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RUNNING HEAD: SUMMARY

A Summary and analysis of Nortel Networks Management System

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30th March, 2011.

I started working 100 hours every week to change a company that was struggling financially struggling company as the CEO at Nortel Networks, thinking it should be doing better since its products like network and CDMA Icode division multiple access are used everywhere by companies providing internet and cell phone services. I underestimated the magnitude of the problems and made a mistake of comparing it to GE and Motorola where I worked successfully previously.

My problem started when the management over reported earnings to produce corporate bonuses. I had thought that Nortel had corrected its financial reporting, but realized they had made the same error for the third time and had to make another report earning less profit. This brought the lawsuits against the company by shareholders who saw the Nortel stock value lose $30 billion and sought $9 billion for damages. I had to be sorry for this mistake and promise change as it would have put Nortel out of business. The first step was to reshuffle the staff and offer extra training.

It also demoralized the employees reducing the number of those highly satisfied with their jobs. When Nortel began being bankrupt I was supposed to convince financial companies that appeared skeptical to lend $2 billion to Nortel and keep it afloat, telling them of its worth . However, before that I had to cut down costs by reducing retiree benefits and lay off 1, 900 employees and 350 managers. I would ensure that the few employees are highly motivated in order for them to put maximum input in production.

In addition, Nortel’s main cellular technology CDMA was becoming old giving way to more powerful cell phone standards and equipment. This required introduction of new technologies so as to beat the competition

With the increasing problems I began contemplating how Nortel would return to profitability.

References

Cengage. What would you do? Retrieved 30 March 2011from < cengagesites.com/…/MGM

-%20What%20Would%20You%20Do.pdf>

Ezekwesili, Meka5/13/18

English 4

Woods

Chabot College

Think About It

The story of The Lottery is filled with suspense and mystery. The villagers of a small town gather together in the square on a beautiful day, for the town lottery. There are only 300 people in this village, so the lottery takes only two hours. The village children, run around collecting stones, they put some in their pockets and make a pile in the town square. Mr. Summers is one of the main characters and offers a lot of foreshadow. He runs the lottery because he has a lot of time to do things for the village. He arrives in the square with the black box, followed by Mr. Graves, the postmaster. Over years Mr. Summers always suggested they make a new box because the current one is shabby, but no one wants to change tradition. Mr. Summers did get them to replace the wood chips they usually use with slips of paper. As Mr. Summers calls their names, each member of the family comes up and draws a paper. When they open their slips, they find that Tessie has drawn the paper with the black dot on it. Mr. Summers instructs everyone to hurry up. The villagers grab stones and run toward Tessie. Tessie says “it’s not fair” and everyone begins throwing stones at her.

Many of the seemingly innocuous details throughout “The Lottery” foreshadow the violent conclusion. In the second paragraph, children put stones in their pockets and make piles of stones in the town square, which seems like innocent play until the stones’ true purpose becomes clear at the end of the story. Tessie’s late arrival at the lottery instantly sets her apart from the crowd, and the observation Mr. Summers makes—“Thought we were going to have to get on without you”—is eerily prescient about Tessie’s fate. When Mr. Summers asks whether the Watson’s son will draw for him and his mother suggests that Mr. Watson may have been last year’s victim.

Jackson builds suspense in “The Lottery” by relentlessly withholding explanation and does not reveal the true nature of the lottery until the first stone hits Tessie’s head. We learn a lot about the lottery, including the elements of the tradition that have survived or been lost. We learn how important the lottery is to the villagers. As we go through the entire ritual, hearing names and watching the men approach the box to select their papers, Jackson never tells us what the lottery is about, or the purpose. The goal of the lottery becomes sinister when Tessie protests Bill’s “winning” paper, but not fully until the moment when a rock actually hits Tessie. By withholding information until the last possible second, she builds the story’s suspense and creates a shocking, powerful conclusion.

A Tell-Tale Heart, by Edgar Allan Poe provides a study of paranoia and mental deterioration. The narrator opens the story by telling us that he is nervous, but not mad. He says that he is going to tell a story that will defend his sanity but confess to killing an old man. His motivation wasn’t passion, money, but rather a fear of the man’s “pale blue eye.” He continuously reminds us that he is not crazy because his cool and measured actions–though criminal–are not those of a madman.

