the play, it is evident that he was frightened. He asks his father to spare his life and wished his mother was around to intervene for him. Isaac asked what he had wronged but Abraham stated that God’s will must be obeyed even when there was no concrete reason for performing the sacrifice. It is evident that Isaac did not support the sacrifice but had no choice of evading it. Isaac is rational because he does not see the sense in the sacrifice especially on the fact that he had not done any mistake and that the sacrifice would not derive any happiness to him. If given a chance, Isaac would have opposed the God’s order of sacrificing him .Isaac opposing thought and protest against the sacrifice conformed to Aristotle’s philosophy where he did not see any reason for being sacrificed and that sacrifice would not bring him any happiness(Broadie &Rowe,2002) .

References

Broadie, S.& Rowe, C. (2002). Aristotle Nicomachean Ethics: Translation, Introduction, and

Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Boehm, O. (2007).The Binding of Isaac: A Religious Model of Disobedience, New York: T&T

Clark, 2007.

2021

(Dis)Honesty: The Truth About Lies

Name

Institutional Affiliation

(Dis)Honesty: The Truth About Lies

From ticket fixing within police departments to cheating on filling tax returns and in romance to financial schemes that undermine the economy, it is clear that dishonesty seems to be a ubiquitous part of every individual. Ariely’s film (2:27) asserts that, beyond every individual’s personal experiences, a cursory glimpse into various public scandals ranging from Bernie Madoff to Enron also indicate the prevalence of lies in every culture.

Behavioral psychologist and economist Dan Ariely’s film “(Dis) Honesty – The Truth About Lies” indicates that a good number of people believe that they lie and at the same time think of themselves in general as honest and wonderful people (Ariely film 1:32-38). Many times these individuals lie in different accounts due to the fact that they have already gotten to this far by telling little lies. Therefore, in order to go along with what was said earlier, individuals continue lying more, thereby making their little lies become outright dishonesty. With this in mind, Ariely film (10:10), suggests through the application of the matrix experiment, findings indicate that it is the many little lies by little cheaters that bring more damage to the society than the few big lies by big cheaters that make headlines.

The ability of individuals to tell lies and at the same time think of themselves as generally honest and wonderful people all starts with rationalization (Ariely film 1:41). In this case, individual looks at the mirror and think of themselves as being good, honest, and wonderful. On the other hand, these individuals also want to enjoy various short term benefits, gains, and profits associated with being dishonest. In so doing, this scenarios result to the creation of the fudge factor, a line that best describes the two events. Ariely film (3:19), defines the fudge factor as the ability of an individual to misbehave and think of themselves as good people enabling them to rationalize. In numerous occasion, the greater the fudge factor, the more individuals engage in cheating, and be okay with themselves. In other words, the fudge factor determines how much dishonesty is acceptable for an individual. According to Ariely film (3:27-37), how much one exaggerate their online dating profile, drive above the normal speed limit, or engage in tax fraud are some of the most common examples of the fudge factors among many individuals. For most of us, our friends, and families, the fudge factor normally comes into play when we are lying for others. In these cases, individuals believe that by lying for others which is dishonesty, they are also doing what is best for others.

Everything that changes the fudge factor changes peoples abilities to be dishonest (Ariely film 3:41 -45), With this in mind, it is clear that there are various elements such as lying for others, everybody is doing it, lack of supervision, and the felling that they are not hurting anybody, that influence the fudge factor. For instance, when individuals tell themselves that everybody is doing it, it is easier for them to rationalize to themselves that this is actually an okay thing to do, making them cheat to a higher degree (Ariely film 3:57 -59). In regard to lack of supervision, individuals may find it easier to misbehave and consider themselves good people in the defense that they were left unsupervised hence not their fault to misbehave. In other cases, the occurrence of the fudge factor may be a result of the notion “I am not hurting anyone”. In this case individuals normally engage in dishonest activities with a defense that their actions are not a threat to any individual and as a result considering themselves good people. Based on lying for others factor, many individuals misbehave by lying to protect other individuals such as friends and family members in times of trouble. In so doing, these individuals comfort themselves that they are doing the right thing and are therefore good people regardless of the dishonesty. The day to day normal activities of many individuals result to a lot of fatigue. With this, numerous individuals normally misbehave for instance, going above the speed limit with a defense that they are coming from work and tired. In this case, these individuals consider themselves good people who are working hard to contribute to the development of the nation regardless of their bad behavior.

Regarding examinations, there are various reasons that indicate why students involve in cheating and plagiarism. For instance, a majority of students engage in cheating to inadequate preparation during examination periods. The lack of preparation and enough time to complete the tests usually causes problems among students forcing them to adopt other measures such as cheating (Ariely film 33:18). Despite the fact that many students consider this a fudge factor, it is important to note that cheating is socially questionable and against the social trust concept and thus not justifiable.

