The Role of Media in the public Sphere

The Role of Media in the public Sphere

As the internet continues to grow and expand exponentially, the role that media plays in the society, and specifically within the public sphere is changing. In the Week 4 Lecture, it was established that as populations continue to grow, the media has also become an important tool to the public sphere, on the basis of its ability to provide oversight and retain its role as an agent of information and shaping the opinions of people. Kaiser et al. (2018, p. 440) explain that opinions that seem to matter include only those linked to a majority of people in a population or society. In line with this assertion, the definition of public sphere and opinion relates to a concept of a majority, meaning that the role of the media is to feed the masses in a way that creates opinions, debates, and establishes a majority opinion.

The media controls the public sphere in the modern environment because it occupies virtually every aspect of life today. According to Bainbridge (2015), find that people are now controlled by media as it is a ‘natural’ component of their daily life. The examples given in their study include how mobile phones have become a medium of media, expanding the sphere of spreading information to the masses in an instance and anywhere (Bainbridge, 2015, p.5). The media has become a major influencer of how societies view certain elements of life such as romance, crime, music, entertainment, lavish lifestyles, and so on. Today, media components such as broadcast news are created to address audiences directly. For example, the recent political climate in the United States showed just how media can be used to direct, dictate, and drive political narratives, with big media houses like CNN and FOX News going against each other to support individual candidates, spread news, all in an attempt to control how the masses view different topics. Issues like systemic racism, gun control, and other societal issues can be controlled easily using the media. Therefore, the media is a control agent in the public sphere.

Inadvertently, the media has a myriad of roles that can be summarized into a watchdog or oversight role and a source of news in a vested interest type of way (Week 4 Lecture). The public sphere is a tool that determines how well a society functions through the discussions and freedom of debating on different issues of a society. Bainbridge (2015, p.16) terms it as an index of the health of public discussions and societal democracy. In my interpretation, this role of the media in the public sphere can span from an oversight role that keeps other societal functions in check to a manipulative role of profit making that uses whatever narrative is available to further vested interests. For example, the ownership and use of Facebook and other applications linked to the cite show just how manipulative the media can be, as evidenced in the recent cases of political interference from the media giant. In the end, the media’s role is seen to be quite diverse, taking on different elements in a dual functioning that sometimes demand oversight on other public functions such as governments to sometimes use of their reach to further private and vested interests.

Reference List

Bainbridge, J., Goc, N. and Tynan, L., 2008. Media and journalism: New approaches to theory

and practice. Oxford University Press.

Kaiser, J., Fähnrich, B., Rhomberg, M. and Filzmaier, P., 2017. What happened to the public

sphere? the networked public sphere and public opinion formation. Handbook of Cyber-Development, Cyber-Democracy, and Cyber-Defense. Springer, Cham.

Week 4 Lecture 54040 Notes

A Great teacher is an inspiration

“A Great teacher is an inspiration”. This means that they never fail to inspire their students and the people around them. I have found great pleasure in learning and teaching language for as long as I can remember. Whenever I look at my past life, I realize I have had an inherent desire for teaching. In my younger days, I always opted to play in school rather than play at home with my siblings. Despite the degree of teaching that I may pursue, I knew that teaching was my ultimate desire. Whether I was referred to as a nursery school teacher, an ‘ustazah’ (a person who teaches religion), a primary or high school teacher or a professor in college or university, I knew what my target was: to become a teacher.

However, the path to becoming a teacher was an easy one. The decision to become a teacher was almost crushed. My parents did not give me much of a chance to become what I wanted to be after college. At that point in life, I felt that I was denied the chance to fulfill my dream. I had already chosen to further my studies and take to Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL). On the contrary, I was forced to take science stream at a matriculation college. To my parents, and the society in general, science stream is by far the most important and superior of all other subjects. As a result, I got enough marks to secure a place in the university. At university level, my matriculation results denied me a chance to take TESL as a course. Fortunately, I managed to pull my self together in my second semester. I decided to improve on the course I was doing so that I would improve on my grade and from then on get above 3.0 each semester. Despite all these hurdles, I did not give up my dream of pursuing teaching as a career. In my fourth semester, I went to appeal to the Academic Department for a course change from Bachelor of English to a Bachelor of Education. However, I received a letter a few weeks later stating that the program would not accept new students. This was in regard to the quota approved by the ministry of education was up to capacity.

Even though I lacked an opportunity to teach, I took up any events that would require me to teach or share knowledge. Such programs like the National Language Camp organized by the University of Putra, Malaysia in partnership with the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development for school children is still very memorable as I had the role of a facilitator. The event was tiresome but I did not stop to relax. It was very exhilarating and it offered personal satisfaction that I had been dying for. The experience of teaching the students was very overwhelming. Whenever I involve myself in programs that require teaching English to school children or in orphanages always elicits much passion. It rouses me to become a volunteer in other programs as well as being a teacher in programs that involve community service or deal with the disabled. I have since learnt that we can be inspiring in a great many ways. When I was a Liaison Officer (L.O) in the FESPIC games in 2006, cultural differences brought out the best in me. Being a L.O implies that you shoulder the burden of being the connection between the designated contingent and the outside world during their stay in Malaysia. Being foreigners, they do not understand our ways, culture, language, or how activities go on in our country. Our main task was to facilitate their stay in our country as well as tend to their needs at any time they request. Though it was challenging, I found it to be a rewarding experience. Our leadership skills were brought to test as we learnt to execute our tasks independently. The most rewarding part was the opportunity to communicate with different people from different countries. It was an honor being an ambassador for my country.

Presently, with a pointer of 3.75 in my masters program, am glad that things turned out the way they did. As ambassadors, we were required to be on top of our game. We had to be committed, dedicated, and efficient and not to mention punctual at all times. Another important aspect that was to be portrayed as we showed them around the school was the importance we placed on our values. They were to be relayed inform of politeness, respect, and unity of our culture. This shaped me to becoming a success-driven individual who would stop at nothing to achieve his dreams. This enthusiasm to become a better person has roused my passion and led me to apply for a chance to pursue the career of my dreams and achieve the immeasurable experience acquired from teaching.

In summary, I am who I am because of the significant life experiences that have shaped me. I believe that my passion and enthusiasm for teaching and learning language satisfy the longing I have for in life. I further believe that I have a great deal to give back to the institution that helps me realize my potential and improve in teaching, learning, and life in general.

A Law Case Study Analysis Of A Sam And Johns Case Study

A Law Case Study Analysis Of A Sam And John’s Case Study

Case Study

This paper presents a case study analysis of a Sam and John’s case study. Specifically the paper seeks to identify some of the arguments presented in the case study with relation to the issues identified, rules of contract and their application.

Facts

Sam and John decide to open a lawn care service company aimed at assisting their neighbors in cutting grass. They draw up a contract which clearly states that they will charge each client 20$ a week for their services. Subsequently, the two business partners soon get clients from the neighborhood and they purchase a new lawn mower, which they use to provide services to their clients. Just as the business is beginning to pick up, the business faces various setbacks, which cause a legal issue for the business. At the outset one of the clients, the Johnson’s, lose their jobs, and they are unable to continue paying for the lawn mowing services. Based on the specifications of the contract, Sam and John continue servicing these clients at a weekly charge. Secondly, during a break from work at the Smith’s Sam leaves his Lawn Mower on and a neighborhood boy pushes it over, thus destroying Smith’s flowerbed and screen porch. After these incidences, the two business partners call off their business, as they believe that they can no longer work together as a team. Subsequently, John returns the stops making payment for the mower acquired from Mower Inc an states that he will not make any more future payments. Sam wishes to continue with the business but he cannot provide his services to clients without a lawn mower.

Issue 1

As clients to the company, and after the acceptance of the contract, should the Johnsons be bound by the contract made to offer payment of 20$ a week for Lawn Mowing services to Sam and John’s company.

Rule 1

The law of contract states that all parties in the contract need to fulfill the provisions of the contract until the end of the period contracted (Suff 3). Each party involved in the signing of the contract is legally bound to perform as per the provision of the contract. In addition to this the law of contract also allows the termination of contract if it is impossible to fulfill (lawyers.com 1).

Application 1

In this case, Sam and John can argue out that for the collection of payment for services offered to the Johnsons based on the acceptance of the contract by the clients. This argument supports continual payment for services offered by the company to the Johnson’s irrespective of the unfortunate events that befell these clients. Here, Sam and John can argue that the contract supported the issuance of payment from the Johnson’s without the provision of any special circumstances. The Johnsons, on the other hand, can argue for the termination of contract on the basis of impossibility to fulfill the contract as they cannot afford weekly payment for the services offered by Sam and John.

Issue 2

Should the Smiths terminate their contract with Sam and John’s company on the basis of a breach of contract owing to negligence, and should they offer a consideration for the contract.

Rule 2

According to the law of contract, the acceptor of the contract can argue for consideration if the during the course of service, the company’s performance implies possible injury to a person or property (Suff 28). This law supports the attainment of value for both parties involved in the contractual agreement.

Application 2

There are two options for the Smiths in the case issue presented above and that is to sue Sam and John or to terminate the contract between them and the Company. The argument here can be presented as a breach of contract due to company negligence. The Smiths can argue for a rescission of the contract as Sam and John’s company proves a threat to the destruction of property or possible injury owing to the prior incidence regarding the destruction of the flowerbed and the screen porch.

Issue 3

Should Mower Supply Inc be bound by the contract made by its client John, where John had committed to paying for the Lawn Mower, which he withdraws payment after the fall out with Sam.

Rule 3

The rule of contract states that a contract is legally binding and for that reason all parties who signed the contract need to fulfill the provisions of the contract to the period when the contract ends. The contract law also states that individuals under the age 18 are not viable for entrance into contractual agreements (lawyers.com 1). Accordingly, contractual agreements with people under 18 are considered as invalid.

