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The Roles of Identity, Ethnicity and Literacy in Society and their Interrelatedness

Literacy has a rich background stemming from over 3000 years ago. It began, in its most basic form, as an oral form of expression growing into using written symbols to share information. Generally, literacy is defined as the ability to read and write (Hobbs). Literacy is however more complex than just reading and writing. It involves taking up -not a general source of knowledge as is commonly thought- but rather assimilating and creating one’s own culturally and societally available knowledge. From this definition, literacy becomes awfully situation-specific thereby derogating any power ascribed to attaining the knowledge of a specific culture and placing all cultures -and hence identities- on a singular plane. Although ideal, this is far from the reality in our greatly diverse yet paradoxically integrated society. Power, within this context, refers to the ability to influence and have authority over others whereas identity is the inherent and socially constructed view of oneself (Menge). Since identity is a social construct, it is greatly amenable to the environment one is exposed to. Due to numerous shifting and widening social constructs, certain cultures, and hence identities have developed a false but seemingly innate sense of a position of power as opposed to others. 

The three writers express the correlation between literacy, identity and power in both divergent and convergent ways, from the perspective of minorities in a society. Their views are not only relevant to the western world but to any society that experiences power inequalities due to ethnic and socio-economic status differences. It is clear from the three discourses that literacy, power and identity are correlated with each one of them having an influence on the other. Literacy and identity are both victims of circumstance and causes of power imbalance in societies. Their relationship is hardly ever linear and easily solvable by a singular solution. Understanding their relationship from the unique perspectives of those most affected by it could help develop a multifaceted view and approach when solving the resultant inequalities in society.

Right from the start, Mellix and Anzaldúa come out very strongly in expressing how their distinct dialects affect power relations both within and outside their own linguistic dialects. Mellix, an American woman of African descent, was forced through societal pressure to adopt the use of different dialects of English (Black English and Standard English) depending on who she was associating with (Mellix). In the essay, Mellix demonstrates the underlying power implications involved in the situational use of either dialect. She says that the use of Standard English served two purposes: when addressing white people, it served to show their knowledge of their language -to assert a sense of equality between their two cultures due to their knowledge of this “dominant dialect”. On the other hand, standard-English speaking blacks used “proper” English to show that they were better than black English speaking blacks whenever they were around them but resorted to a mix of the two in the absence of the black English speaking blacks (Mellix 262).

Anzaldúa, a south Texan Latina, laments about the tension Chicano speaking Latinas find themselves in where they not only have to prove the worth of their dialect to North-Americans but to fellow Latinas. Chicano Spanish, which evolved from other languages, is considered less than other dialects. The Chicanas, therefore, end up facing an identity crisis that is compounded even within their dialect.  In another instance, Anzaldúa noted that despite the Spanish community being the largest minority group in the USA, French rather than Spanish was advocated for teaching in schools due to its higher social status within society.

Evidently, the social status of different languages is a manmade construct that if unchecked resembles a consequence of nature. Logically speaking, no dialect on its own has more importance than the other since in and of itself it serves its purpose: conveying information, knowledge and ideas within a community. However, outside influences such as politics and economic factors place a false value on language bearing damaging consequences to minority groups in societies.

Both Mellix and Anzaldúa express how their dialects offered them a sense of family, belonging and a distinct identity. Mellix felt distanced when forced within the bounds of Standard English; which felt foreign as opposed to Black English (Mellix 261). It took her years of formal school training and mental restructuring in order to be able to express her whole self in a language she never considered her own but necessary to course through life.

Anzaldúa, described her people attaining their identity only when they had a name and a language that was wholly theirs (Anzaldúa 43). According to Finn’s review, one’s family has a direct bearing on which education system one eventually attends and consequently their future occupation –hence influence on society. Not only this, the education system which one attends ends up shaping their future identity. For example, in the essay, children in the working class schools ended up developing a rebellious streak as part of their identity (Finn 12).

A diverging point between the two essays, Anzaldúa feels ambivalent towards her own language and her culture whereas Mellix feels ambivalent towards the Standard English. Anzaldúa explains that despite feeling great pride and having a solidified sense of identity when she saw her language and its variants published, in films and in movies, she, together with other educated Chicanas, felt shame and alienated (Anzaldúa 41). She felt as if the two cultures within herself cancelled each other out leaving her null. One can sense that Anzaldúa is still battling it out within herself to find space for her identity within a society that shames her for it. On the other hand Mellix feels ambivalent towards Standard English. She senses that she both needs and dislikes it despite the power it accords her (Mellix 260).

People of minority groups within any society always have to go out of their way to accommodate the groups with societal power. A study by Steele et al. assessing how stereotypes affect performance of African Americans showed that African Americans performed poorer when under the threat of possible stereotyping (Claude Steele 123). Minority groups existing in environments where the actions of others directly or indirectly insinuate their inferiority with regards to their ethnic background may end up having a skewed identity of themselves or low intrinsic self-worth. This trickles down to how they respond to people in authority and how authority itself responds to them and their needs.

The two authors, Mellix and Finn, present two different ideas concerning identity and power that end up converging on the impact of the school systems. Teachers in Mellix’s school, which was a predominantly black school, taught Standard English using Black English. The irony of it all was not lost on Mellix. Teachers would reprimand black-English speakers with the thought that they would not be able to get jobs speaking Black-English.

On the other hand, Finn introduces the idea of social class and its influence within the school systems, identity and power. Finn reviews a study by Anyon that showed that the school system, and hence quality of education received, differed among different social structures. He demonstrated the far reaching effects of the school system and its influence on the path children take in the future. Children from higher social class families attended school that primed them to be leaders of the future (bear power) whereas those from, say, working class school who are disadvantaged because of either poverty or cultural reasons attend schools that prime them to work routine jobs. Finn indirectly presents the facts that oppose a common notion that children from poor backgrounds are less literate. We could now argue that children from poor backgrounds attend sub-standard schools as compared to children from affluent families. This goes to show that the problem is systemic rather than natural. To a lesser extent, Anzaldúa’s essay addresses the impact of the school system on literacy, power and identity. She points out that Chicano students within the USA were offered speech classes in order to get rid of their accents

Whereas Finn uses persuasive writing style both Mellix’s and Anzaldúa’s essays read like descriptive essays. Finn’s persuasive writing uses the existing body of knowledge concerning the influences of social class on the school systems to demonstrate the consequent inequity in literacy levels, power and the impact on identity. Mellix gives us an account of her story as in a memoir. This makes her story resonate with the reader because of the personalized approach it uses. Although Anzaldúa also uses a descriptive style, the essay is routinely punctuated with poetry in efforts of describing the importance of diversity in dialect and the current plights encountered.

Mellix takes the reader through a tumultuous journey of finding her voice within a language that is not inherently hers. She explores how her identity was intertwined with her form of expression and what it took for her to find a new identity and use it in developing literacy in forthcoming generations. Anzaldúa’s use of poetry and Chicano Spanish is like pungent garlic within her prose narrative. It makes the point her story is trying to describe. Anzaldúa refuses to conform to the societies powerful and accommodate the majority groups in her writing. She forcefully takes the power that has been elusive to many like her by, using her own words, using her wild tongue. Finn talks as if to a reader seeking to understand the disparity between the various school systems in the USA. He presents the case and gives suitable evidence in order to convince the reader that social classes do indeed impact school systems.

Literacy, identity and power do not lie on a linear relationship within societies. They are all affected and affect each other with the aid of other outside influences. Having more voices from society that have felt their impact, rise up and speak up will be off benefit in determining their intricate interrelatedness and making meaningful steps towards reducing inequities in society.

Works Cited.

ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography CSL_BIBLIOGRAPHY Anzaldúa, Gloria. “‘How to Tame a Wild Tongue’ (1987).” Available Means, 2017, pp. 357–65, doi:10.2307/j.ctt5hjqnj.57.

Claude Steele. “Whistling Vivaldi: How Stereotypes Affect Us and What We Can Do.” W. W. Norton, 2011, 2021, p. 242,

Finn, Patrick J. Literacy with an Attitude: An Education Appropriate to Their Station. no. 2009, 2020.

Hobbs, Renee. “Literacy.” The International Encyclopedia of Communication Theory and Philosophy, Wiley, 2016, pp. 1–11, doi:10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect162.

Mellix, Barbara. “From Outside , In.” The Georgia Review , Vol . 41 , No . 2 , FOCUS ON AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL ESSAYS (Summer), vol. 41, no. 2, 2015, pp. 258–67.

Menge, Torsten. “The Role of Power in Social Explanation.” European Journal of Social Theory, vol. 21, no. 1, SAGE Publications Ltd, Feb. 2018, pp. 22–38, doi:10.1177/1368431017714426.

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A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life’s Purpose

In his book, Eckhart Tolle introduces readers to the concept of the power of now. In essence, the book examines the state of humanity, highlighting the different ways through which people live their daily lives based on a mistaken identity. He examines humanity’s egoism and how human beings have used their intellect for survival. As the author explains, the world presents humanity with plenty of opportunities for personal growth and self-improvement. However, this opportunities are only available to those who have the ability to recognize them and accept them into their personal lives. The author further explains that all human beings face plenty of challenges, which they need to accept and confront at all times.

This paper presents a critical analysis of the book, A New Earth: Awakening Your Life’s Purpose by Eckhart Tolle. Specifically, the paper explains how the book teaches its readers on how to overcome their life challenges

New Journey

In his book, Tolle writes ‘‘to forgive is to overlook, or rather to look through. You look through the ego to the sanity that is in every human being as his or her essence.’’(Tolle63). This statement simply means that forgiveness is a crucial aspect in the human life and that individuals must practice forgiveness in order to survive their life’s challenges. In support of this statement, my personal life has been a good example of what Tolle proposes. After a fight with my parents, I experience a swam of negative thoughts owing to the conflict between my parents and me. However, through forgiveness, I am able to overcome some of these negative feelings and be able to let go of these challenge with ease. Every time I practice forgiveness, it feels like a new awakening, just as Tolle explains. Forgiveness is the first step towards overcoming life’s challenges, as it allows individuals to evade the potential for suffering. As Tolle explains, “How you react to people and situations, especially when challenges arise, is the best indicator of how deeply you know yourself.” (Tolle188). Put simply, if one decides to forgive others for their shortcomings, there is a higher likelihood of such an individual to successfully proceed on with their lives with minimal disruptions.

