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CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

If a company like Yuanjin is going to meet the demand of its customers and reduce the amount of time it takes to manufacture products, it has to have strong ties with the top suppliers. It is possible that the textile and clothing industry will soon be in a position to provide competitive skills, high-quality items, and rapid lead times, all of which will contribute to the growth of the structure of the Chinese market. The major purpose of the research is to highlight how China’s textile industry has changed and expanded from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This will mostly be done with a focus on Yuanjin. The following are the main research questions for this investigation:

How can Yuanjin exploit the present post-covid season to change and upgrade?

Which fashion trends right now are applicable to Yuanjin’s textile and apparel industries?

How can Yuanjin take advantage of changes and advancements in the market to obtain a competitive advantage?

3.2 Research Design

The pragmatic approach, together with the philosophy that underpins it, suggests that the qualitative technique is the one that should be used for this research if it is to achieve its aims and objectives. Due to the qualitative nature of the study, qualitative research can demonstrate how attitudes evolve through time. It is possible to demonstrate how people’s perspectives evolve over time via the use of qualitative research methods (Basias & Pollalis, 2018). Techniques of qualitative research are superior than methods of quantitative research due to the fact that qualitative research methods do not have the same constraints. When collecting non-numerical data, there is a possibility that explanations will be supplied that explain more about the data, as discovered by Hawkins (2018). These explanations further describe more about the data. The paper will have a great deal of leeway after obtaining qualitative data and determined what it indicates. It is also true that methods and processes that do not perform well may be altered to operate better in certain circumstances. This is something that can be done. Academics have the ability to use qualitative research methodologies in order to conduct speculative study on subjects that they believe will be fascinating. When each of these factors is considered, it’s possible that qualitative data collecting is more concentrated on the people who are participating in the research than was previously believed.

The author makes a suggestion for a thorough inductive method for the analysis of data, making use of qualitative evaluation data in this investigation. The inductive method will be used in order to condense a great deal of information and make it more concise (Tomaszewski, Zarestky, & Gonzalez, 2020). In addition, the inductive qualitative approach creates clear links between the objectives of the evaluation or investigation and the first data summary. The approach will give a framework for interpreting the underlying process of any interactions or activities that are exposed by the raw data, which is an additional advantage of using the method. This instrument comes in quite helpful. An approach for doing an analysis of qualitative data is known as the wide inductive methodology. It is made up of a range of fundamental methodologies that, when combined, provide findings that are precise and dependable (Tomaszewski, Zarestky, & Gonzalez, 2020). Although it is not as widely popular as other methods for building theories or models, the general inductive technique may be used to address certain assessment problems.

3.3 Data Collection

Along with conducting an online interview with open-ended questions, we will also conduct a case study on the Yianjin Garment Factory as part of the inquiry. In open-ended surveys, the respondents are not coerced into selecting answers from a predetermined selection of possibilities. In its place, individuals are given the option to respond with as much or as little detail as they see fit. A web survey is a kind of online survey that is often prepared by software before being uploaded to research websites, emailed to responders, or both. It eliminates the time-consuming process of creating comments and allows users to simply share their thoughts through mobile devices, which is a significant time saver. This does double duty by both simplifying the procedure and improving the accuracy of the operation (Benitez-Correa, Gonzalez-Torres, & Vargas-Saritama, 2019). When qualitative data is obtained using an online survey employing a questionnaire, the procedure may be completed more quickly and effectively, making it more desirable. In online surveys, respondents are not obligated to provide responses to questions posed in the presence of the interviewer. This indicates that surveys carried out online have the potential to reach a big number of individuals. Participants are able to complete an online survey or questionnaire at their own leisure and on a variety of devices, which is one of the advantages of doing the activity in an online setting. This is one of its many wonderful traits.

In order to evaluate qualitative data from a variety of sources and come to certain conclusions, the approach of case study will be used. A qualitative case study is a kind of research that allows you to examine a phenomena in a specific setting by integrating a number of data sources and presenting the phenomenon from a variety of viewpoints. This type of research can be found in the field of social science. Using this process, you can investigate anything you want to. A case study examines a real-world occurrence and evaluates it within the parameters of its own unique setting. This method was developed on the premise that context plays a crucial role.

It is necessary to provide an open-ended response whenever a question is posed that cannot be answered with a straightforward “yes” or “no,” “true” or “false,” “multiple-choice,” or “rated on a number or star-rating scale.” Users of products are obligated to offer feedback that is both objective and in their native language and vernacular (Abutabenjeh & Jaradat, 2018). It is different from providing them with a list of alternative responses and is what is generally referred to as feedback from the voice of the customer. One of the advantages of using open-ended questions is that they make it possible for individuals to communicate their ideas. As a direct result of this, the information that is provided is far more specific, comprehensive, and often subjective. The researcher has the opportunity to collect more data and views that are more germane to the topic at hand when they use open-ended survey questions.

By asking the participants in the survey open-ended questions, researchers may be able to understand more about what they genuinely believe and how they feel about the subject of the survey. Therefore, there is no doubt that the approach of open-ended inquiry is beneficial for achieving the purpose of the research, which is to collect the respondents’ honest perspectives (Brydges, Retamal, & Hanlon, 2020). Businesses may learn a lot about how consumers feel about their goods and services by conducting surveys with those customers. Using properly calibrated questionnaires, researchers have the ability to determine the levels of customer satisfaction experienced by consumers as well as the reasons why particular prospective customers discontinue using a company’s goods or services. In research studies, the use of open-ended questions encourages participants to discuss freely about their thoughts, beliefs, suggestions, and critiques, which often leads to the discovery of new insights for researchers (Chakraborty & Biswas, 2020). The advantages far outweigh the negatives, which include the fact that open-ended responses are difficult to analyze and do not easily fit into statistical analysis models. Other drawbacks include the fact that open-ended responses may not be used at all.

Participant responses in their own words encourage a better knowledge of them, as there is no predetermined number of viable responses to open-ended inquiries. As a result, there are no constraints on the quantity of data that may be acquired. Since there is no predetermined number of responses to open-ended inquiries, customers’ responses in their own words encourage a better knowledge of them. Because of the variety of perspectives from which people will respond to the questions, you will have the opportunity to learn more about a variety of individuals. Research participants are more likely to supply entirely original data and recommendations when open-ended questions are used, which is one of the benefits of employing these types of queries (Haven & Van Grootel, 2019). Because there is no limit on the number of responses that may be given, it is quite feasible for you to acquire new knowledge and get insights into problems from perspectives that you had never previously considered thanks to the contributions of actual people. When responding to open-ended inquiries, individuals are at liberty to provide as much or as little information as they see fit in their replies. Because they are expressed precisely how the responder expresses themselves and allow for more natural expression, open-ended responses are more challenging (Hawkins, 2018). Replies to open-ended questions often provide more accurate results than responses to multiple-choice questions or questions based on ratings. When researchers ask respondents open-ended questions about their own points of view, they are better able to comprehend the connections between the ideas, emotions, and experiences being discussed.

3.4 Data Sampling

When doing qualitative research, a limited representation (also known as a sample) of the whole population is used for each individual study. A subset is another name for this particular category. Who will take part in the study and how many people will take part in the study will be somewhat determined by the aims of the research, which may need the involvement of extra persons, and partially determined by the characteristics of the study group (like size and diversity). The participants in this investigation will be chosen by a process known as purposeful sampling. Purposeful sampling is often used and is one of the most common sample procedures. A total of 20 individuals were chosen to participate in the study. Of the 20 participants, 8 are current employees at Yuanjin Textile Factory. The remaining 12 are representatives of the textile industry from various Chinese garment and clothing factories. Specifically, the research targets employees within the managerial capacity, individuals with some level of decision-making power, and company executives. It does this by classifying respondents into different subgroups according to criteria that have been shown to be relevant to the research subject (Mfinanga, Mrosso, & Bishibura, 2019). It is possible to make this choice before any data has been collected. It is important to take into consideration not only the goals of the report but also the amount of time and resources at your disposal, as well as the size of the sample. The point of saturation is a common strategy that is used in the process of calculating the size of an anticipated sample size. We have reached the point of saturation in the process of acquiring data when new information is no longer assisting us in gaining further knowledge about the matter that is being studied. If the data that is being acquired is evaluated and analyzed as it is being obtained, then deliberate sampling may be able to assist in achieving the most accurate results.

The paper chose to adopt a purposeful sampling since it has a number of benefits. In the first place, it is a way of picking samples that has a low overall cost. In this scenario, the researcher has to take into account the previous experiences of the volunteers in order to choose the most suitable participants for the systematic study (Haven & Van Grootel, 2019). Additionally, it shortens the total amount of time required. One further benefit is that researchers are able to extract the most out of the people they are investigating, which ultimately leads to more insightful conclusions from the research. In addition, purposeful sampling makes it easier to acquire qualitative data, which ultimately leads to improved, more high-quality findings as well as a deeper understanding of the topic being researched. When doing research on a certain subject, it is helpful to zero down on particular groups in order to obtain knowledge about that subject (Mik-Meyer, 2020). The researcher gathers information from people who are the best possible matches for the inquiry, which explains why the results make sense in the context of the study. Last but not least, the use of purposeful sampling helps to restrict the margin of error in the data that was gathered. This is because the information sources are an appropriate fit for the context of the study.