Every night, he went to the old man’s apartment and secretly watched him sleep. In the mornings he would act normal. After a week of this activity, the narrator decides he’s finally fed up and ready to kill the old man. The old man wakes up a bad dream and the narrator hears a dull pounding that he interprets as the old man’s heartbeat. Worried that a neighbor might hear the loud thumping, he kills the old man. He dismembered the body and hides it under the floorboards in the bedroom. Then the narrator hears a knock at the street door, the police have arrived. They were called by a neighbor who heard the old man shriek. The narrator tries to have small talk and appear normal. He leads the officers all over the house without acting suspicious. He even brings them into the old man’s bedroom to sit down and talk.

The policemen don’t suspect a thing. Then the narrator starts to hear a low thumping sound. He recognizes the low sound as the heartbeat of the old man. He panics, believing that the policemen must also hear the sound too and know he’s guilty. He drives himself crazy by the idea that they are mocking his agony with their pleasant chatter, he confesses to the crime and shrieks at the men to rip up the floorboards.

The narrator of “The Tell-Tale Heart” views his hypersensitivity as proof of his sanity, not a symptom of madness. This special knowledge enables the narrator to tell this tale in a precise and complete manner, and he uses the stylistic tools of narration for the purposes of his own sanity plea. However, what makes this narrator mad—and most unlike Poe—is that he fails to comprehend the coupling of narrative form and content. He masters precise form, but he unwittingly lays out a tale of murder that betrays the madness he wants to deny.

Both stories develop a mysterious and sinister theme. In each story the fate of the characters is held in suspension until the end. Foreshadowing in the beginning of each story reveals the ending. “In the Tell-Tale Heart” the narrator is haunted by the sound of the old man’s heart. This foreshadows the ending confession. In The Lottery the focus on the stones reveals the purpose the lottery. At first the children introduce the stones. They are collecting them into a pile in the time square. This hides the malice of the real intention of the stones behind the innocence of the children. Then at the very end everyone picks up their stones and begin to throw them at Tootsie, revealing their actual purpose. In “The Tell-Tale Heart,” the narrator fixates on the idea that an old man is looking at him with the “Evil Eye” and transmitting a curse on him. The narrator obsesses over the eye, he wants to separate the old man from the Evil Eye in order to spare the old man from his violent reaction to the eye. The narrator reveals his inability to recognize that the “eye” is the “I,” or identity, of the old man. During his psychiatric breakdown he’s turned the man’s damaged eye into a metaphorical “all seeing eye” what he really upset about is judgement. He feels that he can put on a mask for others and seem normal, but this eye he can’t hide from. To him, the eye sees the real him and he projects his evil onto the old man.

THE SUCCESS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

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Introduction

The US remains the most developed nation in the world, and while at it, also the most influential country on a political scope. This was however not the case a few centuries ago, as American colonies at the time, had to unite, and fight for independence. This would later on be called the American Revolution. While there are many aspects of this revolution that have always been easier to understand, one area still remains grey and this will be the center of focus for this paper. To be precise, this paper expounds on the success of the American Revolution, given that it was not a traditional war involving one state and the other. At the same time, this paper also narrows down on how Americans succeeded, against what was the most formidable empire on earth.

The challenges Americans had

It is imperative to begin by highlighting some of the challenges Americans faced, because the same helps in understanding how they ended up on the winning side. The following are the main challenges faced by Americans at the time;

Leadership challenges: In order to go against an empire as strong as the British Empire of the time, then Americans needed to have proper leadership, and yet they came short in this regard. During the earlier year of the revolution, the Americans had leaders who were incompetent, and because of the same, they didn’t push for the agenda as they ought to have (Coleman, 2021). This became a challenge in the grand scheme of things, and one that also undermined the efforts of every other American.

The lack of unity: As cliché as it may sound, there is always the need for unity during a war or even a revolution in this case. The American colonies were very different from each other in culture, political understanding and many other smaller optics. With so much difference between them, divisions were witnessed in most cases and this, worked against their goal of attaining independence from the British Empire which was their main goal. While counting some of the main challenges faced by the Americans, then it is worthy to highlight this one as well.

