Category: Uncategorized

Subject

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Date

The Rights of the Colonists

The ‘Rights of the Colonists’ was a document written in the year 1772 by Samuel Adam (Adams, 417). During this time the United States was a colony of Britain and Adams was among the radical leaders who organize successful protests in the fight for their rights. Due to oppression, the colonists had no option rather than fight for the recognition of their rights. It is around this time that the United States was fighting for their independence and it is around this time that they were preparing for independence. It was only four years before the signing of the Declaration of Independence. The ‘Rights of the Colonists’ was written during the series of meetings conducted in Massachusetts after the governor dissolved the colony’s assembly. A committee of correspondence was, therefore, necessary to be appointed, and thus three hundred townspeople met and did the voting. Samuel Adams was given the mandate of preparing the first draft as his colleagues had seen the potential in him.

The rights of the colonists defined the rights of the colonist in distinct groups, and these include the natural rights of the colonists as men, as Christians and as subjects of the British crown (Schwartz. The natural rights included the inherent rights of a person that includes the right to life, liberty and right to own and defend property. Every subject in England is entitled to the natural rights to worship God of his conscience, dictating the rights of Christians in worshiping. The rights of the colonists as subject postulated that the subjects were to be provided with the absolute rights similar to the Englishmen and all the freemen, in and out of the society that includes personal liberty, security, and private property. The author was motivated to possessing the same rights as the Englishmen, as he termed the rights to be inseparable to the subjects born in Great Britain as they recognize that as their home.

The document, ‘Rights of the Colonists’ is vital in that it reminds us about the history of the U.S before attaining its independence, reminding us that our forefathers as well fought for the independence that we enjoy, they were as well discriminated and treated as subjects. The ‘Rights of the Colonists’ was significant as it was aimed at bringing equality between the locals and the colonizers. The Boston town meetings were a series of preparing the future of the United States, and it is from these meetings that the ‘Rights of the Colonists’ were drafted. All men are equal, and there should be no discrimination in applying the law (U.S Constitution), Adams was well conversant with this, and therefore he drafted the document calling for the realization as well as the granting of equal rights as those of the Englishmen.

The colonists were deprived the right to property as the parliament, and the King of Britain believed that they were entitled to levy taxes to the colonies to fund its activities such as the French and Indian war and this led to the imposition of taxes on tea (Ward). The colonists were not happy about the new taxes and upset by the fact that the British government had decided to tax the colonies without their consent. The colonists, therefore, had to take action, not again pleading with the government as it had already violated their rights. The ‘Rights of the Colonists’ therefore was developed to safeguard and protect the basic and inherent rights, prohibiting the parliament and the King from further exploitation without the colonists’ consent. Rights are universal and inherent, and therefore they should not be restricted by any individual, government or state. Everyone has the right to worship and get entitled to the same treatment and rights as those born and bred in that country. There should be no discrimination in the application of the rights implying that every person should be treated equally.

Work Cited

Adams, Samuel. “The Rights of the Colonists.” Work 7 (1906): 417-428.

Bill of Rights Institute. ‘The Rights of the Colonists’. Retrieved form: https://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/primary-source-documents/the-rights-of-the-colonists/Schwartz, Bernard. The great rights of mankind: A history of the American Bill of Rights. Rowman & Littlefield, 1992.

Ward, Harry M. The War for Independence and the Transformation of American Society: War and Society in the United States, 1775-83. Routledge, 2014.

How Mass Media Encourages Deviant Behavior in Children

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Introduction

The role of media as relates to deviance and crime has always been an issue of concern for our society. Deviance and crime remain to be a universal problem, and with media being a driving source in modern culture, mass communication experts continue to carry out studies to know more about the connection that exists between media and crime. There is developing concern about how various television and film lead to degenerate conduct, particularly among youngsters. This gives off the impression of a connection between media and brutal acts in early university and senior year of secondary school. This essay assesses how mass media encourages deviant behavior in children through content that depicts and sometimes glorifies deviance.

Mass media Glamorizes the Disrespect of Women

Music and films showcased on television have many destructive and negative themes. Some of the common themes that diminish self-esteem and glorify violence against women include suicide, alcohol and drug abuse, violence, sex centered on sadism, control, incest, and masochism. Music videos depend on sexual content to catch the attention of their audiences. This is because sex sells. In music videos, women are often more than men and in most cases, there is an instant attraction between the men and women and sex happens rather quickly without courtship (Xie, Gai, & Zhou, 2019). Sex gratification for men takes center stage which encourages men to view women as sexual objects. Essentially this mocks the respect and compassion of women. Men no longer show their maleness by protecting and taking care of women but by ganging together and abusing them. We are dealing with sexuality on new levels which encourage tolerance to violence and sexual predation. Rappers like Eminem have increased the category of weak to including gay people and family members. In his songs, he portrays and celebrates himself with misogynistic attitudes of homophobia. Eminem is frequently rapping about killing gays and lesbians and killing or beating women. In the lyrics of his song She’s The One, he fantasizes about killing his girlfriend who he refers to as the ho as well as his mother. The portrayal of women in this light goes beyond violence and sex and it leaves an impact on its audience. The audience picks up the same attitude which makes them begin to treat women with disrespect.

