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The role of women in most of the countries in the world Including Africa and the rest of the continents have not been embraced, and therefore the potential of the women has not been utilized to the maximum. Women have for a long time struggled in fighting for their rights as well the equality among the residents of a nation (Basu, 2018). Throughout history, stories of women in leadership positions have been heard as well as their contribution to their countries and the world in general. There are several notable women leaders in the world some of whom have dedicated their lives in fighting against the injustices that are propagated by the government in the society.

Women have been vocal in airing their grievances, and this has led to the formation of women movements in the world. The issue of gender equality has for decades proved to be problematic to achieve although some of the countries have already achieved a good percentage of gender equality in their countries. Women have also been vocal in fighting for the rights of children as well as standing for peace in the war-torn nations. The role of women in advocating for peace has not been having been a tough one with no one in the community believing in them (Basu, 2018). Though there has been ups and downs in their struggles, women have succeeded in their endeavors especially for peace without engaging in the battle, and this shows the role and power of women in advocacy.

In the African continent the role of women has been neglected, but in some countries, women have been a crucial component of the government (Kuper, 2018). The inclusion of the women in government and achieving gender equality has not been a simple process and has been as a result of several struggles all through to make it successful. Rwanda and Liberia are among the countries in Africa that can be used as a reference point for the role of women in society. Rwanda is known for the 1994 genocide that left thousands of people dead but apart from the negatives, the country has been an example as a reference of gender equity as well as zero tolerance to corruption. Liberia, on the other hand, had been a country torn into war for many years with dictator presidents such as Charles Tylor who together with his soldiers were involved in dehumanizing acts that led to the suffering of women and children as the helpless in the country.

Rwanda is an example of a women movement success. In the ‘Rwandan Woman Uprising’ that is a book by Swanee Hunt, we get to know the history as well as the role of women in rebuilding their country after being torn into the genocide wars (Hunt, 2017). The author of the book shares the story of women around 70 in number, who were the heralded activists as well as the unsung heroines of the Rwandan nation. The women activists dedicated their time in making changes in the nation and were able to overcome unfathomable brutality, the unrecoverable loss that resulted from the war as well as the challenges of rebuilding a new Rwandan nation. According to Hunt, the Rwandan women did not form any movement neither did they wait for limelight to set the pace in rebuilding their nation but rather they organized themselves to solve a common problem. Among the common problems include healthcare, poverty, and housing serving the community to a greater good. The victory of the groups in Rwanda was usually in groups and wide-ranging meaning that they were not limited at a certain region alone. They addressed issues such as rape, female entrepreneurship, girl child education, reproductive education, equality in marriage and the mental health problem in Rwanda.

‘Pray the Devil Back to Hell’ is a film that narrates the plight of the Liberian women who took on the warlords and dictatorship of the then president of Liberia Charles Tylor (Hilkovitz, 2014). The rise of the women movement I Liberia come in the midst of a brutal civil war and was necessitated by the negligence of the Liberian government in fighting for peace. Each day the country ran into chaos, many people dying due to war and of all women and children becoming the victims of war. A lot of children were recruited into the army while others were taken by the rebels where they were expected to fight.

Women became victims of rape and torture, and this led to the formation of the ‘Women’s Peace Movement of Liberia.’ The documentary sheds more light on these women who are the unsung heroines of the Liberian nation and is an inspiration to the people who wish to end violence and war in their countries bringing about a peaceful nation. The Liberian women movement was successful as it won a once unimaginable peace for the country in the year 2003 (Gbowee, 2015). Women of all types and ages joined hands regardless of their religion forming a thin line between the opposing forces that was unshakable. The main weapon to which they used included the white T-shirts and a lot of courage and literary they faced the forces both opposing forces that had turned the nation into a den of war. Their demonstrations finally bore fruits leading to the termination of the presidency of the dictator president Charles Tylor and the rise of the first African female president Sir Ellen Johnson.

The women movements in the two countries, Rwanda and Liberia, have some similarities. They are similar in many aspects in that both of them were led by women. In Rwanda, women formed groups to which they used to agitate for their grievances. In Liberia the same thing happened, women joined hands to fight against the opposing groups that included the government and the rebels. Being led by women, both of them aimed at rising and advocating for the rights of women, especially matters that were concerned with women in the country. For the Rwandan movement, the women wanted equal representation as well as equality in marriage, and this is one way of fighting for their rights. Freedom was all that the movement wanted that included the right to education for the girls as well as the reproductive rights all of which were aimed at the betterment of the woman’s life. On the other side, the Liberian women as well initiated the women peace movement of Liberia to advocate against rape and dehumanization of women and children again fighting for the rights of women.

There is another common thing between the two movements and that is both of them succeeded in their endeavors. In Rwanda, the women organization achieved equal representation and right now 65 percent of the leaders are women, and this is a great achievement not only in Rwanda and the whole of Africa. Rwanda is the only African country that has such a great representation of women in the government. Besides, the movement’s goal of rebuilding the nation was relentless, and this means that they were not going back, through this they have achieved to curb corruption of their country as the country has zero tolerance policies on corruption.

The other aspect to which the movement aspired to agitate for and to which was made a success is that of female entrepreneurship as more women in the country are business women and there is a large number of women in business compared to men. The health care sector has been improved courtesy of the women movement in Rwanda. Going back to the Liberian women movement, they as well achieved their goals despite them being ignored by the then president Charles Tylor. Their demonstrations bore fruits as eventually, the final results led to the signing of a peace treaty in Ghana. The movement brought to an end the dictatorship rule by Charles Tylor and led to the rise of the first women in leadership, President Sir Ellen Johnson. Peace was restored in the country, and the process of rebuilding the country began. It is, therefore, true that the women peace movement was able to achieve their goal of bringing back sanity to the country through peaceful demonstration.

The similarity between the two movements continues in that both of them led to the rise of the number of women in the leadership positions and this is evident in both countries, Rwanda and Liberia. In Rwanda, the percentage of women in power is very high than any other country in Africa at 65 percent (Tripp, 2015). The credit can only be given to the women movement as they made it possible for the present representation and therefore their goal in fighting for equality was achieved and even exceeding their expectations. In Liberia, the same is true. The women peace movement of Liberia brought about the women in leadership with Sir Ellen Johnson being the first women president in Africa. Unity and solidity is another common thing the two movements had in common. If the groups were split, they could not have achieved the much due success in their advocacy. Besides, determination and a common course of the problem and that is rebuilding their nation and standing for peace compelled the success of the movements.

Despite the so many similarities, the two movements were also different in some way. In Rwanda, the women never formed a movement but organized themselves into groups. It is through these groups that they were able to advocate for their agendas and made it possible throughout the nation. The women in this country rose up and made an uprising of positivity and change. In Liberia, the omen formed a movement, and that is the Women Peace Movement of Liberia, and therefore they used this movement to demonstrate and fight for peace in their country.

Another difference among the two women movements is that in Rwanda the movement took action after the 1994 genocide and therefore it was started after the war, and therefore the main goal of the movement was rebuilding their nation. In Liberia, the women movement rose in the times of war, and this means that their main agenda was to promote peace among the citizens by standing in between the two rivals. In Rwanda, the women-focused in preventing another incident of war from happening in their country while in Liberia, the women movement fought against the continuation of the war. Another difference is that the Liberian women used the power of conjugal rights to fight for peace and this meant that they denied their men sex until peace was achieved (Hilkovitz, 2014).

The women accomplishments in the two movements provide significant lessons for the policymakers especially those mandated with the role of working towards the equality both genders either in Africa or the rest of the world. Women can be vocal in advocating for change in society, and their dedication can lead to a big change. With no weapon but the word of mouth women in the two nations have made tremendous progress that make the country be an example to the rest of the nations. We should not at any point undermine the role and the power of the women in the society.

ReferencesBasu, A. (2018). The challenge of local feminisms: Women’s movements in global perspective. Routledge.

Gbowee, L. (2015). Liberia: The Power in Fighting for Peace. Women and Power in Post-Conflict Africa, 78.

Hilkovitz, A. (2014). Beyond Sex Strikes: Women’s Movements, Peace Building, and Negotiation in Lysistrata and Pray the Devil Back to Hell. Journal for the Study of Peace and Conflict, 124.

Hunt, S. (2017). Rwandan women rising. Duke University Press.

Kuper, H. (2018). An African aristocracy: rank among the Swazi. Routledge.

Tripp, A. M. (2015). Women and power in post-conflict Africa. Cambridge University Press.

Running Head: A Literary of the play ‘The Glass of Menagerie’

A Literary of the play ‘The Glass Menagerie’

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Abstract

This play was authored by Tennessee Williams, and is based on the decline of the South to address sensitive and nostalgic issues surrounding individuals who attempt to lead spiritual, imaginative worlds characterized by tenderness in a world dominated by passion, greed and animal instincts. This document therefore gives a general overview of the play, and discusses the different items incorporated thereby formulating a comprehensive review of its literature.

The first scene of the play sets off with the appearance of Tom Wingfield, a future poet who appears from the fire escape of his family’s St. Louis Apartment and informs the audience that the play is going to be about his family which includes his mother, Amanda Wingfield, his crippled sister, Laura Wingfield and his father, Mr. Wingfield, an employee with a telephone company who absconded his marital responsibility due to long distance travels and therefore only appears in a photograph as well as a gentle mans caller (Meyer & Downs, 2008)

The activities in this scene entail Tom entering the apartment where his mother and sister are having dinner with Mrs. Wingfield advising his daughter to remain ‘fresh and pretty’ for the purpose of securing gentlemen callers. This leads to Amanda’s memory of when she entertained gentlemen callers in her youth, a comment doubted by her son. Her nostalgia ends with the confirmation from her daughter that there would be no callers.

The developments in scene two create a continuous flow through to scene four. The scene begins with Laura polishing her glass figurines and suddenly hides them on hearing Amanda’s footsteps. This follows by her mother asking her why she does not attend school and gives the reason that she vomited due to nervousness while taking the school test. Her mother gets obsessed with the idea of finding Laura a husband to save her from poverty and loneliness as she realizes that her daughter would be unable to undertake any job. To do this, she knows that she has to find enough money and the only option available is to sell subscriptions to a local magazine. On the other hand, Tom struggles with job dissatisfaction and her mother’s questioning of his night escapades. This results in a heated exchange of words where he calls his mother an ‘ugly witch’ and accidentally knocks Laura’s figurines while exiting. At five in the morning, he gets back home and apologizes to his mother for his rude behavior, then he tells her of his desire to leave town in search of adventure. The mother requests him to find a husband for his sister before traveling. Despite being skeptical, Tom agrees to find a suitor from his workplace.