These aren’t the only challenges faced by Americans, as there are other ones such as economic strain on their side, the British controlled every beat of the sea until the French arrived, and most importantly the lack of support from other countries until later on.

An explanation of American success

There are a number of important events and factors that contributed to the American success over the British during this revolution. In this part of the paper, they will be analyzed, and they are as follows;

American’s Diplomatic Relations: In order to stand against the empire that the British were, Americans needed strong diplomatic relations, and this is where Benjamin Franklin came in. His visit to Paris, ensured that Americans, who were a rather small opponent to the British Empire, were equipped with necessary arms, food and sometimes even warfare insights. It is this same diplomatic relations that ensured the French could step in, and compromise the British from the seas (Coleman, 2021). While counting reasons why Americans won the revolution, despite it not being a traditional war, and against a formidable opponent that the British Empire was, then it is imperative to mention the one herein.

The British’s own economic problems: A key part of winning any war, is weakening the opposition, or rather the opposition being weak for internal reasons. The latter was the state of affairs for the British, as they had their own money problems. It is clear that wars need money, and with a lot of its resources spread across the empire, and as large as it was, then very little was left to fight in the American Revolution. This created what can only be referred to as a “match” between the two. In the long run, and with the growing support of allies such as France, the Americans got an upper hand. At the end of the revolution, they were winning, hence another worthy explanation.

The insurgency in the South: At first, it was just the Northern colonies that were actively partaking in the revolution. However, when the Southern Colonies saw it wise to join with the North, so that they can preserve slavery, then the insurance became a game changer. The British who had now grown accustomed to fighting Northern colonies, now had a new front of enemy-power, and that is through the Southern insurgence. This insurgence, also acted as a source of motivation for the ones who were already partaking in the revolution, with an increase base of rebellion, the British Empire, even with all its might, was facing a group united by one strong ideology and that was powered with the need for both social and economic freedom. This is, therefore, an explanation and an analysis of why the Americans won, despite them having the slimmest of chances.

The intervention of the French: It is no secret that the French were an equally formidable force in the world at the time. When they joined the Americans later on in the revolution, then the dynamics of the revolution changed. The seas that were completely under the control of the British, had a new visitor, and this divided the thoughts and resources of the British. With the French joining as allies to the Americans, then wining became even easier, and hence another explanation (Bailyn, 2017).

These are the main reasons why the Americans won the revolution, but not mere justifications on why it happened. It is important to underline the fact that through these points, it is easier to conceptualize why Americans, from a point of low vantage, won against a formidable opponent that the British Empire were. It is also rational to acknowledge the fact that there could be many other justifications not mentioned in this case, but ones that are equally worthy.

Conclusion In a nutshell, the progression of this paper, has highlighted American success in the American revolution, bearing in mind that it was not a traditional war, but one where the opponent was a formidable empire at the time,. While using success optics by the Americans as the anchorage to this analysis, the paper herein also managed to justify American success. It is imperative to note that this paper didn’t fall short to mention the challenges Americans faced, and how they mitigated the same, to emerge victorious at the end of the day. This paper also managed to define the thin line on why the American Revolution was not a “war” or even “revolution” per se. With a keen eye to detail, this paper has indeed managed to cover the topic at hand.

References

Bailyn, B. (2017). The ideological origins of the American Revolution. Harvard University Press.

Coleman, K. (2021). The American Revolution in Georgia, 1763–1789. University of Georgia Press.

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The Straw Man Fallacy

A straw man fallacy usually takes place when an individual takes another individual’s opinion or argument, exaggerates it, distorts it in some extreme manner, and then attacks the extreme distortion as if that is truly the assertion the first individual is making. During disagreement of moral issues, individuals have the temptation to put into practice the straw man fallacy for many motives (Aikin et al., 224). Among the reasons is the fact that it is easier to disprove a straw man than the concrete claim. An individual can quickly point out the mistake in it on the foundation of ethical values by transmitting an individual claim to something out rightly immoral.

I usually feel so irritated and upset when a person uses the straw man fallacy in a disagreement with me. I find it usually challenging to flip the argument around when this is done in front of a group. Showing that my claim is not the same as the presented distorted version becomes so difficult. Most of the time, it disheartens me from continuing with the disagreement. There are several examples of the straw man fallacy that happen in everyday arguments. Below is an example of such an argument.