Mass Media Influences Self-Image

The current hip-hop media culture portrays images that showcase the artists and models as a group of outsiders. The hip-hop cultural movement started among Latinos and African Americans in the Bronx of New York City in the early 1970s and since then, it has spread across various races and many parts of the world (McCaghy, Capron, Jamieson, & Carey, 2016). The standards hip-hop fashion was characterized by baggy jeans, long chains, hip-hop, doo-rags, loose clothing, and charms and today, they are worn by actors and artists. The American youth today also emulate the dress code of hip-hop artists. Further, youth today also display hip-hop culture in their speech and gestures. This display is a symbol of rejection and alienation of definitions of cultural values and behavior that is socially acceptable. This legitimizes and fosters anti-social behavior which evokes social behavior from individuals and groups that do not abide by norms. The rejection solidifies the self-definition of a group and deviant behavior such as sexual predation, violence, threats, disrespect, and breaking the law become signs of a group or personal identity. This is evidenced in many videos and movies including New Jack City which talks about drug-related violence in the history of rap in many cities across America. In Kanye West’s song, We Don’t Care, children join Kanye in singing about drugs and violence.

Conclusion

Mass media, particularly films and music videos have been linked with deviant behavior among children. There is developing concern about how various television and film lead to degenerate conduct, particularly among youngsters. Deviance and crime remain to be universal problem. Music and films showcased on television have many destructive and negative themes of suicide, alcohol and drug abuse, violence, sex centered on sadism, control, incest, and masochism. The American youth today also emulate the dress code, speech and mannerisms of hip-hop artists and as a result, they end up showing deviant behavior.

References

McCaghy, C. H., Capron, T. A., Jamieson, J. D., & Carey, S. H. H. (2016). Deviant behavior: Crime, conflict, and interest groups. Routledge.

Xie, X., Gai, X., & Zhou, Y. (2019). A meta-analysis of media literacy interventions for deviant behaviors. Computers & Education, 139, 146-156.

The Ripple Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Name

Professor

Course

The Ripple Effects of Sleep Deprivation

As the world advances, more people could exhibit particular behaviours that may entail the need to have fun, work or study for extended hours. Besides, disorders such as sleep apnea, insomnia, and anxiety could lead to loss of sleep (Mysliwiec et al., 2013). Accordingly, not sleeping for the recommended duration of around eight hours a day could result in catastrophic consequences. Previous studies suggest that enough sleep promotes proper functions of the brain and body by allowing them to restore their chemical balance, develop and heal (Health Line, 2020). Even so, common signs of insufficient sleep could entail daytime fatigue, irritability, yawning and excessive sleepiness. Besides, the adverse consequences of lack of sleep tend to attract ripple effects by expanding and worsening over time.

Brain Damage

Extended sleep deprivation leads to exhaustion and damage to the brain. Since sleep plays crucial roles in ensuring that the brain remains healthy and works properly, inadequacy or lack of it could result in detrimental consequences. As one of the most vital organs of the body, the brain acts as the main controller of virtually every human activity as well as psychological and biological processes. Hence, damage to the brain would render humans less effective and efficient. Accordingly, a person may behave awkwardly due to brain damage. Specifically, lack of sleep facilitates Alzheimer’s brain damage following high-production and distribution of tau in the brain.

Moreover, inadequate or lack of sleep leads to undesired changes in mood (Pilcher & Huffcutt, 1996). Specifically, sleep deprivation adversely impacts on certain functions of the brain. In the short-run, persons without enough sleep tend to be quick-tempered, emotional and moody. Unfortunately, the situation could escalate and worsen, leading to depression and anxiety. Although anxiety acts as one of the factors that lead to loss of sleep, the opposite is true. That is, lack of sleep leads to anxiety. Besides, sleep deprivation worsen anxiety, hence, making it more difficult for the victim to sleep (Sanders, 2018). Therefore, sleep deprivation causes a change in mood, which in turn lead to anxiety and depression at the long-run.

Also, insufficient or absence of sleep impairs concentration and thinking (Ratcliff & Van Dongen, 2018). Since inadequacy of sleep weakens the performance of the different parts of the brain, a victim would exhibit certain characteristics such as poor problem-solving capacities, creativity and concentration. Similarly, memory issues emerge from sleep deprivation. Since the brain utilizes sleep periods to establish and develop vital connections that facilitate processing and remembrance of new information, short- and long-term memory loss could occur due to inadequacy of sleep.