Purposeful sampling is a non-probability sampling method in which the variables for the sample group are chosen based on the researcher’s best judgment. This is sometimes called subjective sampling (Ishtiaq, 2019). For this problem, the sampling method depends a lot on the researcher’s judgment and what they already know. Researchers can get a lot of information from the collected data by using a method called “deliberate sampling.” This helps researchers explain to the wider public how important their results are. Everyone agrees that purposeful sampling is better than other types of sampling in terms of saving money and time. Consequently, it is one of the most common ways that researchers go about their work. Purposive sampling is a flexible research method that can be changed to make a survey more effective, since there are different ways to carry out the above steps (Melnikovas, 2018). When there aren’t many first-hand sources of data that can be used in a survey, purposeful sampling is often the only way to get good results because it gives researchers more control over the results. When purposive sampling is the main focus of a study, researchers can choose from a number of different ways to do qualitative research. It is sometimes necessary to use a different sampling strategy and method to get the data needed to draw a conclusion and meet the goals of these designs. By using the many practical approaches available through the purposive approach, research designs can be made more flexible (Mfinanga, Mrosso, & Bishibura, 2019). This makes it possible to use different methods to get the results you want. Researchers using purposive sampling may have to go through a number of steps, each of which may build on the one before it. This method works well because it gives researchers a wider range of options for non-probability sampling. Even though this often means making a new plan at the start of each phase, this method is important because of its benefits. The most common example of this benefit is the fact that, while a critical sample can be useful for figuring out how important an investigation is, the expert sampling technique makes it possible to look at all the data that has already been collected.

3.5 Data Analysis

The objective of using an inductive technique is to condense the raw textual information into a format that is concise and easy to understand. The method also seeks to create obvious linkages between the goals of the evaluation or study and the summaries that are derived from the raw data. Data from the case study as well as the responses from the 20 respondents will be used to identify key themes and issues within the Chinese textile industry. The overall intention is to understand how major stakeholders perceive the current efforts at Yuanjin and elsewhere within the industry, as far as the direction of the sector is concerned. This is one of the goals of the method. As an integral component of the strategy, the formation of these relationships is intended to take place (Mik-Meyer, 2020). This discussion will come to a close with an application of inductive data analysis, which will be used to develop a framework of the fundamental structure underlying observable experiences or processes in raw data. The general inductive approach is a set of straightforward and organized methods for evaluating qualitative data. These methods have the ability to provide outcomes that are reliable and accurate. When used to a specific set of assessment challenges, the general inductive methodology offers a method that is uncomplicated and uncomplicated in the way it goes about creating results (Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2007). When compared to the various methods of qualitative data analysis, it is probable that a greater percentage of evaluators would view a wide inductive methodology to be the simpler of the two.

For the purpose of generating ideas and identifying underlying themes, inductive content analysis makes use of a variety of textual materials and resources, such as research papers, old recordings, and other sorts of textual information. The inductive analysis might be considered a descriptive approach given that it is based on the facts and that it explains them. The concept of inductive content analysis is predicated on the notion that recurring topics may be discovered in massive volumes of data via the process of constantly contrasting and comparing various aspects of that material (Benitez-Correa, Gonzalez-Torres, & Vargas-Saritama, 2019). The inductive qualitative technique is the most effective strategy for doing research when there are either a limited number of prior studies on the topic at hand or no studies at all. In order for researchers to find out what the most significant problems are in their area of expertise, they could use the inductive technique, which entails narrowing the data down to a predetermined grouping of concepts or themes.

References

Abutabenjeh, S., & Jaradat, R. (2018). Clarification of research design, research methods, and research methodology: A guide for public administration researchers and practitioners. Teaching Public Administration, 36(3), 237-258.

Basias, N., & Pollalis, Y. (2018). Quantitative and qualitative research in business & technology: Justifying a suitable research methodology. Review of Integrative Business and Economics Research, 7, 91-105.

Benitez-Correa, C., Gonzalez-Torres, P., & Vargas-Saritama, A. (2019). A Comparison between Deductive and Inductive Approaches for Teaching EFL Grammar to High School Students. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 225-236.

Brydges, T., Retamal, M., & Hanlon, M. (2020). Will COVID-19 support the transition to a more sustainable fashion industry?. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 16(1), 298-308.

Chakraborty, S., & Biswas, M. C. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on the textile, apparel and fashion manufacturing industry supply chain: case study on a ready-made garment manufacturing industry. Journal of Supply Chain Management, Logistics and Procurement, 3(2), 181-199.

Haven, T., & Van Grootel, D. L. (2019). Preregistering qualitative research. Accountability in research, 26(3), 229-244.

Hawkins, J. E. (2018). The practical utility and suitability of email interviews in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 23(2).

Ishtiaq, M. (2019). Book Review Creswell, JW (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. English Language Teaching, 12(5), 40.

Melnikovas, A. (2018). Towards an explicit research methodology: Adapting research onion model for futures studies. Journal of Futures Studies, 23(2), 29-44.

Mfinanga, F. A., Mrosso, R. M., & Bishibura, S. (2019). Comparing case study and grounded theory as qualitative research approaches. Focus, 2(05).

Mik-Meyer, N. (2020). Multimethod qualitative research. Qualitative research. Sage, London, 357-374.

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. H. I. L. I. P., & Thornhill, A. D. R. I. A. N. (2007). Research methods. Business Students 4th edition Pearson Education Limited, England.

Tomaszewski, L. E., Zarestky, J., & Gonzalez, E. (2020). Planning qualitative research: design and decision making for new researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 1609406920967174.

Appendix 1: Qualitative Survey

Shaina Williams

Chapter 1-2 Remediation AssignmentChapter 1

Identify yourself as a traditional or nontraditional adult learner

Traditional learner

Identify personal resources that will facilitate your success in a vn nursing program

Academic Resources

Social support services

Using your birthdate, identify tour generation and characteristics of this generation viewed as a resource for success in a vn program.

Generation Z

Characteristics

Digital natives

Desire creative, collaboration & want to impact the world

Highly influenced using technology & always being highly connected

Prefer using smart phones & would rather text than talk

Identify factors and issues that could interfere with your use of resources in the vn program and strategies to address these factors and issues.

Difficulty of schoolwork and the amount of time it takes to complete assignments.

Personal issues- extremely busy with school and family affairs

Discuss personal responsibility for learning and active participation in the learning process.

receive and participate in evaluation

responsibility to learn

Instructors are not responsible for successful learning or for failure to learn. In fact, Instructors help students learn how to learn.

Discuss your rights as an adult learner.

First Amendment- freedom of expression

Fourteenth Amendment- due process

It states that if I were charged with a violation of policies or rules, I will be presented with evidence of my misconduct and will be entitled to state my position.

Right to have an organized curriculum and a responsible instructor who is prepared to teach it.

Identify various types of evaluation used in a practical/vn program

Theory tests- look at my tests with the goal of understanding why the correct answers are correct and why the wrong answers you gave are wrong

Clinical performance evaluations- comments directed toward my behavior and not me as a person

Create a personal plan, inclusive of your unique resources, aimed at successfully completing a vn program within the designated time frame.

Be aware of the rules and policies of my school and the practical/vn program

Keep a record of my grades as a course proceeds

Seek out my instructor when I am having difficulties in class or the clinical area

Prepare my own assignments

Be prepared in advance for classes and clinical experiences

When problems do develop, follow the recognized channels of communication both at school and in the clinical area.

Chapter 2

Use techniques in learning situations that will increase your degree of concentration, improve your listening skills, enhance your comprehension (understanding) of information needed for critical thinking as a licensed practical nurse/licensed vocational nurse (LPN/LVN), and develop your ability to store information in long-term memory.

– Making study cards with key words and definitions

– Grouping terms together to create a concept map

– Studying in a clean, well-lit area

– Put up white boards or post notes around your study area for visual stimulation

– Get enough sleep so you can concentrate on learning the next day.

In addition, professors recommend that we don’t use our phones for social media or texting during class time. This is distracting and takes our attention away from their lesson plans.

Use hints for successful test-taking when taking tests in the LPN/LVN program.

-Break a sweat: I don’t want to be tempted to just skip the test or cheat

-Don’t get caught up with the scrap paper and pens that are offered, but do use them.

-Ask a friend how long every question takes! Sometimes questions feel like they take forever, so I make sure my time is accounted for

-Remember that there is always something new coming up! The next test will come along eventually. Don’t give up.

Identify your knowledge of your school’s learning resource center (LRC)

My knowledge of my school’s learning resource center (LRC) was put to the test one day when I was looking for something to help me with an assignment.

Discuss the value of reading assignments in periodicals.