Person A: Alcohol consumption legal drinking age should be 17 years. The human body is ready to manage the complications of alcoholic drinks.

Person B: That sounds crazy and senseless. Alcohol consumption by young individuals affects society and the community at large.

This example illustrates Straw Man because person B didn’t respond to person A’s argument. As an alternative, person B took the view to the extreme. As a result, they did not proceed to discuss a plan or rational solution.

Works Cited

Aikin, Scott, and John Casey. “Straw Man.” Bad Arguments: 100 of the Most Important Fallacies in Western Philosophy (2018): 223-226.

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#1. The summary of the speech.

Baldwin is a firm believer in the power of educated citizens to speak out against social injustice. He examines American society by portraying Americans as being more susceptible to myths about their own superiority than to critical, open-minded thought and action. I believe Baldwin’s historical perspective emphasizes the ability of individuals to affect social and historical realities. It’s important to note, as Baldwin does, that the teacher’s role can help develop the most independent thinkers and intellectually free individuals. For over three decades, he was the Black Revolution’s gadfly: an angry, incessant entity with strangely bulging eyes and a wickedly pointed tongue that tortured the American conscience. If James Baldwin were still alive today, his fame would soar as a result of his contributions to the United States of America. A member of a historically underrepresented group has provided the “exquisite sting of truth” to the United States’ highest authority. It is not my intention today to discuss the enduring value of or place in the canon of James Baldwin’s work, but rather to discuss why he chose to leave the very place where all of these diverse perspectives and knowledge came together for the purpose of writing these brilliant essays of truth ADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“DOI”:”10.1353/cal.2000.0032″,”ISSN”:”1080-6512″,”author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Henderson”,”given”:”Mae G.”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Callaloo”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issue”:”1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2000″]]},”page”:”313-327″,”publisher”:”Johns Hopkins University Press”,”title”:”James Baldwin: Expatriation, Homosexual Panic, and Man’s Estate”,”type”:”article-journal”,”volume”:”23″},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8615c41f-b89a-3120-bdcf-d9963e3c6bbf”]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Henderson)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Henderson)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Henderson)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Henderson). A fascinating task is learning about James Baldwin’s life, which is full of stories, realizations, and struggles that seem to go on forever. The move from America to Paris, where he made a complete 180-degree turn in his life, surprised me the most. This may seem like a non-event, but Baldwin left America because he couldn’t bear to be trapped in his own skin any longer, bound to American culture.

#2. Similarities:

Racial Discrimination

When it comes to being a black American, James Baldwin likens being an unloved stepson to the United States treating blacks like an ugly stepchild. In 1948, a terrible thing happened in a diner in New Jersey. The waitress’s words had sent a wave of rage through him, “We don’t serve Negroes here.” His eyes began to grow dull, suddenly he threw a glass of wine at her. When she sprinted away, she smashed a mirror against the wall opposite him. It took him some time to regain consciousness and realize that his life was in danger due to the hatred he harbored in his heart, which led him to flee the diner.

No Knowledge of Laws

The use of force by law enforcement against African Americans is as American as the bald cypress and the Southern magnolia. Every generation have seen the heartbreaking ritual of a Black family grieving in public for the death of a loved one at the hands of the police.

Identity Issues

To be free of the tyranny of the Negroes, he must accept the fate of a black man and share in his suffering (Baldwin, 1963, p. 341). Even if white Americans disagreed with the strategy, they would appreciate the fight if they themselves were black. People must overcome their psychological insecurities in order to engage in genuine emotional engagement and revelation, and the country must avoid turning this struggle and fraternity into an attitude ADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“author”:[{“dropping-particle”:””,”family”:”Glaude Jr.”,”given”:”Eddie S.”,”non-dropping-particle”:””,”parse-names”:false,”suffix”:””}],”container-title”:”Time.com”,”id”:”ITEM-1″,”issued”:{“date-parts”:[[“2020″]]},”title”:”How James Baldwin Told the Truth About Racism in America | Time”,”type”:”article-magazine”},”uris”:[“http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=5445be27-6eff-3ab1-8ccc-9f57c1de7ccf”]}],”mendeley”:{“formattedCitation”:”(Glaude Jr.)”,”plainTextFormattedCitation”:”(Glaude Jr.)”,”previouslyFormattedCitation”:”(Glaude Jr.)”},”properties”:{“noteIndex”:0},”schema”:”https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json”}(Glaude Jr.). Our true American identity will not be realized until a majority of white people share our views on this issue, until white people march alongside black people and risk their lives together in the face of brutality and injustice.