Tom, at the onset of scene five, narrates of a possible war that is about to provide an adventure for those who enjoy themselves at the Paradise Dance Hall located close to their apartment. He then informs his mother about a friendly visit by a Jim O’Connor during dinner. Both the Mother and the sister are overjoyed at the news and description of the visitor. To neutralize his mother’s enthusiasm, Tom notifies Amanda that Jim may not be attracted to Laura. The Mother ignores him and instead encourages Laura to ‘wish for Happiness and Good Fortune (Meyer & Downs, 2008)

In his narration in scene six, Tom describes the gentleman caller’s, previous life of being a former hero in basketball and the presidential post he held in senior class and the glee club. He also describes Jim’s current profile as being less successful after graduating and working with him in the same company. The arrival of Tom and Jim frightens Laura who dashes off after the introduction and leaves the three of them having dinner. Since Tom had used the funds for paying the electricity bill for his seaman’s card, he offers to help Amanda do the dishes while Jim serves Laura with a glass of wine. The two interact lengthily till they kiss. Jim then confesses of his engagement and leaves. Laura and Amanda are devastated on finding out about Jim’s attachment to another woman. Later, Tom narrates of his escape from St. Louis, traveling the world in search of adventure. However, he was still pursued by his sister’s eyes wherever he went.

Several themes can be drawn from the play ‘the glass menagerie. The first being the differences that lie between illusion and reality. The Wingfield’s family is immersed in deep illusion as a defense mechanism of shielding from the harsh realities of life. Williams portrays Laura as a character who escapes from the reality because of her shyness which encourages her to live in a world of glass artifacts. These separate her from the realistic world where she is expected to perform in education, business and romantic relationships. Her failed relationship with the gentleman caller draws her even further from engaging in any romantic relationships. Amanda on the other hand dreams of her glorious past at South Belle and plans for her daughter’s marriage to a gentleman caller who would rescue them from the poverty that creeps in the family. Tom is surrounded by situations of job dissatisfaction, late night drinking habits, becoming a future poet and engaging in adventures as avenues of shutting himself from the realities of the world. Jim however is a character who has reconciled with reality. The fact that he has a stable job, accepts that he is engaged and advises Laura to embrace confidence is evidence enough to support this claim. In fact, Tom refers to him as ‘an emissary from the world of reality’ (Meyer & Downs, 2008)

The Wingfield family, individually and collectively seeks freedom from the ensnares of life’s misgivings and illusion. The writer depicts from the play that the urge to be free comes with packages of disappointment, pain and separation from people with close ties. Tom looks for ways to free himself from his job and the responsibility of taking care of his family so as to enjoy writing and traveling. This causes him to eventually abandon his family just like his father. Amanda wants free herself from poverty hence she starts selling subscriptions and encourage her daughter to look for a husband, resulting in the tragic meeting between Laura and Jim. Laura seeks to free herself from her responsibilities and expectations causing her to fully withdraw from the outside world.

The use of symbols in plays is imperative for purposes of conveying messages beyond literacy. This has been well articulated in the play. The glass figurines in Laura’s collection symbolize her fragility and vulnerability. She is controlled with an illusional world that is prone to crumbling due to inadequate resilience from the effects of a realistic world. Her uniqueness is evidenced by the unicorn figurine; the loss of its horns symbolizes her becoming part of a realistic world like ‘other horses’ during her interaction with Jim. Her unpreparedness to tackle with the harsh realities of the world exposes her to destruction (Meyer & Downs, 2008).

Christian symbols were also an element of the author communication of his message. The gentleman caller is seen as a ‘savior’ by Amanda who would come to their rescue. In scene four, William uses the ‘Ave Maria’, a Virgin Mary song, when Amanda sobs after being called an ugly witch by Tom. Laura’s face is described as ‘lit with alter candles’ when she was kissed. The candle light is used by the Wingfield family when electricity is cut, a symbol of increasing darkness in their lives. Laura also blows out the candle at the end of the last scene which signifies the end of her dreams.

The play has employed a unique style structure. The author uses poetic language to capture speech by integrating repetition and emphasis to depict a more universal truth. The gentle man caller, used mostly in the play indicate the different hats he puts on, as a guest, a savior, or according to Tom’s description ‘ an archetype of the universal unconscious.’

The use of metaphors, similes and irony in the play create a unique blend in the interpretation of words and statements used. For the author to evoke the fragility and dreamy nature of Laura and Amanda, the metaphor Amanda had Laura’s wish on a ‘little silver slipper of a moon’ was illustrated. During dinner, Laura darts away like a frightened deer. This sentence signifies a portion of the similes used in the play (Meyer & Downs, 2008).

This seven scene drama introduces the conflict that exists within the Wingfield family and the fact that their problems cannot be solved solely by them but by an outer world. These problems however exist as a result of; the extremity between their illusioned world and the realistic world; and their rigidity to embrace efforts that reconcile the two worlds. The same play incorporates the gentleman caller as a unifying concept of the two worlds. The uniqueness of the play in terms mechanisms used to send the message home has been illustrated with the different concepts brought into play, from the style structure, the symbols, the themes, characters and the general plot of the play which includes the set up environment.

References

Meyer, M., & Downs, D. (2008). The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature

(8th ed.).Bedford: St. Martins.

Labor Laws

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Question 1: A mentally disabled person, who cannot read, but looks physically perfect, was not hired by an organization for the position of a ‘data entry officer’. The mentally disabled person sued the organization. Who do you think will win the case and why?

The Equality Act 2010 of UAE protects mentally disabled people’s individuals from being discriminated in their ordinary lives. This incorporates numerous individuals with a mental sickness. Discrimination contrasted with other individuals is against the laws of UAE. In the event that you have been discriminated as in the above case, it is considered that you are being victimized. The Equality Act 2010 clarifies what mentally disabled peoples’ are. According to te above case, the person is privilege to get your head honcho to roll out improvements to his case since the law defends him (Zoubeidi et al,. 2010). The Equality Act protects the person from discrimination at work and when you are requisitioning occupations as shown in the above case example. It additionally ensures you when you utilize administrations. No one ought to be victimized in view of their psychological wellness when getting to lodging, instruction or some other services. At times, the Equality Act will likewise ensure careers of individuals with an emotional instability. This mentally disabled person will win the case based on the above facts

Question 2: A man with a criminal history applied for the position of a security officer. His application was rejected. Do you justify the organization or the man for this decision? Why?

Employers such as the above who don’t contract individuals with a criminal record give different purposes behind their approach, including apprehension of risk or hazard, or worry about being sued for “careless employing” if an employee carries out another wrongdoing, or consistence with orders forced by state or government law. While superintendents positively ought to consider a man’s criminal history for the sole purpose of figuring out whether the individual’s conviction records are occupation related, having level bans against utilizing qualified individuals with criminal records constrains the head honcho’s chance to pull in and hold a substantial rate of the workforce who is prepared, spurred, and who has entry to various assets executives could pick up profit from (Forstenlechner, Madi, Selim & Rutledge, 2012). Hence, Law that desires employers to make individualized determinations when considering individuals with criminal histories and that sets models for consider these people, advantages the overall population, executives, and individuals with criminal histories. Individuals with occupations are less inclined to carry out criminal acts. They find themselves able to resume life as gainful individuals from society, nurture themselves and their families, all while adding to the nearby economy and assessment base. However based on the above case, the law of UAE have decided that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 2006 disallows head honchos from forcing cover bars to livelihood of individuals with criminal histories. Therefore the organization should be quality of such offence.

Question 3: An old man who has Parkinson’s disease applied for a position as a consultant at Old Homes. His application was rejected. Do you think it’s justified?

As an employer, one can’t victimize a worker who is diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. The Equality Act of 2010 shields workers from segregation in light of age, inability, sex reassignment, race, religion or conviction, sex, sexual introduction, marriage and common association, and pregnancy and maternity. If an employer terminate or downgrade an employee built singularly with respect to his handicap, you may confront an occupation separation charge. Under the UAE Disability Act, the expression “incapacity” implies a physical or mental debilitation that considerably restrains one or a greater amount of the significant life exercises of an individual or being recorded as having such an impedance. An employee experiencing bipolar issue ought to get days off to conform to the reactions of new prescriptions or go to treatment sessions or regular checkups (Forstenlechner, Madi, Selim & Rutledge, 2012). If the employee’s condition is exacerbated by complex work assignments, she ought to be given extra time to finish the errands. If such facilities are not made, your business may be subject for discrimination. The above case stands that the action of the employer was not justified.

Question 4: A man with a master’s degree was rejected for a position as a trailer driver. However, the man who was hired didn’t even have his high school. The company was sued. Who will win the case?

There are two scenarios in this case, one is that the person holding master’s degree has the right to be employed if he also has the qualifications needed with the same experience as the other one. Here, Article 23 of the labor laws of UAE states that persons with the right qualification or hire should be given first considerations. On the other hand, the individual with no high schools records means he could have had the experience needed as compared t the other one. Here the law will consider the worth person based on experience of work under Article 23 of the Labor Laws (Zoubeidi et al,. 2010).

Question 5: A pregnant woman applied for the position of ‘chemical tester’ in a pharmaceutical factory and was rejected. Can the woman claim against the Pregnancy Discrimination Act?

PDA law states that a women be discriminated based on the state of pregnancy yet she has the will to undertake the task as denoted by her or from the employer. Based on the case above, it is clear that the employer avoided the lady due to her nature of pregnancy therefore, it was note wise to undertake such action hence the employer can be considered liable for the offence. The Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) is a change to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Separation on the premise of pregnancy, labor, or related restorative conditions constitutes unlawful sex discrimination under Article VII. Women prejudiced by pregnancy or related conditions must be dealt with in the same way as different candidates or employees who are comparable in their capacity or powerlessness to work. An executive can’t decline to contract a lady in view of her pregnancy related condition the length of she finds herself able to perform the real capacities of her occupation. As an employer he couldn’t decline to contract her in light of its preferences against pregnant laborers or due to the biases of coworkers, clienteles, or clients. The PDA additionally restricts discrimination in view of pregnancy regarding some other part of business, including pay, work assignments, promotion and pay.