Application 3

Mowers Supply Inc is bound by contract to Sam and John’s company for the provision of the Lawn Mower to the company. Accordingly, Mowers Supply Inc can sue Sam and John for the termination of contract without prior notice. Mowers Supply Inc can demand payment for the remainder of the period contracted for the lease of their lawn mower to Sam and John. As a counter argument, John can plead infancy so as to void the contract with Mower Supply Inc on the basis of consequential liability. This is because John is only 17 years old, and for that reason, is considered a minor in legal matters.

Work Cited

“Reasons to End or Terminate a Contract”. N.d. lawyers.com. 12 December 2011.

<<http://contracts.lawyers.com/contracts/Reasons-to-End-or-Terminate-Contracts.html>>

Suff, Marnah. Essential Contract Law. United Kingdom: Routledge, 1997. Print.

A Guide To Ethical Living

A Guide To Ethical Living

Ethical living is the development of the right attitude that influences ideas and decision making processes in accordance with ethics and moral values. Ethical living is particularly concerned with maintaining the right principles in regard to environmental cases, consumerism, and animal welfare. Presently it is more of a personal initiative rather than an organized social movement. Ethical living is a development of sustainable living where an individual starts by taking a series of small lifestyle changes with the aim of reducing their general effect on the environment. Deciding to start living ethically is as easy as beginning to switch off electric lights or plugging off electrical appliances like the television when leaving a room, recycling products that do not decompose like paper bags, using public means of transport rather than personal vehicles, and even using environment friendly modes of transport for example a bicycle. It may also involve buying local organic produce and even going a step further to re-use waste water. With the popularity of ethical living gaining momentum, various environmental movements propose that the duty of ethical practice be enforced on large businesses which include production firms and multinational corporations. They base their argument on the fact that individual lifestyle changes have less significant effects to the environment than changes caused by the large corporations and industries if they decide to operate ethically.

In general terms an individual or a multinational corporation which decides to live or operate ethically needs not to incur any extra monetary cost or employ any form of extra physical effort to practice it. Living or practicing an environment-friendly activity or in other terms living ethically should be encouraged and both governmental and voluntary groups should come up with ways of educating and advising the society on how and why they should practice the virtue of ethical living. The following is an ethical living action plan whose ideas and recommendations, if adhered to, will make ethical living a reality.

A good population if not all people should learn and practice vegetarianism. From health statistics, it is estimated that sixty to seventy percent of almost all diseases and approximately a third of most cancers are connected to diet. This notion and the wish to live ethically have attracted different individuals to vegetarianism although others have diverse reasons to be vegetarians. Most of the individuals are perceived to be vegetarians so as to live longer or sustain healthy lives and perhaps perform their part in reducing pollution. Others make the move with the wish to protect the Earth’s natural resources while others are morally opposed to consuming animals. Scientific analyses have proved numerous advantages linked to a plant based diet plan and in fact, advice the majority of the population to eat calories through fruits, vegetables and grain products. They continue to argue that vegetarians have very low chances of contracting long term degenerative diseases such as obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, and particular kinds of cancer which include; colon, breast, lung and stomach cancer. A good number of vegetarians have acknowledged the destruction the meat business is bringing to our environment. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approximately 174,000 miles of contaminated rivers come from chemicals and animal waste products from factories. Livestock farming activities that that also pollute the environment include waste from enclosed animal activities and pesticide spraying. Another advantage of people going vegetarians is that all the grain generated and meant to feed animals for slaughter is going to benefit the vast population of human beings and in so doing save them the cost treating the many diseases associated with animal products. Finally the population is going to save a considerable amount of money spent on treating diseases resulting from food borne illnesses resulting from the consumption of food reach in proteins like fish, poultry and meat. In essence vegetarianism is a vital practice to individuals who wish to live ethically.

Another strategy in achieving ethical living is by coming up with successful home based business. Ordinary individuals who have never thought of becoming entrepreneurs are highly advised to use a successful home based business to be able to if possible compete with the chief executive officers in the leading companies and other multi-millionaires. The first role to play in building a successive home based business is opting for a legitimate home based business to start with and come up with an attainable competitive advantage. For instance learning new skills and being able to access upper edge technologies and systems at your reach for example the web site for marketing will be advantageous. An individual with the tools for doing business, systems and technology in place, he or she can comfortably copy and master the marketing strategies of all successful businessmen globally and in fact come up with other methods of transacting business most marketers know nothing about to come up with a successful home based business. The major problem comes with the majority of individuals spending a lot of time searching for a business instead of taking the first step to start one however below are the major requirements in building a successful home based business; to begin with one need to have a lawful ethical business with a products that have stand alone value and a compensation plan that can give a worthwhile money making prospect. Secondly an individual need to have privileged information to understand the essential marketing principles. Third and most important the person must have an established marketing system that will heavy lift your business. Finally the individual ought to have a qualified coach and mentor to inculcate him on the smart marketing and direct him through the process. Because of the above mentioned strategies, home based business industry is rapidly growing with incredible wealth opportunities for all persons bold enough to grasp the moment and take action.

People and the society as a whole should learn to buy homegrown products. This exercise however must not be treated as an issue of advocating for racism in pretence of living ethically but allows an individual to watch those products that are miles and miles away. For instance, an individual residing in the United Kingdom buying a lamb from New Zealand thousands of miles away comes with a lot of environmental hazards that can be done away with by simply buying one locally. The fumes from the vehicle transporting the lamb will definitely pollute the environment all the way depriving the innocent population the fresh air they dearly need. The loud noise from the very vehicle will pollute the otherwise serene environment in the country sides as it traverses through and considering the distance, millions of people will be affected by the lone desire of an individual who had an alternative of buying the same lamb locally. Individuals especially those on holidays should be advised to spend their vacations at home rather than flying abroad. I believe this option will save them the money and the stress associated with such endeavors and in so doing save the planet from undesired climatic changes.

Individuals should learn and practice buying fair-trade goods. Among the goods that can be fair-traded include wine, rice ice cream, honey, cereals tea, bananas, chocolate and even beer and always remember that they must have the Fair-trade logo. The logo simply indicate that the products have met the required standards in that all the people involved in the chain of production have toiled in logical conditions for reasonable pay and hence “fair-trade”. Not that these products are any expensive compared to the top brands but the money realized from the sale of these products goes the poverty ridden people. It is therefore not like giving money to charity because these people have worked for it rather than beg and therefore they are accorded dignity as well.

People should learn to live like the ancient Shaolin monks of China who possessed very little but lived a rich life. Despite the harsh and extreme martial art system they trained and the meditation they undertook, these people had extremely few belongings, practiced vegetarian diet and were so keen not to waste any of their natural resources. Today people are advised to donate clothing and other domestic items that are not in use to those in need, maintain a basic essential wardrobe that is suitable for all social events and keep away from up-to-the-minute clothing. Their spending desires should be limited as much as possible and finally to sustain the economy, people are advised to buy food and clothing to those in need and cannot afford them.

Another applicable and easier way of living ethically is by using compost. Individuals should buy the cheap and the easy to manage compost bins to deal with the compostable leftover food scraps. If this alternative is not applicable people should give the food scraps to community organizations that can make use of them.

The final work plan I am going to suggest is the recycling used water for other appropriate use. For example sink water can be reused to wash floors, the car, flush the toilet or to irrigate the garden. If your dishwasher cleans the dishes thoroughly then skip the pre-rinse procedure to save on water. It is also wise to have a full load for you to do laundry.

Conclusion

This research article has in details expounded on the various applicable choices an individual can practice in order to live ethically. The article has detailed the vast advantages of practicing vegetarianism among them avoiding diseases associated with animal products. The article has also implored on why and how to build a successful home based business other than advocating for persons to buy home grown products. The research article has also campaign for people to buy Fair trade products, advised people to learn and practice living with less assets, come with easy to manage compost giving an alternative to it and finally the article has mentioned the various ways of recycling water.

A legal brief on the U.S Supreme Court ruling in Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S (2011)

Week 6 case brief

Name:

Institution

A legal brief on the U.S Supreme Court ruling in Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S (2011)

Facts

Police followed a suspected drug dealer to an apartment complex in Lexington, Kentucky. They knocked loudly on the door of the apartment. Smell of marijuana was eminent from outside the door. They proceeded to announce their entry and knocked again loudly on the door. While outside, they heard noise emanating from the house. They believed that the noises were due to evidence destruction. They announced their intention to gain access to the apartment once more and proceeded to kick open the door and found the suspect and other people. They saw drugs in plain view, plus other evidence after a continued search.

Issue

Police did not have a warrant of entry into the apartment but proceeded to access the premises forcibly, after announcing their intention of entry, though. In court, the respondent denied the intention of destroying evidence. The Circuit Court denied his motion. The Court argued that given the exigent circumstances, warrantless entry into the premises was justified in order to prevent destruction of evidence. He entered a conditional guilty plea and reserved his right to appeal the court’s ruling. The Kentucky Court of Appeal affirmed his plea. The Supreme Court of Kentucky reversed this, assuming that exigent circumstances rule applied and that the search was warrantless and could have led to the respondent’s intention to destroy evidence. According to the police, there was need to move into the premises quickly to prevent possible destruction of evidence since they had all reasons to believe that that the respondent was engaging in the process of evidence destruction.

Rule

The exigent circumstances rule applied since police failed to create the exigency by violating the Fourth Amendment, which requires that all searches and seizures be done reasonably. A warrantless search may be presumed reasonable, if the exigencies of the situation make the need to enforce the law a priority, under the fourth Amendment. Consider United States v. Ventresca, 380 U.S. 102, 107(1965). An exigency of this nature can for example be prevention of evidence destruction, like was in this case. It is important to note that the exigent circumstances may not apply if the police deliberately create the exigency and proceed forth to carry out an invalid search, contravening the Fourth amendment, and infringing on suspects constitutional right, just to avoid the requirement of an entry warrant. In such scenarios, the exigency circumstances rule does not apply.