1. Periodicals are a great way for students to combine their classroom learning with outside reading.

2. The reading time spent in periodicals will be more varied, and less repetitive than the same assignments from textbooks.

Use a digital database, and locate an article related to nursing

Hockenberry, M. J., & Wilson, D. (2018). Wong’s nursing care of infants and children-E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Discuss six hints used to gain full value from mini-lectures and PowerPoint presentations.

– Engage students by getting them on the right side of the room.

– Don’t rely of PowerPoint to tell your story. Add another layer to text, pictures, graphs and charts only when it will enhance understanding.

– Talk with passion and connect with your audience while presenting a mini-lecture or PowerPoint presentation.

– Create an environment that is conducive for listening – make eye contact with your audience and speak in a conversational tone.

– Use Microsoft OneNote for taking notes if you do not have access to Microsoft Word or PDF files during the presentation (or use voice recording).

Discuss the use of the resources such as labs, study groups, the Learning Management System (LMS), electronic devices, mannequins, and simulation (i.e. screen-based and virtual humans) in your personal learning.

In my personal learning, I utilize various resources such as abs, study groups, the Learning Management System (LMS), electronic devices, mannequins, and simulation (i.e. screen-based and virtual humans). The first thing to note is that I try and involve myself in as much of the course as possible. I attend lab sessions, and ask questions when a topic or concept is unclear. By asking questions in class, I am able to maximize the amount of knowledge I am able to gain from each section of the course.

For the past two semesters, I have been a part of a study group. I was able to learn from my peers in order to advance my knowledge and skills in cybersecurity. The study group helped me to develop the skills and confidence needed to pursue further training and employment in this field.

Describe how digital databases, nursing organizations, guest speakers, and mobile devices help you stay current in practical/vocational nursing.

Digital databases, nursing organizations, guest speakers, and mobile devices help me stay current in practical/vocational nursing. I use a nursing organization website to find articles on updated nursing research. The website aides in staying current with the latest information in my field. I also enjoy watching lectures from guest speakers and/or reading journal journals via digital databases. This keeps me up-to-date with the newest research findings and allows me to stay one step ahead of clinicians who may not have time to follow their field as closely as I do, or who may be out of date themselves.

Mobile devices are an invaluable tool for today’s nurses and other healthcare professionals, they allow us to access the most current information quickly and conveniently from any location (even from home).

Identify academic resources, in your local community, based on your unique personal qualities that will assist you to SUCCEED

Mentoring program where I can connect with graduate students and scholars to discuss more intricately any academic challenges that I may be facing.

My academic advisor who helps me stay organized, on track, and assists me in creating a personalized plan for future success.

Assessment 3

Student’s Name

Course Number and Name

Instructor’s Name

Due Date

1. Reward Systems

1.1 Advantages of Having a Reward System

1.1.1 They incentivize teamwork and collaboration

Employees in the tourism and hospitality industry tend to be motivated naturally by incentive and recognition programs. Also, they may be utilized to bring teams and departments closer together (Idemobi, Ngige, & Ofili, 2017). Moreover incentives and reward programs inspire the employees meet both their personal and professional goals. Employee incentive programs is a tremendous method to recognize employees who achieve their goals However, this may jeopardize a team’s sense of oneness and coherence. Combining incentive programs with recognition programs results in a one-two punch which in the end, encourages employees to collaborate with one another (Idemobi, Ngige, & Ofili, 2017). Peer-to-peer recognition can be used to show employees that the organization values and acknowledges their contribution to the success of the team

1.1.2. Reward Systems are cost effective and improve employee retention

Companies in the hospitality and tourism industry easily implement reward systems. Although there are various programs available, currently, many organizations take the form of digital platforms such as the social media platforms used by the employees in their day to day lives. According to Franco‐Santos, & Gomez‐Mejia (2015), recognition systems help the employees across the organization to work harder and are proud to take on tasks at hand. Besides, the employee turnover is reduced. Idemobi, Ngige, & Ofili (2017) states that organizations that have implemented employee reward systems enjoy a reduction of approximately 30% in voluntary turnover. Employee retention on the other hand is cost effective to the organization while at the same time allows the continuous provision of quality services expected by the customers. The retained employees have a higher a higher likelihood of growing and developing, thus, helping the organization to reach newer heights of customer satisfaction and operational excellence. If there is an increased rate of turnover, the organization risks moving backwards in terms of business success.

1.1.3. Reward System helps employees feel engaged and develop a sense of belonging

Reward systems such as employee recognition schemes tend to use peer-to-peer and manager-to-peer recognition in order to help employees feel a sense of belonging within the organization. This program not only helps employees feel more engaged but also they take pride in performing their tasks. Evidently, the more engaged employees are, the higher the chances of a business being a success. A research by Franco‐Santos, & Gomez‐Mejia (2015) revealed that higher levels of employee engagement increases the company’s profitability by approximately 20%. In addition, nearly ninety percent of leaders in the hospitality industry consider a lack of employee engagement to be among the top three threats that face the operations of the industry.

1.2 Disadvantages of Having a Reward System

1.2.1. Inequitable Employee Rewards

Based on the workforce’s size and the compensation structure of the organization, some of the reward systems can be cost-prohibitive. The majority of the employers in the hospitality industry hand out some seasonal rewards like $25 gift cards to the general workforce and the upper level employees are rewarded with substantial rewards like $1000 gift vouchers (Idemobi, Ngige, & Ofili, 2017). This kind of reward system can foster a divided workforce and elitism (Idemobi, Ngige, & Ofili, 2017). A lack of commitment to workplace equity is the main result of a reward system.

1.2.2. Employee Begin to See Rewards as an Entitlement

Hospitality companies that make a habit of implementing an increased reward systems risk employees believing that they are entitled to an ever-increasing rewards and bonuses for simply performing their duties in the workplace (Franco‐Santos & Gomez‐Mejia, 2015). The definition of employee rewards by the human resources is aligned with rewarding those that make significant contributions to the success of the organization (Franco‐Santos & Gomez‐Mejia, 2015). Also, it has the potential to minimize and ultimately to eliminate a sense of entitlement by the employees. Entitlement comes in when reward systems are rolled out constantly, creating a culture of expecting these benefits to continue. If a hospitality company decides to terminate a rewards program, then employees would lose motivation due to entitlement.

1.2.3. Reward Systems can Lead to Higher Turnover

Sometimes managers decide to use reward systems to reduce employee turnover. The development of an employee reward system in order to reduce voluntary employee turnover can be problematic for an organization. This is because the majority of employees cite poor leadership as their reason to quit (Jakobsen & Mortensen, 2016). A reward system with the intention to motivate workers and mitigate turnover can be counterproductive and costly. Disengaged employees are more likely to prefer challenging work assignments and satisfying work relationships over material rewards.

2. Performance Management

Performance management can be beneficial for both the employees and organizations in the hospitality industry. Normally, the approach tends to utilize systematic and meticulous evaluations, offers specific feedback on performance to improve the performance of employees, identifies the training that they need to develop their skills, and facilitates organizational and individual development (Cappelli & Tavis, 2016). Employee performance and decision-making tend to establish employee productivity and motivation. Performance management involves matching employees with functions and tasks equivalent to their knowledge and skills. The system covers employee development and training, organizational restructuring, and team dynamics.

2.1 Advantages of Performance Management

2.1.1. Increases employee retention

Performance management increases employee retention. According to research conducted by Jakobsen & Mortensen (2016), organizations that regularly implement employee feedback have voluntary turnover rates which are approximately 14% lower relative to those that do not receive feedback. An increased employee turnover has a significant impact on hospitality companies not mentioning the effect on the employee morale. The performance management’s nature makes sure that the employee expectations and their objectives are made clear and are reviewed regularly. In addition, the implementation of frequent feedback and review sessions in the workplace allows employees to raise and resolve important issues (Jakobsen & Mortensen, 2016). The regular interactions between employees and managers allows for an easy and fluid communication. Moreover, the latter are kept in the loop concerning the progress of the team and any potential issues. An effective performance review strategy encourages regular feedback, either formal or informal. Besides, it will encourage development and learning and prioritize the recognition of employees.

2.1.2. Delivers a great employee autonomy

Once the employees are made aware of the objectives of the wider business and what they can contribute to the achievement of those objectives, they can make their respective choices on how they will deliver their responsibilities. Consequently, they become more committed, happier, more loyal, and more productive than the employees whose actions are dictated (Cappelli & Tavis, 2016). Managers have the assurance of frequent feedback sessions and discussion to review the progress of the employees against the objectives they had agreed on. This therefore fosters a culture of initiative and trust among the employees. This culture allows for a free flow of creativity and ideas. This is a kind of culture that benefits the hospitality business in the long run.

2.1.3. Improves accountability

Accountability plays a vital role in an organization’s success but it is not easy to ensure an effective accountability. Time and again, people equate accountability to a culture of blame. This is wrong and increasingly detrimental to the employee morale and corporate culture (Cappelli & Tavis, 2016). Effective accountability defines the goals, values, and mission of an organization and it makes sure that each employee understands his role within that.