Accidents and Conflicts

As adverse effects of sleep deprivation occur, an individual and other members of the community could encounter related consequences. Since lack of sleep impairs certain functions of the brain, a victim would be more prone to errors and mistakes that may attract fatal accidents (Health Line, 2020). For instance, lack of concentration could increase the chances of road accidents among drivers. Likewise, the inadequacy of sleep results in poor body balance, which in turn, renders an individual more prone to accidental falls and related accidents. When lack of sleep compromises with the brain’s essential functions of the brain that facilitate balance, an individual would experience imbalances.

Moreover, a quick-tempered and moody individual with poor problem-solving capabilities could appear unsocial. Subsequently, an individual would engage in more conflicts and fights with other members of the community. Hence, the adverse effects of deprivation of sleep would escalate and affect more people in the community.

Poor Immune System

Sleep deprivation would discourage development and operation of the immune system. The immune systems tend to rely primarily on sleep time to generate vital protective elements, including cytokines that are essential for the body on matters regarding the fight and prevention of diseases. Besides, the body heals and grows as one sleeps. Therefore, deprivation of sleep would discourage the development of the immunes system as well as significant healing and growth processes. Since the body rids itself of toxic byproducts during sleep times, such harmful elements would accumulate to high levels during instances of sleep deprivation (Health Line, 2020). As such, an individual could become more prone to ailments because the body cannot fight pathogens nor clear toxic byproducts effectively.   

Poor Health

Insufficient sleep tends to accelerate the development of lifestyle and chronic diseases like diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and cardiac arrest. Since sleep serves as the period through which the body rests, sleep deprivation means no rest. Instead, the body and brain would be overworked by sleep deprivation. Moreover, the lack of sleep would negatively affect the production of vital hormones that facilitate essential processes like digestion. Precisely, insufficient sleep negatively affects the production of ghrelin and leptin hormones that control feelings of fullness and hunger (Health Line, 2020). As a result, an individual could exhibit high appetite that attracts more food consumption, hence increasing chances of becoming obese. Still, sleep deprivation could render a person exhausted, hence discouraging participation in important physical activities that facilitate the development of muscles and use of calories (Patrick et al., 2017). Therefore, obesity seems to be inevitable among persons who encounter lack or inadequacy of sleep.

Consequently, obesity could facilitate the development of other disorders such as diabetes, high blood pressure and heart attack. For instance, excessive body weight would result in overworking of vital body organs like the kidneys, lungs and the heart. Subsequently, such organs could feel overwhelmed and may cease to function if adequate rest is not available. Also, the lack of sleep would trigger the body to generate excess insulin. Since insulin controls sugar levels in the blood, an individual would probably experience type 2 diabetes from the large volumes of insulin (Health Line, 2020). Therefore, lack of sleep disrupts the normal functioning of the body, thus attracting more health complications.

Breakage of Families and other Sex-associated Relationships

Insufficient sleep leads to poor sexual performance because it attracts low libido. Specifically, poor sleep could lead to a decline in the generation of vital sex hormones, including testosterone in men and estrogen in women (Health Line, 2020). Accordingly, families and other persons whose connections rely mainly on sexual activities could disintegrate. Instead, blames, serrations, and divorces could ensue due to the failure for either of the engaged parties to accomplish their roles and responsibilities.

Death

Additionally, chronic sleep deprivation could result in the death of an individual. Various aspects that may entail physical accidents, ailments and organ failures could lead to the death of a person. For instance, a lack of sleep triggers a stroke that causes death (Aguirre, 2015). Therefore, lack of sleep could indirectly lead to death by facilitating other events such as stroke, high- blood pressure and diabetes.

Conclusion

Overall, sleep deprivation attracts ripple consequences that tend to worsen over time. Although minor symptoms and signs such as sleepiness, fatigue, and yawning signify inadequacy of sleep in the short-run, other catastrophic consequences could occur at the long-run. Such worst impacts may include the poor immune system, brain damage, accidents and conflicts, and breakage of families and relationships that rely basically on sex for their existence. Eventually, sleep deprivation would lead to death by facilitating the occurrence of such events as stroke and accidents. Still, the varied adverse consequences of sleep inadequacy tend to be interrelated as evidenced with the linked. Therefore, insufficient or lack of sleep is a serious aspect that draws devastating consequences that multiply and worsen over time.

References

Aguirre, C. (2015). What would happen if you didn’t sleep? – Claudia Aguirre. Retrieved 14 March 2020, from https://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-would-happen-if-you-didn-t-sleep-claudia-aguirreHealth Line. (2020). 11 Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Your Body. Retrieved 14 March 2020, from https://www.healthline.com/health/sleep-deprivation/effects-on-body#8

Mysliwiec, V., Gill, J., Lee, H., Baxter, T., Pierce, R., Barr, T. L., … & Roth, B. J. (2013). Sleep disorders in US military personnel: a high rate of comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea. Chest, 144(2), 549-557.