Analysis

It is prudent to note that police announced their intention to enter the apartment since smell of marijuana was emanating from the premise. Upon knocking and identification of their intention, noises apparent of evidence destruction were heard. Another knock and announcement for entry was made, with no response. As a result, the police kicked open the door and gained access. Evidence was obtained, and more upon further search, and seized. The police did not have a search warrant though. But according to the fourth amendment, a warrantless search is objective if the need for enforcing the law over rides everything else. The respondent’s rights were infringed because there was no search warrant for his house.

Conclusion

The Supreme Court overruled the Court of Appeal’s ruling arguing that although the officers acted in good faith the exigent circumstances rule could not justify their warrantless search. According to the Supreme Court, the police should have reasoned that the moment they announced their entry and announced their presence, the suspect was going to destroy the evidence.

the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Middle East politics

Situated in the country currently known as Turkey, the Ottoman Empire comprised of combined states that were located in the Middle Eastern part of the world. The Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful empires in the 18th century. The leaders of the empire were intent on expending its territories so as to make it the most successful empire during this period. The Ottomans thus made it priority to strengthen their alliance taking any opportunity that they had. The Empire was structured differently from the other empires such as the Roman Empire. At the top of the list was the Sultan who was the absolute leader in that all the decisions he made were final and thus could not be challenged. The Ottoman Empire was defined by prosperity, success and hard work. These were qualities that were instilled in all the newly formed states. Despite this, the empire experienced some upheavals that led to its decline. The fall of the empire led to the rise of independently run states that proved to be successful on their own. This was brought about by various factors that to date have played a big role in the growth and development of these states (Mitchell, p. 237).

This research paper looks at the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire. It focuses on the existing Arab states that were part of the empire during the 18th century. It later analyses the factors that prevented the states from merging into a concrete union that would have proved advantageous in the long run.

The 18th century was a pivotal time in the history. Most of the countries were scrambling for new territories so that they could expand on their empire. The expansion of territories, though difficult was very important for the strategic position of the countries. The Ottoman Empire was one of the countries that took advantage of the weaker territories. These territories were forced to take on some of the policies, cultural aspects and lifestyle of the empire. These empires were assigned new leaders that brought about different ideas that proved to be a threat to the survival of the empire. Apart from this, there were other factors that led to the decline of the empire and the birth of new Arab states (Blanning, p. 129).

One of the most important factors to note concerning the decline of the Ottoman Empire was that the empire begun to lose its grip periodically. This shows that the decline of the empire was expected lasting up to more than three centuries. It was difficult to manage the activities of all the states due to the wide landscape the territories. One of the reasons that led to the deterioration of the empire was the fact that it was surrounded European states. These states did not only have a different political structure, they also varied in areas of social standing and religion. The European countries were more advanced in regard to the rate of growth and development they were experiencing. Some of these features led to the rulers of the ottoman states to question the way in which they were ruled. This later triggered the need to separate the states so as to strengthen the power at the grassroots. The aggressive expansion of the Europeans was so effective to the point that some of the sultans choose to adopt their system of governance (Carter, p. 287).

The Arab states later formed their own form of identity in that they broke away from the principle authority and formed their own alliances. This led to differentiation within the states. Despite this the states managed to maintain some similarities that reflected on the Ottoman Empire. The location of the empire enabled the states to trade with the Europeans who were intent of expanding their territories. These goods were of a higher quality and cheaper prices than the goods that were created in the states. This eliminated the need for trade amongst the states further exposing and making themselves vulnerable to the Europeans. The influence of outside countries such as the USSR threatened the survival of the empire. The Russian army was intent on driving away some of the states from the capital of Istanbul. Istanbul was repeatedly threatened by the outside forces to the extent that they had to seek refuge outside the empire. This situation was not ideal for the success of the empire in that the breakage signalized a weakness in the empire (Mitchell, p. 234).

The first countries to be separated from the empire were Romania and Bulgaria; these countries were taken over by powerful Russia. The Russian authorities did not waste time taking over the political, economic and social structure of the states. With a new system of government, the two territories grew into their own and thus formed their own identity. The formation of their own structure made the countries strangers to the empire to the point that they were unable to unite when they got their own freedom. This forced the countries to adapt to their newly acquired lifestyle shunning the traditional norms that their forefathers were accustomed (Findley, p. 161).

The next countries to deflect from the empire were Cyprus and Egypt. These two countries are presently located next to Greece and Libya respectively. When Britain took control of these two states, it ensured that they adopted the system of all the other British colonies. This meant that both countries were adopted a democratic style of governance that were defined by the introduction of the three executive wings of power. The Egyptians were predominantly a Muslim state at this period in time. This may have been influenced by their previous colonialist who was Islamists in nature. The British however did not place emphasis on the need to convert the Egyptians. In the case of Cyprus which is part of current Greece, the island was divided into the north and the south that were Muslim and Christian respectively. The fact that the island consisted of differ nationalities led the country to integrate and form its own culture which was influenced by the strong presence of their new masters. The factors played a big role in the continued separation of the two states. Both Egypt and Cyprus managed to get their independence from England at different points in their history. They were then forced to develop further on their own and form newly independent countries that were in charge of their own sovereignty (Findley, p. 162).

Austria also played a big role in the separation of the Ottoman Empire. Located near Russia, the country had defined itself as an authority in this part of the world. This was proved when they took control of Bosnia which was originally integrated into the empire. Austria went on to rule the new state for a long period which once again influenced the country to adapt to the formation of its own system of governance that was relative to their colonial masters. The exit of Austria from Bosnia, gave the country the freedom to govern itself using their own representatives. The remaining states were left at the mercy of both France and Britain who agreed to divide the countries into equal territories (Carter, p. 287).

The division of the remaining parts of the empire led to the complete disintegration of the once powerful states causing the empire to collapse. The empire was however not removed from the geographic map in that the Turks survived the wrath of the Europeans. Like most of the states of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey consisted of both Christians and Muslims. The country went on to develop their own system of governance maintaining some of the laws that were upheld by the sultans. Turkey grew to become one of the westernized Middle Eastern states in the present day. This may have been brought about by the fact that part of the country was located in Europe.

The separation of the empire was that of a gradual kind in that it occurred during different phases. The separation thus reflected the formation which was also done periodically. This factor might have been the reason for the lack of integration between the states of the Ottoman Empire. The fact that the empire was dissolved by different countries was the main cause for the information of different countries which later adopted new ideologies. These conflicting ideologies made it impossible for the unification of the former states once they acquired their freedom (Blanning, p. 127).

The colonization of a state involves changing the political, economic and social-cultural structure to resemble the one of the colonial masters. Once a country is taken over, it is force to change all aspects of their lives to reflect their current rulers. The Ottoman Empire occupied a large area that made it difficult for the rulers to maintain some form of organization. This encouraged the provincial leaders to disintegrate from the central government forcing the empire to become weak. The weakening of the empire led to the colonization of most of the states by the power hungry Europeans who enforced their cultures on the new territories. This played a big role in the creation of newly formed countries that had their own identity. The formation of independent states made them form their own influential governments that were capable of managing their own affairs. This meant that there was no need for the former member of the empire to integrate into a concrete union (Blanning, p. 126).

In conclusion, the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful and influential empires that were created in the 18th century. This had its own advantages and disadvantages. One of the disadvantages was that the central government could not prevent the split of the states when attacked by the Europeans. The colonization led to the formation of independent states that adopted new ideologies making the states have their own identity. The lack of the same political, social-cultural and economic structures led to the development of new successful countries that could not compromise on their sovereignty by reuniting to form a concrete union.

Works Cited

Mitchell, Stephen. A History of the Later Ottoman Empire, AD 284-641: The Transformation of the Ancient World. Oxford University Press. 2006.

Blanning, T. (2003). The culture of power and the power of culture: Old regime Europe 1660-1789. Oxford University Press. 2003.

Carter, Charles. The Soviet Union and the PLO since the war in Lebanon. The Middle East Journal 40(2) 285-305.

Findley, Carter. A monetary history of the Ottoman Empire .Journal of inter-disciplinary history, 33 (1)161-163.2009.

The River Nile

The River Nile

Name:

Instructor:

Task:

Date:

The River Nile

The Nile River forms a crucial mark in the history and advancement of North African states. The river has a notable popularity of being the longest river, in the world, and also emanating from the largest freshwater lake in the globe. It is crucial to highlight that the river forms a critical symbol in understanding the geography of northeastern Africa. The river forms from two distinct channels; the White Nile that springs from Lake Victoria and the Blue Nile that emanates from the Ethiopian highlands. These two channels encounter at Khartoum, from where the grand river lurks, through the desert, to the Mediterranean Sea. In spite of the idea that Egypt forms a central discussion in the developmental role of river Nile, other countries, such as Sudan, were other principal beneficiaries of the natural blessing.

The River Nile was a core countenance to the desert environment to which it served. This is because deserts do not possess water that is critical for basic and commercial livelihoods. From the ancient periods, the River Nile was the only vital endowment that sustained life in the ultra dry areas. This is because the meager oases could not sustain life in the vast population that scattered around the deserts. In this perspective, it is arguable that the river was a core source of hope for the given population.

The previous North African states majorly comprised mixed tribes and different sets of communities. Most states had single rulers who defined their powers within district regions. The river Nile was a unifying factor since it was indispensable in the domestic and commercial of individuals. The control of the river was a critical idea since a vast population depended on its waters.