No Equal Opportunities in Job Places and Education

The ability of a person to see things from his or her own point of view, make decisions for himself, and decide whether or not something is black or white is what education is all about, according to Baldwin.

#3. Differences:

In the article – the role of the American writer

His works on race and social issues set new literary ground for one of the 20th century’s greatest writers, James Baldwin. In addition to his literature, he wrote extensively about the African American experience in the United States.

In the speech – the reasons for riotesAs Baldwin put it: “The reason that Black people are out protesting has to do with the lives that they’re forced to lead in this country, and they’re forced to lead these lives because of the indifference, apathy and a certain kind, an extremely wilfully ignorant part of their co-citizens.”

The goal of the article – to inform people about the position of the African Americans

The goal of the interview – to analyze the reasons for riotesQuote 1: According to Baldwin “I knew what it meant to be white and I knew what it meant to be a nigger, and I knew what was going to happen to me. My luck was running out. I was going to go to jail, I was going to kill somebody or be killed. My best friend had committed suicide two years earlier, jumping off the George Washington Bridge.”-James Baldwin

Paraphrase: In other words, “I’m not your slave.” That’s when it dawned on him that racism was nothing more than a symptom of Baldwin’s larger existential or “human” illness.

Response: I agree that Baldwin makes an effort to help us deal with those rare and precious instants when dilemmas undoubtedly bubble to the substratum of our minds.

Quote 2: In accordance to interview, “Well, part of the reason is one is doing one’s best to avoid violence. One of the reasons it could happen that way is because for so long, four hundred years, the American republic, in general, has ignored and denied the whole situation that Negroes have operated within – to be a source of cheap labor, for example, north or south, is to be, in effect, oppressed. Now, the oppression is bad enough. But the myth that the country’s created about the object of the oppression: the myth about the negro being happy in his place, is something the republic has managed to believe and, so that in addition to the fact of the oppression, one has also the fact that within the country for one hundred years there’s been a way of life occurring in the country, which most of the country knows nothing about. And it’s reflected, for example, in the way Negroes talk to each other. It’s a kind of language which does not really exist on what we like to think of as a major level of the American culture.ADDIN CSL_CITATION {“citationItems”:[{“id”:”ITEM-1″,”itemData”:{“ISBN”:”9780472027613″,”abstract”:””This fine collection of essays represents an important contribution to the rediscovery of Baldwin’s stature as essayist

A Stable Government Is The Solution For The Famine In Somalia

This paper seeks to give an analysis on how the recurrent famines in Somalia can be solved through having a stable government. Somalia is experiencing the worst drought in about 60 years, as they try and struggle with the civil war. Around 3.7 million people are affected by the drought, and many lives are being lost. The children of Somalia are the ones, who are suffering greatly, as a result of the famine (Dixon, 2011). According to the United Nations, malnourishment levels among children are at 30%. UNICEF has confirmed that in every six minutes, a child dies in Somalia, due to famine. The country is extremely insecure, thus making it difficult for the United Nations to deliver food and aid.

A stable government needs to exist, so that the security issue is addressed, and a solution found. Most Somalis have to travel dangerous land in search of food, not knowing if they will be alive, before they reach the food. Most of the Somali people are finding their way into Kenya. It is estimated that around 1800 people enter Kenya on a daily basis. These numbers are extremely high and they cannot be all catered for by the Kenyan government. Since the Somalia government is supporting the activities of the United States, the group known as Al-Shabaab is causing a lot of problems. Somalia is guarded by militia, who are in support of the existing federal transition government.