Patrick, Y., Lee, A., Raha, O., Pillai, K., Gupta, S., Sethi, S., … & Smith, S. F. (2017). Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive and physical performance in university students. Sleep and biological rhythms, 15(3), 217-225.

Pilcher, J. J., & Huffcutt, A. I. (1996). Effects of sleep deprivation on performance: a meta-analysis. Sleep, 19(4), 318-326.

Ratcliff, R., & Van Dongen, H. (2018). The effects of sleep deprivation on item and associative recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44(2), 193.

Sanders, L. (2018). A lack of sleep can induce anxiety | Science News. Retrieved 14 March 2020, from https://www.sciencenews.org/article/lack-sleep-can-induce-anxiety

The Role of Media in the public Sphere

As the internet continues to grow and expand exponentially, the role that media plays in the society, and specifically within the public sphere is changing. In the Week 4 Lecture, it was established that as populations continue to grow, the media has also become an important tool to the public sphere, on the basis of its ability to provide oversight and retain its role as an agent of information and shaping the opinions of people. Kaiser et al. (2018, p. 440) explain that opinions that seem to matter include only those linked to a majority of people in a population or society. In line with this assertion, the definition of public sphere and opinion relates to a concept of a majority, meaning that the role of the media is to feed the masses in a way that creates opinions, debates, and establishes a majority opinion.

The media controls the public sphere in the modern environment because it occupies virtually every aspect of life today. According to Bainbridge (2015), find that people are now controlled by media as it is a ‘natural’ component of their daily life. The examples given in their study include how mobile phones have become a medium of media, expanding the sphere of spreading information to the masses in an instance and anywhere (Bainbridge, 2015, p.5). The media has become a major influencer of how societies view certain elements of life such as romance, crime, music, entertainment, lavish lifestyles, and so on. Today, media components such as broadcast news are created to address audiences directly. For example, the recent political climate in the United States showed just how media can be used to direct, dictate, and drive political narratives, with big media houses like CNN and FOX News going against each other to support individual candidates, spread news, all in an attempt to control how the masses view different topics. Issues like systemic racism, gun control, and other societal issues can be controlled easily using the media. Therefore, the media is a control agent in the public sphere.

Inadvertently, the media has a myriad of roles that can be summarized into a watchdog or oversight role and a source of news in a vested interest type of way (Week 4 Lecture). The public sphere is a tool that determines how well a society functions through the discussions and freedom of debating on different issues of a society. Bainbridge (2015, p.16) terms it as an index of the health of public discussions and societal democracy. In my interpretation, this role of the media in the public sphere can span from an oversight role that keeps other societal functions in check to a manipulative role of profit making that uses whatever narrative is available to further vested interests. For example, the ownership and use of Facebook and other applications linked to the cite show just how manipulative the media can be, as evidenced in the recent cases of political interference from the media giant. In the end, the media’s role is seen to be quite diverse, taking on different elements in a dual functioning that sometimes demand oversight on other public functions such as governments to sometimes use of their reach to further private and vested interests.

Reference List

Bainbridge, J., Goc, N. and Tynan, L., 2008. Media and journalism: New approaches to theory

and practice. Oxford University Press.

Kaiser, J., Fähnrich, B., Rhomberg, M. and Filzmaier, P., 2017. What happened to the public

sphere? the networked public sphere and public opinion formation. Handbook of Cyber-Development, Cyber-Democracy, and Cyber-Defense. Springer, Cham.

Week 4 Lecture 54040 Notes

“A Great teacher is an inspiration”. This means that they never fail to inspire their students and the people around them. I have found great pleasure in learning and teaching language for as long as I can remember. Whenever I look at my past life, I realize I have had an inherent desire for teaching. In my younger days, I always opted to play in school rather than play at home with my siblings. Despite the degree of teaching that I may pursue, I knew that teaching was my ultimate desire. Whether I was referred to as a nursery school teacher, an ‘ustazah’ (a person who teaches religion), a primary or high school teacher or a professor in college or university, I knew what my target was: to become a teacher.

However, the path to becoming a teacher was an easy one. The decision to become a teacher was almost crushed. My parents did not give me much of a chance to become what I wanted to be after college. At that point in life, I felt that I was denied the chance to fulfill my dream. I had already chosen to further my studies and take to Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL). On the contrary, I was forced to take science stream at a matriculation college. To my parents, and the society in general, science stream is by far the most important and superior of all other subjects. As a result, I got enough marks to secure a place in the university. At university level, my matriculation results denied me a chance to take TESL as a course. Fortunately, I managed to pull my self together in my second semester. I decided to improve on the course I was doing so that I would improve on my grade and from then on get above 3.0 each semester. Despite all these hurdles, I did not give up my dream of pursuing teaching as a career. In my fourth semester, I went to appeal to the Academic Department for a course change from Bachelor of English to a Bachelor of Education. However, I received a letter a few weeks later stating that the program would not accept new students. This was in regard to the quota approved by the ministry of education was up to capacity.