However, the United Arab Emirates Labor Law under Article 29 states that women dispute any state of theirs may not be employed when the Jobs are harmful, risky or detrimental to their health. Therefore, the Article defends the employer. And for these case I consider that the lady would loss the case.

References

Abdalla, I. M., Al‐Waqfi, M. A., Harb, N., Hijazi, R. H., & Zoubeidi, T. (2010). Labour policy and determinants of employment and wages in a developing economy with labour shortage. Labour, 24(2), 163-177.

Forstenlechner, I., Madi, M. T., Selim, H. M., & Rutledge, E. J. (2012). Emiratisation: determining the factors that influence the recruitment decisions of employers in the UAE. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(2), 406-421.

http://www.dsg.gov.ae/sitecollectionimages/content/pubdocs/uae_labour_law_eng.pdf

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A Little Commonwealth

In his, A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colony, John Demos seeks to underscore the lifestyles of the puritan community in the 17th century. Written close to thirty years ago, the book unearths the way of life of this community in light of different social, legal and economic aspects. To accredit the information presented therein, the author uses a wide range of primary sources including information from diaries, marriage documents and even excavations. The author begins by providing the audience with a brief history about the colony. He provides an explicit analysis of the kind of life populations from England led until 1691 when the lifestyle changed. The book is categorized in three main sections with the first one evaluating the physical setting of the population. Then, the author underscores the household structure of this and finally analyzes the general development of puritans in the 17th century from their childhood to old age. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the three themes; Plymouth material setting, work-home-family relationships, and the 17th century life cycle and seeks to underscore the fact that the lifestyle of the Plymouth colonists did not have extremities as it had been posited earlier on. As it will come out from the study, the kind of life that this population led had significant similarities to the life that the then historic communities assumed.

While introducing the Plymouth material setting, Demos demonstrates that the colonists constituted a puritan population that initially left England and instead settled in Holland as a way of escaping the persecutions that were typical of the respective period of time (Demos, 23). They later on moved from Holland to the new world after having stayed in the former for a period of ten years. Securing effective transport that would enable them to arrive in the new word safely is cited to have been a very complex and demanding process. Through their widespread negotiations, they managed to liaise with Thomas Weston who offered them transportation to their ultimate destination.

They arrived in this destination some time before Christmas and were faced with innumerable challenges. Compared to Holland, they found the region to have different extreme conditions that undermined their ability to cope effectively. The extreme temperatures were particularly hostile and by the time spring approached, Demos indicates that a significant percentage of the colonists, constituting nearly half had died. It is for this reason that they found it imperative to initiate friendship with the native Indians. Notably, they benefited immensely from this friendship as they learnt of practical and viable ways that would enable them deal with the intrinsic challenges with ease.

Meanwhile, it is indicated that they devised viable strategies with respect to societal governance and established important relative structures. With respect to governance, Demos indicates that they established the post of a governor, put in place vital institutions such as a general court and established the social status of freemen that provided instrumental services to the top political leaders in the structure. The activities of the church were also considered vital in societal functioning. Essentially, they hired ministers to carry out relative religious services, conducted spiritual services normally and participated in punishing the wayward individuals as a fundamental way of upholding important social values (Demos 43).

Notably, the life and material environment of the colonialists in this regard were typical of that of other conventional societies who were also undergoing liberalization during this period of time. The changes that were introduced led to conflicts with the native Indians that found the characteristic conditions to contravene their way of life. The conflicts were a common affair that both the Indians and colonialists bore until the Indians finally defeated the colonists during the war of King Philip. Basically, it is indicated that the colonialists lived an easy life that reflected the then social conditions.

In his review, Demos indicates that the colonialists essentially lived a simple life that was devoid of various complexities that characterize current communities (Demos 46). Just like their conventional counterparts, they lived in single roomed houses that had a large fire place. This was imperative for conditioning and providing essential warmth to counter the extreme weather conditions. Notably, current populations also face diverse challenges that stem from the extreme weather conditions. Usually, these threaten their survival and hence they require conditioning to address the relative difficulties. The house also had storage and sleeping areas that performed different functions. Storage of food to be consumed during extreme weather conditions is a conventional conception that has been employed since historical times to safeguard the welfare of communities during certain times of the year.

Demos cite that the housing structures were essentially made of thatched roof and oak timber covered with plunks (Demos 67). Apart from the small and simple houses, it is indicated that there were also large houses although these were essentially employed by the wealthy factions of the population. This can be attributed to the inequitable resource distribution that accords some individuals an upper hand with respect to access of vital resources for survival. This is common in the current society as it can not be disputed that it is characterized by a high degree of stratification. There are wealthier individuals who live in houses that are more sophisticated than the rest of the population. Likewise, this can be attributed to the inherent differences with respect to resource allocation and distribution. While some populations live in spacious apartments in city suburbs, others live in poorly conditioned small houses that do not cater for their entire needs.

Also, it is cited that the furnishings employed in the home environment by the colonialists were equally simple. The essential facilities in this regard entailed very few utensils, a bed and a table. In most cases, these were also employed as sitting, sleeping and eating if there was need for this. This is unlike in the present times when the functions for different types of furnishings have become distinct (Demos 78). Technology has also contributed to the introduction of diverse equipments for use in the home environment. Further, just like their houses that were very simple, their mode of clothing is also cited to have been very simple. The type of clothing that they preferred most and which was instrumental for addressing the implications of harsh weather were the linens and wool. These were not only used for beddings but they were also used for making clothes. Another type of material that was also employed in the manufacture of clothing was leather. In this regard, it is indicated that the type of clothing that an individual used in this society was a reflection of his or her social class.

To date, clothes are still employed in determining the social class of individuals in the society. In this respect, Individuals who dress in finer clothes tend to be considered wealthier than their counterparts who dress in clothes that are less fine. Further, Demos indicates that the members of a household had both individual and shared responsibilities that they performed on behalf of the community (Demos 79). With respect to the members of the household, these entailed a mother, father and children. In some instances, households had servants who helped them to perform different tasks. The number of children for each household has been cited to have been essentially nine. However, spacing between births enabled the households to accommodate only three to five members at a given period of time.

Further, adultery was shunned from the society as it was considered a social ill that undermined the credibility of the family unit. A husband and wife were expected to co exist with each other in a harmonic manner too. Christianity was an inherent aspect of growth and development. The relative values were employed in child nurturance and were enforced when the child reached sixteen years of age. While parents were expected to provide for the diverse needs of their children, the children were obligated to respect their parents as well as honor them. Further, education and trade have been cited as important ideals that were expected to be inculcated in the process of growth and development of a child (Demos 115). The parents, close relatives or servants were responsible for teaching the children vital elements of lawful trade that was imperative for economic prosperity. Finally, on attainment of maturity, sons were expected to leave home and colonize open lands for their economic productivity.

Finally, Demos explores the colony’s lifecycle from birth to old age. In this respect, he indicates that the parents played a critical role in ensuring that the physical as well as psychological welfare of the child have been secured. Securing this was imperative as it enabled the children to grow in an ideal environment (Demos 132). Between two and six years, children were molded psychologically in order to attain sustainable growth and development. At six years, children began to be given a young adult treatment and the boys were expected to work with the fathers while the girls worked with their mothers. This stage the respective groups a chance to learn about life as well as households and how they were expected to conduct themselves. In addition, the children of different ages were encouraged to exercise extreme caution when relating to the negative sex. This was critical in helping the children to avoid early pregnancies that compromised their ability to nurture a nuclear family in future.

Adolescence paved way to courtship and ultimately marriage. This saw the adults raise their own children according to the expectations of the society. When the adult children left home, Domes indicates that the parents continued to produce wealth because they had a clear understanding of retirement and the implications of this (Demos 147). Later on, the author cites that older men could participate in politics and perhaps be elected to provide vital leadership to the community. In most instances, older men had a tendency of securing leadership positions in the society. Thus for the remaining periods of their lives, they mainly worked in public service. Old age was in most instances likened to wisdom and populations looked up upon this segment of the population to provide ideal leadership. In order to enhance output as well as cohesive functioning of the society, these were incorporated in established social institutions. The family was also an important institution for worship. As indicated earlier, it enhanced the inculcation of vital Christian values during child nurturance.

The preceding analysis has demonstrated how Domes explored the themes of Plymouth material setting, work-home-family relationships, and the 17th century life cycle in his A Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colon. Notably, the study has succeeded in to demonstrating that the life of the colonialists was as easy as that of the then traditional societies. The mode of governance, production, family relationships and the life cycle of the colonist’s family reflected those of the conventional societies. Their mode of life has been cited to have been characterized by a high degree of simplicity from the mode of dressing to the furnishings. The social class can also be considered to have been stratified in social classes. This can be attributed to the inherent inequality in resource distribution.

With regard to the work-home-family relationships, the study cited that the family was close knit institution and respective members complemented each other when performing different tasks. Parents were expected to enhance harmonic living conditions for their children. In addition, they were obligated to provide basic needs for their children. Children on the other hand were compelled to respect their parents. Finally, this study cites that children were accorded a safe living environment to secure their physical and psychological wellbeing. Parents prepared preteens in to adolescence through education and trade. Then, the adolescence married and raised their respective families. Older men commonly engaged in politics and assumed local leadership positions. It is in this regard that this paper concludes by indicating that the colonists led almost similar lifestyles like other traditional communities.

Change and Culture

Introduction

Mergers or acquisitions have become quite popular nowadays. They occur when two or more organizations unite under one umbrella group. The merger is effected through combination of assets and liabilities of these organizations. Mergers are of different types as Gingerich, B. S et al (1996 p 37) explains. For example, the horizontal merger takes place where two or more organizations that were previously competing with each other combine to become one. Other types of mergers are the vertical and conglomerate mergers. For the purpose of this paper, I shall focus on the horizontal merger.