The Somali government ought to become stable, so that the international community is able save the people who are starving. Aid in the form of medicine, water and food, is needed urgently (Qasim, 2011). Those working in the United Nations and transitional government should work together if the problems of the famine are to be solved. A strategy must be set up by the transitional Somalia government to eradicate famine, as this should not be taking place in the 21st century. The warring parties in Somalia, who are all fighting for power, are the cause for the famine tragedy .Instead of focusing on the needs of the citizens; they are only interested in matters concerning power.

The Somali people have for a long time suffered due to the civil war. In the year 1991, President Siad Barre was over thrown, thus becoming a failed state. There are no human rights in Somalia, as well the country being extremely poor. The worst hit regions by famine are Lower Shebelle near Mogadishu and Bakool near Ethiopia. The government is the root cause of all the problems affecting the Somalis (Allison, 2011). The existing Somali government has not done anything to control its population from exploding. The result is that the food resources in Somalia cannot fully cater for all the citizens.

Currently, famine occurs as a result of people not receiving food supplies, which they need to receive. In all the famines, which have occurred in the world, 90% have been in Africa. Politics has been the lead cause of the famine in Somalia, which is as a result of the malicious government. The other reason is that the Somalia government has not come up with effective policies to govern the country (Arab news.com, 2011). Politics in the country has brought about nothing but conflict. Famine would not be in Somalia, if there was a responsible, united and stable government. Unfortunately, the government has left it self be affected by Civil war. There are at least ten warring parties who are all competing for power. Thus ignoring what is important as the expense of its people. Somalia should not be facing famine.

References

Allison, Simon. (2011). Al-Shabab: Bruised but not beaten yet. Daily Maverick. Retrieved from http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-08-08-al-shabab-bruised-but-not-beaten-yet

Dixon, Robyn. (2011).Famine in Somalia: Will U.N. Aid be enough. International Business Times. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/184491/20110721/somalia-famine-un-declares-al-shabaab-united-states-aid.htm” http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/184491/20110721/somalia-famine-un-declares-al-shabaab-united-states-aid.htm

Editorial. Famine in Somalia. (2011). Arab news.com Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://arabnews.com/opinion/editorial/article475366.ece” http://arabnews.com/opinion/editorial/article475366.ece

Qasim, Maryan. (2011). Why can’t we end famine in Somalia? Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/28/somalia-famine-crisis.

his stepfather

A Strategy Model For Adoption Of A Policy On Gun Control

The government should always attempts to solve the problems that affects it country by coming up with appropriate public policies that are inclined to solving these problems in the public domain. The process of making a public policy is a slow process and incremental. Making of a public policy usually takes a route of a certain model for a proper policy to be instituted.

However, it is important to note that when coming up with any public policy, the institution responsible have to be considerate on the model that will be in line with the country’s constitution. The constitution of the United States of America have outlined specific stages that a policy needs to pass through before it is accepted as a national policy of the land. It is also important to take into consideration the checks and balances that were designed to require a broad consensus among the branches of the government before a policy could be developed and implemented (Woll, 1974). It is therefore imperative that the best model should be applied in formulation of the policy. In respect to this, classical model best placed since it puts into consideration the three arms of government in policy formulation.

It is also important to remember that legislations are made in parliament which by the constitution is the primary policy making organ in United States of America. A policy can emanate from any body or organ of the government and be forwarded to the parliament for deliberation as a bill. However, in the cases where there is dire need of a policy to cover public interests such as the case of control of the fire arms, the executive is tasked with the responsibility of formulating a policy which can be forwarded to the legislative for discussion and adoption. After the passage of the policy, it can now be enforced by the administrative organs of the government for the public good.

For the best policy to be formulated, the policy needs to undergo a thorough public policy analysis stage (Birkland, 2011). The policy analysis ensures that that the suggested policy is thoroughly analyzed by the experts in the field and that necessary contributions by several stakeholders are made in order to produce a policy that is effective and which can stand the test of time. This technique should comprise quantitative methods that determines the suitability of the policy in the United States of America. However, qualitative assessment will also be necessary to be done in order to establish the applicability and the suitability of the policy.