Even though I lacked an opportunity to teach, I took up any events that would require me to teach or share knowledge. Such programs like the National Language Camp organized by the University of Putra, Malaysia in partnership with the Ministry of Women, Family and Community Development for school children is still very memorable as I had the role of a facilitator. The event was tiresome but I did not stop to relax. It was very exhilarating and it offered personal satisfaction that I had been dying for. The experience of teaching the students was very overwhelming. Whenever I involve myself in programs that require teaching English to school children or in orphanages always elicits much passion. It rouses me to become a volunteer in other programs as well as being a teacher in programs that involve community service or deal with the disabled. I have since learnt that we can be inspiring in a great many ways. When I was a Liaison Officer (L.O) in the FESPIC games in 2006, cultural differences brought out the best in me. Being a L.O implies that you shoulder the burden of being the connection between the designated contingent and the outside world during their stay in Malaysia. Being foreigners, they do not understand our ways, culture, language, or how activities go on in our country. Our main task was to facilitate their stay in our country as well as tend to their needs at any time they request. Though it was challenging, I found it to be a rewarding experience. Our leadership skills were brought to test as we learnt to execute our tasks independently. The most rewarding part was the opportunity to communicate with different people from different countries. It was an honor being an ambassador for my country.

Presently, with a pointer of 3.75 in my masters program, am glad that things turned out the way they did. As ambassadors, we were required to be on top of our game. We had to be committed, dedicated, and efficient and not to mention punctual at all times. Another important aspect that was to be portrayed as we showed them around the school was the importance we placed on our values. They were to be relayed inform of politeness, respect, and unity of our culture. This shaped me to becoming a success-driven individual who would stop at nothing to achieve his dreams. This enthusiasm to become a better person has roused my passion and led me to apply for a chance to pursue the career of my dreams and achieve the immeasurable experience acquired from teaching.

In summary, I am who I am because of the significant life experiences that have shaped me. I believe that my passion and enthusiasm for teaching and learning language satisfy the longing I have for in life. I further believe that I have a great deal to give back to the institution that helps me realize my potential and improve in teaching, learning, and life in general.

A Law Case Study Analysis Of A Sam And John’s Case Study

Case Study

This paper presents a case study analysis of a Sam and John’s case study. Specifically the paper seeks to identify some of the arguments presented in the case study with relation to the issues identified, rules of contract and their application.

Facts

Sam and John decide to open a lawn care service company aimed at assisting their neighbors in cutting grass. They draw up a contract which clearly states that they will charge each client 20$ a week for their services. Subsequently, the two business partners soon get clients from the neighborhood and they purchase a new lawn mower, which they use to provide services to their clients. Just as the business is beginning to pick up, the business faces various setbacks, which cause a legal issue for the business. At the outset one of the clients, the Johnson’s, lose their jobs, and they are unable to continue paying for the lawn mowing services. Based on the specifications of the contract, Sam and John continue servicing these clients at a weekly charge. Secondly, during a break from work at the Smith’s Sam leaves his Lawn Mower on and a neighborhood boy pushes it over, thus destroying Smith’s flowerbed and screen porch. After these incidences, the two business partners call off their business, as they believe that they can no longer work together as a team. Subsequently, John returns the stops making payment for the mower acquired from Mower Inc an states that he will not make any more future payments. Sam wishes to continue with the business but he cannot provide his services to clients without a lawn mower.

Issue 1

As clients to the company, and after the acceptance of the contract, should the Johnsons be bound by the contract made to offer payment of 20$ a week for Lawn Mowing services to Sam and John’s company.

Rule 1

The law of contract states that all parties in the contract need to fulfill the provisions of the contract until the end of the period contracted (Suff 3). Each party involved in the signing of the contract is legally bound to perform as per the provision of the contract. In addition to this the law of contract also allows the termination of contract if it is impossible to fulfill (lawyers.com 1).

Application 1

In this case, Sam and John can argue out that for the collection of payment for services offered to the Johnsons based on the acceptance of the contract by the clients. This argument supports continual payment for services offered by the company to the Johnson’s irrespective of the unfortunate events that befell these clients. Here, Sam and John can argue that the contract supported the issuance of payment from the Johnson’s without the provision of any special circumstances. The Johnsons, on the other hand, can argue for the termination of contract on the basis of impossibility to fulfill the contract as they cannot afford weekly payment for the services offered by Sam and John.