This paper describes a merger between two healthcare companies that are competitors in their field. In this case, the employees of host organization hold a view of the other organization as an enemy. In addition, they feel that the other organization has been providing poor services. Their view is seen to have an adverse effect on their motivation to work and eventually on the new corporation’s performance. Though the new corporation provides inpatient and outpatient services which the host organization doesn’t have, the adverse effects of the merger may override the positive effects. In view of these points, this paper will examine the impact of the new organizational culture formed by the merger on economic performance of the new corporation. Secondly, it will describe some of the mechanisms that a manager of the new corporation can use to harmonize the relationship workers of the two organizations. Finally, the paper will give a look at the systems and the shape of the new formed organization.

The impact of merger on sales

An organizational culture has an indirect impact on the sales proceeds of that organization. As Ashkanasy, M. et al (2010, p 129) explains, the level of sales of any organization is dependent upon the performance of the employees of that organization. In turn, the level of performance of the employees in an organization is usually dependent on their cultural orientation, beliefs and attitudes in that organization. According to Ashkanasy, M. et al (2010, p 129), negative beliefs and attitudes of employees towards the structure or operations of the organization have direct negative impact on their motivation to work. Ashkanasy, M. et al (2010, p 129) explains further that a change in culture of an organization can lead to improved economic performance of an organization. At the same time, a change in culture of the organization caused by for example, merger can lead adverse effects to economic performance as explained earlier. This will be more pronounced if the change has a direct negative impact to the employees’ attitudes and beliefs.

In this particular scenario, merging of the two organizations is a change that will have two significant effects. First, it will be advantageous to the host corporation since the former competitor has extra services that the host organization doesn’t have i.e. the inpatient and outpatient services. Combining will imply that more capacities for sales of their services. The second effect is the change in the culture of the organization which rather, will have an adverse effect to the new corporation’s performance. As mentioned earlier, the employees of host organization have always viewed the competitor as enemy who provided poor services. This explains that the two corporations constitute two contrasting cultures. Most likely than not, the employees of the host corporation are going to maintain the negative attitude even after merging. Obviously, this will not be comfortable to work together with the workers from the new corporation or even under its management. In short, the employees and most likely from both corporation will not be willing to support a new culture. Instead, they are likely to resist. This will eventually translate into lack of motivation by the employees to the quality of health services they will provide. Poor services will automatically lead to lower sales by the new corporation.

A good example of the impact of culture on organizational performance is the findings of a research carried out by Avey, Wernsing and lutherns (2008) (As cited in Ashkanasy, M., et al 2010, and p 129). They investigated the impact of organizational change to the performance of the employees. From their research findings they highlighted how organizational changes tend to be dominated by various obstacles including employees’ resistance to change. They argued that employees’ bad attitude and negative emotions has a definite negative effect on the working climate of an organization. From their research findings, employees with negative attitude to the change of culture of their organizations were likely to view the change as unfavorable and to have negative reactions to it. They explained that a change in the culture of an organization needs to consider the employees’ psychological beliefs, their level of optimism and resilience among others.

Ways of dealing with cultural difference

There are various options that the healthcare manager can use to harmonize the employees of the new corporation and ensure that quality care is provided. Woodside, A. G. explains that, it is quite important for a manager to take a discursive approach with the employees. According to him, this step will help to enhance a shared and unbreakable pattern of knowledge and perception of the new culture as reality. He explained that, this approach will also help to transform the negative believes held by the employees towards positive. In addition, it will help to uphold organizational culture as shared knowledge and interaction among the employees. In this particular case, the middle manager can form a discussion with all the employees from both organizations and sensitize them about the importance of accepting the new organization and its employees. This is an interactive approach where all the employees are requested to participate in enhancing a successful transformation of culture. That way, the employees from both sides will feel obligated to support the new culture and accept the new employees.

A study was carried out on 8,054 employees form different organizations in Sweden on their possible reactions after a change in culture of their organizations’ culture, (Contrada, R. J & Baum, A, p. 155). The findings of this study illustrated that organizations that involved their employees in the change process had achieved much success in enhancing the new culture. One of the mechanisms the organizations used was discursive approach with the employees to encourage them accept the new culture. The findings indicated that, in most of the organizations that didn’t take that approach, their employees were more depressed than those that employed the approach. In addition, where the culture change was as a result of merger, many of the employees who were actively in the change could not accept the new employees. For the organizations that employed this approach, the reverse was true. Therefore, this explains the importance of taking a discursive approach by the manager to harmonize then employees and prevent the repercussions of a competitive stance.

Structure of the new organization

After the merger, the new organization’s shape and size will be centralized to enable it to operate as a single entity. As weber (as cited by Sisaye, S., 2006) describes, an organization has many different structure both formal and informal. Examples of the formal structures include; accounting control systems, management control systems, marketing systems and others. As well the informal systems of an organization are such as norms and culture as well as leadership behaviors and attributes. As organizations merge, all these structures increase in size becoming more complex.

In this scenario, they will result in more management hierarchy, to handle the greater the increased activities of the new organization. In addition, bureaucratization of rules within the new organization will increase resulting in increased barriers for organizational learning. According to weber (as cited by Sisaye, S., 2006), a new organization such as the one in this case will have an extensive market coverage than before merger. This will be enhanced by the increased branches with the new organization. The resources and physical facilities of the organization are going to increase. In addition the new organization will be guided by a new system of culture that didn’t exist in both of the former organizations. It will be guided by new set of values and norms and at a higher level than before. Finally, the new organization will have a new communication paradigm.

Conclusion

Though the objective of merger of organizations is to provide positive effects, it should not be ignored that it has negative impacts too. As noted in this section, other than economic effects, mergers can have a serious adverse effect on the cultural beliefs of the employees of an organization. Culture clash as a result of merger usually has a direct effect on job performance of an employee. This will usually demoralize the employees, and the implications will be provision of unsatisfactory performances. This will obviously result in lower output and lower total sales of the organization in the long-run. Therefore, it is important to keep consideration of the possible impacts of a merger before it is affected.

Remarkably, it is important for a manager to be prepared with all mechanisms available to deal with any obstacles that may arise before a merger takes place. As discussed earlier, a merger is likely to face resistance from employees. Therefore, all available mechanisms to help the employees cope with the new formed culture ought to be kept ready. It is also very important to sensitize the workers of the approaching change before it happens. This will help to prepare them for the coming change psychologically. Thus, the success of organizational cultural change after merger depends on the level of commitment of the management in managing the change. Finally, it is important to take note that when a merger takes place, a change in the shape and systems of the organizations involved takes place. Both the formal and informal structures of the former organizations increase in size and complexity.

References

Anderson, N. & Ones, D. S., Sinangil, H. K.,(2002) measurements and outcomes of culture and

climate, Handbook of industrial, work & organizational psychology: Organizational psychology, Volume 2, SAGE, California USA

Ashkanasy, M., Wilderom, C. P. M. & Peterson, M. F., (2010), Toward positive works,

cultures and climate, The Handbook of Organizational Culture and Climate, SAGE, California USA

Contrada, R. J & Baum, A, 2009, the challenge of stress in modern organizations, The Handbook

of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health, Springer Publishing Company, New York, N.Y

Gingerich, B. S., & Ondeck, D. N., (1996), Mergers and acquisition, Home health redesign: a

proactive approach to managed care, Jones & Bartlett Learnin

Kusluvan, S., (2003), Personality, Employee attitudes and behaviors, and organizational

outcomes, Managing employee attitudes and behaviors in the tourism and hospitality industry, Nova Publishers, New York

Sisaye, S., (2006), the ecology of management accounting and control systems:

implications for managing teams and work groups in complex organizations, Greenwood Publishing Group, Westport

Woodside, A. G., (2010), organizational culture and performance, Organizational Culture,

Business-to-Business Relationships, and Interfirm Networks, Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, UK

The Role of Project Manager Analysis Paper Proposal

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The Role of Project Manager Analysis Paper Proposal

Introduction;

A project administrator is a person with a general dedication to start, organize, plan, execute, check, regulate and complete an endeavor. This action title is used for advancement, petrochemical, design, advancement of data and a wide range of organizations that manufacture things and organizations. The task manager must have a mix of skills such as the capacity to make occupying requests, differentiate assumptions understood and prevent conflict, as well as gradually expanding organizational capabilities.

A project is a brief task or an undertaking which should be executed inside a certain period and cost to deliver an exciting item, administration or a result. It has a restriction of a store, time and assets and task administrator included necessities to act inside this impediment to guarantee the goal of expectations are accomplished in the firm due date; else undertaking can go roughage way.

Primary among the obligations of an undertaking director is the assertion that danger distinctively affects the likelihood of accomplishment and that this danger must be evaluated both officially and coolly throughout the lifetime of a task. Risks arise out of impotence, and the successful boss of the venture is the person who considers this to be their fundamental concern — most of the issues facing stakes outcome from either the danger in one manner or another. A higher than average chief of a venture project can reduce chance out and out by adhering to an open communications methodology, making sure that each vital part gets the opportunity to convey ideas and fears as often as possible.

An entrepreneur or project manager is a person in control of selecting, both big and small. The director of the endeavor should ensure that they regulate the helplessness of the hit and the breakpoint. Every choice overseeing the effects of the project must profit their attempts genuinely. For example, adventure supervisors use board coding adventure to handle their errands and workforce, such as Microsoft Project. These item packages permit excursion boss to produce reports and graphs in seconds, differentiated, and the few hours it can take on the off-risk of doing it by hand.

A project administrator that does not have exceedingly specialized aptitudes can’t generally lead the task group. Such a PM can deal with the venture as a procedure and with regards to the general population (counting every one of the partners, not merely the colleagues) can go about as a facilitator. A facilitator isn’t a group head, he doesn’t instruct individuals or how to do their work, and however, he encourages the choice procedure taken by others. To achieve an ideal objective of undertakings, it ends up basic that the chief who is going to lead it must be experienced and all around furnished with all the information and apparatuses to guarantee the venture runs efficiently and compasses to its last predetermination.