Tolle also explains that

Travel to an unknown destination may lead to unpredictable dangers but I believe that is a challenge for me. When I travel to new cities or new countries, I make it a point to talk to as many locals as possible. You can learn so much more from one conversation than you can from one hundred tour books, so I introduce myself to strangers, share experiences with travelers, bargain with shopkeepers and ask taxi drivers questions. When I speak to a waitress, I ask her where she’s from and what life is like there. If you open yourself up to strangers this way, you can learn so much not just about this new place in the world but also about yourself. Sometimes there is no way to predict what balance of enlightenment and endangerment might occur when one takes a chance with the unfamiliar such as venturing to speak to an unknown member of the opposite sex may lead to embarrassment, or a high seas adventure might well lead to scurvy, but there is, to be sure, value in the experience either way. To this end, great challenge has the capacity to bring about great insight.

4. In the journey of my life, any conflict and unhappiness is a kind of test. Also, this is a best practice opportunities for the awareness. I remember when I attended the growth groups; the speaker Mr. Chen tells a story about awareness: At the first time, when you walk on the road, you don’t notice that there has a big hole on the middle and then you will always fall into it. At that time, you need to spend lots of time to climb out from the hole. The second time, you walk on the road, and fall into the hole again. However, you stay in the hole’s time is shorter than before. Again, you walk on the road, and you try to go around, but still fall into it accidentally. But, you know how to climb out. Finally one day, you know there has a hole on the middle of the road, and you are able to bypass. On the other hand, this does not guarantee that you will not fall into another the hole. The hole perhaps is depression, sadness, anger, or the pain, and the only thing you can do that is we need to maintain awareness. This story makes me realize that we must be willing to fail, to falter, to suffer, in order to become greater versions of ourselves. Sometimes, being shown lesser versions of us can be the key to this personal evolution.

5. And perhaps most importantly, we must recognize that this personal evolution doesn’t occur in a freedom like Albert Einstein says that “A human being is a part of a whole, called by us the ‘universe’, a part limited in time and space.”To the contrary, we improve ourselves only if we improve the value we represent for the whole of humanity, in whatever modest capacity this may be possible. By dispatching with these prejudices, we have a chance to know so much more, not just about the world but also about ourselves.

6.This is perhaps the standard in our discussion. Nothing that we do occurs independently of the needs and wishes of family, friends, communities, societies, civilizations and so on. We are insignificant units of an infinitude that is well beyond our comprehension. The best we can do is attempt to comprehend this notion as a function of that which we can impact. Where we can improve our lives, the lives of those around us and the lives of those beyond us, we have a responsibility to attempt to do so. Only through openness to the unfamiliar, a willingness to learn from suffering and recognition of the broader level of the universe will allow us to do this.

Work Cited

Tolle, Eckhart. A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life’s Purpose. New York: The plum Book, 2005. Print

A New Journey

1. Significant opportunities for learning, for self-improvement and for personal growth fill the world around us. However, these opportunities are available only to those who are willing to open up to them. This is the premise at the center of the discussion here below. Specifically, each of us has a chance for a life filled with stimulation and unseen challenges. If we still need to accept or face these unseen challenges, then we just need to confront them because the results are surprising yet advantageous.

2.The author does not just talk and teach us about the challenges that we face each day but also about some of the experiences, we have to deal with, some terrible and others pleasant. Tolle writes ‘‘to forgive is to overlook, or rather to look through. You look through the ego to the sanity that is in every human being as his or her essence’’ (Tolle 63). Sometimes, when I have a fight with my parents, some of the negative thoughts keep nagging at my heart, and then I calm myself down; at that time, I ask my heart “Well, is it important?” Every time like a pleasant awakening, though my thoughts are still running through my mind, I step back and take a more detached position to watch myself to be able to answer this question.

3. Of course, many people will simply avoid the unfamiliar as a way of evading the potential to suffer or get hurt. This is not necessarily an irrational way to behave in the face of the unfamiliar. Tolle says, “How you react to people and situations, especially when challenges arise, is the best indicator of how deeply you know yourself” (Tolle188). Travelling to an unknown destination may lead to unpredictable dangers, but I believe that such dangers are challenges for me. When I travel to new cities or new countries, I make it a point to talk to as many locals as possible. One can learn so much more from one conversation than one can from one hundred tour books. For instance, I find it better to ask locals about the best foods I can enjoy in their country or cities, the best places to sightsee, how some foods are prepared and so forth.

So I introduce myself to strangers, share experiences with travelers, bargain with shopkeepers and ask taxi drivers questions. When I speak to a waiter, I, for example, ask her where she is from and what life is like there. If one opens himself up to strangers this way, he can learn so much not just about this new place in the world but also about himself. Sometimes there is no way to predict what balance of enlightenment and endangerment might occur when one takes a chance with the unfamiliar such as venturing to speak to an unknown member of the opposite sex may lead to embarrassment, or a high seas adventure might well lead to scurvy, but there is, to be sure, value in the experience either way. For instance, getting embarrassed while talking to the opposite sex can teach one how to communicate with them better next time, and getting or witnessing scurvy can teach one that they have to carry fruit next time they take such a trip. Either way, significant challenges have the capacity to bring about adept insight.

4. In the journey of my life, any conflict and unhappiness, I have experienced acts like some kind of test. In addition, these always act as opportunities to increase my knowledge or awareness. I remember when I attended an encounter growth group; the speaker, Mr. Chen, told a story about awareness: at first when one walks on the road, he does not notice that there is a giant hole in the middle, and then one will always fall into it. At that time, one needs to spend lots of time to climb out from the hole.

The second time he walks on the road, and falls into the hole again. However, he stays in the hole for a shorter time than before. Again, he walks on the road, and he tries to go around, but still falls into it accidentally. Nevertheless, he knows how to climb out of the hole. Finally, one day, he knows there is a hole in the middle of the street, and he knows how to bypass it. However, this does not guarantee that he will not fall into another hole. The hole perhaps is depression, sadness, anger, or pain, and the only thing he can do is maintain awareness. This story makes me realize that we must be willing to fail, to falter, to suffer, in order to become greater versions of ourselves. Sometimes, seeing lesser versions of us can be the key to this personal evolution.

The story Mr. Chen gave is an appropriate example of how we should never give up trying to find solutions to our problems because the more we try the better chances we get of emerging successful. There was a time I always got distressing results for math, and my parents were increasingly disappointed in me. I tried practicing, but I could not seem to improve my results. I got a mentor who advised me to keep on practicing and applying what I learned in my tests, and finally I started improving my scores. With time, I was extremely proficient at math. It was the fact that I was not excellent in math that made me work harder to improve on my skills and knowledge. Without this failure, I would not have gained any success or improvement.

5. Perhaps most importantly, we must recognize that the personal improvement we derive from working hard does not occur easily. Albert Einstein says, “A human being is a part of a whole, called by us the ‘universe’, a part limited in time and space”. This is to mean that human beings do not exist independently; their existence and their actions affect the existence and the experiences of the other human beings. This is to mean that we improve ourselves only if we improve the value we represent for the whole of humanity, in whatever modest capacity this may be possible. If we improve ourselves, we also improve the others, or the bigger universe. By doing away with ignorance and by increasing awareness, we obtain a chance to know so much more, not just about the world but also about ourselves.

6.This perhaps is the main subject of our discussion; nothing that we do occurs independently of the needs and wishes of family, friends, communities, societies, civilizations and so on. We are insignificant units of an infinitude that is well beyond our comprehension. The best one can do is, try to understand and take this concept as a function of things that we can affect or influence. Where we can improve our lives, the lives of those around us and the lives of those beyond us, we have a responsibility to attempt to do so. Through the discussion above, we were able to see that is only through openness to the unfamiliar, willingness to learn from challenges and acknowledgement of a broader universe that will allow us to become whole human beings, capable of learning and influencing others positively.

Work cited

Tolle, Eckhart. A New Earth: Awakening to Your Life’s Purpose. New York: The Plum Book, 2005. Print.

The Roles Played by Western Countries in Shaping the Changes and Development of China Since the Mid-Nineteenth Century to 1978

Introduction

After a long isolationism period in the 19th century, China was under immense pressure from Western countries to open up to foreign relations and trade. Fueled by the Industrial Revolution that had sparked unprecedented levels of growth in Europe and the United States, there were huge gaps between China and the West (Valentini, 2012). China was significantly behind in terms of its military might and performance as well as technological advancement. At the time, China did not have the capacity to resist the Western countries, leading to an unequal agreement and treaties that forced China to open its ports as well as cities to foreigners for trade and other diplomatic relations. China’s response to the Western nations entry into Asia was different fro that of other countries like Japan. The former refused to yield to Western pressure, leading to reduced modernization and lesser interaction with the outside world. Tensions between the Chinese authorities and the British in the mid-nineteenth century led to the first of the Opium Wars, leading up to the Chinese defeat and the birth of unequal treaties (Garnaut, Song, & Fang, 2018). The treaties signed at the time were unfavorable for China, yet marked a period of increased interactions between the West and the East. Ultimately, Western countries played a vital role in bringing new ideas and technologies to China following the Industrial Revolution that shaped several changes and development of the Chinese landscape.

Introduction of New and Modern Means of Communication and Transportation

One of the main roles of the Western countries in China was the introduction of new and more modern means of communication and transportation. As the West aggressively sought trade with China, the latter benefited from the Industrial Revolution in Britain, Europe, and America. As a result, the opening up of the Chinese transport and communications infrastructure meant that more goods and products were available for trade. While this benefited the Chinese, the Western nations enjoyed the profitable trade even more. The result was an opening up of the country for trade, change in the way people communicated and moved from one space to the next, and the overall change in the transport and communication culture of the Chinese people (Zhao & Xie, 1992). The improvement of the transport and communication network to match the standards in the rest of the developed world was a crucial step to increase the interaction between China and the outside world between the mid-19th century and 1978.