Issue 2

Should the Smiths terminate their contract with Sam and John’s company on the basis of a breach of contract owing to negligence, and should they offer a consideration for the contract.

Rule 2

According to the law of contract, the acceptor of the contract can argue for consideration if the during the course of service, the company’s performance implies possible injury to a person or property (Suff 28). This law supports the attainment of value for both parties involved in the contractual agreement.

Application 2

There are two options for the Smiths in the case issue presented above and that is to sue Sam and John or to terminate the contract between them and the Company. The argument here can be presented as a breach of contract due to company negligence. The Smiths can argue for a rescission of the contract as Sam and John’s company proves a threat to the destruction of property or possible injury owing to the prior incidence regarding the destruction of the flowerbed and the screen porch.

Issue 3

Should Mower Supply Inc be bound by the contract made by its client John, where John had committed to paying for the Lawn Mower, which he withdraws payment after the fall out with Sam.

Rule 3

The rule of contract states that a contract is legally binding and for that reason all parties who signed the contract need to fulfill the provisions of the contract to the period when the contract ends. The contract law also states that individuals under the age 18 are not viable for entrance into contractual agreements (lawyers.com 1). Accordingly, contractual agreements with people under 18 are considered as invalid.

Application 3

Mowers Supply Inc is bound by contract to Sam and John’s company for the provision of the Lawn Mower to the company. Accordingly, Mowers Supply Inc can sue Sam and John for the termination of contract without prior notice. Mowers Supply Inc can demand payment for the remainder of the period contracted for the lease of their lawn mower to Sam and John. As a counter argument, John can plead infancy so as to void the contract with Mower Supply Inc on the basis of consequential liability. This is because John is only 17 years old, and for that reason, is considered a minor in legal matters.

Work Cited

“Reasons to End or Terminate a Contract”. N.d. lawyers.com. 12 December 2011.

<<http://contracts.lawyers.com/contracts/Reasons-to-End-or-Terminate-Contracts.html>>

Suff, Marnah. Essential Contract Law. United Kingdom: Routledge, 1997. Print.

A Flow Chart of the Juvenile Justice Process in the State of Washington (Clallam County)

(Clallam County, Washington, 2013)

The primary objective of the Juvenile Justice System is to ensure that the juvenile is rehabilitated. The chart shows the process that has to be followed in order to ensure that a juvenile suspected of committing a crime is prosecuted. In case the juvenile will be tried as an adult, they will be transferred to an adult court. This means that the case will go on differently as opposed to the one that would have taken place in an adult criminal process. The first part of the process is the committing of the offense. A person who has witnessed a crime should report to a law enforcement agency or the concerned party in the crime area. Secondly, an initial investigation of the crime will be carried out by an officer once the crime has been reported. The witnesses and the victims will be interviewed and an initial report will be prepared. The initial report will be given to detectives once it has been prepared

A follow-up investigation is conducted by an investigator and they contact witnesses to obtain formal statements. For example, if it is robbery, a description of the stolen items should be provided by the victims or witnesses. A photographic line up takes place and the suspected juvenile offender can at times be in the line-up. In case the youth has been identified and evidence exists, a Juvenile prosecutor has to be provided with a Delinquency Referral/Complaint. Depending on whether the juvenile has ever committed a crime, the case is diverted. If there is evidence to prove that the juvenile committed an offense, a Criminal Information is filed.

The juvenile is arrested then proceeds to custody and is put in detention at the Juvenile & Family Services complex. A court then makes a decision as to whether the juvenile should wait arraignment or be held in custody. During the first hearing a juvenile respondent is made aware of the charges and they can have an attorney. The juvenile has to enter a plea based on the charges against them and if they enter into a guilty plea, a disposition hearing date is then set. Before the arraignment hearing occurs, the defense and the prosecutor have to disclose information to all parties and the juvenile’s defense attorney has to be provided with a police report copy.

The Washington Law claims that if a juvenile is either seventeen or sixteen years old, they are to be filed in an adult court. This is depending on whether the crime is a robbery or a violent offense, among others. In case, there is reason to believe that the juvenile cannot be adjudicated, psychiatric evaluation on the juvenile should be conducted. There are times when the juvenile can enter into a plea agreement and a judge has to make decision on this matter. Thereafter, an adjudication hearing occurs and a judge can set a disposition hearing date if the delinquent pleads guilty. The delinquent can then be found not guilty or guilty and be put on parole, commitment to Juvenile Authority or probation. Lastly, the juvenile can either accept the sentence or file for an appeal to review the case.

I would change the process of the Washington juvenile Justice process if given an opportunity. Firstly, I would ensure that the process time is shortened and secondly, I would ensure that repeat offenders are given harsh punishments. There would be no need of giving repeat offenders an opportunity to plea. In turn, the Washington juvenile justice process will be performing well.