Guess work among students is another major factor that contributes to cheating and plagiarism among many students especially in cases involving rewards (Ariely film 39:13). In most scenarios, students who do not want to struggle figuring out problems or preparing for examination usually adopt other strategies such as guessing and inventing their own solutions. Apart from this, gaining benefit is another major reason a majority of students engage in cheating and plagiarism during examination (Ariely film 9:17). In a case where individuals are provided with rewards, students will adopt strategies such as cheating in order to gain the rewards such as money being given. However, this reason also does not justify the cheating as it goes against the social trust.

According to (Ariely film 14:47), students also tend to cheat if they are surrounded by those who are cheating. Influence is a powerful element that causes individuals to engage in activities they do not intend to. By sitting around people who are cheating, most students are usually influenced to also engage in cheating. However, this as well is not a justifiable reason for cheating due to the fact that influence is an urge that individuals can avoid.

Going by the moral code and good behavior should always be the guiding strategy for any difficult dilemma. For instance, in the case of Kelley who is dishonest about her address so that her daughter can attend a better school, personally, I would have addressed the problem differently. Telling the truth and instead seeking for help for my daughter’s quality education would have been the best method to use. By doing this, one is able to maintain their moral code and minimize the chance of lying in another scenario which occurs as a result of a developed habit. Despite Kelley’s social injustice, racial discrimination is another major social injustice that might lead someone to violate the law by engaging in riots and protests in the fight against this type of social injustice. It is the responsibility of government institutions to impose laws that fight against these types of injustices that affect individuals.

In more than one case, big cheaters have made numerous big mistakes whereas small cheaters have made small mistakes and dishonest decisions. However, bearing this in mind, (Ariely film 3:41 -45), indicates that it is the small cheaters are in fact the bigger problem. Out there, there are big cheaters who make big mistakes but they are very rare making their overall economic impact very low (Ariely film 10:22). On the other hand, the number of small cheaters is relatively huge and due to this their relative economic impact of small cheating is relatively high making them a big problem. According to Ariely film (10: 38), small acts of dishonestly conducted by small cheaters result to major cost, for instance the IRS being cheated more that 15 percent of its tax revenue annually.

Social trust is one of the most important elements for every thriving society. It involves a belief in integrity, honesty, and reliability on others. Since a thriving society is dependent on a certain level of its members trust, individuals attempt to nudge likely defectors into complying with their societal norms. However, the dilemma usually occurs when individuals have to make difficult choices between their personal interest and group interest. In this case, the idea is that individuals can add societal pressure to their situation which can encourage cooperation instead of selfishness (Bruce, 2017). By applying moral pressure which is a form of societal pressure, individuals are able to abstain from wrong doings such as stealing due to the belief that it is wrong and against societal rules. By not involving in dishonest activities that involve people who are not from your social circle, the level of dishonesty such as stealing normally drops. With this in mind, it therefore important to note that social trust in an important source of reducing cases of dishonesty in a thriving society. It is as a result that Ariely film (14:58), indicate that it is not about the probability of being caught that reduces cases of being dishonest, it is the question of about what is socially acceptable in our social circle.

In order to strengthen social trust in regard to academic integrity at UC Davis, it is important to add societal pressure which induces cooperation among students over selfishness (Bruce, 2017). One of the ways of strengthening social trust through societal pressures is by instituting institutional pressure which involves rules and laws in UC Davis. This pressure involves norms which are codified, and whose enforcement and enactment is generally delegated. Institutional pressure, persuade individuals to perform according to the institution norms by imposing penalties to those who go against, and rewarding those who do not. In so doing, this strengthens the social trust related to academic integrity at UC Davis.

Peace, love, humility, empathy, truth, faith, and compassion are some of the major characteristics of good, honest, and wonderful people. They represent the good wolf in us which makes us act appropriately. In order to be able to sustain these characteristics, it is important to adopt various strategies that strengthen one’s resistance to temptations of dishonesty. Being reminded of the moral code and good behavior is one of the ways to strengthen one’s resistance to temptations of dishonesty (Ariely film 39:43). In addition, reminding ourselves of our own moral fiber is also of great importance. In so doing, this decreases cases of dishonesty and cheating this fostering out integrity. Ariely film (41:53), suggests that admitting the mistakes done by being honest to yourself, family, and friends is another way of supporting your efforts to live with integrity.