Introduction of a Strong Export Market for China

Another major role of the Western countries in shaping the changes and development of China was the creation of a thriving export market. Previously, the Chinese government had confined all business relations to the frontier, especially with foreigners (Wright, 2000). However, the influence of the Western countries opened up export activities and other business opportunities after the 1842 treaty of Nanking ending the Opium War with Britain (Capen, 1912). The ceding of Hong Kong to the English and the opening up of five ports in Shanghai, Canton, Ningpo, Amoy, and Foochow saw a new era in the way China handled foreign relations in regard to business. Pressure and the changes that occurred at the time led to further opening up of China to foreigners and the increase in the number of Chinese ports on navigable rivers and the coast to increase export and foreign trade. The development of foreign trade remains to be one of the most significant roles that Western countries had on China, instituting changes that have defined the country up to date.

Integration of the Chinese Market to the Global Economy

The integration of the Chinese market into the 19th and 20th century world economy was also a significant role that was instituted by western countries between the mid-nineteenth century to the period before 1978. America and Britain were some of the most important trade partners that China had at the time. They introduced changes to the Chinese culture and society by providing alternative ways to do business, to transport goods, and brought about new ideologies applicable in the political and social arenas (Hsu, 1984). The new way of thinking was important in the introduction of modernization, and especially in ensuring that China was fit to operate its trade activities with the rest of the world. The nation was able to move from a confined system that controlled every movement and exchange from a frontier perspective to allow a more expansive global interaction to market Chinese products to the rest of the world. The establishment of China as a key trading partner for the West was largely due to the influence of British and American influences and trade. The role of the West was one that involve facilitation, not just for the products out of China but also for the foreign businesses headquartered in the new China.

Exerting Direct Pressure to Change the Chinese Commerce Scene

The role of Western countries in shaping the changes and development of China since the mid-nineteenth century to 1978 took any different channels, chief among those being the exertion of direct pressure on the Chinese government and forcing changes in the way foreigners and foreign trade were treated. China had for centuries remain a key trading partner for Western countries. However, it used a rigid system that was centrally controlled, minimizing the interaction of the people with foreigners and restricting trade to terms that were only beneficial to China (Capen, 1912). However, the Industrial Revolution in America and Europe left China at a great disadvantage. It could no longer resist the mighty power of European and American forces and their agendas. The efforts to open up China to foreign trade and commerce were realized during the mid-nineteenth century and the government was forced to adopt changes to the way it perceived and interacted with traders at all levels of commerce.

Immigration and Exchange of Ideals and Ideologies through Country-Level Interactions

The interaction between the Western countries and China also allowed movement between the East and the West. Specifically, the early 20th century saw a considerable number of students and diplomats from China visit the West and familiarize with Western ideals and institutions. On the return of these individuals back home, the ideas and ways of thinking influenced how they interacted with others, including political ideas, religious beliefs, cultural differences, social setups, and so on (Osterhammel, 1989). Chinese immigrants who settled in Europe and in America helped to spread the influence and knowledge to progressive classes back in China. Similarly, the introduction of Western publications and books in China that provided fact on western achievements, thoughts, and life shaped the way young people perceived western influence. The influence of Chinese people who resided or visited the West and become familiar with the western way of life was profound in China. It influenced changes in the way people perceived life, interactions, relations, politics, and individual ideals on progress and prosperity. The influence that primarily rocked the port cities brought about a wave of changes to the way the Chinese society perceived a number of things from the political, economic, social, cultural, and religious realms in relation to life and the interaction with others.

Religious Influence

The Chinese society was primarily social and political in its composition without a lot of religious power to influence ideology and social ideals. The introduction of Christian missionaries in China was able to reach the more remote parts of China, enabling rural China to get a glimpse of the outside world and to help in changing the inner workings of the Chinese society. Christianity, although limited by the dominant Buddhist and Confucius ideals, was able to achieve where government pressure and trade had failed. It brought about an embodiment of the Western way of life and its very foundation (Capen, 1912). Christianity achieved pervasive individual influence and laying of a foundation for new thinking. It enabled the Chinese locals to be more understanding of the western culture and to accept the ideals that western foreigners brought to China.

Overall Role of Western Countries in Changing and Developing China

The entry of Western countries into China marked a new era in how the country opened up, changed, and developed. While a majority of the changes were as a result of direct pressure exerted by British and other Western players, the aftermath was a new age not just for the locals but also for the country and its position in the world economy. The western countries, through their direct and indirect influence and participation, were able to modify the political and educational systems in China. The Christian missionaries were effective in changing the ethical, educational, and philanthropic ideals. The pressure from the western nations in 1854 changed the way trade was conducted and controlled in China, allowing foreign control and interception from externally-situated businesses. Foreigners gained a lot of power and influence as they were able to collect customs and to open up China to the rest of the world for global trade. Communication and transportation of goods were thoroughly overhauled by the introduction of postal services and custom control. Foreign traders led to the establishment of the first railway service in China in the 19th century opening up Shanghai and Wusung. The simple improvements to the way people moved, communicated, conducted businesses, and interacted with the government and other entities led to the new China. The period between the mid-nineteenth century up to 1978 was one rocked with numerous changes (Nield, 2015). The Chinese society changed significantly. While a majority of the changes were forced upon the Chinese society, several others were freely accepted as a result of the interactions between the foreigners and the people of China. The opening up of the country to trade and the free movement of people from China to the west created new ideals. A mix of Chinese culture and those of westerners led to the emergence of new ideologies in China, including political goodwill and societal changes. The results were a lot of changes to the way the Chinese economy was before, a change in the political realm, and the opening up of China to foreign influence.

Western competition and influence led to industrial changes in China and the development of various sectors and industries. The opening up of mines, the creation of large manufacturing plants, the rise of factories, the introduction of the railway, and other changes such as the introduction of a postal service in the country were all changes and developments introduced by western countries (Hou, 2013). The role of western countries was to transform China by introducing the benefits of the Industrial Revolution to the East. Western-trained Chinese people came back to the country with knowledge and experience that altered the traditional composition of the society, including the leadership and governance structures. The pressure of population in China was an issue that western ideals helped to manage through improving education, creating relative mobility, and allowing changes to the way people perceived trade. Essentially, western countries played a role that included upgrading the lifestyle of the Chinese.

Conclusion

The aim of this discussion was to showcase how western countries participated in shaping the changes and development of China since the mid-nineteenth century to 1978. China was very resistant to foreign and western entry and control. The result of this attitude was military and violent conflicts that changed the landscape of development and changes. Compared to other nations in the East such as Japan, China’s resistance policy saw the nation lag behind in development, an aspect that later saw it lose position to Japan and become a colony of the latter. The treaties signed at the time were unfavorable for China, yet marked a period of increased interactions between the West and the East. In the end, Western countries played a vital role in bringing new ideas and technologies to China following the Industrial Revolution that shaped several changes and development of the Chinese landscape. Western countries brought about new and modern means of communication and transportation, led the creation of a thriving export market, brought about the integration of the Chinese market into the 19th and 20th century world economy, and exerting direct pressure on the Chinese government and forcing changes in the way foreigners and foreign trade were treated. Western countries were able to influence the composition of the basic Chinese society, political realm, economic sector, the rise of industries, education, culture, religion, and various other areas of life.

References

Capen, E. W. (1912). The Western Influence in China. J. Race Dev., 3, 412.

Garnaut, R., Song, L., & Fang, C. (2018). China’s 40 years of reform and development: 1978–2018. ANU Press.

Hou, C. M. (2013). Foreign investment and economic development in China, 1840-1937. Harvard University Press.

Hsu, C. K. (1984). Foreign interests, state and gentry-merchant class: railway development in early modern China, 1895-1911 (Doctoral dissertation, Brown University).

Nield, R. (2015). China’s Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Port Era, 1840–1943. Hong Kong University Press.

Osterhammel, J. (1989). British business in China, 1860s-1950s.

Valentini, G. (2012). China and Japan’s Responses to the West in the 19th Century. Available at https://www.e-ir.info/2013/11/04/chinese-and-japanese-responses-to-the-west-during-the-19th-century/

Wright, D. (2000). Translating Science: The transmission of western chemistry into late imperial China, 1840-1900 (Vol. 48). Brill.

Zhao, X., & Xie, Y. (1992). Western influence on (People’s Republic of China) Chinese students in the United States. Comparative Education Review, 36(4), 509-529.

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Introduction

An empire signifies a political system in which a group of individuals is governed by a single person, an emperor or empress. The Roman Empire is well identified as one of the greatest empires that ever existed, blossoming economically, politically, and culturally. It started on 27BCe when August became the sole monarch of Rome. August and his successor attempted to maintain the imagery and language of the Roman Republic to justify and preserve their power. The Roman Empire, at its height, c117CE, happened to be one of the most extensive political and social structures in Western civilization (McMullen, 2019). The Roman Empire Army was the largest and meanest fighting force in the ancient world. One of the main reasons why it became more powerful was due to the strength of its army. The Roman Empire was so successful because of the stable structures of politics. It was also impressive due to the fact that Romans were well organized and practical; they were aggressive and ambitious in getting anything they craved for.

History

The Roman Empire was created when August Caesar proclaimed himself the first emperor of Rome in 13BC and came to an end with the fall of Constantinople in 1453CE. By 285 CE, the Empire had developed too vast to be governed from the central government at Rome and so was divided by Emperor Diocletian Into an Eastern and a Western Empire, when the last Roman emperor, Romulus emperor, Augustulus. Being a legend, Rome was created in 753 (Jones, 2018). The elides is an issue that has some international universe. Being in the commencement of the eighth century, they grew from the small town on central Italy’s Tiber River into an empire. Roman Empire extended from a small town on central Italy’s Tiber River into an empire that at its top encompassed much of western Asia, most of continental Europe, Mediterranean islands, and Northern Africa. Among the many dominance of the Roman Empire are the modern Western alphabet, the emergence of Christianity as a major world religion, and the widespread use of the Romance languages such as Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Romanian, derived from Latin.     