Reference

Clallam County Washington. (2013). The Juvenile Court Process. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.clallam.net/courts/juvenilecourt.html”http://www.clallam.net/courts/juvenilecourt.html

The Research Design Employed in the Article’ Abortion and mental health: quantitative synthesis and analysis of research published 1995–2009

Name

Institution

Date

I selected the article’ Abortion and mental health’ for this assignment. It aims to measure the correlation between abortions and the indicators of adverse mental health. The researcher conducted a longitudinal survey because they intended to collect relevant data of their study sample at various times (Coleman, 2011). They wanted to determine changes in their respondents’ thinking processes, patterns, and behaviors. The researchers divided it into two phases since the research employed a longitudinal survey. The first phase facilitated primary quantitative search using polls where the respondents were subjected to open-ended questions. The second phase of the survey involved sending survey emails to respondents.

Relying on baseline observations and conclusions sometimes gives inaccurate results due to biases or external factors that may hinder the research. Internal and external validities can contribute to the inaccuracy of the findings of a study (Matsuo et al., 2022). Internal validities entail establishing confidence in a study’s conclusions by ruling out alternative explanations. On the other hand, external validities refer to how findings can be generalized or applicable in different settings (Chytilova & Maialeh, 2015). The three criteria used to establish cause-and-effect in internal validities include the same variation in cause and effect, the caused preceded effect in terms of time, and the absence of an alternative in the relationship observed.

In the article above, the researcher eliminated threats to validity by random selection, where participants were randomly selected to represent the population. They also used the study protocol, where the researcher used specific treatments and administration procedures to facilitate the research and randomization (Coleman, 2011). Participants were randomly assigned treatments and control groups hence eradicating systemic bias between groups. The researcher finalized by identifying the setbacks of his study. He observed longitudinal effects, cultural bias, and the measure used to collect data limited the study.

References

Chytilova, H., & Maialeh, R. (2015). Internal and external validity in experimental economics. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 9, 1944-1951.

Coleman, P. (2011). Abortion and mental health: Quantitative synthesis and analysis of research published 1995–2009. British Journal of Psychiatry, 199(3), 180-186. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.077230

Matsuo, Y., Yamada, Y., Miyata, J., Aita, T., & Yoshioka, T. (2022). Importance of internal and external validity in clinical research: comment on the article by Fatima et al. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 74(1), 175-176.

The Research Essay Assignment

For your class research paper, your topic will come from one of the selected figures from history, philosophy, literature, and other significant areas of intellectual history that I have prepared for you (you’ll find these in Step #1 below). These figures range from Ancient (such as Plato and Aristotle) to more modern (such as Flannery O’Connor and Stephen Hawking).

Firstly, let’s make sure you understand what this research paper is not. You will not write biographies of these figures nor will you write a book report on one of their writings. Make sure you understand that from the outset.

This research paper is a thesis-based, argumentative-focused project. You will select one significant piece of writing from the figures I have provided and write a persuasive research paper on that writing (an exception might be if you write on, say, a poet like Emily Dickinson, where you would use selected poems for your project). So for example, you could select Plato and write on some topic that relates to “The Republic” (such as “The Allegory of the Cave”) or you could choose Karl Marx and write a critique of one of his ideas from “The Communist Manifesto.” You could write on Adam Smith’s “Wealth of Nations” or Albert Camus’s “The Stranger.” There are a host of options – literally hundreds.

Again, though, you will not write a paper where you summarize a work. That is a sure fire path to failing the paper (and likely receiving a zero). You will also not write an encylopedia-like article on your chosen figure. You will need to do some significant reading and research to find a topic based on something one of these men and women have written. I’ve provided a preliminary list of some suggestions, but you are welcome to find your own selection. However, your topic must come from the list of figures that I’ve provided. That is non-negotiable.

Requirements:

The final draft of your paper should contain the following minimum requirements:

1,500 words. This is exclusive of the works cited page.

A minimum of 5 sources (not counting your chosen work), which should be at least three scholarly articles (peer-reviewed articles, not web pages), one book, and one quality web page (e.g., a .edu site). You may use four scholarly articles instead of a web site if you wish.

Use MLA documentation for all source usage. You will use your research in a variety of ways. You may use direct quotations, paraphrase, or summarize the sources. Please see the “Source Usage” section below. 

Use MLA format for the document design as well. Make sure that you format the first page properly. Ensure that your last name and page number are in the header on every page.

Have a focused argumentative thesis that comes from your close reading of your chosen text. Do not summarize or offer a book report. 

Your paper should be focused on the work that you’re writing upon. The research should support your argument.

Edited with care. Avoid serious errors like comma splices, sentence fragments, run-on sentences, faulty possessives, and misused words.