There are distinctive kinds of venture supervisors. For instance, there are development chiefs. Ordinarily, a task chief will have more specialist and duty than a development administrator. While a development director is managing staff and materials at the work site, just as ensuring the undertaking is consistent with code and best structure rehearses. At that point, there are program supervisors. They resemble venture directors; their obligations go past one anticipates. A program administrator is dealing with an arrangement of usually related tasks, which has its very own extraordinary prerequisites. A PM is in charge of the heading, coordination, usage, official, control, and consummation of the task while staying lined up with technique, duties, and objectives of the association.

Proposal;

In this Analysis, it will cover the critical jobs and the errands that the Project chiefs should cover. It will likewise take a gander at the distinctive difficulties they come conveying their obligations and even what is anticipated from them. There will be an investigation of the two points of interest in having qualified PMs on the various undertakings being continued.

Purpose of the study;

This article will cover the distinctive purposes and the diverse employment of the venture’s chief and how they add to the development of the economy. It will likewise concentrate on the unique kinds of venture directors and their first jobs in ensuring that everything they do is represented and is of advantage to the whole nation. This paper will portray the focal points or the significances of having an accomplished task chief. The article will likewise cover the diverse duties of the undertaking director and the hardships they face while carrying out their responsibilities.

Review of the literature;

In the present business, it is to the best favorable position of associations to have adventure executives. Sound judgment isn’t for each situation viably developed. Any person who’s anytime worn down an endeavor in a particular setting knows this. Indeed, a considerable amount of working with others includes dealing with unanticipated issues and picking up from slip-ups in transit. Knowing this and having the ideal instruments an assignment manager will presumably administer and complete the whole endeavor out there.

Utilizing venture the board offers a business a route for managing significantly brought downstage times. With organizations working globally extends that can affect the organization overall is difficult to oversee without a legitimate line of assault. For this, venture the board would help cross-practical groups to be increasingly active. The moderate comprehension is that the primary individual who can be of help with a puzzle is the person who has information in the actual item, advancement apparatus or structure that is being utilized. In spite of the way this may conceivably be exact for particular ventures, it’s not naturally precise for all activities. The individual with the best blend of experience is the one that will require a minimal measure of time to come up to speed on what it is endeavoring to be practiced. Each that is acquired to help will have a type of expectation to absorb information that should move beyond. It’s merely an issue of dealing with the hope to incorporate knowledge, so it has minimal effect on the general time and expenses for the task.

Project Managers Role;

A project manager defines the project scope. The task scope, in this regard, alludes to the undertaking work that should be finished inside the predefined plan (Duncan and William 1996). It characterizes the particular limits of the task. It is necessary, the duty of the undertaking administrator to decide the task scope and convey it to the venture group, senior administration and different partners associated with the venture (Duncan and William 1996). Characterizing the task degree is one most essential yet testing parts of an experiment the board. In portraying the range, the venture supervisor audits the task contract, prerequisites, and procedure resources. Without characterizing the extent of the venture, there might be perplexity among the staff and task group about where the undertaking closures, and in this way, there is a danger of being drawn into a regularly enlarging circle of mediations.

The project manager also develops full-scale project plans. The achievement of any undertaking generally relies on its underlying arrangement. It is essential to have a venture plan set up before authorizing a task. The provision diagrams the task achievements and exercises necessary for actualizing the venture (Duncan and William 1996). It is the essential obligation of the venture supervisor to build up a full-scale venture plan. In data innovation ventures, for instance, the undertaking administrator is in charge of building up the general task plan. In any case, this must be facilitated with all the task faculty. It is along these lines essential to guarantee that all the undertaking workforce have both arranging and executing aptitudes and involvement in the specific field.

The Projects Managers also directs and manages projects executions. The undertaking supervisor is relied upon to lead the task group and oversee partner connections to guarantee that the venture plan is executed expertly (Schwalbe 2009). Coordinating and controlling the execution of the venture require the utilization of particular instruments and procedures. A portion of the specific devices and methods that venture administrators use in driving and overseeing venture execution incorporate master judgment and task the board data frameworks.

The master judgment includes counseling specialists before settling on choices concerning the task. For instance, in Information innovation extends, the undertaking chief may get some information about the system way to deal with pursuing and the programming language to utilize (Schwalbe 2009). The undertaking director should employ venture the board programming, for example, Microsoft venture, which empowers him/her to arrange assignments and the workforce (Schwalbe 2009). The utilization of programming bundles enables the undertaking chief to create quick and precise reports and graphs that manage in the execution of the venture.

The project’s manager is also liable for coordinating activities, resources, and information on the project. There is regularly the requirement for coordination of exercises, hardware, data and assets for any task. In such a manner, the task chief works close by the venture organizer on such coordination issues. Even though this is an essential obligation of the venture organizer, some coordination issues might be hard to determine and are raised to the undertaking administrator (Lewis 2004). This guarantees the smooth running of the undertaking and every single related procedure.

The project manager is also responsible for risk management and procurement. The undertaking administrator is additionally associated with venture acquisition and hazard the board. He/she should be engaged with the production of agreements, recognizing dangers liable to develop in the undertaking cycle, and in setting up an alleviation intend to counter such risks (Duncan and William 1996).

The PM is also responsible for time and cost management. The accomplishment of any task depends on the capacity to adjust the center undertaking parts of a degree, cost and time (Duncan and William 1996). Dealing with the expense and time is similarly significant as characterizing the extent of the task. Undertaking administrators have the essential duty of dealing with the cost of the work and the time required for the venture to be conveyed. He/she is in charge of assessing the total expense of the undertaking including the payment of materials, apparatus, and gear just as the work cost.

The rundown of duties is unending. The undertaking director is the central core of a task with his/her contribution directly from intending to phase of finish imperative for a fruitful conveyance of the venture. The undertaking director characterizes the extent of an investment, gives a portrayal of the task potential, leads an examination on different organizations to find out whether they have executed comparable activities, directs a harsh expense and time evaluates, and surveys the dangers and the potential result (Duncan and William 1996).

Challenges faced by the Project Managers;

At times the team members are a bit hectic to control and supervise. An undertaking’s prosperity is reliant on the general population that execute it. The second issue they will probably confront is working with either unpracticed colleagues or colleagues who do not have the aptitude for dealing with the jobs that need to be done. This test will back off the advancement of your work and at times will prompt the end of the task, fruitlessly. It is imperative that you are given colleagues that are custom fitted to the activity or appropriate preparing is given to guarantee that they are prepared for the undertaking ahead.

It is challenging indeed for the project managers to ensure that the risks are minimal. Bringing down expenses in a venture is a hard errand mainly if there are hidden variables that are influencing your work. You can decrease the dangers level in your group by social occasion enough data on the venture, assembling a hover of trust among the colleagues and knowing which some portion of the undertaking isn’t doable and transforming it before it is past the point of no return.

The management expectations are made or seen to be very high. It is normal that you realize what your colleagues expect of you as their chief and in the meantime, your colleagues should recognize what you expect of them. When you know each other’s desires, at that point it will be simpler to achieve the ideal objectives. Accessibility of assets, due dates, preparing, and installments are a portion of the underlying issues that ought to be examined all the time between the administration and the laborers with the goal that the undertaking will finish up active.

Conclusions and Recommendations;

In conclusion, the task director utilizes the framework’s approach (Meredith and Mantel, 2006) with the reason for the match every one of the segments required to deal with an undertaking. For this paper, venture the executives is a lot of interrelated components that are utilized between themselves to accomplish their objectives. The contention and correspondence the executives that have been dissected in the present report are essential factors in a venture. In this manner, it tends to contend that correspondence has an indispensable job in peacemaking just as refereeing in undertaking the board.

The techniques utilized for peace promotion are in control to satisfy customer desire and positively affect venture execution. It’s specialized, and officially validity should uphold this. This validity is gotten by harmony among social and specialized correspondence. In the meantime, correspondence constructs a trust connection between the gatherings. Both, communication and a trust relationship are utilized for exchange in peacemaking with the point of determination clashes. This should be considered with regards to profoundly dedicated and talented people. Powerful correspondence is accomplished by structure an association with the gatherings and expanding its recurrence. It permits keeping up the crowds outside and inside the task educated. The communication is considered as a critical factor for the accomplishment of the job (Pinto and Prescott, 1988).

Works Cited

Ahsan, K., Ho, M., & Khan, S. (2013). Recruiting project managers: A comparative analysis of competencies and recruitment signals from job advertisements. Project Management Journal, 44(5), 36-54.

Bacchelli, A., & Bird, C. (2013, May). Expectations, outcomes, and challenges of modern code review. In Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on software engineering (pp. 712-721). IEEE Press.

Essays, UK. (November 2018). The Role Of Project Manager Management Essay. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/the-role-of-project-manager-management-essay.php?vref=1

Carvalho, M. M. D., & Rabechini Junior, R. (2015). Impact of risk management on project performance: the importance of soft skills. International Journal of Production Research, 53(2), 321-340.

Kliem, R. L., & Ludin, I. S. (2019). Reducing project risk. Routledge.

Madter, N., Bower, D. A., & Aritua, B. (2012). Projects and personalities: A framework for individualising project management career development in the construction industry. International Journal of Project Management, 30(3), 273-281.

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The role of religion in the migration of Vietnamese refugees

Introduction

The Chinese have ruled Vietnam for a long time. Even after it became an independent nation, it continued to model its institutions after those seen in China. This Sino-Vietnamese practice persisted until French colonialism in the twentieth century when the country was upgraded. Despite these changes, the Chinese culture seems to have affected the worldview and family lives of many Vietnamese. Taoism and Buddhism, a mixture of Confucianism, Taoism known as Tam Giao in Vietnamese, is the dominant religious philosophy and theology in Vietnam, including traditional China (“Three Teachings”). Confucianism is a social ethics theory named after the Confucian Chinese philosopher Confucius (551-479 BCE). It instills solid morals and the importance of maintaining harmony at all levels of society, including the state, village, family, and individuals. Confucianism is described through the love or worship of ancestors, passed on to children through respectful behavior. Most Vietnamese households create a permanent or temporary altar with fruit, wine, and flowers with portraits of deceased relatives during the lunar New Year and the death anniversary of male ancestors (Bankston 36-53). The family gathers for a communal meal after everybody has prostrated before the altar. Ancestral worship is based on the fact that the family remains together until death. It is believed that an individual’s deceased parents and ancestors are family members. They would grant their lineage protection if they are honored and prayed for.