To begin with, the river was principal in agricultural advancement. Agriculture is a wide area that majorly splits into plant and animal keeping. In terms of animal keeping, the river was critical in providing water for drinking and survival of the animals. In a typical desert, there is huge reliance on the camels as the animals that can survive in the heat and meager availability of water. A population, however, requires food from domestic animals as meat. The North African people highly regarded meat as a festival emblem and a luxury for festive moments. In addition, animals were critical for transport and land farming. The animals required constant means of water that could sustain them for arduous tasks. In this sense, individuals had to keep other types for animals in providing sustenance for the population.

The river was the core source of food that provided both water and a fertile growing land. The poorest population seemed to have survived on a few vegetables, bread, and beer. History also confirms that most state workers attained their payments through provision of foods as a compensation for their laborious efforts. Individuals made bread from emmer wheat by grounding the war materials into powder. Their form of beer was a nutritious type that the people made from barley and mixed with other fruits and dates. Oil was a notable product that individuals manufactured from trees that they nurtured along the rivers.

The river had fertile banks that ensured flourishing production of agricultural materials. These banks comprised fine alluvial soils for the thriving of several agricultural plants. For instance, the growing of rice depended on the perpetually wet fields that entailed considerable fertility. The Nile has always experienced an abundant flow of water that rushes from two of the Nile braches during certain periods. The population crafted technology of managing this flow of water from both sources of the Nile. During huge rainfalls, it was notable that the banks of the rivers remained unusable because of floods. The individuals conducted such waters into extensive fields without damaging crops. This suggests that irrigation was a critical activity that easily managed the farm lands. The individuals constructed dykes and dams that managed excess water. In addition, the farmers constructed sluices and canals for managing water into smaller spaces in the farms. In this perspective, drought was a manageable phenomenon that could allow for productive agriculture. In the latest agricultural developments, Egypt has formed a critical mark in the production of vegetables and fruits. This is an interesting idea that is occurring on the backdrop of a dry land.

It is crucial to highlight that the River Nile was a critical resource in fishing. To begin with, the lake provided materials that were instrumental in the making of boats and other fishing materials. There was a large availability of trees that could enable the making of temporary boats for regular fishing. In addition, the river was a principal source of fish for a region that lacked any meaningful static water. The large size of the river enabled flow of water in slower speeds. Besides, the water could collect in certain regions as the river branched into smaller parts. These factors, coupled with the idea that the Nile waters were fresh, enabled large availability of fish in the river. Fishing was a prominent lifestyle that availed food and provided commercial success to the involved individuals. As a significant industry, the women and artists benefitted by making boats and fishing hooks that would avail large catches.

The papyrus was a vital element in the advancement of North Africa. The papyrus plant requires incessant water in order to feed its supple stems and its huge requirement for wetness. In this sense, the River Nile was principal in providing the banks and water for survival of this plant. The plant was altogether instrumental in the civilization of the areas that surrounded the same. This is because the stems could be employed towards many purposes. For instance, the desert people could use the papyrus reeds for the manufacture of ropes and the support of boats for travelling across the river. The stems were also employable towards making primitive boats for hunting and fishing. The papyrus reeds had an additional quality of giving short life spans. This suggests that individuals could use the reeds to make papers for writing.

In the advancement of North Africa’s states, there was a significant growth in settlements. Settlements were elements that naturally grew out of economic involvements (Gilbert and Reynolds 2012:67). For instance, the fishing activity created a community of fishermen that shared a common interest of involving themselves in water activities. The farmers consequentially attracted the boat makers and traders who would benefit out of availing the fish to other communities. Eventually, people made homes that grew into cities. As the towns grew, there was interdependence between the fishermen, farmers, and others because of trade. It is crucial to highlight that this growth involved thinkers and technologists who would think upon strategies of evolving methods of production.

It is notable that Egypt is highly regarded as a principal source of modern civilization. This civilization highly propped on the architecture that Egyptians practiced. For instance, the Egyptians made the pyramids that are still confounding elements in terms of empiricism and aesthetics. It is, however, vital to note that these structures hugely depended on large availability of water that could allow for shaping of bricks and other building materials. The individuals could harvest trees from the river in making roofs and other structures for building houses, worship places, and other living places. This kind of construction enabled the kings to build dynasties and control huge populations since they possessed significant protection from adversaries.

The River Nile was a critical element that eased transport. It is crucial to highlight that the deserts were a vast environment that only camels could provide transport. The camels were, however, slow and could not huge loads. In this regard, the River Nile could allow boat travels for individuals who participated in trade and travelled for settlements. The river could fill this role because it is large. Besides, it flows slowly and faces mild hamper from boulders and rockers that normally underlie rivers. The individuals were clever in taking feasible routes and going to specific destinations that would be occur through river travels. By utilizing the flow of winds, boats could easily move in the Nile waters.

It is notable that the River Nile was a critical force towards tourism. In the leap towards colonization, the foreigners shared a huge attraction to the scenic river. The regions that were close to the rivers were favored places for settlements since they a picturesque view. For instance, lush vegetation and scenic trees lined the basins of the river. This vegetation was a critical attraction in the development of cities as the individuals developed a sense of pride in the beauty of the desert. The Nile River has clear waters and other types of vegetation that are prominent living places for birds and other types of animals. In this sense, it formed a considerable attraction to foreign interests that would thrive on the interesting environment that the waters could provide. The presence of the river created a mini-climate that was critical for cool temperatures at day and warmer temperatures at night. This is an element that props settlements.

The Nile was a critical element in the migration of populations. Due to its attraction and frequent flooding, populations would move in search of better places. Besides, the nomadic lifestyles dictated that individuals move close to the rivers during periods of drought. In this regard, there was transfer of skills and frequent communication that could aid trade and intellectual growth.

The River Nile was, therefore, a vital mark in the advancement of the North African states. To begin with, the waters helped in agriculture since they could sustain animals and plants. Irrigation was a critical tool that depended on the large water body. In addition, the river was critical in establishing settlements and supporting beautiful architecture. It is notable that cities and other forms of settlements grew out of economic involvements that related to the river. The river, due to its size and slow-moving waters, enabled transport. As a critical mark of a civilization, the river influenced migration and foreign attraction for further advancement by the given communities.

References cited

Gilbert, Erik and Jonathan Reynolds 2012 Africa in world history: from prehistory to the present. New York: Pearson limited press.

A Healthy Community

A Healthy Community

Overview

The main public health problem in India is environmental hygiene. A recent survey conducted on environmental hygiene in India showed that, there is poor management of sanitations. This raised the importance of highlighting control approaches on environmental sanitation. The control of sanitation is a great challenge to the appropriate economical interventions, which associates with the environmental hygiene in India. This article discusses various approaches to the environmental hygiene in India. It also discusses on Healthy People 2020 that offers an outline for prevention for the country. The study Identifies specific threat in India. The paper also focuses on the specific health behaviours that are targeted to improve the sanitation in India.

Introduction

A healthy community should consider hygiene and clean environment. Environmental sanitation promotes the health of the people by offering clean surroundings and eradicating diseases. There are various factors related to environmental hygiene. They involves, the available resources, the people’s hygiene, inventive and suitable technologies according to the condition of the people, the country’s socioeconomic growth, governmental commitment, traditional aspects associated with environmental hygiene, capability of constructing the troubled regions, communal factors involving behaviours of the people and measures approved by the government.

India lags behind many states in the sectors of environmental hygiene. The government of India need to emphasize and promote interventions on clean environment. The government needs to introduce new strategies and target procedures with a follow-up assessment in order to improve the hygiene. It needs to identify the operational system of ecological hygiene. It should have deference to the structure and highlight the control approaches that consider the people’s needs. The approaches are important because of the water limitations, industrialization, and rapid growth of the population, health issues, urbanization and unequal distribution of water facilities (Das, 2009).

A survey conducted states that, in 2006 there was inadequate sanitation that estimated almost $54 billion or 6.4% of the GDP in India. The economic impact of health issues was over 70% or $38.5 billion. An estimated 12% of the community had health-related diseases like diarrhoea and followed by severe lower lung infections. The factual estimations suggest that, all sanitation and water developments are costly in all developing sub regions. In India, the sectors that demand water are increasing rapidly. The sectors are mostly in the urban areas. It is expected that the country’s population will increase by more than 50% by 2025 (Das, 2009).

The estimation states that, most populated areas will be the urban centres. These developments may be enhanced by the population growth, industrial development and increasing incomes. The National Urban Sanitation Policy initiated in 2008. The organization promoted the hygiene in the towns and cities of the country. In November 2008, the department of Urban Development appointed the analysis as part of its National Urban Sanitation Policy. In rural regions, the institutions of local management in charge of managing and preserving the substructure became weak and had inadequate financial assets to perform their work. In India, there is no town with constant source of water. A survey conducted states that, 72% of Indians lack access to enhanced sanitation infrastructures (Das, 2009).

In 2000, Indian government had initiated a number of inventive approaches to develop the sanitation and water sources. These approaches include, total sanitation led by the citizens, public and private collaboration to develop the stability of urban water in Karnataka, and the utilization of microcredit to women in order to advance the facilities of water. Total sanitation approach offers tough policies on Information, Education and Communication (IEC). Total sanitation also offers education on hygiene and builds the capability of the people. Since 2010, the key objective of the Indian government is to eliminate the exercise of environmental pollution from industries (Das, 2009).

The government boosts the effort by launching the Nirmal Gram Puraskar. They identify the hard work in terms of money awards for entirely enclosed Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). The government takes into account the organizations and individuals who contribute significantly. These institutions and individuals ensure full hygiene exposure in their place of work and their residents. Currently, the government has implemented a project in rural regions by considering constituencies as an entity of operation (Das, 2009).