Reference

Bruce, S. (2017). Enabling the Trust That Society Needs to Thrive By

Available at https://fs.blog/2017/01/bruce-schneier-trustThe Film “(Dis) Honesty – The Truth About Lies”

Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4rd5IWbZt1U

August 23). A year on

Name

Professor’s name

Course

Date

The Turtle by Ogden Nash

Introduction

First published in 1601, the poem ‘The Turtle’ was a creation of Ogden Nash. Born August 19th in Rye, New York, Frederick Ogden Nash was the son of a successful businessman named Edmund. His father was a renowned businessman in New Haven, New York, at the time of the setting of this poem. The main topic that the poem addresses pertains to nature; it gives insight and lessons regarding the law of nature using a turtle as an allegory. Some of the elements that are analyzed in this text include emotional resonance, sight, sound, and a summary of the poem. This poem depicts how interesting and superior Mother Nature is; despite being covered by a shell, turtles still find a way of reproducing. The preferred audience for this text is the middle school children, such as those in grades 4 and 5, as it would give them a lot to think about and to appreciate nature more. Such children would find the story of the turtle rather fascinating.

Verse-to-Verse Prose Translation

Verse

The turtle lives ‘twixt plated decks

Which practically conceal its sex

I think it clever of the turtle

In such a fix to be so fertile Prose

Turtles have shells

The shells cover their bodies which make reproductive function difficult.

It is a wise thing to do

But still how comes turtles are very fertile

Summary

The narrative voice in Nash’s poem ‘The Turtle” is an outsider. The voice belongs to a more mature individual who seems to have been studying the turtle. From the seriousness of the narrator’s tone, one can tell that he is from an older generation. In summary, Ogden Nash’s poem is about nature, particularly reproduction. One can clearly tell that the poem is about a turtles’ reproduction. While the philosophical representation of turtles is far from direct, it still exists. Nash uses the turtle to point out how amazing nature is. Turtles tend to have a hard shell and a hard stomach which makes it difficult to tell their sex. Notably, despite these setbacks, sex turtles still find a way of reproducing. The visible characters in this poem are the narrator and the turtle that forms the subject of this poem. The poet Nash uses various poetic devices such as rhyme that help pass its message across. Upon reading Nash’s poem ‘The Turtle,’ readers are left with tons of questions about how turtles reproduce. Nash writes, “…twixt plated decks. Which practically conceal sex.” One can bear witness that the turtle population keeps increasing, yet they are covered in a shell that makes it even telling gender difficult.

Sight

Upon reading this poem, the visual image that immediately comes to mind is the ugly shell that covers a turtle’s body. Immediately one starts to wonder how the turtle must feel like having to put up with the shell. One wonders whether it is a burden as it looks heavy. While reading this book, readers should pay attention to this mental image as it demonstrates the concept of how difficult it must be to reduce while carrying the weight of the shell on its back. It pushes the readers to wonder if the shell even hides its sex, and it is fertile, they how does it reproduce in the first place. Paying attention to this picture is important as it speaks volumes compared to the words themselves.

A turtle in its shell struggling to walk

Sound

Various sounds and lines stand out in the poem, which makes the poem effective and memorable in its message delivery. There is rhyme in the first two lines and the second two lines that follow. In lines 1 and 2, the poet writes, “The turtle lives twixt plated decks. Which practically conceal its sex”. In Line 3 and 4, the poet writes, “I think it clever of the turtle. In such a fix to be so fertile. The words decks and sex have similar sounds, while turtle and fertile also have the same sounds. This creates rhyme. Nash has a clever way of playing around with words that make the poem even more interesting. The rhyme makes the message more clearly by putting emphasis on specific words. For instance, in this case, the words sex, turtle and fertile that point to the main theme of reproduction that is felt throughout the poem.

Emotional Resonance

At first, the poem ignites mixed feelings when a person reads it for the first time. However, with time, the poem exhibits a deep sad and thoughtful mood. The reader is left with a lot of questions about the turtle. When one reads the poem, they feel sorry for the turtle because the narrator makes it seem like the turtle has a difficult time. One wonders whether there is anything they can do to help the situation to make reproduction occur more naturally. Without a doubt, remorse is a familiar feeling when reading this poem. Upon reading this poem, one realizes that there is need to be grateful for everything that comes their way. One suddenly realizes that the turtle is among the creatures that have it rough. One can only imagine how it feels to carry the weight of a shell. The poem evokes feelings of sadness as well as gratitude in the readers. Nash writes, ‘which practically conceal its sex”. By saying this, he wanted to show that if the shell makes it difficult to tell the sex of a turtle, then how do turtles reproduce despite being so fertile. This ignites sadness in the reader. This emotional resonance makes it easy to understanding the meaning of the poem even more. In essence, it helps drive the point of the law of nature home.