2.2 Disadvantages of Performance Management

2.2.1. Risk of Internal Competition by Employees

Under the performance management system, employees tend to compete with one another for pay, position, and status. This can result in strong employee rivalry, backstabbing, and failure to communicate efficiently among employees (Jakobsen & Mortensen, 2016). Ultimately, this could lead to department and team’s dysfunction and failure to achieve the standard of performance.

2.2.2. Favoritism on Performers Leading to Low Morale

Supervisors and managers depend on and trust a specific employee more than others. The respective employee could be the team leader or the foreman who is entrusted with the duty to explain new roles to the rest of the team (Jakobsen & Mortensen, 2016). This could result in distrust and dissension among the employees. Moreover, it leads to team fraction and negatively affects the satisfaction and morale of the employees.

2.2.3. Process is Expensive and Time-Consuming

Performance management is costly and it requires lots of administrative work, time, and patience. Normally, the departments that are negatively impacted include finance, the human resources, and organizational development (Jakobsen & Mortensen, 2016). The performance management system demands that the employees should be equipped with the “appropriate” knowledge and skills encompassing extensive training, career development and training workshops for all divisions and level of employees.

2.2.4. Complexities Leading to a Manager’s Dilemma

With performance management, managers are not able to efficiently perform their tasks because most of their time is spent supervising employees on their responsibilities and functions. They face value-based appraisal systems. Therefore, it is tough and challenging to decide on value and performance indicators for measurement (Jakobsen & Mortensen, 2016). It is also impossible to implement a common indicator since different jobs require different requirements.

3. Importance of Planning for Talent Managers

3.1 Importance of Planning and the planning Process when Selecting Talent

Human resource planning is responsible for identifying the talent that will translate an organization’s objectives into results. The planning prepares organizations by ensuring that they hire the right talent for both their talent and future needs. Human resource planning is a continuous process that involves the reviewing of many interrelated activities in the organization ranging from policies, objectives, and strategies, to ensure the availability of the right quality and quantity of human resource when they are needed (Lapiņa, Maurāne, & Stariņeca, 2014). One of the methods used in HR planning, is the process of keeping a record of all the employees in the organization at any given time, capturing demographic data, skill sets, work experience and the scope of work they do. The employee inventory facilitates the human resource management to stay up to date with the status of the human resource, as well as to predict the future trends in human resource planning. Analyzing the current talent in an organization, allows the HR personnel determine if that talent will still be viable in the company in the next five years, given their current skills sets (Samwel, 2018). For example, if accountants in a hospitality organization use paperwork for financial management, and the company forecasts that the future will require the use of QuickBooks, then they might decide to train their employees, or consider hiring the individuals with the required qualifications.

There are five key steps in performing human resource planning which include defining clear business goals, performing environmental analysis, conducting gap assessment, determining human resource priorities and regulations, and constantly monitoring and reporting the process. When an organization conducts the processes mentioned above, they can determine the gap between the current skill set and the forecasted skill set and come up with a solution on how to fill the gap (Samwel, 2018). The solutions include talent development for the current employees, promotions, interdepartmental transfers, expansion of the workforce, and in some cases declaring some positions and departments redundant.

3.2 Benefits of Planning for Talent Managers

The first benefit is that having the right people working in an organization, at the right time, leads to increased productivity towards the attainment of the organization’s critical objectives, and thus increased profits in some cases. Human resource planning attracts leads to the attraction of the right kind of people to the organization, by advertising for specific skill sets at a specific time (Samwel, 2018).

HR planning helps an organization to adjust to anticipated changes in the industry. These changes might be because of technological advancement, global marketing, or new government guidelines (Samwel, 2018). For example, a government might impose a three-month travel ban on countries that were major sources of tourists for your country. Such a ban would lead to the decline of the business in those 3 months, which would translate to a lower demand of employees. Thus, the employer might decide to send some of the employees for an unpaid leave, as they wait for the government to lift the ban.

HR planning also leads an organization to conform to new government guidelines on general hiring processes and inclusivity. For example, the government might require an organization to reserve a third of its positions to women and people with disabilities (Samwel, 2018). Therefore, through HR planning, the organization starts to review its policies, and even physical places to accommodate the people living with disabilities for future hiring.

3.3 Models used Human Resource Panning

3.3.1 Standard Causal model

This model assesses how the HR strategy aligns to the overall business strategy and the process that need to be undertaken to meet the company’s goals. Therefore, a successful HR which entails the recruitment of new talents, performance management, employee wellbeing, and other policies, is usually derived from the overall strategy (Lapiņa, Maurāne, & Stariņeca, 2014). These HR practices lead to specific outcomes such as improved productivity, quality results, and commitment to work.

3.3.2 The 8-box model by Paul BoselieThis model is used to analyze all the internal and external factors that affect HR processes. Internal processes include the culture and history of the organization, skillset of employees, employee gap, and technology used. On the other hand, external factors are government legislations, market trends, political climate, and competition from similar companies (Lapiņa, Maurāne, & Stariņeca, 2014). HR practitioners use the outcome of this analysis to determine the kind of talent to hire, the innovations to adopt, and even the policies to formulate to reach the organization’s goals in an ever-evolving job market.

4. The Future of Human Resource Management

4.1 New Approaches of Conducting Performance Management

Artificial intelligence, globalization, and most recently the COVID-19 are some of the changes that have and continue to revolutionize the way HR managers work over the coming few years. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has altered the reality of many workers across the globe and redefined how and when work is done (Przytuła, Strzelec, & Krysińska-Kościańska, 2020). Digital advancements have also led to the recruitment of diverse teams that are dispersed all over in the world but can meet and work in the same digital spaces. According to a survey conducted in 2020, 60% of employees preferred to continue working from home even after the pandemic ends (Meister &Brown, 2021). This means that remote working is likely to continue indefinitely, and HR managers need to come up with lasting digital strategies that organizations will adopt for at least the next five years. Before the pandemic, most organizations used approaches such as timesheets to measure employees’ performance, but currently it is almost impossible to measure the number of hours an employee spends working (Przytuła, Strzelec, & Krysińska-Kościańska, 2020). Therefore, HR managers should establish innovative ways of measuring an employee’s performance that do not involve working hours. For examples, they collaborate with all line managers to track employees’ deliverables within a certain timeline and allow for some policies to be optional for those working remotely.

4.2 Investing in digital collaborative platforms

According to a survey done by KPMG, 67% of all CEOs interviewed would rather invest in technology rather than investing in employee skills (Meister &Brown, 2021). As earlier noted, companies are hiring diverse teams that are dispersed all over the world, creating a need for digital collaborative platforms such as zoom, skype for business, and google meets among others. Some companies have forged lasting and sustainable business partnerships with the digital platforms’ providers to ensure smooth running of the organization during remote working. Companies are further delving into the use of Virtual reality platforms for virtual trainings. Virtual reality training has garnered support from many industries, especially the medical field where VR is used for patient-doctor sessions’ simulations. It is estimated that the VR training market will reach $6.3 billion by 2022 ((Meister &Brown, 2021). As employees use digital platforms to collaborate with their colleagues, they are also concerned about data safety and protection. Therefore, HR managers need to establish systems that protect employees’ personal data from phishing and bias based on the personal information shared online.

4.3 Investing in employee wellbeing and disaster preparedness

The COVID-19 pandemic has weighed down on employee’s physical and mental wellbeing, affecting their overall performance and productivity in the workplace. The future requires HR managers to invest in the wellness their employees, by designing services and practices that nurture the physical, emotional, spiritual, and mental health of all the workers (Przytuła, Strzelec, & Krysińska-Kościańska, 2020). Along with employee wellbeing, the company should put in place measures for business continuity and disaster preparedness to protect the business from potentially crushing in the occurrence of another disaster. This role of the HR manager entails coming up with a preparedness plan that is applicable to all types of disasters.

4.4 Creative and innovative recruitment

With the evolving technology, another role of the HR manager would be to effectively identify, and recruit individuals with the right skill sets to match up to the evolving ways of working. The HR manager will have to analyze potential job candidates, not only using their academic qualifications, but also putting into consideration current global trends, competitions in the industry, and the future forecasts (Meister &Brown, 2021). Recruiters should be able to identify talent that is suitable for the organization’s current and future needs, and whose skill sets will lead to their growth. HR personnel should also be able to identify relevant skill development opportunities for employees and formulate policies that advocate personal and professional development of all employees within the time they are employed.

4.5 Data analytics

HR managers will be required to use data analytics to solve people problems such as determining one team performs so well, while the other team underperforms. Data analytics will also help HR managers to solve foreseen challenges such as identifying that the employees might need more support from the organization in ensuring their emotional psychological health for improved productivity (Meister &Brown, 2021). Therefore, HR managers might need specific skills that will enable them to use surveys, and other information provided by employees in their portals to identify and solve those problems.

References

Cappelli, P., & Tavis, A. (2016). The performance management revolution. Harvard Business Review, 94(10), 58-67.