The latest analysis suggested that, most of the developing countries require cost-effective interventions. This maintains better domestic water and quality organization to complement the on-going expansion of coverage and advancement of services. Most of the approaches have the greatest impact of hygiene and household treatment. They considerably decrease the levels of infection such as diarrhoea. These approaches include numerous interventions like clean water and clean sanitation. The interventions used to improve clean water at the domestic level are operational than the water from the source (Das, 2009).

In evolving countries, the community health issues are reported to public organizations, such as hospitals, ecological sanitation, and public services. The institutions hesitate to recognize the sanitation at home. The organization should have a setting that equalizes all the sanitation issues concerning the community. This is to ensure a reduced chain of disease programme in the community. Inspectors of home sanitation and community sanitation must act in order to improve the efforts that promote community health. An analysis conducted through detailed interviews, approximately 800 homes at Hyderabad town in India. The survey stated that, an extensive section of poor homes would spend more money on water and drain network, even if they are provided with market proportions of funding (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).

Healthy People 2020 is an organization that sets specific objectives that concerns the public health in the world. The role of Healthy People 2020 is to guide the community to avoid the chain of diseases by providing Quality Drinking Water. The organization emphasizes to the water companies to assess and manage quality water from source to customer. The institution insists on quality safety and avoidance of contamination. It advises the water production companies to participate, be active, and address the requirements of the people in evolving countries. The developing countries may have no access to clean water supplies. The strategies have a vital goal as it emphasizes on maintenance of bacterial quality that prevents waterborne disease. Moreover, the organization addresses the community to be safe from chemical that may be poisonous (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).

Water quality developments may have least impacts when the sanitation settings are poor, irrespective of quantity of contamination in water. Once the sufficient sanitation settings are introduced, they can eradicate the infectious diseases. The programme pathways are sufficient in maintaining diarrheal infection. Families that live under good hygiene conditions, get positive impacts. Quality water determines the health of people. Sanitation is important when measured at the public level, but not important when measured at family levels. Improved and quality drinking water have no impact in the regions with very deprived ecological sanitation. However, the regions with healthier public sanitation, reduces the accumulation of fecal coliforms. Through two guidelines of magnitude, fecal coliforms can lead to a 40% decrease in diarrhoea. The first guideline involves private excreta removal. Once the guideline provided, it is expected to decrease diarrhoea by 42%. When Excreta is eliminated around the house, can lead to a 30% decrease in diarrhoea (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).

The discoveries propose that developments in both hygiene and water supply are essential to infant wellbeing in evolving countries. The researchers also suggest that the hygiene is not epidemiologic, but institutional, behavioural, and economic aspects that should appropriately define the importance of interventions. The study emphasized that approaches of quality water and the use water treatment were observed to be actual than numerous interventions. These interventions involve the sanitation, combined water, and hygiene measures. Researchers show that washing of hand can reduce diarrhoea infections by about 30%. This major reduction is similar to the outcome of offering clean water in both urban and rural regions (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).

National water strategies are evolving to public-based board approach because local specialists are in regular interaction with consumers. Approximately 50% of women involve themselves in the public activities. Generally, national programme initiated the water sections, organized water agencies and started the capability of private or charitable agencies. These agencies permit for more effectual and operative responses to the developing countries. Local organizations and agencies should have better equipped resources to assist the local members in order to eliminate poor hygiene (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011). Planning of Local water source is very essential in establishing the financial and individual dimensions as well as the poor people in undeveloped regions. The approaches have positive impacts on states such as Banaskantha, Sabarkantha and Mahesana, in Gujarat. The major problems in Gujarat were the water source developments as it was recognized as an increasing demand for community water facilities. They also had difficulties in insufficient provision of facilities due to remote regions and fiscal restrictions in sanitation agencies. Infrastructure was also a major problem in Gujarat (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).

Disease and death occurs due to waterborne infections. Both diseases and deaths have not decreased corresponding with rise in accessibility of clean water source. More significantly, infant and children endure a big risk of the disease. The diseases like diarrhoea results from the contaminated sanitation. An estimated number of 0.4 to 0.5 million children under the age of 5 years die in India due to diarrhoea. While the number of infant deaths has reduced over the years in the countries, the major problem that has resulted to these deaths is the failure to create important headway in educating individual and household hygiene. The hygiene should be more sensitive to the infants, young children, and the environments surrounding birth (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).

Some policies administer on unwanted solid in order to reduce environmental contamination. They include a wise plan in town settings, induction of public staff and enlightened generation, participation of public-based and nongovernmental groups, building up and process of manure plants through NGOs and the private region, improvement of the dimensions of some country structures. For instance, State Compost Development Corporations that stresses on the commercial operations and participation of private sections. Diverse resolutions for hygiene in dissimilar parts of the country or within the same region can be led by disparities in type of housing, design for settlement and density, state of poverty, and the availability of networked services (Jain, Kumar, & Kar, 2011).

Conclusion

The major areas to consider in eradicating sanitations issues include execution of cheaper sanitation structure with lesser subsidies. Better household hygiene improves the health of the community. Availability of technology varieties, choices for hygienic developments for women, local and urban drainage schemes are also the major issues that concerns environmental sanitation in India. The NGO should involve themselves in the interventions for reducing unhygienic environment. Appropriate procedures of private involvement and public corporations can evolve policies in India. The procedures should focus on sustainability with governmental obligation to develop the environmental hygiene.

References

Das, A., & Das, A. (2009). Farmersʼ suicide in India: implications for public mental health. The International journal of social psychiatry. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19822540

Jain, A., Kumar, Sg., & Kar, S. (2011). Health and environmental sanitation in India: Issues for prioritizing control strategies. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine.

A high-end restaurant in the city of LA, wants to understand how it improve its business

INTRODUCTION:

A high-end restaurant in the city of LA, wants to understand how it improve its business. For this purpose, it samples 30 customers who visit it. A consultant is hired by the restaurant owner to provide insights into what can drive business higher and what can be done to attract new customers. So the research problem is to determine variables/ aspects that can deliver more business. The owner believes that a customer who spends more on his visit tends to a repeat customer delivering more business. Such a customer also pays a handsome tip. The restaurant request its customers to fill in a feedback form if possible. This asks many questions from the customer which can be used by the consultant.

Based on this feedback from the owner, the consultant provides the following research model.

Ratings = f( average tip per person, ambience ratings, bill amount, online ratings, spending on alternate restaurants by the customer). This is a linear regression model where the dependent variable is ratings provided by the customer on the feedback form. These ratings are taken as a proxy for customer pull. Better ratings implies more business.

Ratings are assumed to be dependent on :

Average tip per person = Tip paid per bill / number of seats for the bill.

Ambience ratings: Ratings on a number of aspects by the customers on the feedback form. These include services offered, lighting on the table, general environment in the restaurant, degree of hospitality, etc. these are complied into a single index by the consultant and labeled ambience ratings.

Bill amount: This refers to the total bill amount exclusive of taxes

Online ratings: these refer to the ratings given by customers on the restaurant site on the Internet.

Spending on alternate restaurants by the customer. The feedback form gathers information on alternate spending by the customer on competitor’s restaurant in the last 6 months. This variable is included to gauge the impact of competition on our business.

The consultant hypothesizes that:

Higher is the tip, greater are the ratings

A better ambience leads to better business

A customer with a larger bill amount would lead to more business.

Higher online ratings must lead to more customers, so that existing customers must be encouraged to give online reviews and ratings.

The effect of spending on competitor restaurant cant be outlined and needs investigation.

DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS:

The descriptive analysis shows the mean, standard deviation, variance, median , mode, skewness , kurtosis and coefficient of variation for all variables.

CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS :

Correlation tell us how two variables are associated. We show the correlation matrix in the appendix which can be used to conclude that:

Overall ratings are positively associated with ambience ratings, Bill amount and online ratings. This makes sense as a customer who likes the restaurant is likely to give high overall ratings as well as a high rating on the online option. Since ambience is part of the total experience of dining, high ambience ratings by a customer are associated with high overall ratings. Since this is a high end restaurant we would expect such a customer to have a high bill as this allows her to sample different cuisines ( rather than stick to a small expenditure) .

Overall ratings are negatively associated with the tip paid and with the spending on alternate restaurants. A regular customer who likes this restaurant is likely to visit other restaurants so that the negative association is understandable. The relation with tipping tells us that tipping may be looked down at by customers, so that workers can be trained to decline/ discourage tips. The management can also make it a policy that individual tipping is not allowed.

The correlation does not tell us about the cause and effect. It only deals with association and not causation. The correlation matrix can be confirmed with a scatter plot as shown for three variables in the appendix.

REGRESSION RESULTS:

A simple linear regression is done. This leads us to the following estimated equation:

Ratings= 55.26 -17.499*Tip +328.8322468*Ambience ratings +.126*Bill +.0244*online R – .0938*SPA. This tells us ( based on the sign of the cff) that

Ratings and average tip amount are negatively related. This would imply that large tips must be discouraged. A $1 rise in per person tip decreases ratings by 17.499

Ambience ratings are positively affecting overall ratings. The restaurant needs to improve its ambience ratings and all factors that combine to arrive at the ambience ratings. A 1 point rise in ambience ratings gives marginal ratings of 328.8322.

Higher the bill amount higher is the overall ratings. For every dollar spent ratings rise by 0.126

Higher are online ratings greater are overall ratings. A 1 point rise in online ratings causes overall ratings to rise by 0.0244.

Higher is the spending on alternate eating places lower are the overall ratings for this restaurant. This shows that competition is strong. For every dollar spent on competition the overall ratings fall by 0.0938.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING.

We can test each coefficient for its significance using a t test and an overall F test for the overall regression model itself.