After the analysis of the policy by the experts, there is need to have an agenda setting in the public domain. Agenda setting is necessary since it is the process by which an issue gain or loss the support of the general public and the elite in the field in the public gallery. This process can be well accomplished by engaging the media in policy formulation process where by the media is required to highlight the effects of the policy. Through the media, the policy will receive necessary critiques which are necessary for the fine tuning of the policy before it is availed to the legislature for deliberation. If the policy receives positive support from the public domain, it is likely to be adopted without much resistance from the House of Representatives. Without proper education on the policy, it is likely to be shut down by the Members of the legislature when it is introduced in the house for deliberation.

It is also important for the president to remember that in politics, public policies are made on the foundation of interactions of the parties involved (Woll, 1974). It will therefore be crucial for the president’s party to hold several educational seminars about the proposed policy with other parties. In doing so, the president will win the support of the other parties in the house of representative and also the intention of the policy will be well understood by all sides of the political divide.

After the enlightenment of the several parties responsible, the policies should be fine tuned by incorporating the issues and contributions raised by different player in order to come up with the final policy formulation (Freedson, 2008). The final policy formulated should then be introduced to the parliament as a bill where Members of the Parliament will be required to deliberate on the bill and make necessary amendments to it. It is therefore expected to pass to the law. However, putting into consideration the efforts that will have been done in the initial stages, the bill is likely to receives less resistance and amendments and therefore it will easily transform to the law of the land.

In conclusion, it is important to keep in mind that while formulating this policy, the constitution of the land needs to be uphold and interests of the majority considered while also factoring in the will of the minority. Unlawful gun circulation has been attributed to insecurity incidents and therefore it is the will of the majority of Americans to control guns circulations. It is therefore with this view that a good policy that will seek to compact this problem will be highly appreciated by any right thinking American.

References

Birkland, T. A. (2011). An Introduction to the Policy Process: Theories, Concepts and Models of Public Policy Making. M.E. Sharpe.Inc: New York.

Freedson, G.(2008). AP U.S. Government & Politics. Quebecar: New York.

Woll, P.(1974). Public Policy. Winthrop Publishers, Inc: United States of America.

The struggle between passion and reason during the enlightenment period: Moliere’s “Tartuffe”

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The struggle between passion and reason during the enlightenment period: Moliere’s “Tartuffe”

One of the themes that outstandingly displayed in the show is the conflict battle between reason and passion. In Tartuffe play, there are fewer characteristics that are associated with enlightenment displayed and promoted. The ideals of enlightenment challenging many of the former ideologies can be found in the writings from the enlightenment era. Whereby the writings had begun to question the established beliefs in favor of reason thus the name age of reason, which emphasized the ideas of reasoning (Weber, D. J.2005). During the enlightenment period writers and thinkers differed from beliefs and other ideologies brought about by religion with focus on promoting the idea of reason and analysis. In this play, Tartuffe was born to the culture that embraced rationalism and practical thinking. In this time period where gender roles, good manners, moderation and orders were enforced.

Moliere’s Tartuffe applied the beliefs of the enlightenment era on reason and passion to prove his point although his use of it as the centerpiece of enlightenment and advantages of individuals’ reason over emotion was ironic. The moderation of passion and reasoning was quite a struggle as the enlightenment writers aspired to moderate the passions through reason and correctness, Tartuffe was seeking to satisfy his bodily desires by couching arguments in reason. Greed and pride are passions Tartuffe has in excess that instead of using reason to build himself morally, he instead uses it to justify his passions for lust (Chill, E. S. 1963). He incorporates actions to make the world to look at how he thinks. This is presented after act three where Tartuffe gains power to act with impunity. In that he thinks keeping up with an act causes scandal and discomfort. This happens where he asks Elmire to prove her love for him physically stating “If you’re still troubled, think of things this way: No one shall know our joys, save us alone, And there’s no evil till the act is known; It’s scandal, Madam, which makes it an offense,And it’s no sin to sin in confidence.” (Tartuffe, 4.5.116-120) Moderation of passion and reason in the play was quite a struggle as shown by the attempts of Cleante, Orgon’s brother in law to explain and show Tartuffe for what he is emotionally clouded. In Act four, Cleante states “Ought not a Christian to forgive, and ought he not to stifle every vengeful thought?… Again I tell you frankly, be advised: the whole town, high and low, is scandalized; this quarrel must be mended, and my advice is not to push matter to a further crisis (4. 1. 9-16)”. This was after Orgon had kicked out his son making Tartuffe the sole heir. Cleante tries to talk reason to Orgon, but Orgon does not listen to him making his voice of reasoning useless as he’s unheard. Cleante is trying to point out Tartuffe hypocrisy as well as his wrong doings.