Cultural context

Represented in the U.S.

The Roman Empire represented in the U.S. in terms of facilitating roads, fast food, towns, architecture, advertising, currency, Latin, and trademarks. The Roman Empire invented the technology in the United States for roads, concrete, aqueducts, and arches. The Roman Empire represented well in the United States in a way that it now follows in its footsteps. Many aspects of the Roman Constitution and Roman were more relevant in the U.S till today. These include concepts of separation of powers, checks and balances, term limits, and regular elections. It had the greatest influence on the United States. From stadiums and bridges to books, the ancient Roman have generally left a mark on the United States and the world. Roman Empire greatly impacted the art and architecture of the U.S. 

Individualistic/Collective

Ancient individualism witnessed a surge during the Hellenistic period, which spans the time from the demise of Alexander the Great in 323 BC to the emergence of the Roman Empire after the battle of Actium in 31 BC (Jones, 2018). The Roman Empire went through political, intellectual, and psychological transformations during that period. It resulted from the control of the Macedonian Empire, which was the late Roman Empire (Garnsey & Saller, 2014). It arguably prompted Roman philosophers to focus on personal salvation, internal happiness, and private life at the expense of other concerns, such as the formation of the ideal political organization. The perception of the individualistic retained some vital with the rise of Christianity. Like Stoicism, the Christian faith asserts that every individual has dignity since he/she was made in the Creator’s likeness. In order to be in charge of their large Empire, the Romans created important ideas about the government and law. They had outstanding buildings, fine engineering, and built roads, cities. 

Artistic

In terms of their artistic nature, the Roman Empire had visual arts designed in ancient Rome during the time of the Roman Empire. Their art was made of mosaic works, architecture, and sculpture. In the contemporary world, luxury objects in the form of ivory carvings, metal works, gem engravings, metal works, and glass are considered minor forms of Roman Empire Art. They are all considered beautiful and ones that convey meaning from military prowess to fashions in aesthetics. The Romans influenced art in a way that their classic art had a significant influence on the art sector for numerous years. Sculptures of individuals became so common that artists would mass make sculptures of bodies without heads.

Values

In terms of values, the individuals in the Roman Empire believed in the sense of one’s social standing created through experience. They also believed in the sense of self-worth, personal pride, ease of manner, courtesy, openness, and friendliness. The central value is that they believed their ancestors had established faithfulness, respect, uprightness, and status. These values had numerous diverse impacts on Romans’ behaviors and attitudes, depending on the social framework (Garnsey & Saller, 2014). These Roman values are often interrelated and overlapped. The Roman empire values became an agrarian society and gave great significance to decency, frugality, family, hierarchy, justice, incorruptibility, piety, discipline, and moral integrity. The Romans of old were viewed as exempla’ role-models’. 

Religion

Religion played a very significant part in everyday life of Ancient Rome and the Romans. They had a belief that gods were in control of their lives and, because of that, they spent a great deal of their time worshipping them. Before Christianity, the Roman Empire practiced a religion called Roman polytheism that was brought to an end with the adoption of Christianity as the empire’s official religion. With time, the Christianity faith and church grew more organized. In 313 AD, Emperor Constantine gave out the Edict of Milan, which acknowledged Christianity. After ten years, Christianity turned to be an official religion of the Roman Empire.

Sex and Gender Roles

In terms of sex and gender roles, defined by the men in their lives, women in ancient Rome were valued mainly as mothers and wives. Despite the fact that they were permitted to have more freedom than others, there was usually a limit, even for the daughter of an emperor. The most vital role for a woman in the Roman Empire was to bear children and raise them to follow traditions. Sexual behaviors and attitudes in ancient Rome were indicated by art, literature, and inscriptions. In common, the Romans had more flexible gender categories than the ancient Greeks. Men and women had different gender roles that they were expected to play within family and state.

Conclusion

The rise of the Roman Empire came about as a result of Rome managing to gain its empire in large part by extending some form of citizenship to a lot of the individuals it has conquered. The expansion of the military brought about economic growth, bringing enslaved individuals and loot back to Rome, which changed Rome and Roman culture. The Roman Empire had great success because of roman supremacy in combat and the stable structure of politics. Last, the empire collapsed because of the economic things, military, political, and the Social of Rome. The Roman military made the Roman Empire collapse by no longer listening to the patriotism or to the Roman citizens. 

Reference

Jones, H. S. (2018). The Roman Empire. Ozymandias Press.

Garnsey, P., & Saller, R. (2014). The Roman Empire: economy, society and culture. Univ of California Press.

MacMullen, R. (2019). Changes in the Roman empire: essays in the ordinary. Princeton University Press.

Learning

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Feelings

A notable observation is that different people have different ways in which they comprehend and understand concepts. Understanding the student’s emotional status helps the teacher find the best way of approaching the student’s emotional intelligence. Once a teacher is able to understand the emotional intelligence of the student it becomes easy for the teacher to strategize on the ways a teacher can help the students control their emotions. Emotional and academic development involves risk taking and confidence building with the aim of achieving better development. Emotional stability is essential during learning. How a student feels affects his learning making progress. When a student is anxious he cannot take in any information during class time. Then the students gains techniques on how to control their feelings and to solve conflicts with others.

Different Kinds of Smart

The skill of internalizing and identifying the various forms of intelligence can be important in the learning process of the students. This can be done by pointing out the strengths, weaknesses and accommodating the varied ways students approach a situation. The influence of thinking is enhanced. Intelligence is multidimensional and the best ways of developing the intelligence of each student basing on his/ her abilities. The teachers create an environment that is safe for the emotional intelligence of the students. The teacher needs to develop good communication skills to enable him/ her blend with the students and in the process a good rapport is developed between them.

Building on What You Know

A teacher should develop an understanding of how information is coordinated mentally so that it can be easy for him/ her to realize how the student’s memory can be enhanced on the basis of information use. A platform that acts as a basis of problem solving is used to identify the amateurs and experts. Once a teacher is aware of the two dimensions of thinking and interpretation of knowledge, he/she is able to train the students to the best possible way that will boost the children’s way of thinking. The three perspectives require proper coordination to achieve good results. The child and the teacher require being mentally and emotionally stable in order to perform well. Understanding the intellect of the students helps in pointing out the mental strengths and weaknesses of the student hence help point out the best approach that can be used to improve the student’s performance.

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A Little Commonwealth

In his, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony, John Demos seeks to underscore the lifestyles of the puritan community in the 17th century. Written close to thirty years ago, the book unearths the way of life of this community in light of different social, legal and economic aspects. To accredit the information presented therein, the author uses a wide range of primary sources including information from diaries, marriage documents and even excavations. The author begins by providing the audience with a brief history about the colony. He provides an explicit analysis of the kind of life populations from England led until 1691 when the lifestyle changed. The book is categorized in three main sections with the first one evaluating the physical setting of the population. Then, the author underscores the household structure of this and finally analyzes the general development of puritans in the 17th century from their childhood to old age. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the three themes; Plymouth material setting, work-home-family relationships, and the 17th century life cycle and seeks to underscore the fact that the lifestyle of the Plymouth colonists did not have extremities as it had been posited earlier on. As it will come out from the study, the kind of life that this population led had significant similarities to the life that the then historic communities assumed.

While introducing the Plymouth material setting, Demos demonstrates that the colonists constituted a puritan population that initially left England and instead settled in Holland as a way of escaping the persecutions that were typical of the respective period of time (Demos, 23). They later on moved from Holland to the new world after having stayed in the former for a period of ten years. Securing effective transport that would enable them to arrive in the new word safely is cited to have been a very complex and demanding process. Through their widespread negotiations, they managed to liaise with Thomas Weston who offered them transportation to their ultimate destination.

They arrived in this destination some time before Christmas and were faced with innumerable challenges. Compared to Holland, they found the region to have different extreme conditions that undermined their ability to cope effectively. The extreme temperatures were particularly hostile and by the time spring approached, Demos indicates that a significant percentage of the colonists, constituting nearly half had died. It is for this reason that they found it imperative to initiate friendship with the native Indians. Notably, they benefited immensely from this friendship as they learnt of practical and viable ways that would enable them deal with the intrinsic challenges with ease.

Meanwhile, it is indicated that they devised viable strategies with respect to societal governance and established important relative structures. With respect to governance, Demos indicates that they established the post of a governor, put in place vital institutions such as a general court and established the social status of freemen that provided instrumental services to the top political leaders in the structure. The activities of the church were also considered vital in societal functioning. Essentially, they hired ministers to carry out relative religious services, conducted spiritual services normally and participated in punishing the wayward individuals as a fundamental way of upholding important social values (Demos 43).

Notably, the life and material environment of the colonialists in this regard were typical of that of other conventional societies who were also undergoing liberalization during this period of time. The changes that were introduced led to conflicts with the native Indians that found the characteristic conditions to contravene their way of life. The conflicts were a common affair that both the Indians and colonialists bore until the Indians finally defeated the colonists during the war of King Philip. Basically, it is indicated that the colonialists lived an easy life that reflected the then social conditions.

In his review, Demos indicates that the colonialists essentially lived a simple life that was devoid of various complexities that characterize current communities (Demos 46). Just like their conventional counterparts, they lived in single roomed houses that had a large fire place. This was imperative for conditioning and providing essential warmth to counter the extreme weather conditions. Notably, current populations also face diverse challenges that stem from the extreme weather conditions. Usually, these threaten their survival and hence they require conditioning to address the relative difficulties. The house also had storage and sleeping areas that performed different functions. Storage of food to be consumed during extreme weather conditions is a conventional conception that has been employed since historical times to safeguard the welfare of communities during certain times of the year.