Lao Tzu, a Chinese philosopher who lived in the sixth century BCE and established Taoism, is credited as a cosmologist. It teaches that for the universe to work correctly, two fundamental ideals must be matched. The duong is violent, humid, and light, while the âm (Yin) is quiet, dark, and inert. Food, which strikes a balance between “cool” and “hot” cooking and conventional Chinese-Vietnamese medicine, follows Taoist harmony principles in everyday life. Astrology’s geomancy and Taoism’s Feng Shui are often mentioned.

Confucianism takes priority since it is fundamental to Vietnamese family and cultural values, and all three aspects of Tam Giao are inextricably intertwined and influenced over time. This means that those who practice Confucian ethics, respect their ancestry, and revere their ancestors would not be chastised whether they believe in supernatural powers, religious views, or a belief in existence after death. This helps explain why the 10% of Vietnamese Catholics see a slight conflict between Christian morality and Confucian teaching and why Communist officials worship war heroes or the late President Hô Chi Minh regularly (Phan 19-35).

Religious vehicles in the Vietnam Migration

In Buddhism, was used for maintaining doctrine was commonly used. It entailed monitoring doctrinal examinations and clergy ordinations to exercise legislative jurisdiction over a Buddhist priesthood structure and duration. It consisted of restricting the number of temples that could be built and the amount of land given away. Taoist priests were not well-coordinated or dedicated to this mode of power. The other dogma the State has attempted to implement, the more demonstrations and attacks it has faced from nationalist outlets, whether open, defiant or just implicit. The anger of the State over the connection between religion and revolt was not great. Buddhist monks and Taoist priests were once renowned for leading insurgency campaigns. Demonstrators against the throne continued to use monasteries as a secure haven. It was a compelling cause for 19th-century attempts to regulate Buddhist monasteries. It was simple enough to restrict the number of monks ordained and defrock any who did not meet the official requirements. But, with the traditional government’s limited resources, discouraging citizens from practicing religious existence in areas where they were not in the State was more difficult. This was the case with the Southwest’s frontier, a pioneered area for most of the nineteenth century, a meeting place for a variety of racial, racial, and religious communities, and therefore a suitable venue for the growth of heterodoxies.

Before the colonial period, Catholic priests were reluctant to convert South citizens for unexplained reasons. Most Catholics left northern Vietnam in the 1960s to South Vietnam or were Catholics during the French colonial period. The heterodox brand originated in the 19th century from the orthodox Vietnamese faith, a mixture of Buddhists, Taoists, Confucians, and animals. Since Buddhism and Taoism in some instances ruled Confucianism and a fundamentally opposed view of the world, heterodoxy and state religion differed. Confucianism was an optimistic philosophy at its heart; life was permissible, nature was kind (Lubienecki 1-21). The assumption that the emperor’s rule was benign and scientifically beneficial affected this opinion. On the other side, religious revolutionaries in Vietnam had a much bleaker perspective on humanity. Their situation was a perhaps doomsday scenario.

According to this hypothesis, a system of loops formed the cosmos. Both phases had cycles of development, decay, and destruction. Until death, disaster, and wickedness seize control, end-of-century catastrophic events such as a tsunami, a planetary conflagration, or a mega typhoon may arise. It consumes the entire world and cleans its darkness. Only the cheerful and innocent will remain when the poor have gone. The world’s strength will be rearranged in a contemporary ‘Heaven and Earth creation’ (tao thien lap dia), leading to a modern era of peace, abundance, and goodness. Maitreya period, controlled by the ancient Buddha Gautama, was thought to end and be replaced by our current age, governed by the ancient Buddha Gautama (Phan 19-35).

Maitreya was a respected figure in Vietnamese Buddhism. A giant monument can be found in Hue’s Heavenly Mother’s Temple. Until the nineteenth century, he was used as a figure of hope, not despair. In his Pure Land, he embodied Vietnamese Buddhists’ dreams for salvation and revival. Despite warnings of an impending disaster over the years, the Maitreya ideal was not linked to the apocalypse terror. However, a new religious movement arose in the 1950s, believing the future was imminent and all evil had to be eradicated. In a new millennium of peace and wealth, Buddha Maitreya would arrive. His descent in southwestern Vietnam would be in a rough hilly area along the Cambodian frontier (Lynn 40-56). During Maitreya’s rule, many citizens gathered for repentance and rebirth to nurture themselves and live a better existence. Buu Son Ky Huong, or Strange Mountain Fragrance, was the label of the contemporary religious movement. The name of the campaign was meant to allude to Maitreya’s upcoming appearance in the seven ranges of Chau Doc province, hence the notion of precious rock and his teaching of the new Buddhist philosophy, which believers likened to a peculiar odor.

Southwest Vietnam was a border territory with a tiny but vibrant population in the 1850s. At the turn of the century, a steady influx of Chinese and Cambodian indigenous immigrants entered the region, leaving the minority Vietnamese. People who came to Vietnam for a better future were among the Vietnamese. However, there were often defrocked monks from other regions and civilians banished to the frontier when their home country authorities declared them unfit. Traditional village associations have no firm foundations yet. Just a few showed that the Vietnamese citizens in this region were forced away from their cultural moorings.

For decades, Vietnam was subjected to various sects and theological beliefs owing to its refusal to condemn supernatural religions and ceremonies. World religions (Buddhism, Catholicism, Protestantism, South Vietnam, Islam, and Hinduism, the latter two ethnic minority groups) and local worship forms (Caodaism, Hoa Hao Buddhism, Vó Vi Taoism, Lên Dong Cult, Shamanism, and other supernatural prayers) are all choices. Despite significant problems, religious life has become much simpler following economic and social opening in the 1990s. For many years, the Communist government tried to outlaw organized religion and forbade superstitious activities. Whatever religion they practice, most Vietnamese see faith as a way to live a holy existence, reconcile aggressive divine forces, and pursue help from benign spirits like their forefathers. “One religion is fine, but two religions are better.” This shows that many attractive refugees had set up icons and customs before fleeing Vietnam, which instructed them on how to recall where they were and how to respond to rapid political and social changes in the domestic, natural, and moral realms. Confucian ethics, for example, emphasizes parents’ duty to ensure their children get the highest quality education and has motivated many people to leave Vietnam. Under Communist law, their descendants were refused high school or college enrollment, meaning they had no opportunity to prosper. Confucianism was required to convince a Montreal resident to board a refugee flow ferry. In 1975, his family decided to stay in Saigon because he considered himself a nationalist. Nonetheless, he was so distressed by the non-Confucian disrespect for the deceased that he vowed to quit after promising to clear cemeteries and move his father’s remains to a secret crypt.

A Vietnamese Catholic physicist says the Lord made him know that he was worried for him, although not always a devoted churchgoer. The guy was re-educated after being recruited by the South Vietnamese government in 1975. And if there were no roses on the altar, he detected an elegant scent in a Saigon city’s Our Lady of Fatima sanctuary. He soon showed pleasure in visiting a Canadian squad and applied his name to the list of individuals eager to live with Canadian families. Consequently, the Holy Virgin’s intercession attributes the continuing life of the asylum.

Religion in the camps

If the refugees had left Vietnam, they would have kept religious beliefs that made sense given their former nightmare: a precarious sea trip for boat travelers, were sinking and pirate attempts were always a possibility, and often extended stay in a refugee camp, and an unavoidable migration to another nation. Many Vietnamese interviewees in Montreal believed that their religion had given them hope and peace during their trip and that the arrival of refugees had only added to their joy. Many of them credited their happier lives to the direct intervention of deities, bodhisattvas, saints, or God.

Since escaping the dangers of the sea, many refugees were devout Buddhists, Christians, or other religious adherents. As a product of God’s salvation, all of them were Christians. For instance, the man who met the “Lord of the Chinese Sea” before reaching the Philippines (see above) was a devout Catholic who converted to Buddhism after landing in Canada. Since the Holy Virgin was saved, a Buddhist family was converted to Catholicism.

Confidence, according to any refugees, acted as a counterbalance to the settlers’ lack of activity. “We placed a lot of trust in each other in the tent,” one man says. We couldn’t come up with anything better to do! “Festivals are organized to celebrate holy holidays,” says the shrine, which we visit twice a day. In addition to services and services, Buddhists and Catholics have partnered on several community outreach projects for children and young adults (NINH 49-82). The number of evangelical Christians increased significantly in both camps. Fundamentalist missionaries offered refugees a smoother transition in the United States, according to Montreal interviewees. This kind of evangelization appeals to poor, single men who have left Vietnam without their families and have found themselves isolated in the camps. Regardless of their origins, religious traditions and practices were essential in the lives of many refugees and served as a source of hope during their journey.

Religion after settlement of Vietnamese

Vietnamese refugees began their transition to a new life when they were placed in their resettlement countries (Nguyen 191-208). The refugees’ primary goal was to integrate economically, linguistically, and socially to better adapt to their new surroundings, which was a difficult challenge. Nonetheless, the Vietnamese began to organize their religious lives outside of Vietnam quite quickly. They could locate places where they could gather for worship soon after arriving in their host country, much as they had done in camps. Before the coming of the first wave of immigrants, it was better in places like France and certain areas of the United States, such as Washington, D.C., where thousands of Vietnamese immigrated to the West (Catholicism, Protestant churches, or the Bahai faith). However, with most worship forms, all Vietnamese refugee groups of any scale were finally able to construct their religious infrastructure (Keith 243-246). The bulk of the first wave of Vietnamese exiles in Montreal were leftist graduates or retired officials with advanced degrees. They usually spoke English and French, and many of them had already established a home with relatives. This exemplifies that religious involvement in this area began in 1975.

In addition to its psychological importance, religion has a significant impact on Vietnamese culture in other countries. It provides refugees and other Vietnamese immigrants with a structured set of mental images and activities to help them make sense of their lives and achieve peace in an otherwise chaotic environment. It’s also not shocking that religious values and customs can be quickly reactivated by relocating Vietnamese refugees’ spiritual values and traditions to other regions. Buddhists were reactivated to rebuild the pagodas and the national and foreign networks of other organizations. There has also been “Vietnamese” science, which refers to monks and laypeople from Vietnam. Since Buddhism is a traditional faith in many resettlement cities, such as Montreal, the Vietnamese refugees never visited Chinese, Japanese, or other Buddhist temples.