The Big Picture: What This Paper Is and Is Not

As you’re working on your papers, I think it’s important to have a sense of the “big picture,” what this paper involves and what should be avoided.Remember from the outset that this isn’t a book report. You don’t just tell me about a particular work. You don’t summarize it. It’s also not a collection of random thoughts about the subject matter related to your chosen work. It is focused on the reading you’ve chosen. You need to stay engaged with the primary reading. And as a reminder, you do need the work or works you’re writing on. That should be a given at this point.

Your paper needs to have a main idea. That’s really what a thesis is – a main idea about the work that you’re writing on. It is not an obvious point, but something that you’re trying to argue for or against, a particular interpretation or particular anaysis. 

You will use your research to help support your main point; however, the reseach does not do the “heavy lifting.” Using your sources is not a substitute for careful reading and reflection on your chosen work.

Name

Professor

Class

Date

A Formal Analysis of “The Accident” And “Buying Fishing Rod for My Grand Father” By Gao Xingjian

Formal Analysis is a kind of visual description that explains visual structure of the manner in which particular visual elements are arranged and their role within a composition. Gao Xingjian’s Short Story “The Accident” is about an accident which happened on the Chinese streets on the front of a radio repairs shop. When one man on a bicycle was headed to a bus the driver began stepping on his breaks. However, the bus did not stop and the result was a tragic accident where the man on the bicycle was knocked down. Witnesses recounted that the man upon realizing that the bus was headed on his way pushed the baby carriage out of the bicycle. He died on the spot upon being hit by the bus but the baby was found safe and sound (Xingjian 1377-1379).

People who had not witnessed the accident started asking themselves questions such as: “Why didn’t the child save his father by pushing him out of the way” (Xingjian 1379-1382). However the truth of the matter was that the child was too young to attempt such a feat. The busy bodies who did not witness the accident were just but quick to judge without getting a full account of the accident. After the accident soil was placed over the blood by a police officers, this was later washed away by the street cleaners and people continued with their lives oblivious of the life shattering event that had occurred.

Throughout the story the accident as is with his painting “the Oblivion” Xingjian was basically stating a sequence of events even as they occurred. He did not make any statement or passing across any particular message through the story because as he asserts there is no need for humanity “to turn life’s tragic accidents into statistics …for this is a job of the traffic safety department” (Xingjian 1384).

He was essentially connecting an accident’s events that occurred outside a radio repair shop. It is possible to conclude that Xingjian was attempting to make use of this story in order to define his writing. He did not want to come out with a formal statement or create a disturbance in government. He just wanted to describe things in black and white as is with his painting “the Oblivion” where he states in a Harvard interview that” where words fail paintings begin” and let people draw conclusions from the events themselves. Through his painting and art work “the Oblivion” Gao tries to depict the socio-cultural transformations in the society. The picture is just as ugly as the events in the accident are but as much as it is ugly people just have a look at it, some critic the artist on what he should have done and then move on with their lives. It is therefore important to note that literature and other literacy writing play a significant role in identifying the social and cultural values that are rooted in our communities (Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature Web).

Similarly in “buying fishing rod for my grandfather” a man in his middle ages after the Cultural Revolution wishes to reconnect with his aging grandfather in a self nostalgic trip. He envisions himself making a visit to his home town only to realize he has forgotten about how the place looked like. The whole place is completely physically transformed that he can only make his way out through an old local temple. Upon flashing back on how he went fishing with his grandfather he buys him a fancy fiberglass fishing rod which replaces his old fishing rod that the narrator broke when he was young. A world cup football match that the narrator could be watching unfolds as young women culturally liberated and thus scantily dressed seek his attention (Xingjian 45).

“You are walking on rocks that already been smoothened and rounded up by the river, as you jump from one rock to the other you can almost see the clear current. However, when the mountain floods came an expanse of muddy water spread into the city” (Xingjian 61). What was clear in the past has been clouded in every aspect both physically and culturally. In particular, the narrator identifies the lake where he and the grandfather often fished together as no more with creeks of dry valley as the only living evidence of the old prestigious lake that provided source of living to many (Xingjian 79).

The traditional values and heritage that were at one time held in high esteem have been lost to modernity. Just like the “the Oblivion” painting they remain an ugly and pale shadow of their former selves. People can only speak about them like news. In the same manner they dehumanized the old man who was knocked down by the bus into a piece of news they have reduced their once revered culture into a piece of news. Their life continue oblivious of these changes.

Works Cited

HYPERLINK “http://www.google.co.ke/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Gao+Xingjian%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=5” Xingjian, Gao. Buying a Fishing Rod for my Grandfather (Fast Fiction). HarperCollins Publishers, (2011): 1377-1384. Print.

Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature, Part2: Faulkner-kipling. Detroit: Thomson Gale, (2007). Web.

Xingjian, Gao. “The Accident.” The Story and its Writer (7th Ed). Ed… Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, (2007): 45-79. Print.