Demos cite that the housing structures were essentially made of thatched roof and oak timber covered with plunks (Demos 67). Apart from the small and simple houses, it is indicated that there were also large houses although these were essentially employed by the wealthy factions of the population. This can be attributed to the inequitable resource distribution that accords some individuals an upper hand with respect to access of vital resources for survival. This is common in the current society as it can not be disputed that it is characterized by a high degree of stratification. There are wealthier individuals who live in houses that are more sophisticated than the rest of the population. Likewise, this can be attributed to the inherent differences with respect to resource allocation and distribution. While some populations live in spacious apartments in city suburbs, others live in poorly conditioned small houses that do not cater for their entire needs.

Also, it is cited that the furnishings employed in the home environment by the colonialists were equally simple. The essential facilities in this regard entailed very few utensils, a bed and a table. In most cases, these were also employed as sitting, sleeping and eating if there was need for this. This is unlike in the present times when the functions for different types of furnishings have become distinct (Demos 78). Technology has also contributed to the introduction of diverse equipments for use in the home environment. Further, just like their houses that were very simple, their mode of clothing is also cited to have been very simple. The type of clothing that they preferred most and which was instrumental for addressing the implications of harsh weather were the linens and wool. These were not only used for beddings but they were also used for making clothes. Another type of material that was also employed in the manufacture of clothing was leather. In this regard, it is indicated that the type of clothing that an individual used in this society was a reflection of his or her social class.

To date, clothes are still employed in determining the social class of individuals in the society. In this respect, Individuals who dress in finer clothes tend to be considered wealthier than their counterparts who dress in clothes that are less fine. Further, Demos indicates that the members of a household had both individual and shared responsibilities that they performed on behalf of the community (Demos 79). With respect to the members of the household, these entailed a mother, father and children. In some instances, households had servants who helped them to perform different tasks. The number of children for each household has been cited to have been essentially nine. However, spacing between births enabled the households to accommodate only three to five members at a given period of time.

Further, adultery was shunned from the society as it was considered a social ill that undermined the credibility of the family unit. A husband and wife were expected to co exist with each other in a harmonic manner too. Christianity was an inherent aspect of growth and development. The relative values were employed in child nurturance and were enforced when the child reached sixteen years of age. While parents were expected to provide for the diverse needs of their children, the children were obligated to respect their parents as well as honor them. Further, education and trade have been cited as important ideals that were expected to be inculcated in the process of growth and development of a child (Demos 115). The parents, close relatives or servants were responsible for teaching the children vital elements of lawful trade that was imperative for economic prosperity. Finally, on attainment of maturity, sons were expected to leave home and colonize open lands for their economic productivity.

Finally, Demos explores the colony’s lifecycle from birth to old age. In this respect, he indicates that the parents played a critical role in ensuring that the physical as well as psychological welfare of the child have been secured. Securing this was imperative as it enabled the children to grow in an ideal environment (Demos 132). Between two and six years, children were molded psychologically in order to attain sustainable growth and development. At six years, children began to be given a young adult treatment and the boys were expected to work with the fathers while the girls worked with their mothers. This stage the respective groups a chance to learn about life as well as households and how they were expected to conduct themselves. In addition, the children of different ages were encouraged to exercise extreme caution when relating to the negative sex. This was critical in helping the children to avoid early pregnancies that compromised their ability to nurture a nuclear family in future.

Adolescence paved way to courtship and ultimately marriage. This saw the adults raise their own children according to the expectations of the society. When the adult children left home, Domes indicates that the parents continued to produce wealth because they had a clear understanding of retirement and the implications of this (Demos 147). Later on, the author cites that older men could participate in politics and perhaps be elected to provide vital leadership to the community. In most instances, older men had a tendency of securing leadership positions in the society. Thus for the remaining periods of their lives, they mainly worked in public service. Old age was in most instances likened to wisdom and populations looked up upon this segment of the population to provide ideal leadership. In order to enhance output as well as cohesive functioning of the society, these were incorporated in established social institutions. The family was also an important institution for worship. As indicated earlier, it enhanced the inculcation of vital Christian values during child nurturance.

The preceding analysis has demonstrated how Domes explored the themes of Plymouth material setting, work-home-family relationships, and the 17th century life cycle in his A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colon. Notably, the study has succeeded in to demonstrating that the life of the colonialists was as easy as that of the then traditional societies. The mode of governance, production, family relationships and the life cycle of the colonist’s family reflected those of the conventional societies. Their mode of life has been cited to have been characterized by a high degree of simplicity from the mode of dressing to the furnishings. The social class can also be considered to have been stratified in social classes. This can be attributed to the inherent inequality in resource distribution.

With regard to the work-home-family relationships, the study cited that the family was close knit institution and respective members complemented each other when performing different tasks. Parents were expected to enhance harmonic living conditions for their children. In addition, they were obligated to provide basic needs for their children. Children on the other hand were compelled to respect their parents. Finally, this study cites that children were accorded a safe living environment to secure their physical and psychological wellbeing. Parents prepared preteens in to adolescence through education and trade. Then, the adolescence married and raised their respective families. Older men commonly engaged in politics and assumed local leadership positions. It is in this regard that this paper concludes by indicating that the colonists led almost similar lifestyles like other traditional communities.

Change and Culture

Introduction

Mergers or acquisitions have become quite popular nowadays. They occur when two or more organizations unite under one umbrella group. The merger is effected through combination of assets and liabilities of these organizations. Mergers are of different types as Gingerich, B. S et al (1996 p 37) explains. For example, the horizontal merger takes place where two or more organizations that were previously competing with each other combine to become one. Other types of mergers are the vertical and conglomerate mergers. For the purpose of this paper, I shall focus on the horizontal merger.

This paper describes a merger between two healthcare companies that are competitors in their field. In this case, the employees of host organization hold a view of the other organization as an enemy. In addition, they feel that the other organization has been providing poor services. Their view is seen to have an adverse effect on their motivation to work and eventually on the new corporation’s performance. Though the new corporation provides inpatient and outpatient services which the host organization doesn’t have, the adverse effects of the merger may override the positive effects. In view of these points, this paper will examine the impact of the new organizational culture formed by the merger on economic performance of the new corporation. Secondly, it will describe some of the mechanisms that a manager of the new corporation can use to harmonize the relationship workers of the two organizations. Finally, the paper will give a look at the systems and the shape of the new formed organization.

The impact of merger on sales

An organizational culture has an indirect impact on the sales proceeds of that organization. As Ashkanasy, M. et al (2010, p 129) explains, the level of sales of any organization is dependent upon the performance of the employees of that organization. In turn, the level of performance of the employees in an organization is usually dependent on their cultural orientation, beliefs and attitudes in that organization. According to Ashkanasy, M. et al (2010, p 129), negative beliefs and attitudes of employees towards the structure or operations of the organization have direct negative impact on their motivation to work. Ashkanasy, M. et al (2010, p 129) explains further that a change in culture of an organization can lead to improved economic performance of an organization. At the same time, a change in culture of the organization caused by for example, merger can lead adverse effects to economic performance as explained earlier. This will be more pronounced if the change has a direct negative impact to the employees’ attitudes and beliefs.

In this particular scenario, merging of the two organizations is a change that will have two significant effects. First, it will be advantageous to the host corporation since the former competitor has extra services that the host organization doesn’t have i.e. the inpatient and outpatient services. Combining will imply that more capacities for sales of their services. The second effect is the change in the culture of the organization which rather, will have an adverse effect to the new corporation’s performance. As mentioned earlier, the employees of host organization have always viewed the competitor as enemy who provided poor services. This explains that the two corporations constitute two contrasting cultures. Most likely than not, the employees of the host corporation are going to maintain the negative attitude even after merging. Obviously, this will not be comfortable to work together with the workers from the new corporation or even under its management. In short, the employees and most likely from both corporation will not be willing to support a new culture. Instead, they are likely to resist. This will eventually translate into lack of motivation by the employees to the quality of health services they will provide. Poor services will automatically lead to lower sales by the new corporation.

A good example of the impact of culture on organizational performance is the findings of a research carried out by Avey, Wernsing and lutherns (2008) (As cited in Ashkanasy, M., et al 2010, and p 129). They investigated the impact of organizational change to the performance of the employees. From their research findings they highlighted how organizational changes tend to be dominated by various obstacles including employees’ resistance to change. They argued that employees’ bad attitude and negative emotions has a definite negative effect on the working climate of an organization. From their research findings, employees with negative attitude to the change of culture of their organizations were likely to view the change as unfavorable and to have negative reactions to it. They explained that a change in the culture of an organization needs to consider the employees’ psychological beliefs, their level of optimism and resilience among others.

Ways of dealing with cultural difference

There are various options that the healthcare manager can use to harmonize the employees of the new corporation and ensure that quality care is provided. Woodside, A. G. explains that, it is quite important for a manager to take a discursive approach with the employees. According to him, this step will help to enhance a shared and unbreakable pattern of knowledge and perception of the new culture as reality. He explained that, this approach will also help to transform the negative believes held by the employees towards positive. In addition, it will help to uphold organizational culture as shared knowledge and interaction among the employees. In this particular case, the middle manager can form a discussion with all the employees from both organizations and sensitize them about the importance of accepting the new organization and its employees. This is an interactive approach where all the employees are requested to participate in enhancing a successful transformation of culture. That way, the employees from both sides will feel obligated to support the new culture and accept the new employees.

A study was carried out on 8,054 employees form different organizations in Sweden on their possible reactions after a change in culture of their organizations’ culture, (Contrada, R. J & Baum, A, p. 155). The findings of this study illustrated that organizations that involved their employees in the change process had achieved much success in enhancing the new culture. One of the mechanisms the organizations used was discursive approach with the employees to encourage them accept the new culture. The findings indicated that, in most of the organizations that didn’t take that approach, their employees were more depressed than those that employed the approach. In addition, where the culture change was as a result of merger, many of the employees who were actively in the change could not accept the new employees. For the organizations that employed this approach, the reverse was true. Therefore, this explains the importance of taking a discursive approach by the manager to harmonize then employees and prevent the repercussions of a competitive stance.