The importance of faith in maintaining one’s identity can explain why, after more than three decades, both Vietnamese and their children continue to worship in their temples and churches. Strangers are no longer welcome in the region. As a consequence, support and promotion organizations for relocations have either disappeared or modified their objectives. At least in Canada, Vietnamese Buddhists, Catholics, and other religious groups are prospering. After mainly assimilating into Western civilization, newcomers retain some of their initial values, cultural practices, and literary depictions, avoiding complete assimilation into North American cultures.

Conclusion

To conform to the western way of life, the Vietnamese have created a diverse collection of complex places of worship in other nations. These organizations have been active with the refugee movement for more than 30 years. For most Vietnamese refugees, limitations are known as migration, according to French folklorist Arnold Van Gennep. 15 The early years of the Communist regime in South Vietnam can be seen as a foreshadowing of the current order of potential refugees. Migration was a life-changing experience for people who did not belong to either country or political group and lived on the periphery of society. Finally, resettlement was intended to be a transitional measure that would eventually enable the Vietnamese to reintegrate into a foreign country. Passage rites were based on religious customs and rituals, ritualized or ceremonial events, and actions that ensured consistency between refugee gatherings before and after the departure. The fact that these transit rituals were observed and the long-term viability of the Vietnamese Overseas religious infrastructure shows that refugees are not just helpless casualties of uncontrollable incidents. Despite their various challenges, they had access to multiple organizations that could assist them in organizing their lives to meet their specific needs. Their religious convictions fuelled some of their influence, but they also reinforced and maintained those beliefs in their new countries (VINH 244-246). For all of these nations, this turned out to be a long-term blessing. Non-Asians, for example, visit the Vietnamese Buddhist temples and meditation centers in Montreal to learn the Buddha’s teachings. On the other hand, New Canadian Vietnamese priests are assigned to traditional Catholic parishes to replace the aged, allowing refugees to contribute to their host country in various ways.

Work cited

Bankston, Carl L. “Vietnamese-American Catholicism: Transplanted and Flourishing.” U.S. Catholic Historian 18, no. 1 (2000): 36-53. Accessed April 15, 2021. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/25154703Lynn, James T. “Memorandum to President Ford About Refugee Resettlement.” DocsTeach, June 20, 1975. https://www.docsteach.org/documents/document/memo-refugee-resettlementKeith, Charles. “Epilogue.: A National Church Divided.” In Catholic Vietnam: A Church from Empire to Nation, 242-248. University of California Press, 2012. Accessed April 14, 2021. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pptwf.14LÊ ESPIRITU, YẾN. “Vietnamese Refugees and Internet Memorials: When Does War End and Who Gets to Decide?” In Looking Back on the Vietnam War: Twenty-first-Century Perspectives, edited by BOYLE BRENDA M. and LIM JEEHYUN, 18-33. NEW BRUNSWICK, NEW JERSEY; LONDON: Rutgers University Press, 2016. Accessed April 7, 2021. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/j.ctt1c3gx00.6NINH, THIEN-HUONG T. “Global Chain of Marianism: Diasporic Formation among Vietnamese Catholics in the United States and Cambodia.” Journal of Vietnamese Studies 12, no. 2 (2017): 49-82. Accessed April 15, 2021. https://0-www-jstor-org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/26377949Nguyen, Thao. “Quan Am and Mary: Vietnamese Religious, Cultural, and Spiritual Phenomena.” Buddhist-Christian Studies 37 (2017): 191-208. Accessed April 15, 2021. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/44632366Phan, Peter C. “Vietnamese Catholics in the United States: Christian Identity between the Old and the New.” U.S. Catholic Historian 18, no. 1 (2000): 19-35. Accessed April 15, 2021. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/25154702VINH, ALPHONSE. “Vietnamese.” In The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 6: Ethnicity, edited by RAY CELESTE, by WILSON CHARLES REAGAN, 244-46. University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Accessed April 14, 2021. http://0-www.jstor.org.library.lemoyne.edu/stable/10.5149/9781469616582_ray.94.

Abstract

A lot of engineering codes of ethics globally press engineers to consciously put the interest of the public above of all other interests. This appears to operate counter the market ideology that the interest of the public will be attained by the persons chasing their self-interest. The latter ideology is what is in the spirit of sustainable development with its accent on the economic instruments and economic valuation to attain environmental protection (Anon 2008) found out.

Policies of sustainable development normally symbolize an economic determinism with regard to the technological changes. It evades ethical issues and assumes that economic and environmental purposes are compatible. Yet currently, engineers are struggling with ethical impasses created by day to day conflicts between the environmental and economic requirements of their profession.

In the past disagreement between public interest and self-interest was a rare predicament for the engineers because engineering purposes were more or less synonymous with the human development (Robert 2009). Presently, environmental concerns have established a divergence among employer interest, self-interest, public interest and professional interest. Yet how pragmatic is it to anticipate engineers to demonstrate higher ethical values than those generally anticipated by the community as a whole.

The contemporary engineering code of ethics compels engineers to consider the public interest before business interest and professional interest. At the beginning of the discussion, I will illustrate that business interest and professional interest was aligned and that the code of ethics have been established to serve the professional interest within this aspect. In the second part of this paper, with the use of Laura’s case study, I will demonstrate the alignment of professional interest and business interests and the disagreements between the public interest and self-interest are intensified by environmental controversies and how as a consequent of this the environment suffers inevitably.

Case study: Environmentally interest

According to Robert (2009), for a long time, a mixture of remnants of law, religious beliefs and a background of ethical egoism has fairly served western society. The living standards have grown and the nations have become powerful and wealthier. But in the contemporary times environmental concerns have developed a conflict among the employer interest, self-interest and the interest of the public. Laura’s case study will demonstrate some of the issues engrossed.

Laura who is working for Kentride Consulting Engineers is a graduate of Stoneybrook University and is a qualified environmental engineer. Her employer is engaged in civil engineering structure designing. Within the company, they are the 2 environmental engineers. Her responsibility is the examine the environmental effects of the organization’s projects and conduct appropriate liaison with a couple of stakeholders to make sure that the environmental concerns are sufficiently examined and checked both at the design and implementation stages.

In the past 7 months, she has been engaged on the Risdon Underpass Project. The venture is to outline a road underpass that will accommodate the Goldray Freeway below the Environmental Park of Risdon State for an estimated distance of 850 meters. This initiative has received a strong support from the Minister of Highways, Mr. Ted Power who perhaps by chance is an elected representative of the constituents where the project is meant for. According the statements made by the minister, the entire freeway is supposed to be finished in 5 years time period, however, twelve months since the work began, there are apparent signs that a lot of sections of the project are behind the time frame.

The Park is particularly a sensitive environmental site. It is a habitat to a huge colony of koalas and perhaps the single known site of the yellow throated giant earth worm. At the start, it was expected that underpass would be developed through the cut and cover system, in which case, the digging is done in the earth for the concrete passageway, the concrete passageway is developed, thereafter the tunnel will be covered with soil and reverted to its former condition. The environmental lobby factions rapidly pilled pressure on the Government and it was consented that the underpass will be excavated below the existing forest ground by the use of (TBM), tunnel boring machine.

The structural plan for the tunnel has located the tunnel top roof approximately 4 meters beneath the existing earth surface. The tunnel positioning was established after a series of test excavations long the tunnel alignment and the assessment of the environmental impact by Laura. Excavation indicated that the tunnel would be dug through a dense clay ground as appose to the rock. The assessment by Laura of home for the yellow throated giant earthworm established that the worm colonies occurred on a 1.5 meter depth.

On attending a workshop on invertebrate organisms she found that these worms could extend their existence to greater depth in the soil. This new development has brought a lot of concern to Laura since the yellow throated giant earthworm habit could be adversely affected if this information comes to be true and this passageway is located 4 meters beneath the ground surface.

Laura as convened a meeting and discussed this new development with her boss Keith, who has suggested that Laura as a matter of urgency investigates the matter further since if they information is accurate the project has to be redesigned before they proceed. The design manager Frank Cluey angered on hearing this new development and said that ‘the tunnel design was too advance to consider any redesign’ and that ‘if the colony of these bloody worms was wiped out, that was too bad!’

Later, the GreenWorld president Mr. Lou Bandock called Laura and complained seriously that Laura had provided them false information since. They have established that vibrations resulting from the TBM operating on dense clay soil could be harmful to the koalas’ health and that these animals would suffer from stress and eventually die. This environmental lobby group is organizing a protest tomorrow at the home of Ted Power.

What are the ethical Issues in this case study?

An environmental impact assessment which comprises economic analysis and scientific studies alleges to be an objective proposal environmental impact. Nonetheless, the aim of the objective proposal is illusory when people presume that science itself is constructed socially. This is worsened by the events of EIA preparation when the Kentride Consulting Engineers is at stake. Thus, it is inevitable that the goals and the values of Laura and her manager, can shape the content and conclusions by way of the scientific materials gathered, examined and presented.

In this project, the EIA was carried out by the proponents of the Risdon Underpass Project. Laura who is the engineer responsible for the environment impact assessment is thus, either indirectly or directly, employed by a party whose interests could differ in considerable ways from the interest of the public. The urgent aim of their employer would be to get an approval of the project to proceed though the project has been purported to be harmful to the koalas’ health and that these animals would suffer from stress and eventually die.

Since the EIA was rather carried out late in the design process of the project proponents the organization has definitely committed significant financial resources to the design and other operations of the project. According to the design manager Frank Cluey, there is a lot the has been put into the project and redesigning it cannot be an option. The EIA at this phase develops another impediment in the area of bureaucratic obstacles on the path to their end objective. But above this is the public interest that is scrutinized by the politicians, bureaucrats, and environmentalists.

.

Value judgments

According to (David 2010), as expected the proponents of the project would want that the assessment findings emphasize the merits of the project to the community for instance to connect the major cities such as Adelorne and Briswin and to put down the demerits for instance the threat to the survival of Koala and endangered yellow earthworms.