Franco‐Santos, M., & Gomez‐Mejia, L. (2015). Reward systems. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 1-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304570009_Reward_SystemsJakobsen, M. L., & Mortensen, P. B. (2016). Rules and the doctrine of performance management. Public Administration Review, 76(2), 302-312.

Idemobi, E., Ngige, C. D., & Ofili, P. N. (2017). Relationship between organization reward system and workers attitude to work. Journal of Business and Economic Development, 2(4), 247.

Lapiņa, I., Maurāne, G., & Stariņeca, O. (2014). Human resource management models: aspects of knowledge management and corporate social responsibility. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 110, 577-586.

Meister, J. and Brown, R., 2021. 21 HR Jobs of the Future. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: <https://hbr.org/2020/08/21-hr-jobs-of-the-future> [Accessed 8 August 2020].

Przytuła, S., Strzelec, G., & Krysińska-Kościańska, K. (2020). Re-vision of future trends in human resource management (HRM) after COVID-19. Journal of Intercultural Management, 12(4), 70-90.

Samwel, J. O. (2018). Human resource planning as an important practice to anticipate future human resource requirements of the organization–literature review. International Journal of Research in Business Studies and Management, 5(3), 24-30.

Movies and creativity

What is the relationship between the business of movies and creativity?

This period poses a challenge to whether a movie is a form of business or an art. This leaves the audiences with no answers since the bosses in the Hollywood find it a business while actors find it an art since they use their skills and talents. “We give the public what it wants.” The Hollywood movie industry succeeds due to various reasons such as the working towards impressing the people. This gives them the ability to have more customers since they produce what is relevant to the customers (Wood, 4). This makes Hollywood a success compared to other production industries such as the Asia or the European industry. Despite the high movie productions by Asia, they do not manage to sale more copies than Hollywood due to the sticking to a certain culture compared to Hollywood entertainment that mingles through various cultures in order to capture more customers.

Currently, Movies have a very high sense of creativity in that the people sitting at the cinemas to watch movies follow every part of the movie and keep liking every minute of the show cast. Brunet, (7) contemplates that the formation of a movie entails very high skills and creativity since it entails a long duration, sophisticated equipments and a strong story to capture the attention. In order to create a fascinating movie the script undergoes various adjustments from the editors, directors and producers. This people are the backbone in the movie formation industry and they all have distinct roles to play. The creation of a movie undergoes every department and every department has different roles to play in order to make the movie successful. Andrews, (9) agrees that the approval of the story paves way for the editors and producers to step in order to make a movie. Movies capture the attention of the viewer to the extent that the person loses right mind and start following the movie. For instance, the viewer will start to experience similar feelings with the mood of the movie. The viewer would either laugh or frown depending on the mood of the film. This explains the how the creativity and the flowing story in a movie capture the attention of the audience. In addition, the aspect of movies and other communication medium taking advantage of the audience by not only entertaining the audience but to play other hidden roles such as the keeping the audience in doubt since they never understand the fantasies behind the movie creation.

Hollywood entertainment is growing at a fast rate since it produces movies towards the achievement of the entertainment purpose, the movies high visible due to the high quality and their movies do not have a destination but work towards all the cultures across the world (Sidel & Morgan, 6). Hollywood poses as a threat to the entire world especially the rival nations that venture into the movie production. This is because the company produces classic movies and the amount of finance investment in their company is very high ranging about $34 million. This is a single movie investment therefore; this gives the company the reason not to produce a movie that will probably challenge the people. The rival companies in Europe and other parts such as Asia produce the highest number of movies than Hollywood in a single year but still Hollywood beats them in the sales and top earning company. The development of the star system entails the enhancement of the concentration on the image rather than the entire background in the script. This means that the Hollywood take their time and try to produce high quality images in order for them to produce catchy images. The star system in the Hollywood theaters comprises that creation, exploiting and promoting movie stars in the casts before presenting them with bigger roles. A movie comprises of three eyes that include the eyes of the director and the cinematographer, the eyes of the protagonists and the audiences (Sidel & Morgan, 4). The different eyes have different roles in that the capture the audience through the second eye that shows the feelings of a character before the main action. The technological, social and economical changes in Hollywood led to a change in the quality and the investment in the movies.

The Hollywood cinemas produce movies across the borders other than all the other companies in the different countries. Hollywood earns more from the foreign market forcing the movie industry to assimilate the culture often in order to meet the customers’ requests. This has kept the business going even in the third world countries such as the African countries. Hollywood entertainment takes advantage of the incapability or the poverty of the third world nations to make them own movies by invading their markets and leaving them no choice but to purchase the movies. The continuous growing of Hollywood has led to the development of creativity in the sense that the more the movie catches the attention of the viewers the more the earnings. This means that the company serves the people in order to capture and receive their attention. The senior executives and the early time inventors of Hollywood think themselves as owners and manipulators of the million audiences in theaters watching their works (Andrews, 8). The executives think they heighten about the control of the entertainment industry including the producers and the actors. The executives think that other people do not play their roles as the audience forgetting that the people are responsible for making them the executives.

According to Brunet, (3) the introduction of the modes such as the 3D and the HD in the movie field has led to changes in the movie making. This has led to the changes in the acting modes therefore Hollywood has ventured in the business leading to the production of more movies that would capture the audiences. The modes increase the clarity and the production of large images that would make the viewer part of the movie. The larger the image the more the movie becomes interesting since the images or would become more realistic since the person would view the actor in the movie as real due to the high image formations and the size that can equate in the real life. The introduction of the new modes in the movie world change the perception that movies only entertain the people and has taken the movie industry to another higher level and this satisfies the purpose of the movies in that they want the audience to become part of the movie other than just viewers.

Hollywood poses a business challenge in the contrary since it has to collect capital in order to fund and maintain the entertainment industry. Wood, (3) states that Hollywood is the highest entertainment production industry that invests more in movies compared to the other industries such as the European industry that the highest movies investment pulls up to $11 million compared to $34 million in the Hollywood. This has made the movie industry a high revenue earner in the USA since the company sales the movies across the world especially the third world countries that do not have the production facilities. This enhances the release of movies that stern the audience due to the high definition images, use expensive casts in the movie in order to make sure the movie will earn the money back into the production. Hollywood loans from the Bank of America making it a business investment since the top bank managers would benefit from the loans therefore the deal need to support their bank management in order for them to give Hollywood the loan. “Bank executives have an important voice in what king of entertainment would become popular.” This means that the bank executives tend to have shares in the various entertainment productions.

What are the tensions between the two and (how) does this tension enable Hollywood to function as a cultural system?

In the movie industry, there exist diverse situations that contribute to tension between the movie business and the level of creativity expected from the filmmakers and actors. One of the tensions that exist between business of movies and creativity is whether the level of creativity in the movie will attract enough customers in the marketplaces to purchase the movies. Just like any other given business, the movie business operates on the profitable returns obtained from the selling of the movies. Without receiving the expected returns, it implies that the production of the movies will decline or even end up collapsing.

To avoid such incidents from occurring, it is essential that the people related with movie acting such as filmmakers and the actors employ the highest form of creativity in an effort to achieve the best movies. In producing the best movie in the movie marketplaces, most customers will definitely demand more of the product (Andrews, 4). In this case, the profitable returns yielded from the returns will boost the continuity of the movies industry. For this reason, the tension, which is whether the creativity in the film will fully satisfy the demand in the business industry, is a chief concern of the people involved in the movie business.

An additional tension that affects the movie business and the creativity in the movie industry is the fact that the current consumers in the marketplaces incrementally desire for motives with highest level of innovation. The current advancement in technology has made it possible for the consumers (viewers) from diverse parts of the world easily to have access to diverse movies. The exposure that the customers receive from the watching of diverse movies also contributes to the establishment of tension between the movie business and the creativity. In the current world, before the consumers decide on purchasing a given movie, their preferences and desires expectation related to the movie need to be attained. The current customers unlike the traditional movie lovers have the expectation of the movies they would love to watch. Before purchasing or going into any cinema to watch any movie, the customers (viewers) have to inquire whether the movie satisfies their desires fully. Regardless of the actors and the amount of capital invested in the production of the movie, without the aspect of creativity, the consumers are not willing to purchase the movies (Brunet, 5).

The tension created between the movie business and the level of creativity has enabled the Hollywood actors and produces to function as a cultural system in diverse ways. The level of interaction between the producers, directors and actors in Hollywood has increased to ensure that the products (movies) offered to the customers are satisfactory. The Hollywood directors and producers also interact and share new means to achieve the level of creativity enough to satisfy the customers. The actors and directors also work together as a community to promote the upcoming talent especially in the young actors. Most directors have resolved into working with younger actors because of the increasing creativity in the upcoming artists. However, other actors and directors balance the tension in diverse ways. Some will seek to balance the tension through shifting other more or less innovative products in the movie business (Wood, 4). For this reason, some actor’s directors will prefer producing animation and cartoon instead of the action movies that are highly demanding when it comes to levels of creativity. Others have decided to produce movies based on real life events hence evading the tension between the movie business and creativity.