Structure of the new organization

After the merger, the new organization’s shape and size will be centralized to enable it to operate as a single entity. As weber (as cited by Sisaye, S., 2006) describes, an organization has many different structure both formal and informal. Examples of the formal structures include; accounting control systems, management control systems, marketing systems and others. As well the informal systems of an organization are such as norms and culture as well as leadership behaviors and attributes. As organizations merge, all these structures increase in size becoming more complex.

In this scenario, they will result in more management hierarchy, to handle the greater the increased activities of the new organization. In addition, bureaucratization of rules within the new organization will increase resulting in increased barriers for organizational learning. According to weber (as cited by Sisaye, S., 2006), a new organization such as the one in this case will have an extensive market coverage than before merger. This will be enhanced by the increased branches with the new organization. The resources and physical facilities of the organization are going to increase. In addition the new organization will be guided by a new system of culture that didn’t exist in both of the former organizations. It will be guided by new set of values and norms and at a higher level than before. Finally, the new organization will have a new communication paradigm.

Conclusion

Though the objective of merger of organizations is to provide positive effects, it should not be ignored that it has negative impacts too. As noted in this section, other than economic effects, mergers can have a serious adverse effect on the cultural beliefs of the employees of an organization. Culture clash as a result of merger usually has a direct effect on job performance of an employee. This will usually demoralize the employees, and the implications will be provision of unsatisfactory performances. This will obviously result in lower output and lower total sales of the organization in the long-run. Therefore, it is important to keep consideration of the possible impacts of a merger before it is affected.

Remarkably, it is important for a manager to be prepared with all mechanisms available to deal with any obstacles that may arise before a merger takes place. As discussed earlier, a merger is likely to face resistance from employees. Therefore, all available mechanisms to help the employees cope with the new formed culture ought to be kept ready. It is also very important to sensitize the workers of the approaching change before it happens. This will help to prepare them for the coming change psychologically. Thus, the success of organizational cultural change after merger depends on the level of commitment of the management in managing the change. Finally, it is important to take note that when a merger takes place, a change in the shape and systems of the organizations involved takes place. Both the formal and informal structures of the former organizations increase in size and complexity.

References

Anderson, N. & Ones, D. S., Sinangil, H. K.,(2002) measurements and outcomes of culture and

climate, Handbook of industrial, work & organizational psychology: Organizational psychology, Volume 2, SAGE, California USA

Ashkanasy, M., Wilderom, C. P. M. & Peterson, M. F., (2010), Toward positive works,

cultures and climate, The Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate, SAGE, California USA

Contrada, R. J & Baum, A, 2009, the challenge of stress in modern organizations, The Handbook

of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health, Springer Publishing Company, New York, N.Y

Gingerich, B. S., & Ondeck, D. N., (1996), Mergers and acquisition, Home health redesign: a

proactive approach to managed care, Jones & Bartlett Learnin

Kusluvan, S., (2003), Personality, Employee attitudes and behaviors, and organizational

outcomes, Managing employee attitudes and behaviors in the tourism and hospitality industry, Nova Publishers, New York

Sisaye, S., (2006), the ecology of management accounting and control systems:

implications for managing teams and work groups in complex organizations, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport

Woodside, A. G., (2010), organizational culture and performance, Organizational Culture,

Business-to-Business Relationships, and Interfirm Networks, Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, UK

The Role of Project Manager Analysis Paper Proposal

Students Name

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Date

The Role of Project Manager Analysis Paper Proposal

Introduction;

A project administrator is a person with a general dedication to start, organize, plan, execute, check, regulate and complete an endeavor. This action title is used for advancement, petrochemical, design, advancement of data and a wide range of organizations that manufacture things and organizations. The task manager must have a mix of skills such as the capacity to make occupying requests, differentiate assumptions understood and prevent conflict, as well as gradually expanding organizational capabilities.

A project is a brief task or an undertaking which should be executed inside a certain period and cost to deliver an exciting item, administration or a result. It has a restriction of a store, time and assets and task administrator included necessities to act inside this impediment to guarantee the goal of expectations are accomplished in the firm due date; else undertaking can go roughage way.

Primary among the obligations of an undertaking director is the assertion that danger distinctively affects the likelihood of accomplishment and that this danger must be evaluated both officially and coolly throughout the lifetime of a task. Risks arise out of impotence, and the successful boss of the venture is the person who considers this to be their fundamental concern — most of the issues facing stakes outcome from either the danger in one manner or another. A higher than average chief of a venture project can reduce chance out and out by adhering to an open communications methodology, making sure that each vital part gets the opportunity to convey ideas and fears as often as possible.

An entrepreneur or project manager is a person in control of selecting, both big and small. The director of the endeavor should ensure that they regulate the helplessness of the hit and the breakpoint. Every choice overseeing the effects of the project must profit their attempts genuinely. For example, adventure supervisors use board coding adventure to handle their errands and workforce, such as Microsoft Project. These item packages permit excursion boss to produce reports and graphs in seconds, differentiated, and the few hours it can take on the off-risk of doing it by hand.

A project administrator that does not have exceedingly specialized aptitudes can’t generally lead the task group. Such a PM can deal with the venture as a procedure and with regards to the general population (counting every one of the partners, not merely the colleagues) can go about as a facilitator. A facilitator isn’t a group head, he doesn’t instruct individuals or how to do their work, and however, he encourages the choice procedure taken by others. To achieve an ideal objective of undertakings, it ends up basic that the chief who is going to lead it must be experienced and all around furnished with all the information and apparatuses to guarantee the venture runs efficiently and compasses to its last predetermination.

There are distinctive kinds of venture supervisors. For instance, there are development chiefs. Ordinarily, a task chief will have more specialist and duty than a development administrator. While a development director is managing staff and materials at the work site, just as ensuring the undertaking is consistent with code and best structure rehearses. At that point, there are program supervisors. They resemble venture directors; their obligations go past one anticipates. A program administrator is dealing with an arrangement of usually related tasks, which has its very own extraordinary prerequisites. A PM is in charge of the heading, coordination, usage, official, control, and consummation of the task while staying lined up with technique, duties, and objectives of the association.

Proposal;

In this Analysis, it will cover the critical jobs and the errands that the Project chiefs should cover. It will likewise take a gander at the distinctive difficulties they come conveying their obligations and even what is anticipated from them. There will be an investigation of the two points of interest in having qualified PMs on the various undertakings being continued.

Purpose of the study;

This article will cover the distinctive purposes and the diverse employment of the venture’s chief and how they add to the development of the economy. It will likewise concentrate on the unique kinds of venture directors and their first jobs in ensuring that everything they do is represented and is of advantage to the whole nation. This paper will portray the focal points or the significances of having an accomplished task chief. The article will likewise cover the diverse duties of the undertaking director and the hardships they face while carrying out their responsibilities.

Review of the literature;

In the present business, it is to the best favorable position of associations to have adventure executives. Sound judgment isn’t for each situation viably developed. Any person who’s anytime worn down an endeavor in a particular setting knows this. Indeed, a considerable amount of working with others includes dealing with unanticipated issues and picking up from slip-ups in transit. Knowing this and having the ideal instruments an assignment manager will presumably administer and complete the whole endeavor out there.

Utilizing venture the board offers a business a route for managing significantly brought downstage times. With organizations working globally extends that can affect the organization overall is difficult to oversee without a legitimate line of assault. For this, venture the board would help cross-practical groups to be increasingly active. The moderate comprehension is that the primary individual who can be of help with a puzzle is the person who has information in the actual item, advancement apparatus or structure that is being utilized. In spite of the way this may conceivably be exact for particular ventures, it’s not naturally precise for all activities. The individual with the best blend of experience is the one that will require a minimal measure of time to come up to speed on what it is endeavoring to be practiced. Each that is acquired to help will have a type of expectation to absorb information that should move beyond. It’s merely an issue of dealing with the hope to incorporate knowledge, so it has minimal effect on the general time and expenses for the task.

Project Managers Role;

A project manager defines the project scope. The task scope, in this regard, alludes to the undertaking work that should be finished inside the predefined plan (Duncan and William 1996). It characterizes the particular limits of the task. It is necessary, the duty of the undertaking administrator to decide the task scope and convey it to the venture group, senior administration and different partners associated with the venture (Duncan and William 1996). Characterizing the task degree is one most essential yet testing parts of an experiment the board. In portraying the range, the venture supervisor audits the task contract, prerequisites, and procedure resources. Without characterizing the extent of the venture, there might be perplexity among the staff and task group about where the undertaking closures, and in this way, there is a danger of being drawn into a regularly enlarging circle of mediations.

The project manager also develops full-scale project plans. The achievement of any undertaking generally relies on its underlying arrangement. It is essential to have a venture plan set up before authorizing a task. The provision diagrams the task achievements and exercises necessary for actualizing the venture (Duncan and William 1996). It is the essential obligation of the venture supervisor to build up a full-scale venture plan. In data innovation ventures, for instance, the undertaking administrator is in charge of building up the general task plan. In any case, this must be facilitated with all the task faculty. It is along these lines essential to guarantee that all the undertaking workforce have both arranging and executing aptitudes and involvement in the specific field.

The Projects Managers also directs and manages projects executions. The undertaking supervisor is relied upon to lead the task group and oversee partner connections to guarantee that the venture plan is executed expertly (Schwalbe 2009). Coordinating and controlling the execution of the venture require the utilization of particular instruments and procedures. A portion of the specific devices and methods that venture administrators use in driving and overseeing venture execution incorporate master judgment and task the board data frameworks.

The master judgment includes counseling specialists before settling on choices concerning the task. For instance, in Information innovation extends, the undertaking chief may get some information about the system way to deal with pursuing and the programming language to utilize (Schwalbe 2009). The undertaking director should employ venture the board programming, for example, Microsoft venture, which empowers him/her to arrange assignments and the workforce (Schwalbe 2009). The utilization of programming bundles enables the undertaking chief to create quick and precise reports and graphs that manage in the execution of the venture.