We use a p value test for significance. Assume that we choose a 5% level of significance. If the p value >.05 we conclude that the cff is not significant. If the p value < .05 then the cff is significant in a statistical manner. Based on this rule we observe that 2 variables are not significant. These include online ratings and spending on alternate restaurants. The p value of online ratings cff is 0.429 > .05. This implies that online ratings have insignificant role in overall ratings and therefore in getting new business.

The p value of alternate restaurant spending is 0.144 >.05. This would imply that there is no real competition with alternate restaurants. The clientele for this restaurant is specific and does not depend on what the competition has to offer.

The cffs of all other explanatory variable are significant as the p value is < .05.

We can also test for the overall significance of the model using the F test. As the results show the p value of the F test value is 1.3649E-09. This is very low and shows that the overall model is statistically significant. This corroborates the R2 value of 0.84. This implies a high value of R2, which is also called the coefficient of determination. It tells us the % of variation in the dependent variable that can be explained by the independent variables. In our case 84.06% of variation in the overall ratings can be explained by the independent explanatory variables.

CONCLUSION:

The linear model postulated by the consultant was good as it gave a significant relationship. It tells us that certain factors like ratings for ambience, amount of bill and average tip per customer are important variables that drive overall ratings and therefore good business. Higher ratings are an indicator /proxy for new customers.

The model can be improved by bringing in new variables like specific ratings on food quality, no of times a customer dines here, no of times the customer eats out of home, income level of customer, marital status/ number of kids and other variables. These may help to improve the predictive power of the model.

Within this model the results show that the owners need to focus on ambience and get new customers who order large amounts. The owners need not spend any money on improving online ratings as they are insignificant. The owners need to build further on the exclusivity of the restaurant as customer spend on other restaurants is also insignificant in explaining overall ratings and business.

APPENEDIX

  ratings overall average tip per person ambience ratings Bill amount online ratings spending on alternate restaurant

ratings overall 1  

average tip per person -0.678233971 1  

ambience ratings 0.356752299 0.113846089 1  

Bill amount 0.419316325 0.069764701 0.1477934 1  

online ratings 0.036329711 -0.22154346 -0.2636172 -0.2641712 1  

spending on alternate restaurant -0.608732054 0.481957971 -0.0437954 -0.2962957 -0.156364776 1

Regression Statistics        

Multiple R 0.916839769  

R Square 0.840595163  

Adjusted R Square 0.809940387  

Standard Error 4.718128042  

Observations 32  

   

ANOVA  

  df SS MS F Significance F

Regression 5 3052.096 610.4192 27.42134 1.3649E-09

Residual 26 578.77904 22.26073  

Total 31 3630.875      

   

  Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95%

Intercept 55.26318738 21.29892914 2.59464629 0.01535715 11.48261196

average tip per person -17.49919152 2.466198484 -7.0956136 1.55345E-07 -22.56853506

ambience ratings 328.8322468 69.65896631 4.72060187 7.02705E-05 185.6461923

Bill amount 0.126038647 0.029282701 4.30420149 0.000210704 0.065847193

online ratings 0.024436149 0.030422233 0.80323324 0.429122301 -0.038097646

spending on alternate restaurant(SPA) -0.093809919 0.062303487 -1.5056929 0.144199498 -0.221876569