Conclusion

Ogden Nash’s poem “The Turtle” speaks to the effectiveness of the law of nature. The poet uses the example of the turtle to show that irrespective of the hurdles that stand in the way reproduction of turtles, nature has a way making it happen. Readers ought to pay attention when reading this poem because the poem’s meaning will not come to them the first time. It may take a few rounds of reading for the readers to grasp what the poem is talking about. Particularly readers should pay close attention to the sounds, feelings, words, and images they encounter when they read the text. College students and high school students would be the perfect target audience for this poem as they are the most curious about how nature works. These people tend to be easily fascinated by wildlife and human nature.

Works Cited

Ogden Nash’s “The Turtle”

Abortion

Name

Course

Tutor

Date

Outline

Introduction

Abortion: Overview

Reasons for Pro-Choice Stand

Emerging Issues and Support for Pro-Choice

women’s rights

health risk

the safety of abortion

Conclusion

References

Introduction

Abortion has elicited much controversy as debate within socioeconomic, religious and political settings. In such countries as Canada and the US, the issue has divided the society, leading to emergence of two groupings, pro-choice and pro-life. The underlying issue has been the origin of and right to life, religious beliefs and ethics, legality and safety of the process, human right and medical complications that a pregnant woman may be exposed to.

Emerging Issues and Support for Pro-Choice

Those who support abortion cite several reasons. The outstanding ones comprise need to ensure that the women’s rights’ are guaranteed with regard to termination of pregnancy, need to save the mother’s life in case of life threatening complications and the safety of the process. The support for abortion has mainly stemmed from the need to ensure that the right for all is protected as outlined in the constitution. Those against the process argue that the fetus has right to life and thus should be protected. As such, abortion is likened to murder. However, this is a vague supposition given that the mother too has a right. According to IPAS (2008), due to restrictions on abortion, there have been mane instances of unsafe abortion, what constitutes ‘violation of women’s human rights and dignity reflects a public health crisis and [perpetuates] social injustice”. It is however, worthwhile to let the women make an informed choice based on conviction and conscience. Given that most countries have legalized the process, the issue is nolonger of much societal concern but personal. It is this argument that pro-choice put forward in defense of an abortion. On the issue of beginning of life and murder, pro-choice position is that there is no clear demarcation on the beginning of life. According to Arthur (2001), such disciplines as ‘biology, medicine, law, philosophy, and theology’, have not given a precise and valid answer to this issue. As such the pro-choice view beginning of life as not being during conception but after such a time when the baby’s vital organs have developed. The argument that abortion is akin to murder is not only academic issue that is debatable but also fallacious.

Those against abortion peg their claim on need to protect the life of the fetus at all cost, without much reference to the health state of the mother. However, a public good policy and societal view should be broad based and humane. This way, in case where the mother is faced by health complication that may lead to death if emergency treatment is not procured, the main objective of the intervention should be to save the mother’s life. Fundamentally, the medical experts in such situations have helped the mothers by carrying out an abortion. Evidently, allowing abortion in such situations help to save as opposed to losing of life.

Another reason that calls for legalization of abortion stems from the fact that the practice is very widespread and is carried out, sometimes by quakes, with or without laws in place. According to National Abortion Federating (2010), a good number of women regardless of their background have procured abortion by the age of 45 years. The position of the pro-choice therefore is that legalization of abortion helps to enhance legalized access and the quality as well as safety of the process. This way, the life of women lost in backstreet abortion centers will be saved due to the regulation of the process by the authorities. According to Maria (2003), outlaw of abortion would lead to clandestine abortion; which is largely “unsafe and endanger [the mother’s] health and life’.

Conclusively, an abortion should be legalized as away of enhancing human / women’s right, forcing the authorities to put in place medical facilities and laws to control the process and give women access to emergence treatment when their life is threatened because of pregnancy complications.

References

Arthur, J. (2001).Personhood: Is a Fetus a Human Being? Retrieved July 27, 2010, from

HYPERLINK “http://www.abortionaccess.info/fetusperson.htm” http://www.abortionaccess.info/fetusperson.htm.

IPAS (2008). Ensuring women’s access to safe abortion: a key strategy for reducing

maternal mortality and morbidity as part of women’s right to health. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from HYPERLINK “http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/docs/responses/Ipas.pdf” http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/docs/responses/Ipas.pdf.

Maria., B. ( 2003). Violence, pregnancy and abortion. Issues of women’s rights and

public health, 2nd edition. Chapel Hill, NC, IPAS. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from http://www.ipas.org/Publications/asset_upload_file299_2460.pdf.

National Abortion Federating (2010). Abortion Facts. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from

http://www.prochoice.org/about_abortion/facts/index.html.