The project’s manager is also liable for coordinating activities, resources, and information on the project. There is regularly the requirement for coordination of exercises, hardware, data and assets for any task. In such a manner, the task chief works close by the venture organizer on such coordination issues. Even though this is an essential obligation of the venture organizer, some coordination issues might be hard to determine and are raised to the undertaking administrator (Lewis 2004). This guarantees the smooth running of the undertaking and every single related procedure.

The project manager is also responsible for risk management and procurement. The undertaking administrator is additionally associated with venture acquisition and hazard the board. He/she should be engaged with the production of agreements, recognizing dangers liable to develop in the undertaking cycle, and in setting up an alleviation intend to counter such risks (Duncan and William 1996).

The PM is also responsible for time and cost management. The accomplishment of any task depends on the capacity to adjust the center undertaking parts of a degree, cost and time (Duncan and William 1996). Dealing with the expense and time is similarly significant as characterizing the extent of the task. Undertaking administrators have the essential duty of dealing with the cost of the work and the time required for the venture to be conveyed. He/she is in charge of assessing the total expense of the undertaking including the payment of materials, apparatus, and gear just as the work cost.

The rundown of duties is unending. The undertaking director is the central core of a task with his/her contribution directly from intending to phase of finish imperative for a fruitful conveyance of the venture. The undertaking director characterizes the extent of an investment, gives a portrayal of the task potential, leads an examination on different organizations to find out whether they have executed comparable activities, directs a harsh expense and time evaluates, and surveys the dangers and the potential result (Duncan and William 1996).

Challenges faced by the Project Managers;

At times the team members are a bit hectic to control and supervise. An undertaking’s prosperity is reliant on the general population that execute it. The second issue they will probably confront is working with either unpracticed colleagues or colleagues who do not have the aptitude for dealing with the jobs that need to be done. This test will back off the advancement of your work and at times will prompt the end of the task, fruitlessly. It is imperative that you are given colleagues that are custom fitted to the activity or appropriate preparing is given to guarantee that they are prepared for the undertaking ahead.

It is challenging indeed for the project managers to ensure that the risks are minimal. Bringing down expenses in a venture is a hard errand mainly if there are hidden variables that are influencing your work. You can decrease the dangers level in your group by social occasion enough data on the venture, assembling a hover of trust among the colleagues and knowing which some portion of the undertaking isn’t doable and transforming it before it is past the point of no return.

The management expectations are made or seen to be very high. It is normal that you realize what your colleagues expect of you as their chief and in the meantime, your colleagues should recognize what you expect of them. When you know each other’s desires, at that point it will be simpler to achieve the ideal objectives. Accessibility of assets, due dates, preparing, and installments are a portion of the underlying issues that ought to be examined all the time between the administration and the laborers with the goal that the undertaking will finish up active.

Conclusions and Recommendations;

In conclusion, the task director utilizes the framework’s approach (Meredith and Mantel, 2006) with the reason for the match every one of the segments required to deal with an undertaking. For this paper, venture the executives is a lot of interrelated components that are utilized between themselves to accomplish their objectives. The contention and correspondence the executives that have been dissected in the present report are essential factors in a venture. In this manner, it tends to contend that correspondence has an indispensable job in peacemaking just as refereeing in undertaking the board.

The techniques utilized for peace promotion are in control to satisfy customer desire and positively affect venture execution. It’s specialized, and officially validity should uphold this. This validity is gotten by harmony among social and specialized correspondence. In the meantime, correspondence constructs a trust connection between the gatherings. Both, communication and a trust relationship are utilized for exchange in peacemaking with the point of determination clashes. This should be considered with regards to profoundly dedicated and talented people. Powerful correspondence is accomplished by structure an association with the gatherings and expanding its recurrence. It permits keeping up the crowds outside and inside the task educated. The communication is considered as a critical factor for the accomplishment of the job (Pinto and Prescott, 1988).

Works Cited

Ahsan, K., Ho, M., & Khan, S. (2013). Recruiting project managers: A comparative analysis of competencies and recruitment signals from job advertisements. Project Management Journal, 44(5), 36-54.

Bacchelli, A., & Bird, C. (2013, May). Expectations, outcomes, and challenges of modern code review. In Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on software engineering (pp. 712-721). IEEE Press.

Essays, UK. (November 2018). The Role Of Project Manager Management Essay. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/the-role-of-project-manager-management-essay.php?vref=1

Carvalho, M. M. D., & Rabechini Junior, R. (2015). Impact of risk management on project performance: the importance of soft skills. International Journal of Production Research, 53(2), 321-340.

Kliem, R. L., & Ludin, I. S. (2019). Reducing project risk. Routledge.

Madter, N., Bower, D. A., & Aritua, B. (2012). Projects and personalities: A framework for individualising project management career development in the construction industry. International Journal of Project Management, 30(3), 273-281.

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The role of religion in the migration of Vietnamese refugees

Introduction

The Chinese have ruled Vietnam for a long time. Even after it became an independent nation, it continued to model its institutions after those seen in China. This Sino-Vietnamese practice persisted until French colonialism in the twentieth century when the country was upgraded. Despite these changes, the Chinese culture seems to have affected the worldview and family lives of many Vietnamese. Taoism and Buddhism, a mixture of Confucianism, Taoism known as Tam Giao in Vietnamese, is the dominant religious philosophy and theology in Vietnam, including traditional China (“Three Teachings”). Confucianism is a social ethics theory named after the Confucian Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 BCE). It instills solid morals and the importance of maintaining harmony at all levels of society, including the state, village, family, and individuals. Confucianism is described through the love or worship of ancestors, passed on to children through respectful behavior. Most Vietnamese households create a permanent or temporary altar with fruit, wine, and flowers with portraits of deceased relatives during the lunar New Year and the death anniversary of male ancestors (Bankston 36-53). The family gathers for a communal meal after everybody has prostrated before the altar. Ancestral worship is based on the fact that the family remains together until death. It is believed that an individual’s deceased parents and ancestors are family members. They would grant their lineage protection if they are honored and prayed for.

Lao Tzu, a Chinese philosopher who lived in the sixth century BCE and established Taoism, is credited as a cosmologist. It teaches that for the universe to work correctly, two fundamental ideals must be matched. The duong is violent, humid, and light, while the âm (Yin) is quiet, dark, and inert. Food, which strikes a balance between “cool” and “hot” cooking and conventional Chinese-Vietnamese medicine, follows Taoist harmony principles in everyday life. Astrology’s geomancy and Taoism’s Feng Shui are often mentioned.

Confucianism takes priority since it is fundamental to Vietnamese family and cultural values, and all three aspects of Tam Giao are inextricably intertwined and influenced over time. This means that those who practice Confucian ethics, respect their ancestry, and revere their ancestors would not be chastised whether they believe in supernatural powers, religious views, or a belief in existence after death. This helps explain why the 10% of Vietnamese Catholics see a slight conflict between Christian morality and Confucian teaching and why Communist officials worship war heroes or the late President Hô Chi Minh regularly (Phan 19-35).

Religious vehicles in the Vietnam Migration

In Buddhism, was used for maintaining doctrine was commonly used. It entailed monitoring doctrinal examinations and clergy ordinations to exercise legislative jurisdiction over a Buddhist priesthood structure and duration. It consisted of restricting the number of temples that could be built and the amount of land given away. Taoist priests were not well-coordinated or dedicated to this mode of power. The other dogma the State has attempted to implement, the more demonstrations and attacks it has faced from nationalist outlets, whether open, defiant or just implicit. The anger of the State over the connection between religion and revolt was not great. Buddhist monks and Taoist priests were once renowned for leading insurgency campaigns. Demonstrators against the throne continued to use monasteries as a secure haven. It was a compelling cause for 19th-century attempts to regulate Buddhist monasteries. It was simple enough to restrict the number of monks ordained and defrock any who did not meet the official requirements. But, with the traditional government’s limited resources, discouraging citizens from practicing religious existence in areas where they were not in the State was more difficult. This was the case with the Southwest’s frontier, a pioneered area for most of the nineteenth century, a meeting place for a variety of racial, racial, and religious communities, and therefore a suitable venue for the growth of heterodoxies.

Before the colonial period, Catholic priests were reluctant to convert South citizens for unexplained reasons. Most Catholics left northern Vietnam in the 1960s to South Vietnam or were Catholics during the French colonial period. The heterodox brand originated in the 19th century from the orthodox Vietnamese faith, a mixture of Buddhists, Taoists, Confucians, and animals. Since Buddhism and Taoism in some instances ruled Confucianism and a fundamentally opposed view of the world, heterodoxy and state religion differed. Confucianism was an optimistic philosophy at its heart; life was permissible, nature was kind (Lubienecki 1-21). The assumption that the emperor’s rule was benign and scientifically beneficial affected this opinion. On the other side, religious revolutionaries in Vietnam had a much bleaker perspective on humanity. Their situation was a perhaps doomsday scenario.

According to this hypothesis, a system of loops formed the cosmos. Both phases had cycles of development, decay, and destruction. Until death, disaster, and wickedness seize control, end-of-century catastrophic events such as a tsunami, a planetary conflagration, or a mega typhoon may arise. It consumes the entire world and cleans its darkness. Only the cheerful and innocent will remain when the poor have gone. The world’s strength will be rearranged in a contemporary ‘Heaven and Earth creation’ (tao thien lap dia), leading to a modern era of peace, abundance, and goodness. Maitreya period, controlled by the ancient Buddha Gautama, was thought to end and be replaced by our current age, governed by the ancient Buddha Gautama (Phan 19-35).