The little expression by the GreenWorld president Mr. Lou Bandock and the presentation at the conference that Laura attended of possible severe environmental impact has obviously been amplified by the opponents of the project and are applied in their argument against the Risdon Underpass Project.

The level of judgment needed in incorporating an EAI raises the issue of whether Laura’s ethical stance has affected the outcome. At this point am not referring to outright omission or falsification (which apparently does occur occasionally), Am referring to the subtle judgment within the sphere of valid and legitimate choices. Without doubt there is a grey field between what can be agreed upon as scientifically trustworthy and utter deception which depends on the view point of Laura (see the diagram).

Engineers just like Laura have a legal responsibility to avoid the outer field of omissions, falsehood and purposeful distortions (David 2010). Hence, does ethical rationale simply apply to the grey field where Laura can escape with minimal distortions? Or does she have an ethical obligation, when working within the sphere of scientific credibility, so as to recommend judgments that favor environmental conservation and public interest. It is logical to expect individuals to be conscious of the manner they organize the scientific studies and to attempt not to be affected by the vested interests within that organization?

Conclusion

An ethical revolution is required to displace the staunch ethical egoism that rationalize the markets as the leading decision making instrument in our community. It is impractical to expect the engineers to demonstrate greater ethical conduct which is norm in their whole society in which they thrive in as (David, 2010) established. Sustainable development, with its rhetoric equity intergenerational, is in actuality a system of endorsing market decency and is insufficient to the solution of contemporary environmental concerns.

Following the new information that Laura has received from the conference presentation she is not suppose to carry out any further investigations, since if she truly did conduct an objective environmental assessment and the government approved the project then she simply need to stand by her findings. Who knows the interest of these lobby groups; their findings are just as important as Laura’s findings. According to me Laura should not panic because everyone is seeking his or her interest to be represented in this project in one way or the other. Laura has acted within her docket to rely any form of communication that she has received from all the concerned parties, in any case if she was not professional and perhaps omitting some facts she could have chosen not to inform anybody about these new developments.

Finally, on the impending protest they should just be left to demonstrate but Kentride Consulting Engineers company should make public their findings and recommendations of their EIA on the project to counter these groups seeking publicity out of these environmentally noble and sustainable project.

References:

Robert. Z, (2009). Mechanics of the Middle Class: Work and Politics Amomg Australian Engineers, University of California Press.

Edwin, L. (2010). The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession, The Press of Cape Western Reserve University, Cleveland and London.

David, N. (2009). Australia By Desiqn: Science. Technoloqy and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism, Alfred A Knopf, New York, Layton..

David, N. (2010). The Engineer in the Industrial Corporation, Columbia University Press.

Sharon, B. (2008).Engineers, Ethics and Etiquette’, New Scientist, 25 September 2009, pp. 36-41.

Anon, H. (2008). Was there unethical behaviour in tunnel project, Engineers Australia. University of California Press.

A Major Baseball League

Name:

Institution:

1.0 Introduction

In the United States, baseball is generally regarded as a popular national pastime. Around the 1800s, it was played informally but has since evolved to the current state where it is professionally played. Alexander Joy Cartwright, a scientist from New York, contributed significantly to the development of baseball as a sport through the invention of the modern baseball field and rules in 1845 (Bevis, 2008). Over the years it has grown to attract a wide fan-base and in 2011 alone Philadelphia Phillies recorded the highest attendance with 3.7 million people in 162 games. The lowest viewer turn out in the same year was by Oakland Athletics which had a 1.5 million record. In spite of its popularity, little research has been done to establish the benefits it brings as a sport to a community. In light of this, this proposal, seeks to investigate the benefits of establishing a Major Baseball League A-league team in a community.

The research problem

A community which does not engage its people in a diverse selection of activities towards individual and group development faces many risks. Among some of the risks that they face are: increased crime rates, drug use and abuse, poor physical health and poor social relations. The above mentioned problems call for action to mitigate the negative impacts of the looming crisis.

1.2 Literature review

According to Human Kinetics (2006), sports have become a profound component of the American culture. In fact, sports have evolved from its traditional recreational outlook to become mega industry amounting to billions of dollars (Human Kinetics, 2006). The contagious impacts of sports have not only been felt in America, but the world over. In 2003, Statistics Canada (as cited in Human Kinetics, 2006) for example revealed that 8.3 million Canadians of fifteen years and above took active interest in different sporting activities. In England, the government recognizes sports as an important national cohesion tool and has thus included it among several government strategies (Larkin, 2008).

1.3 Deficiencies in the literature

There has been a significant gap in the available literature with regards to baseball as a sport. The available literature looks at benefits of sports from a general perspective with no special reference to baseball or the impacts introducing an A-league team to a certain locality would impact the community.

1.4 The audience to benefit

Human Kinetics (2006) has discussed the benefits of sports from three different stand-points; the individual benefits, the community benefits and the agency/organization benefits. Through the introduction of an A-league baseball team to a community, the same benefits will be enjoyed. Improved health and physical fitness are some of the individual benefits enjoyed by individuals. Through active participation in sports, excess energy is redirected into meaningful activities which not only reduces psychological tension, but emotional stress as well (Human Kinetics, 2006). Thomas and Cote (2006) asserted these sentiments when they stated that the psycho-physical benefits to individuals of indulging in any sporting activity are apparent. They propose that youth engage in sports to improve among other things cardiovascular fitness, flexibility and bone structure. Common ailments such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease or even depression in later years can be averted if young people are actively involved in sports from an early age (Thomas & Cote, 2006). In addition, social benefits such as social success, leadership skills and positive peer relations are a force to reckon with. Drug use and abuse by many will be reduced since people will engage their efforts to become professional players (Bevis, 2008).

Community cohesion will be enhanced because through social interaction, people will come together for a common course disregarding factors such as age, gender, race and ethnicity (Human Kinetics, 2006). According to Larkin (2008), sports foster social engagement that breaks down individual and community barriers. In addition, the crime rates reduce giving way to a safer community because sports promote pro-social as opposed to anti-social behavior (Larkin, 2006). The community can also reap economic benefits from sporting activities like introduction of an A-league baseball team. Employment opportunities both direct and indirect could arise. This could be in form of vending during baseball games held in the community from time to time. The community could also generate income through sales of goods and services through holding of baseball tournaments in the locality. People who come in from other places just to watch matches foster tourism in the locality and the money they bring in could be a boost to the local economy.

1.5 Conclusion

In conclusion, the introduction of a baseball A-league team to a community would be one of the best decisions to make. This is because it has numerous positive implications not only on the individuals in the society, but the community at large. Taking into account the social ills that have accosted the modern society, it would be in the best interest of everyone for local governments or sponsors to promote sporting activities such as initiating the introducing baseball A-league teams to their localities in order to curb vices that may arise due to idleness or disunity.

References

Bevis, C. (2008). The New England League: a baseball history, 1885-1949. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co.

Human Kinetics. (2006). Introduction to Recreation and Leisure. United States: n.p.

Larkin, A. (2008). Sports and Recreation and Community Building. Retrieved fromhttp://www.dsr.nsw.gov.au/assets/pubs/industry/study_communitybuilding.pdf

Thomas, F.J., & Cote,J. (2006). Youth Sports: Implementing Findings and Moving Forward withResearch. Athletic Insight: The Online Journal of Sport Psychology,8 (3), 12-27.Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://athleticinsight.com/Vol8Iss3/YouthPDF.pdf” http://athleticinsight.com/Vol8Iss3/YouthPDF.pdf

The role of Startin’ Blox in fostering cooperation among cooperatives

Introduction

The Startin’Blox software is vital in creating web components in a straightforward way and hence can be effective in allowing cooperatives to design effective apps that can be used by members in the long run to acres engagement and promote communication. The paper aims to investigate the applications of Startin’Blox to cooperatives and how the tool can be used to foster cooperation among cooperatives.

Ajates, R. (2020). An integrated conceptual framework for the study of agricultural cooperatives: from repolitisation to cooperative sustainability. Journal of Rural Studies, 78, 467-479.

Mannan, M. (2018). Fostering worker cooperatives with blockchain technology: Lessons from the Colony project. Erasmus L. Rev., 11, 190.

Literature Review

Literature on fostering cooperatives among cooperatives

Studies regarding use of tools to foster cooperation

Possible integration problems involving the tool

Alternatives available for cooperatives to employ to foster better cooperation

Theoretical overview of cooperation fostering tools

Literature on Startin’BloxFuture direction

Chen, C. C., Chen, X. P., & Meindl, J. R. (1998). How can cooperation be fostered? The cultural effects of individualism-collectivism. Academy of management review, 23(2), 285-304.

Collazos, C. A., Padilla-Zea, N., Pozzi, F., Guerrero, L. A., & Gutierrez, F. L. (2014). Design guidelines to foster cooperation in digital environments. Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 23(3), 375-396.

Baker, D. P., Day, R., & Salas, E. (2006). Teamwork as an essential component of high‐reliability organizations. Health services research, 41(4p2), 1576-1598.

Methods and Data Collection

The Startin’Blox software is vital in creating web components in a straightforward way and hence can be effective in allowing cooperatives to design effective apps that can be used by members in the long run to acres engagement and promote communication. As such, there was a need to use a research methodology that factors in opinions from participants and the various views of different entities regarding the effectiveness of Startin’Blox. This paper applied a qualitative approach, specifically applying descriptive analysis of secondary data. Qualitative research will enable a focus on gaining as much information as possible from the sample size chosen. The approach is chosen because of its flexibility and how it enables participants to express their views while providing data.

Kahlke, R. M. (2014). Generic qualitative approaches: Pitfalls and benefits of methodological mixology. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 13(1), 37-52.

Ramcharan, P., & Cutcliffe, J. R. (2001). Judging the ethics of qualitative research: considering the ‘ethics as process’ model. Health & social care in the community, 9(6), 358-366.

Findings

Applications of Startin’Blox in fostering cooperation

Advantages of using technology/applications in communication amongst cooperatives

Extent to which cooperatives are willing to accept Startin’Blox in developing their communication apps and platforms.

Concluding Discussion and Recommendations

A restatement of the main points and a summary of key findings.

Recommendations for future regarding study findings.

Future direction in the subject