The Rocking-Horse Winner

The Rocking-Horse Winner

There was a woman who was beautiful, who started with all the advantages, yet she had no luck. She married for love, and the love turned to dust. She had bonny children, yet she felt they had been thrust upon her, and she could not love them. They looked at her coldly, as if they were finding fault with her. And hurriedly she felt she must cover up some fault in herself. Yet what it was that she must cover up she never knew. Nevertheless, when her children were present, she always felt the centre of her heart go hard. This troubled her, and in her manner she was all the more gentle and anxious for her children, as if she loved them very much. Only she herself knew that at the centre of her heart was a hard little place that could not feel love, no, not for anybody. Everybody else said of her: “She is such a good mother. She adores her children.” Only she herself, and her children themselves, knew it was not so. They read it in each other’s eyes. There were a boy and two little girls. They lived in a pleasant house, with a garden, and they had discreet servants, and felt themselves superior to anyone in the neighbourhood. Although they lived in style, they felt always an anxiety in the house. There was never enough money. The mother had a small income, and the father had a small income, but not nearly enough for the social position which they had to keep up. The father went into town to some office. But though he had good prospects, these prospects never materialised. There was always the grinding sense of the shortage of money, though the style was always kept up. At last the mother said: “I will see if I can’t make something.” But she did not know where to begin. She racked her brains, and tried this thing and the other, but could not find anything successful. The failure made deep lines come into her face. Her children were growing up, they would have to go to school. There must be more money, there must be more money. The father, who was always very handsome and expensive in his tastes, seemed as if he never would be able to do anything worth doing. And the mother, who had a great belief in herself, did not succeed any better, and her tastes were just as expensive. And so the house came to be haunted by the unspoken phrase: There must be more money! There must be more money! The children could hear it all the time though nobody said it aloud. They heard it at Christmas, when the expensive and splendid toys filled the nursery. Behind the shining modern rocking-horse, behind the smart doll’s house, a voice would start whispering: “There must be more money! There must be more money!” And the children would stop playing, to listen for a moment. They would look into each other’s eyes, to see if they had all heard. And each one saw in the eyes of the other two that they too had heard. “There must be more money! There must be more money!” It came whispering from the springs of the still-swaying rocking-horse, and even the horse, bending his wooden, champing head, heard it. The big doll, sitting so pink and smirking in her new pram, could hear it quite plainly, and seemed to be smirking all the more self-consciously because of it. The foolish puppy, too, that took the place of the teddy-bear, he was looking so extraordinarily foolish for no other reason but that he heard the secret whisper all over the house: “There must be more money!” Yet nobody ever said it aloud. The whisper was everywhere, and therefore no one spoke it. Just as no one ever says: “We are breathing!” in spite of the fact that breath is coming and going all the time. “Mother,” said the boy Paul one day, “why don’t we keep a car of our own? Why do we always use uncle’s, or else a taxi?” “Because we’re the poor members of the family,” said the mother. “But why are we, mother?” “Well – I suppose,” she said slowly and bitterly, “it’s because your father has no luck.” The boy was silent for some time. “Is luck money, mother?” he asked, rather timidly. “No, Paul. Not quite. It’s what causes you to have money.” “Oh!” said Paul vaguely. “I thought when Uncle Oscar said filthy lucker, it meant money.” “Filthy lucre does mean money,” said the mother. “But it’s lucre, not luck.” “Oh!” said the boy. “Then what is luck, mother?” “It’s what causes you to have money. If you’re lucky you have money. That’s why it’s better to be born lucky than rich. If you’re rich, you may lose your money. But if you’re lucky, you will always get more money.” “Oh! Will you? And is father not lucky?” “Very unlucky, I should say,” she said bitterly. The boy watched her with unsure eyes. “Why?” he asked. “I don’t know. Nobody ever knows why one person is lucky and another unlucky.” “Don’t they? Nobody at all? Does nobody know?” “Perhaps God. But He never tells.” “He ought to, then. And are’nt you lucky either, mother?” “I can’t be, it I married an unlucky husband.” “But by yourself, aren’t you?” “I used to think I was, before I married. Now I think I am very unlucky indeed.” “Why?” “Well – never mind! Perhaps I’m not really,” she said. The child looked at her to see if she meant it. But he saw, by the lines of her mouth, that she was only trying to hide something from him. “Well, anyhow,” he said stoutly, “I’m a lucky person.” “Why?” said his mother, with a sudden laugh. He stared at her. He didn’t even know why he had said it. “God told me,” he asserted, brazening it out. “I hope He did, dear!”, she said, again with a laugh, but rather bitter. “He did, mother!” “Excellent!” said the mother, using one of her husband’s exclamations. The boy saw she did not believe him; or rather, that she paid no attention to his assertion. This angered him somewhere, and made him want to compel her attention. He went off by himself, vaguely, in a childish way, seeking for the clue to ‘luck’. Absorbed, taking no heed of other people, he went about with a sort of stealth, seeking inwardly for luck. He wanted luck, he wanted it, he wanted it. When the two girls were playing dolls in the nursery, he would sit on his big rocking-horse, charging madly into space, with a frenzy that made the little girls peer at him uneasily. Wildly the horse careered, the waving dark hair of the boy tossed, his eyes had a strange glare in them. The little girls dared not speak to him. When he had ridden to the end of his mad little journey, he climbed down and stood in front of his rocking-horse, staring fixedly into its lowered face. Its red mouth was slightly open, its big eye was wide and glassy-bright. “Now!” he would silently command the snorting steed. “Now take me to where there is luck! Now take me!” And he would slash the horse on the neck with the little whip he had asked Uncle Oscar for. He knew the horse could take him to where there was luck, if only he forced it. So he would mount again and start on his furious ride, hoping at last to get there. “You’ll break your horse, Paul!” said the nurse. “He’s always riding like that! I wish he’d leave off!” said his elder sister Joan. But he only glared down on them in silence. Nurse gave him up. She could make nothing of him. Anyhow, he was growing beyond her. One day his mother and his Uncle Oscar came in when he was on one of his furious rides. He did not speak to them. “Hallo, you young jockey! Riding a winner?” said his uncle. “Aren’t you growing too big for a rocking-horse? You’re not a very little boy any longer, you know,” said his mother. But Paul only gave a blue glare from his big, rather close-set eyes. He would speak to nobody when he was in full tilt. His mother watched him with an anxious expression on her face. At last he suddenly stopped forcing his horse into the mechanical gallop and slid down. “Well, I got there!” he announced fiercely, his blue eyes still flaring, and his sturdy long legs straddling apart. “Where did you get to?” asked his mother. “Where I wanted to go,” he flared back at her. “That’s right, son!” said Uncle Oscar. “Don’t you stop till you get there. What’s the horse’s name?” “He doesn’t have a name,” said the boy. “Get’s on without all right?” asked the uncle. “Well, he has different names. He was called Sansovino last week.” “Sansovino, eh? Won the Ascot. How did you know this name?” “He always talks about horse-races with Bassett,” said Joan. The uncle was delighted to find that his small nephew was posted with all the racing news. Bassett, the young gardener, who had been wounded in the left foot in the war and had got his present job through Oscar Cresswell, whose batman he had been, was a perfect blade of the ‘turf’. He lived in the racing events, and the small boy lived with him. Oscar Cresswell got it all from Bassett. “Master Paul comes and asks me, so I can’t do more than tell him, sir,” said Bassett, his face terribly serious, as if he were speaking of religious matters. “And does he ever put anything on a horse he fancies?” “Well – I don’t want to give him away – he’s a young sport, a fine sport, sir. Would you mind asking him himself? He sort of takes a pleasure in it, and perhaps he’d feel I was giving him away, sir, if you don’t mind. Bassett was serious as a church. The uncle went back to his nephew and took him off for a ride in the car. “Say, Paul, old man, do you ever put anything on a horse?” the uncle asked. The boy watched the handsome man closely. “Why, do you think I oughtn’t to?” he parried. “Not a bit of it! I thought perhaps you might give me a tip for the Lincoln.” The car sped on into the country, going down to Uncle Oscar’s place in Hampshire. “Honour bright?” said the nephew. “Honour bright, son!” said the uncle. “Well, then, Daffodil.” “Daffodil! I doubt it, sonny. What about Mirza?” “I only know the winner,” said the boy. “That’s Daffodil.” “Daffodil, eh?” There was a pause. Daffodil was an obscure horse comparatively. “Uncle!” “Yes, son?” “You won’t let it go any further, will you? I promised Bassett.” “Bassett be damned, old man! What’s he got to do with it?” “We’re partners. We’ve been partners from the first. Uncle, he lent me my first five shillings, which I lost. I promised him, honour bright, it was only between me and him; only you gave me that ten-shilling note I started winning with, so I thought you were lucky. You won’t let it go any further, will you?” The boy gazed at his uncle from those big, hot, blue eyes, set rather close together. The uncle stirred and laughed uneasily. “Right you are, son! I’ll keep your tip private. How much are you putting on him?” “All except twenty pounds,” said the boy. “I keep that in reserve.” The uncle thought it a good joke. “You keep twenty pounds in reserve, do you, you young romancer? What are you betting, then?” “I’m betting three hundred,” said the boy gravely. “But it’s between you and me, Uncle Oscar! Honour bright?” “It’s between you and me all right, you young Nat Gould,” he said, laughing. “But where’s your three hundred?” “Bassett keeps it for me. We’re partner’s.” “You are, are you! And what is Bassett putting on Daffodil?” “He won’t go quite as high as I do, I expect. Perhaps he’ll go a hundred and fifty.” “What, pennies?” laughed the uncle. “Pounds,” said the child, with a surprised look at his uncle. “Bassett keeps a bigger reserve than I do.” Between wonder and amusement Uncle Oscar was silent. He pursued the matter no further, but he determined to take his nephew with him to the Lincoln races. “Now, son,” he said, “I’m putting twenty on Mirza, and I’ll put five on for you on any horse you fancy. What’s your pick?” “Daffodil, uncle.” “No, not the fiver on Daffodil!” “I should if it was my own fiver,” said the child. “Good! Good! Right you are! A fiver for me and a fiver for you on Daffodil.” The child had never been to a race-meeting before, and his eyes were blue fire. He pursed his mouth tight and watched. A Frenchman just in front had put his money on Lancelot. Wild with excitement, he flayed his arms up and down, yelling “Lancelot!, Lancelot!” in his French accent. Daffodil came in first, Lancelot second, Mirza third. The child, flushed and with eyes blazing, was curiously serene. His uncle brought him four five-pound notes, four to one. “What am I to do with these?” he cried, waving them before the boys eyes. “I suppose we’ll talk to Bassett,” said the boy. “I expect I have fifteen hundred now; and twenty in reserve; and this twenty.” His uncle studied him for some moments. “Look here, son!” he said. “You’re not serious about Bassett and that fifteen hundred, are you?” “Yes, I am. But it’s between you and me, uncle. Honour bright?” “Honour bright all right, son! But I must talk to Bassett.” “If you’d like to be a partner, uncle, with Bassett and me, we could all be partners. Only, you’d have to promise, honour bright, uncle, not to let it go beyond us three. Bassett and I are lucky, and you must be lucky, because it was your ten shillings I started winning with …” Uncle Oscar took both Bassett and Paul into Richmond Park for an afternoon, and there they talked. “It’s like this, you see, sir,” Bassett said. “Master Paul would get me talking about racing events, spinning yarns, you know, sir. And he was always keen on knowing if I’d made or if I’d lost. It’s about a year since, now, that I put five shillings on Blush of Dawn for him: and we lost. Then the luck turned, with that ten shillings he had from you: that we put on Singhalese. And since that time, it’s been pretty steady, all things considering. What do you say, Master Paul?” “We’re all right when we’re sure,” said Paul. “It’s when we’re not quite sure that we go down.” “Oh, but we’re careful then,” said Bassett. “But when are you sure?” smiled Uncle Oscar. “It’s Master Paul, sir,” said Bassett in a secret, religious voice. “It’s as if he had it from heaven. Like Daffodil, now, for the Lincoln. That was as sure as eggs.” “Did you put anything on Daffodil?” asked Oscar Cresswell. “Yes, sir, I made my bit.” “And my nephew?” Bassett was obstinately silent, looking at Paul. “I made twelve hundred, didn’t I, Bassett? I told uncle I was putting three hundred on Daffodil.” “That’s right,” said Bassett, nodding. “But where’s the money?” asked the uncle. “I keep it safe locked up, sir. Master Paul he can have it any minute he likes to ask for it.” “What, fifteen hundred pounds?” “And twenty! And forty, that is, with the twenty he made on the course.” “It’s amazing!” said the uncle. “If Master Paul offers you to be partners, sir, I would, if I were you: if you’ll excuse me,” said Bassett. Oscar Cresswell thought about it. “I’ll see the money,” he said. They drove home again, and, sure enough, Bassett came round to the garden-house with fifteen hundred pounds in notes. The twenty pounds reserve was left with Joe Glee, in the Turf Commission deposit. “You