Maitreya was a respected figure in Vietnamese Buddhism. A giant monument can be found in Hue’s Heavenly Mother’s Temple. Until the nineteenth century, he was used as a figure of hope, not despair. In his Pure Land, he embodied Vietnamese Buddhists’ dreams for salvation and revival. Despite warnings of an impending disaster over the years, the Maitreya ideal was not linked to the apocalypse terror. However, a new religious movement arose in the 1950s, believing the future was imminent and all evil had to be eradicated. In a new millennium of peace and wealth, Buddha Maitreya would arrive. His descent in southwestern Vietnam would be in a rough hilly area along the Cambodian frontier (Lynn 40-56). During Maitreya’s rule, many citizens gathered for repentance and rebirth to nurture themselves and live a better existence. Buu Son Ky Huong, or Strange Mountain Fragrance, was the label of the contemporary religious movement. The name of the campaign was meant to allude to Maitreya’s upcoming appearance in the seven ranges of Chau Doc province, hence the notion of precious rock and his teaching of the new Buddhist philosophy, which believers likened to a peculiar odor.

Southwest Vietnam was a border territory with a tiny but vibrant population in the 1850s. At the turn of the century, a steady influx of Chinese and Cambodian indigenous immigrants entered the region, leaving the minority Vietnamese. People who came to Vietnam for a better future were among the Vietnamese. However, there were often defrocked monks from other regions and civilians banished to the frontier when their home country authorities declared them unfit. Traditional village associations have no firm foundations yet. Just a few showed that the Vietnamese citizens in this region were forced away from their cultural moorings.

For decades, Vietnam was subjected to various sects and theological beliefs owing to its refusal to condemn supernatural religions and ceremonies. World religions (Buddhism, Catholicism, Protestantism, South Vietnam, Islam, and Hinduism, the latter two ethnic minority groups) and local worship forms (Caodaism, Hoa Hao Buddhism, Vó Vi Taoism, Lên Dong Cult, Shamanism, and other supernatural prayers) are all choices. Despite significant problems, religious life has become much simpler following economic and social opening in the 1990s. For many years, the Communist government tried to outlaw organized religion and forbade superstitious activities. Whatever religion they practice, most Vietnamese see faith as a way to live a holy existence, reconcile aggressive divine forces, and pursue help from benign spirits like their forefathers. “One religion is fine, but two religions are better.” This shows that many attractive refugees had set up icons and customs before fleeing Vietnam, which instructed them on how to recall where they were and how to respond to rapid political and social changes in the domestic, natural, and moral realms. Confucian ethics, for example, emphasizes parents’ duty to ensure their children get the highest quality education and has motivated many people to leave Vietnam. Under Communist law, their descendants were refused high school or college enrollment, meaning they had no opportunity to prosper. Confucianism was required to convince a Montreal resident to board a refugee flow ferry. In 1975, his family decided to stay in Saigon because he considered himself a nationalist. Nonetheless, he was so distressed by the non-Confucian disrespect for the deceased that he vowed to quit after promising to clear cemeteries and move his father’s remains to a secret crypt.

A Vietnamese Catholic physicist says the Lord made him know that he was worried for him, although not always a devoted churchgoer. The guy was re-educated after being recruited by the South Vietnamese government in 1975. And if there were no roses on the altar, he detected an elegant scent in a Saigon city’s Our Lady of Fatima sanctuary. He soon showed pleasure in visiting a Canadian squad and applied his name to the list of individuals eager to live with Canadian families. Consequently, the Holy Virgin’s intercession attributes the continuing life of the asylum.

Religion in the camps

If the refugees had left Vietnam, they would have kept religious beliefs that made sense given their former nightmare: a precarious sea trip for boat travelers, were sinking and pirate attempts were always a possibility, and often extended stay in a refugee camp, and an unavoidable migration to another nation. Many Vietnamese interviewees in Montreal believed that their religion had given them hope and peace during their trip and that the arrival of refugees had only added to their joy. Many of them credited their happier lives to the direct intervention of deities, bodhisattvas, saints, or God.

Since escaping the dangers of the sea, many refugees were devout Buddhists, Christians, or other religious adherents. As a product of God’s salvation, all of them were Christians. For instance, the man who met the “Lord of the Chinese Sea” before reaching the Philippines (see above) was a devout Catholic who converted to Buddhism after landing in Canada. Since the Holy Virgin was saved, a Buddhist family was converted to Catholicism.

Confidence, according to any refugees, acted as a counterbalance to the settlers’ lack of activity. “We placed a lot of trust in each other in the tent,” one man says. We couldn’t come up with anything better to do! “Festivals are organized to celebrate holy holidays,” says the shrine, which we visit twice a day. In addition to services and services, Buddhists and Catholics have partnered on several community outreach projects for children and young adults (NINH 49-82). The number of evangelical Christians increased significantly in both camps. Fundamentalist missionaries offered refugees a smoother transition in the United States, according to Montreal interviewees. This kind of evangelization appeals to poor, single men who have left Vietnam without their families and have found themselves isolated in the camps. Regardless of their origins, religious traditions and practices were essential in the lives of many refugees and served as a source of hope during their journey.

Religion after settlement of Vietnamese

Vietnamese refugees began their transition to a new life when they were placed in their resettlement countries (Nguyen 191-208). The refugees’ primary goal was to integrate economically, linguistically, and socially to better adapt to their new surroundings, which was a difficult challenge. Nonetheless, the Vietnamese began to organize their religious lives outside of Vietnam quite quickly. They could locate places where they could gather for worship soon after arriving in their host country, much as they had done in camps. Before the coming of the first wave of immigrants, it was better in places like France and certain areas of the United States, such as Washington, D.C., where thousands of Vietnamese immigrated to the West (Catholicism, Protestant churches, or the Bahai faith). However, with most worship forms, all Vietnamese refugee groups of any scale were finally able to construct their religious infrastructure (Keith 243-246). The bulk of the first wave of Vietnamese exiles in Montreal were leftist graduates or retired officials with advanced degrees. They usually spoke English and French, and many of them had already established a home with relatives. This exemplifies that religious involvement in this area began in 1975.

In addition to its psychological importance, religion has a significant impact on Vietnamese culture in other countries. It provides refugees and other Vietnamese immigrants with a structured set of mental images and activities to help them make sense of their lives and achieve peace in an otherwise chaotic environment. It’s also not shocking that religious values and customs can be quickly reactivated by relocating Vietnamese refugees’ spiritual values and traditions to other regions. Buddhists were reactivated to rebuild the pagodas and the national and foreign networks of other organizations. There has also been “Vietnamese” science, which refers to monks and laypeople from Vietnam. Since Buddhism is a traditional faith in many resettlement cities, such as Montreal, the Vietnamese refugees never visited Chinese, Japanese, or other Buddhist temples.

The importance of faith in maintaining one’s identity can explain why, after more than three decades, both Vietnamese and their children continue to worship in their temples and churches. Strangers are no longer welcome in the region. As a consequence, support and promotion organizations for relocations have either disappeared or modified their objectives. At least in Canada, Vietnamese Buddhists, Catholics, and other religious groups are prospering. After mainly assimilating into Western civilization, newcomers retain some of their initial values, cultural practices, and literary depictions, avoiding complete assimilation into North American cultures.

Conclusion

To conform to the western way of life, the Vietnamese have created a diverse collection of complex places of worship in other nations. These organizations have been active with the refugee movement for more than 30 years. For most Vietnamese refugees, limitations are known as migration, according to French folklorist Arnold Van Gennep. 15 The early years of the Communist regime in South Vietnam can be seen as a foreshadowing of the current order of potential refugees. Migration was a life-changing experience for people who did not belong to either country or political group and lived on the periphery of society. Finally, resettlement was intended to be a transitional measure that would eventually enable the Vietnamese to reintegrate into a foreign country. Passage rites were based on religious customs and rituals, ritualized or ceremonial events, and actions that ensured consistency between refugee gatherings before and after the departure. The fact that these transit rituals were observed and the long-term viability of the Vietnamese Overseas religious infrastructure shows that refugees are not just helpless casualties of uncontrollable incidents. Despite their various challenges, they had access to multiple organizations that could assist them in organizing their lives to meet their specific needs. Their religious convictions fuelled some of their influence, but they also reinforced and maintained those beliefs in their new countries (VINH 244-246). For all of these nations, this turned out to be a long-term blessing. Non-Asians, for example, visit the Vietnamese Buddhist temples and meditation centers in Montreal to learn the Buddha’s teachings. On the other hand, New Canadian Vietnamese priests are assigned to traditional Catholic parishes to replace the aged, allowing refugees to contribute to their host country in various ways.

Work cited

Bankston, Carl L. “Vietnamese-American Catholicism: Transplanted and Flourishing.” U.S. Catholic Historian 18, no. 1 (2000): 36-53. Accessed April 15, 2021. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/25154703Lynn, James T. “Memorandum to President Ford About Refugee Resettlement.” DocsTeach, June 20, 1975. https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/memo-refugee-resettlementKeith, Charles. “Epilogue.: A National Church Divided.” In Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation, 242-248. University of California Press, 2012. Accessed April 14, 2021. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pptwf.14LÊ ESPIRITU, YẾN. “Vietnamese Refugees and Internet Memorials: When Does War End and Who Gets to Decide?” In Looking Back on the Vietnam War: Twenty-first-Century Perspectives, edited by BOYLE BRENDA M. and LIM JEEHYUN, 18-33. NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY; LONDON: Rutgers University Press, 2016. Accessed April 7, 2021. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/j.ctt1c3gx00.6NINH, THIEN-HUONG T. “Global Chain of Marianism: Diasporic Formation among Vietnamese Catholics in the United States and Cambodia.” Journal of Vietnamese Studies 12, no. 2 (2017): 49-82. Accessed April 15, 2021. https://0-www-jstor-org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/26377949Nguyen, Thao. “Quan Am and Mary: Vietnamese Religious, Cultural, and Spiritual Phenomena.” Buddhist-Christian Studies 37 (2017): 191-208. Accessed April 15, 2021. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/44632366Phan, Peter C. “Vietnamese Catholics in the United States: Christian Identity between the Old and the New.” U.S. Catholic Historian 18, no. 1 (2000): 19-35. Accessed April 15, 2021. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/25154702VINH, ALPHONSE. “Vietnamese.” In The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 6: Ethnicity, edited by RAY CELESTE, by WILSON CHARLES REAGAN, 244-46. University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Accessed April 14, 2021. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/10.5149/9781469616582_ray.94.