Work cited

Robin Sidel and, Kate K. “J.P. Morgan Growth, Take 1; Hollywood Business Looms Large in Plans; Advising Pension Funds.” Wall Street JournalMar 13 2007. ProQuest. Web. 13 Nov. 2013 .

Wood, Daniel B. “Can Creativity Survive Hollywood’s Money Quest?” The Christian Science Monitor (pre-1997 Fulltext): 1. Mar 27 1995. ProQuest. Web. 13 Nov. 2013 .

Andrews, Suzanna. “The Hollywood Deal Game.” Institutional Investor 25.13 (1991): 69. ProQuest. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.

Brunet, Johanne. “The Social Production of Creative Products in the Television and Film Industry.” International Journal of Arts Management 6.2 (2004): 4-10. ProQuest. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.

Sidel & Morgan

Mr. John Hathorn, a Judge involved in the witchcraft case of Sarah Good, then asked all of the afflicted children to look upon her and see if this was the person that had hurt them so. They all gazed at Goody Good and said that this was the person that tormented them—presently they were all tormented.

Puritanical beliefs had all of Salem truly believing that witches rode on broomsticks across the sky every night alongside the devil himself. They believed that these mere humans could send their “specter” out and haunt the children of their town. Proof of their belief follows, in an excerpt from Cotton Mather’s Memorable Providences:

Go tell Mankind, that there are Devils and Witches; and that tho those night-birds least appear where the Day-light of the Gospel comes, yet New-Engl. has had Exemples of their Existence and Operation; and that no only the Wigwams of Indians, where the pagan Powaws often raise their masters, in the shapes of Bears and Snakes and Fires, but the House of Christians, where our God has had his constant Worship, have undergone the Annoyance of Evil spirits. Go tell the world, What Prays can do beyond all Devils and Witches, and What it is that these Monsters love to do; and through the Demons in the Audience of several standers-by threatned much disgrace to thy Author, if he let thee come abroad, yet venture That, and in this way seek a just Revenge on Them for the Disturbance they have given to such as have called on the Name of God.

Rebecca Nurse

Goody Nurse was a highly regarded, pious pillar of the community who unfortunately could not withstand the power of hysteria. There were many reasons that Rebecca was accused, but it was mostly the hatred exhibited towards her by the Putnam family. She was against Samuel Parris as Reverend of the Salem Town Church, while the Putnam family was his friend, and her husband was at war with the Putnam family estate over some land. Rebecca exuded a saint-like presence over the dark days of the witch-hunt. After her accusation, thirty-nine of the most prominent leaders of the community signed a petition attesting to Rebecca’s goodness of heart. Even one of her original accusers, Jonathan Putnam, put his name to the appeal.

During her trial, Sarah Holton testified that Goody Nurse killed her husband, Benjamin, because she found his pigs in her field. In actuality, Benjamin Holton died of a heart attack three years after the pig incident. In further evidence against Nurse, Ann Putnam, Sr., whom we have already established as being unfairly biased, testified before the court. She claimed that apparitions of Goody Nurse came to her and choked her in the night while the spirit proclaimed all of the people she had killed (the list incidentally included Benjamin Holton).

Fortunately, the speculative evidence against Rebecca Nurse was not substantial enough to convict her; on June 30, the jury came back with a verdict of not guilty. The afflicted children broke out in tantrums and hideous screaming fits and Chief Justice Stoughton urged the jury to reconsider. They came back with a decision of guilty. As if this was not punishment enough, Nurse was excommunicated from her church on July 3. This proved to be most devastating to a God-fearing, pious woman. Goody Nurse, at age 71, was executed on July 19, 1692.

Sarah Good

Sarah Good fit the ultimate stereotype of a witch: the lonely beggar, fed up with society, arguing with anyone that would not give his or her charity. She was destined to be accused; it was only a matter of time before an accused witch, Tituba, would sacrifice her soul for her life. Tituba confessed to being a witch and named Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne as fellow witches.

During her trial, as can be imagined many people came forward to testify against Good. Seven people testified against her general attitude; however, the most detrimental to Good was the examination of her own daughter, who confessed herself and mother as being witches. Susannah Sheldon testified as to “apparitions” that were seen of Mrs. Good. The following was taken, verbatim, from the original court document of her deposition:

Sarah Good most violently pulled down my head behind a Cheast and tyed my hands together with a whele band & allmost Choaked me to death and also severall times sence the Apperistion of Sarah good has most greviously tortored me by biting pinching and almost Chaoking me to death: also William Battin and Thomas Buffincgont Juner ware forced to cutt the whele band from afe my hands for they could not unty it.

Perhaps the most peculiar was the testimony of Good’s own husband, William. He inertly suggested to the jury that his wife was a witch without ever forthrightly accusing her. He told them that prior to the night his wife was examined, he noticed a wart beneath her right shoulder. This simple implication was one of many that led the jury to convict Sarah Good of witchcraft.

On the day of her hanging, Good was still not remorseful for being in connection with the devil. She continued to spew hate-filled remarks at the crowd, which fully convinced them that a woman that would not pray before death must automatically be a witch. Goody Good, at age 37, was executed with Rebecca Nurse on July 19, 1692.

Tituba

The first witch accused was an Indian slave named Tituba. Samuel Parris, a merchant from Salem, brought her from Barbados between the ages of 12 and 17. She maintained the Parris household with daily chores, etc. Betty, Samuel’s daughter, thought she had become afflicted from the wrath of a witch so she made Tituba help her in preparing a “witchcake” which was simply rye and Betty’s urine. This cake was then fed to a dog in hopes of learning the identity of the person tormenting Betty. Sooner or later, Samuel got wind of the use of witchcraft in his household and became enraged. He beat Tituba until she confessed that she indeed was a slave and was teaching Betty her ways.

Tituba was the first to confess for one reason: to avoid further punishment. By admitting her guilt, Tituba could then name other witches, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne, and come away from Salem with her neck intact. She spent thirteen more months in prison until an anonymous person paid her bail and bought her. There has been no record of her existence since.

Cotton Mather

A religious leader of New England and authentic follower of witchcraft, Cotton Mather led the army of righteous judges to convict dozens of innocent people of something they only read about. It seemed extremely convenient that three of the five judges on the court of oyer (to hear) and terminer (to decide) were Cotton’s friends. He wrote letters telling how evidence should be weighed and basically ran the trials from his own home.

Giles Cory

Of the witches accused in Salem, Giles Cory is the only one to refuse to stand trial. Unfortunately, this determination cost him his life. Of all of the witches, his punishment seemed most cruel and unusual.

Giles Cory was a well-to-do farmer in Salem. Some reasons that are now accepted as to why Cory was accused are his ties with the Porter family (who was against the Putnam faction), and his stubborn attitude when it came to proceedings such as the Salem Witch Trials. When accused, Cory refused to go to his own trial because he knew he faced conviction and execution. By avoiding conviction, it became more likely that his farm, which Corey recently deeded to his two sons-in-law, would not become property of the state upon his death. Mr. Giles Cory, at age 80, was executed by being pressed to death on September 19, 1692.

Samuel Parris

Having nothing to do with the actual proceedings, Samuel Parris most likely started the whole fiasco by beating Tituba into confessing witchcraft and fanning the flames of accusation from his pulpit. Parris organized fasts and daily prayer meetings to help the afflicted children, at the center of who were his own daughter, Betty, and his niece, Abigail.

A wealthy merchant’s life was not adequate for Samuel Parris so he began as the town’s new minister in July of 1689. He kept two slaves, one of whom was Tituba, and he had three children, Thomas, Betty, and Susahannah. Betty and Cousin Abigail Williams began dabbling in witchcraft activities, however, these games were most accurately described as non-Puritan activities. Fearing the repercussions of their actions, Betty began showing signs of being afflicted. Daddy came to the rescue and set out on a Salem-wide hunt for the person who was harming his little girl.

Sarah Osborne

Frequently denounced were women whose behavior or economic circumstances were somehow disturbing to the social order and conventions of the time. This was the case of Ms. Sarah Osborne. Being singled out from the very beginning because of her social status, Osborne had the seal of fate stamped on her forehead. It was only a matter of time until someone, like Abigail Williams, Betty Parris, and Tituba, accused her of witchcraft. She was found guilty of the charge on March 1. Goody Osborne died in a Boston prison on May 10, 1692.

Speculations on the Cause of Trial

Most historical scholars agree that the fall of Salem was induced by mass hysteria caused by many factors; however, it is the uniqueness of this hysteria that has some historians baffled. By understanding the underlying causes of the Salem witch trials, we can better comprehend the society of a people verging on the beginning of the eighteenth century. For example, in Salem Possessed, Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum contend that the witchcraft hysteria registered the strains attending the emergence of a commercial economy in Salem. In their view, what prompted accusations of witchcraft were the anxieties and resentments festering among some Salem Village families who were faltering and falling behind in a society being rapidly transformed by the quest for profit and material comforts. By contrast, in The Devil in the Shape of a Woman, Carol Karlsen argues that accusations of witchcraft both in Salem Village and elsewhere in New England, which targeted in disproportionate numbers those women who stood to inherit property, reflected the depth of misogyny within this Puritan culture.