see, it’s all right, uncle, when I’m sure! Then we go strong, for all we’re worth, don’t we, Bassett?” “We do that, Master Paul.” “And when are you sure?” said the uncle, laughing. “Oh, well, sometimes I’m absolutely sure, like about Daffodil,” said the boy; “and sometimes I have an idea; and sometimes I haven’t even an idea, have I, Bassett? Then we’re careful, because we mostly go down.” “You do, do you! And when you’re sure, like about Daffodil, what makes you sure, sonny?” “Oh, well, I don’t know,” said the boy uneasily. “I’m sure, you know, uncle; that’s all.” “It’s as if he had it from heaven, sir,” Bassett reiterated. “I should say so!” said the uncle. But he became a partner. And when the Leger was coming on Paul was ‘sure’ about Lively Spark, which was a quite inconsiderable horse. The boy insisted on putting a thousand on the horse, Bassett went for five hundred, and Oscar Cresswell two hundred. Lively Spark came in first, and the betting had been ten to one against him. Paul had made ten thousand. “You see,” he said. “I was absolutely sure of him.” Even Oscar Cresswell had cleared two thousand. “Look here, son,” he said, “this sort of thing makes me nervous.” “It needn’t, uncle! Perhaps I shan’t be sure again for a long time.” “But what are you going to do with your money?” asked the uncle. “Of course,” said the boy, “I started it for mother. She said she had no luck, because father is unlucky, so I thought if I was lucky, it might stop whispering.” “What might stop whispering?” “Our house. I hate our house for whispering.” “What does it whisper?” “Why – why” – the boy fidgeted – “why, I don’t know. But it’s always short of money, you know, uncle.” “I know it, son, I know it.” “You know people send mother writs, don’t you, uncle?” “I’m afraid I do,” said the uncle. “And then the house whispers, like people laughing at you behind your back. It’s awful, that is! I thought if I was lucky -” “You might stop it,” added the uncle. The boy watched him with big blue eyes, that had an uncanny cold fire in them, and he said never a word. “Well, then!” said the uncle. “What are we doing?” “I shouldn’t like mother to know I was lucky,” said the boy. “Why not, son?” “She’d stop me.” “I don’t think she would.” “Oh!” – and the boy writhed in an odd way – “I don’t want her to know, uncle.” “All right, son! We’ll manage it without her knowing.” They managed it very easily. Paul, at the other’s suggestion, handed over five thousand pounds to his uncle, who deposited it with the family lawyer, who was then to inform Paul’s mother that a relative had put five thousand pounds into his hands, which sum was to be paid out a thousand pounds at a time, on the mother’s birthday, for the next five years. “So she’ll have a birthday present of a thousand pounds for five successive years,” said Uncle Oscar. “I hope it won’t make it all the harder for her later.” Paul’s mother had her birthday in November. The house had been ‘whispering’ worse than ever lately, and, even in spite of his luck, Paul could not bear up against it. He was very anxious to see the effect of the birthday letter, telling his mother about the thousand pounds. When there were no visitors, Paul now took his meals with his parents, as he was beyond the nursery control. His mother went into town nearly every day. She had discovered that she had an odd knack of sketching furs and dress materials, so she worked secretly in the studio of a friend who was the chief ‘artist’ for the leading drapers. She drew the figures of ladies in furs and ladies in silk and sequins for the newspaper advertisements. This young woman artist earned several thousand pounds a year, but Paul’s mother only made several hundreds, and she was again dissatisfied. She so wanted to be first in something, and she did not succeed, even in making sketches for drapery advertisements. She was down to breakfast on the morning of her birthday. Paul watched her face as she read her letters. He knew the lawyer’s letter. As his mother read it, her face hardened and became more expressionless. Then a cold, determined look came on her mouth. She hid the letter under the pile of others, and said not a word about it. “Didn’t you have anything nice in the post for your birthday, mother?” said Paul. “Quite moderately nice,” she said, her voice cold and hard and absent. She went away to town without saying more. But in the afternoon Uncle Oscar appeared. He said Paul’s mother had had a long interview with the lawyer, asking if the whole five thousand could not be advanced at once, as she was in debt. “What do you think, uncle?” said the boy. “I leave it to you, son.” “Oh, let her have it, then! We can get some more with the other,” said the boy. “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, laddie!” said Uncle Oscar. “But I’m sure to know for the Grand National; or the Lincolnshire; or else the Derby. I’m sure to know for one of them,” said Paul. So Uncle Oscar signed the agreement, and Paul’s mother touched the whole five thousand. Then something very curious happened. The voices in the house suddenly went mad, like a chorus of frogs on a spring evening. There were certain new furnishings, and Paul had a tutor. He was really going to Eton, his father’s school, in the following autumn. There were flowers in the winter, and a blossoming of the luxury Paul’s mother had been used to. And yet the voices in the house, behind the sprays of mimosa and almond-blossom, and from under the piles of iridescent cushions, simply trilled and screamed in a sort of ecstasy: “There must be more money! Oh-h-h; there must be more money. Oh, now, now-w! Now-w-w – there must be more money! – more than ever! More than ever!” It frightened Paul terribly. He studied away at his Latin and Greek with his tutor. But his intense hours were spent with Bassett. The Grand National had gone by: he had not ‘known’, and had lost a hundred pounds. Summer was at hand. He was in agony for the Lincoln. But even for the Lincoln he didn’t ‘know’, and he lost fifty pounds. He became wild-eyed and strange, as if something were going to explode in him. “Let it alone, son! Don’t you bother about it!” urged Uncle Oscar. But it was as if the boy couldn’t really hear what his uncle was saying. “I’ve got to know for the Derby! I’ve got to know for the Derby!” the child reiterated, his big blue eyes blazing with a sort of madness. His mother noticed how overwrought he was. “You’d better go to the seaside. Wouldn’t you like to go now to the seaside, instead of waiting? I think you’d better,” she said, looking down at him anxiously, her heart curiously heavy because of him. But the child lifted his uncanny blue eyes. “I couldn’t possibly go before the Derby, mother!” he said. “I couldn’t possibly!” “Why not?” she said, her voice becoming heavy when she was opposed. “Why not? You can still go from the seaside to see the Derby with your Uncle Oscar, if that that’s what you wish. No need for you to wait here. Besides, I think you care too much about these races. It’s a bad sign. My family has been a gambling family, and you won’t know till you grow up how much damage it has done. But it has done damage. I shall have to send Bassett away, and ask Uncle Oscar not to talk racing to you, unless you promise to be reasonable about it: go away to the seaside and forget it. You’re all nerves!” “I’ll do what you like, mother, so long as you don’t send me away till after the Derby,” the boy said. “Send you away from where? Just from this house?” “Yes,” he said, gazing at her. “Why, you curious child, what makes you care about this house so much, suddenly? I never knew you loved it.” He gazed at her without speaking. He had a secret within a secret, something he had not divulged, even to Bassett or to his Uncle Oscar. But his mother, after standing undecided and a little bit sullen for some moments, said: “Very well, then! Don’t go to the seaside till after the Derby, if you don’t wish it. But promise me you won’t think so much about horse-racing and events as you call them!” “Oh no,” said the boy casually. “I won’t think much about them, mother. You needn’t worry. I wouldn’t worry, mother, if I were you.” “If you were me and I were you,” said his mother, “I wonder what we should do!” “But you know you needn’t worry, mother, don’t you?” the boy repeated. “I should be awfully glad to know it,” she said wearily. “Oh, well, you can, you know. I mean, you ought to know you needn’t worry,” he insisted. “Ought I? Then I’ll see about it,” she said. Paul’s secret of secrets was his wooden horse, that which had no name. Since he was emancipated from a nurse and a nursery-governess, he had had his rocking-horse removed to his own bedroom at the top of the house. “Surely you’re too big for a rocking-horse!” his mother had remonstrated. “Well, you see, mother, till I can have a real horse, I like to have some sort of animal about,” had been his quaint answer. “Do you feel he keeps you company?” she laughed. “Oh yes! He’s very good, he always keeps me company, when I’m there,” said Paul. So the horse, rather shabby, stood in an arrested prance in the boy’s bedroom. The Derby was drawing near, and the boy grew more and more tense. He hardly heard what was spoken to him, he was very frail, and his eyes were really uncanny. His mother had sudden strange seizures of uneasiness about him. Sometimes, for half an hour, she would feel a sudden anxiety about him that was almost anguish. She wanted to rush to him at once, and know he was safe. Two nights before the Derby, she was at a big party in town, when one of her rushes of anxiety about her boy, her first-born, gripped her heart till she could hardly speak. She fought with the feeling, might and main, for she believed in common sense. But it was too strong. She had to leave the dance and go downstairs to telephone to the country. The children’s nursery-governess was terribly surprised and startled at being rung up in the night. “Are the children all right, Miss Wilmot?” “Oh yes, they are quite all right.” “Master Paul? Is he all right?” “He went to bed as right as a trivet. Shall I run up and look at him?” “No,” said Paul’s mother reluctantly. “No! Don’t trouble. It’s all right. Don’t sit up. We shall be home fairly soon.” She did not want her son’s privacy intruded upon. “Very good,” said the governess. It was about one o’clock when Paul’s mother and father drove up to their house. All was still. Paul’s mother went to her room and slipped off her white fur cloak. She had told her maid not to wait up for her. She heard her husband downstairs, mixing a whisky and soda. And then, because of the strange anxiety at her heart, she stole upstairs to her son’s room. Noiselessly she went along the upper corridor. Was there a faint noise? What was it? She stood, with arrested muscles, outside his door, listening. There was a strange, heavy, and yet not loud noise. Her heart stood still. It was a soundless noise, yet rushing and powerful. Something huge, in violent, hushed motion. What was it? What in God’s name was it? She ought to know. She felt that she knew the noise. She knew what it was. Yet she could not place it. She couldn’t say what it was. And on and on it went, like a madness. Softly, frozen with anxiety and fear, she turned the door-handle. The room was dark. Yet in the space near the window, she heard and saw something plunging to and fro. She gazed in fear and amazement. Then suddenly she switched on the light, and saw her son, in his green pyjamas, madly surging on the rocking-horse. The blaze of light suddenly lit him up, as he urged the wooden horse, and lit her up, as she stood, blonde, in her dress of pale green and crystal, in the doorway. “Paul!” she cried. “Whatever are you doing?” “It’s Malabar!” he screamed in a powerful, strange voice. “It’s Malabar!” His eyes blazed at her for one strange and senseless second, as he ceased urging his wooden horse. Then he fell with a crash to the ground, and she, all her tormented motherhood flooding upon her, rushed to gather him up. But he was unconscious, and unconscious he remained, with some brain-fever. He talked and tossed, and his mother sat stonily by his side. “Malabar! It’s Malabar! Bassett, Bassett, I know! It’s Malabar!” So the child cried, trying to get up and urge the rocking-horse that gave him his inspiration. “What does he mean by Malabar?” asked the heart-frozen mother. “I don’t know,” said the father stonily. “What does he mean by Malabar?” she asked her brother Oscar. “It’s one of the horses running for the Derby,” was the answer. And, in spite of himself, Oscar Cresswell spoke to Bassett, and himself put a thousand on Malabar: at fourteen to one. The third day of the illness was critical: they were waiting for a change. The boy, with his rather long, curly hair, was tossing ceaselessly on the pillow. He neither slept nor regained consciousness, and his eyes were like blue stones. His mother sat, feeling her heart had gone, turned actually into a stone. In the evening Oscar Cresswell did not come, but Bassett sent a message, saying could he come up for one moment, just one moment? Paul’s mother was very angry at the intrusion, but on second thoughts she agreed. The boy was the same. Perhaps Bassett might bring him to consciousness. The gardener, a shortish fellow with a little brown moustache and sharp little brown eyes, tiptoed into the room, touched his imaginary cap to Paul’s mother, and stole to the bedside, staring with glittering, smallish eyes at the tossing, dying child. “Master Paul!” he whispered. “Master Paul! Malabar came in first all right, a clean win. I did as you told me. You’ve made over seventy thousand pounds, you have; you’ve got over eighty thousand. Malabar came in all right, Master Paul.” “Malabar! Malabar! Did I say Malabar, mother? Did I say Malabar? Do you think I’m lucky, mother? I knew Malabar, didn’t I? Over eighty thousand pounds! I call that lucky, don’t you, mother? Over eighty thousand pounds! I knew, didn’t I know I knew? Malabar came in all right. If I ride my horse till I’m sure, then I tell you, Bassett, you can go as high as you like. Did you go for all you were worth, Bassett?” “I went a thousand on it, Master Paul.” “I never told you, mother, that if I can ride my horse, and get there, then I’m absolutely sure – oh, absolutely! Mother, did I ever tell you? I am lucky!” “No, you never did,” said his mother. But the boy died in the night. And even as he lay dead, his mother heard her brother’s voice saying to her, “My God, Hester, you’re eighty-odd thousand to the good, and a poor devil of a son to the bad. But, poor devil, poor devil, he’s best gone out of a life where he rides his rocking-horse to find a winner.”

www.world-english.org