From the play, those with power like Orgon and his mother are the ones struggling to balance between passion and reason as they turn a blind eye to hypocrisy and manipulation by Tartuffe. This is projected through the author in which he asks the audience: what happens in an incident that reason is used to further passion (body goals). This is often projected in contemporary society through which the better-off people and people in power tend to urge other individuals to control themselves whereas they cannot control themselves. Orgon’s struggle to balance between reason and passion is a struggle in the extent that his passion his perception of the truth is blinded by his desire to maintain superiority and favor of the King in his political aspirations (Molière, J. B. 2011). This struggle affected him and his relations ship with other society members being damned socially when he decided to banish Damis and make Tartuffe his rightful heir. Orgon’s desire for power made him blind to reason and would he have listened to when Tartuffe said “I shall defy you all, and make it clear / That I’m the one who gives the orders here” (3.6.57-58) then Orgon would not have been vulnerable.

Tartuffe in Moliere’s play was considered as a hypocrite who used emotions to deceive those around him as other characters like Dorine, Elmire and Cleante applied the logic of reason to combat him. Tartuffe hypocrisy is evident as Tartuffe shows passion and yearning towards Orgon’s wife, “I may be pious, but I’m human too… My keen concern for my good name insures the absolute security of yours;” (3.3.22-46) He is defending his action by arguing that his passions are because he is human and continues to imply even though a man may be wise he has no control over his passion. The differences in emotion use of Tartuffe and reason of the other characters distinguish their levels of enlightenment. As this society displays how it considers reason to be a high ranking value and passion as weak and irrationally applied. As the play continues the primary target Orgon is easily swayed by emotion in making a judgement in the context of his bodily satisfaction and urge to remain in power (Molière, J. B. 2011). The emotions impacted by Tartuffe, makes Orgon feel like his family is betraying making his supportive friends leave. Orgon’s threats to his daughter, disowning of his son Damis and attempt to strike the maid Dorine within the play were emotional decisions focused at his passion and not logic decisions informed by reason.

The last act of the play was used to display the essential nature of the age of reason whereby people begin to apply rational thoughts and reason to help in figuring out and understanding nature to guide their existence. The idea of reason in the play was displayed through the King character when Tartuffe brought an officer of the king to take Orgon away. The king, however, saw through Tartuffe’s attempts to get Orgon arrested and decided that he was the one to be put on trial and be accused (Molière, J. B. 2011).

Tartuffe as a play shows the gullibility and helplessness of those who see the truth but are not heart as expressed by Cleante, Orgon’s brother in law. Cleante in an attempt to enlighten his brother in law about the nature of Tartuffe he terms his love for Tartuffe as nonsense. Cleante sees how Orgon is clouded by emotions thus in the play he plays as the voice of reason trying to talk sense to him but goes unheard. Orgon’s emotions believe so much on the perfection of Tartuffe that he was willing to give up everything for him, including inheritance and the daughter’s happiness by denying he marriage to the man she loves and cancelling the engagement.

The play of Tartuffe upholds the ideas of the age of enlightenment in with it advocates for dominance in value of moderation and reason of things as compared to passion, obsession and excess. Cleante portrayed as the voice of reason throughout the play tends to bring out and promote balance and reason. Upon realizing the real nature of Tartuffe, Orgon was portrayed to be emotional and angrily reacting to how he was “through with pious men” (Molière 244). Cleante displays emotional control when he asks Orgon why he could not be rational. In the age of reason, the voice of reason in the paper, Cleante tries to explain to his brother in law not to curse all men who appear to be godly but rather be he should avoid extreme of behavior and judgement to act less impulsively.

References

Molière, J. B. (2011). Tartuffe. Larousse.

Chill, E. S. (1963). Tartuffe, Religion, and Courtly Culture. French Historical Studies, 3(2), 151-183.

Weber, D. J. (2005). Bá rbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment. Yale University Press.