Advantages And Limitations Of Ferrous Materials In Engineering ApplicationContents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Advantages and limitations of ferrous materials in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619702 h 1Advantages and limitations of ferrous materials in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619703 h 11C.Advatages and limitations of polymers in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619704 h 21D.Advatages and limitations of using ceramics in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619705 h 22A.Selection of ferrous metals in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619706 h 22B.Non-ferous alloys in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619707 h 32C.Polymers used in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619708 h 42D.Ceramics in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619709 h 43A.surface hardening treatments PAGEREF _Toc379619710 h 53B.Hardening of steel surfaces PAGEREF _Toc379619711 h 53. C erosion corrosion PAGEREF _Toc379619712 h 63D.Classes of stainless steel. PAGEREF _Toc379619713 h 63E.Wear processes PAGEREF _Toc379619714 h 63F.Mechanisms of abrasive process PAGEREF _Toc379619715 h 74A.stages of fatigue failure process PAGEREF _Toc379619716 h 74B.variables affecting fracture toughness and appearance of materials PAGEREF _Toc379619717 h 74C.Selecvtion of creep resistant alloys PAGEREF _Toc379619718 h 75A.Conditions for underbead cracking PAGEREF _Toc379619719 h 85C.changes in HAZ of cold worked PAGEREF _Toc379619720 h 8

Advantages and limitations of ferrous materials in engineering applicationThe main component of ferrous metals is iron but it also contains other metals and elements though in small amounts. These metals are magnetic since they have a large iron content that attracts a magnetic field. There are several advantages of using ferrous materials in engineering applications these include; the raw materials for their production are found abundantly on the earth’s crust (Callister,2000).Secondly they can be produced easily through an economical extraction process, alloying, refining as well as fabrication techniques. Finally they are versatile when it comes to physical and mechanical properties. There are also some limitations when using these ferrous materials in engineering application and these are; the fact that they have a relative high density, they have a low corrosion resistance and hence they require coating and finally they have low thermal and electrical conduction properties.

1B.Advatages and limitations of non-ferrous alloys in engineering application

Non-ferrous metals are alloys with no iron in them. Their properties differ from those of ferrous metals. Their properties are a result of the metals that are not present in ferrous metals but are present in them. Some of their advantages when used in engineering applications are that they are easily fabricated, their ductile nature, they have a light weight, they are corrosion resistant and they are very strong at temperatures which are elevated (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser,1997).There are also some limitations to their use and they include a low modulus of elasticity, they are expensive when compared to iron and steel, they have a high density, they can be susceptible to corrosion in certain environments and their electrical and thermal conductivity is medium (Crook &Farmer, 2002).

1C.Advatages and limitations of polymers in engineering applicationThese are substances that are made up of a mixture of many compounds. Their properties are therefore dependent on the rate of loading as well as temperatures. Polymers have many properties due to the mechanical behavior that they posses. Therefore there exist different polymers each with different characteristics. Polymers are advantageous when it comes to engineering applications because they are light in weight, resistant to corrosion, formability, have a low energy content, versatility in design, range from soft to hard and they have optical properties. The limitation of using polymers is its low thermal conductivity.

1D.Advatages and limitations of using ceramics in engineering applicationCeramic are materials whose nature and properties is determined by they bonding that is found within the atoms. These are traditional materials made from substances that occur naturally as well as those which are highly refined or chemical, magnetic and electrical applications. Ceramics are advantageous in engineering application since some of them have high thermal conductivity while other have a low thermal conductivity. They are chemically stable in a wide range of temperatures. They resist high temperatures, high melting point and chemicals (Lahiri &Majumder, 2012). There exist ratios that are high between weight and strength. They also have a low rate of corrosion. When it comes to their limitations they posses low toughness as a small crack leads to their eventual fracture. It is quite difficult to make predictions of their strength of interfacial bond .they have a limited repair ability when damaged.

2A.Selection of ferrous metals in engineering applicationFerrous metals posses different properties that are put into use in various industries. They have different specifications when it comes to mechanical and physical properties. For instance iron mild steel is malleable and ductile and hence used for production of bolts, nuts and screws. Iron can also be used as tool steel since it is hard and very ductile hence used in producing shears, drills and hammer heads.

Alloy steels have high hardenabilty compared to plain carbon steels. This is because alloy steels are made up of many elements and hence they have improved properties. The alloy steels are stronger, resistant to erosion and have improved harden ability ( DeGarmo, Black &Kohser,1997).One the other hand carbon content in the plain carbon steel determines its strength since carbon content is inversely proportional to ductility. Therefore a low hardenability results from a decrease in plain carbon. This means that the quality of the steel go down through impairing in low and high temperatures resulting to a loss in embrittlement and strength. Therefore if other elements are added to steel then their hardenability will be improved (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997

2B.Non-ferous alloys in engineering applicationThe non-ferrous metals have many properties but there are some of the non-ferrous metals whose applications are more suitable than others. Aluminum is suitable in Aircraft industry, road signs, cooking utensils because it is light. Aluminum use is increased in motor vehicles, engine blocks where the low weight increase fuel economy. Copper is a good electrical conductor hence used in electrical wiring. Zinc is used in decorative articles since it is ductile and malleable in hot and cold temperatures. Lead is highly resistant to corrosion hence used in mild steel as a protective coating.tin can be used to coat mild steel hence put into use in canning industry (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997).

Non-ferrous alloys exist in both cast and raw forms. The principal behind the existence of these two forms is cast non-ferrous alloys need high temperatures to be melted and then the liquid is poured into a mould and cooled before other parts are added. These alloys are thus brittle and hence they can not be easily formed through deformation. Wrought non ferrous alloys are shaped through pressing and shaping and hence this makes them more tensile and stronger. They can thus go through mechanical deformation.

2C.Polymers used in engineering applicationPolymers have specific properties from their families like thermosets, thermoplastics and elastomers alongside general properties. Due to their characteristics they can be applied in materials which require moderate strength, low thermal and electrical conductivity, variety of colors are light in weight, and are easily fabricated. Their common use is household appliances such as containers. Those polymers that are pliable and soft can be used as materials for cushioning. Other can also be used for the insulation of electrical appliances.

There are two types of composite materials namely dispersion strengthening and fiber strengthening. The dispersion strengthening materials have a uniform dispersion of some substances that give motion of dislocations plastic in nature and hence reducing the plastic deformation in a solid. On the other hand fibers strengthening entail the inclusion of fibers with plastics and hence this combination has an influence on the strength and thermal conductivity dependent on their ration (Vernon, 1992).

2D.Ceramics in engineering applicationCeramics have many properties that can not be found in metals or plastics. They are used as non-reactive materials in chemicals erosive and corrosive fluids of low temperatures and corrosive gases and melts that have high temperatures. They can be used for thermal, optical, electrical and magnetic applications. They are used in mining and chemical engineering since they are non-reactive to erosive or corrosive fluids. They can also be used in heat engines and exchangers as they can resist thermal shock, corrosion and oxidation that involve high temperature (Richerson, 1988).

Ceramics are of two types industrial or engineering and domestic. Engineering ceramics is whereby ceramics are used for making materials in industries like automotive industry. On the other hand domestic ceramics are used for constructing as tiles for floors and walls in interior design.

3A.surface hardening treatmentsCarburizing is a treatment method for making metal surfaces hard using heat. Heating metals in presence of materials that contain carbon, leads to its absorption with the metals. Carburizing can lead to increase in the surface hardness, carbon content on the surface, wear resistance, tensile strengths and change its volume as well as making it gain growth (Vernon, 1992).

Nitriding on the other hand makes surfaces harder through spreading of nitrogen on surfaces of metals using heat. Nitriding results to increased surface hardness, wear resistance, yield limit and reducing density of surface and elongation, carburizing is more suitable as a method of hardening surfaces as compared to nitriding (Vernon, 1992).carburizing also results to greater depth and hardness as compared to nitriding .carburizing is applied in gears, and bearings while nitriding is applied in valve guides and seating’s.

3B.Hardening of steel surfacesSteel surfaces need to be carburized since it is a suitable method for some steels particularly a steel alloys that contain 0.5% carbon while quenching and re-heating is used for steel that 0.4-0.5% carbon and 0.4-0.8% cast iron.

3. C erosion corrosion

Metals undergo erosion corrosion when they are subjected to mechanical action like suspension of particles which are insoluble and hence they deteriorate as a result of the mechanical force. In instances where erosion factors hasten corrosion the attack is referred to as erosion corrosion (Schweitzer,2010).Erosion corrosion can be prevented by lowering flow rates of fluid path materials that contain high temperature fluids in them. Reduction in velocity, turbulence elimination and designing piping systems properly also reduce erosion corrosion (Schweitzer, 2010).

3D.Classes of stainless steel.Ferritic stainless steel can be either ductile or brittle nature when their temperatures are reduced. They are hence used in thin walls due to their brittle characteristic. Martensitic stainless steel is strong and resistance to corrosion. It can therefore it can be put into use in light weight structures. Austenitic stainless steel is used in all temperatures from low to high. At low temperatures they are very tough while at high temperatures they are resistant to oxidation. They can therefore be used as non-magnetic metals (DeGarmo, .Black &Kohser, 1997).

3E.Wear processesAdhesive process involves the deformation of plastics in very small fragments on the surface after a frictional contact. It frequently occurs sue to the shearing at a particular point of contact. Abrasive process involves removing materials from a surface by the use of hard particles which are forced and moving against the surface of solids. Erosive process occurs as a result of an impact of solid or liquid particles on the surface of an object. (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997).

3F.Mechanisms of abrasive processThere are several mechanisms involved in abrasive wear and they are micro-plouging whereby materials are cut by debris in the form of flakes and used of ductile materials. Micro-cutting involves wear debris being cut or removed using sharp grit .micro-fatigue results from cycling loading from friction whereby the surface is deformed by grits. Micro-cracking involves high load of grit moving across a surface resulting to the cracking of the surface (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997).

4A.stages of fatigue failure processCrack initiation is the first stage where a crack forms at a point of high stress .this is followed by crack propagation whereby the crack continues to grow at that area. The third stage is final failure whereby the crack reaches a critical size due to the continuous growth of crack.

4B.variables affecting fracture toughness and appearance of materialsTemperature increase results to dislocation of metals hence the yield strength is lowered. Surfaces of ductile metals thus appear dull and fibrous. Ductile brittle transitions appear cleavage or granular. Notch surety is another variable whereby is notch or cracks are present, a triaxial tension stress occurs adjacent to the notch or crack when a load is put. This results to formation of a brittle fracture incase there is prevention from plastic deformation. Thickness is a variable that is independent as the toughness of the fracture depends on how thick a material is. The materials thickness is inversely proportional to the toughness of the fracture (Callister, 2000).

4C.Selecvtion of creep resistant alloysSuper alloys have good properties like good mechanical strength as well as creep resistance and hence they have slow movements towards deformation when they are stressed. Therefore there are factors that should be considered when selecting super alloys and these are the cost, macinability, high tensile strength an high stress levels at high temperatures for periods that are extended.

5A.Conditions for underbead crackingUnderbead cracking occurs in welded steels as a result of various conditions which are existence of a heat affected zone crack forming adjacent to the fusion line. Another condition is presence of hydrogen in weld zone. This type of cracking occurs mostly in alloy steel.

5B.reasons for pre-heating and post heating welded steel component

The three reasons are slowing down of cooling rate, reduction of shrinkage stress and distortion of wells and finally the promotion of fusion and moisture removal.

5C.changes in HAZ of cold worked

A high dislocation is given by cold worked. The material is made brittle as a result of low temperatures. They are given a finer grain as well as a decrease in the amount of boundaries that are in existence between the grains found in their surfaces. Cold working is therefore a process whereby metals undergo plastic deformation below recrystallization (Huda, 2009).

Part B.

Literature Review

Different engineering materials

The engineering materials available for use in different applications are wide in range. These materials all have particular properties and characteristics linked to them. There are also various advantages and disadvantages for each of the materials .there is a detailed discussion of the definition of these materials and structures

Metals are of two types ferrous and non-ferrous which can be put into application in different ways. Ferrous metals are widely used due to the large quantity of iron in the earth’s crust as well as their production in an economical extraction (Callister, 2000). The element iron is fourth most plentiful on the crust of the earth and for a very long time it has been used as a basic metal in engineering (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997). Nonferrous alloys are used for high resistance to particular wear apart from abrasion or resistance to wear in environments where corrosion is too high or beyond ferrous alloys service temperatures (Crook &Farmer.H, 2002).Nonferrous metals have an important role in modern technology due to their large number and their wide variety they provide a range that has no limit of properties to design engineers (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997).

Apart fro ferrous and non-ferrous metals there are also other engineering materials and these are ceramics and polymers. Ferroelectric liquid crystals that are stabilized by polymers are a representation of functional materials that can be applied in areas like privacy windows, optical shutters, photonics that can be switched on and dynamic holography (DeGarmo,Black &Kohser,1997).they are low in density, their tooling costs are low, resistance to corrosion, and versatile in design. Ceramics include both traditional materials from heating of substances occurring naturally and those materials that have undergone refining and synthesis for material’s that are used for modern mechanical, chemical, magnetic optical and electrical applications (Richerson,1988).It has good resistance to thermal shock as well as oxidation under high temperatures hence used in development of heat engines and exchangers( Richerson,D ,1988).domestic ceramics have been put into use in household products.

Abrasive materials are those materials that are hard and can cut or cause abrasion to other substances DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997).abrasive systems involve flow of mineral ore through feed chute into upper portions of the zone for crushing which is made up of two plates one that is stationery while the other is in motion. Rock chunks make their way into the top and their sizes reduce every time there is cycling of jaws towards each other.

References

Callister, W. (2000).Materials science and engineering. John Wiley & Sons Inc, U.S.A. print

Crook, P. &Farmer, H. (2002).Friction and wear of Hard facing Alloys, Friction lubrication and wear technology. Volume 18,Haynes International Inc.

DeGarmo, E. P.Black J.T &Kohser, R. (1997).Materials and processes in Manufacturing,8th Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. U.S.A. print.

Lahiri, T &Majumder, P. (2012).The effects of cross linked chains of polymer network states of polymer stabilized ferroelectric molecules.p.2121

Schweitzer, P. (2010).Fundamentals of corrosion. Taylor and Francis Group.U.S.A.printVernon, J. (1992).Introduction to Engineering Materials., 3rd edition. Macmillan education Ltd. Hong Kong. print

Richerson, D. (1988).Ceramics Application in Manufacturing, 1st Edition. Society Manufacturing Engineers. Michigan U.S.A

Huda, Z.(2009).Effects of degrees of cold working and recrystalization on microstructure and hardness of commercial –Purity Aluminum, Vol 26,no.4,pp549-557.

Student’s Name

Professor

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Chapter 3: Reality and Being

Chapter Three of the book “A Text with Readings,” discusses “Reality and Being,” it opens up by trying to answer the question regarding what is real. Therefore the discussion fall in the realm of metaphysics. To learn more on what is reality one has to understand metaphysics. Metaphysics is one of the branches of philosophy, and it tends to examine what reality is, as well as being, and also what matters most to individuals. Consequently, there exist some metaphysical outlooks which include analytical philosophy, materialism-idealism besides the reactions of pragmatism. Materialism considers reality as matter. Materialism observes matter as the decisive component of existence. Many individuals reality comprises of only physical objects while excluding nonphysical objects. Also, they regard what is real to be substantial, significant, matters make a difference and have to be attended to. According to Nozick, for something to be real, it must have some value, meaning, weight and also some importance. Horbes who is an early materialist also contended that only physical objects are real. Idealism is also used to explain more about reality in distinguishing whether it is material or nonmaterial. As illustrated, idealism holds that reality is immaterial for example things like one’s idea, spirit and also the mind.

Berkeley who is an absolute idealist challenged the concept whereby most individuals usually contemplate that the world around them is generally made up of solid stuff. He maintained that since individuals’ minds typically perceive their specific ideas, therefore only their minds, as well as their thoughts, can be real. However, his ideas face a lot of criticism from critics who argue that individuals never recognize their ideas or sensations and instead they tend to perceive the things that are around them and not the thoughts and perceptions in their heads. The critics further explain that idealism that Berkeley tends to incline to encourages an extraction from the actual world and is a haven from secular glitches. Therefore they claim that this idealism will result in individuals neglecting real as well as pressing social concerns. The two types of idealism are subjective and objective. Subjective idealism states that reality comprises of one’s mind together with its ideas.

On the other hand, objective idealism claims that reality comprises of an ultimate mind that generates an impartial world of thoughts that never depends on one’s mind although it typically depends on God’s mind. Therefore in general, idealists maintains that reality comprises of minds plus their ideas. All the discussed idealists are referred to as the Western philosophers. However, there exist other philosophers for example from India who believes in Eastern idealism. The Indian philosophy, for instance, has been seen as a home to several philosophers like Vasubandhu. Vasubandhu believed that all the individuals’ experiences of things involve only the sensations in an individual’s minds which disregard the existence of external objects. According to him the ostensible existence of the outer world is only an illusion just the same way as a dream. Also, he argues that when the meditation arouses the individuals, they will realize that the exterior world is an illusion in the similar way they know that a dream is only an illusion when they wake from their sleep. In some instances, Vasubandhu’s opinions regarding idealism are similar to Berkeley’s opinions but differ in other instances.

In the chapter, other issues are well discussed concerning reality and being. They include things like; Reality in pragmatism, reality plus reasonable positivisms and antirealism. Pragmatism seems to reject all the opinions that lack some practical consequences for individuals’ lives. Logical positivists typically base their arguments on the working of the language. They argue that metaphysics is grounded on the linguistic confusions. Moreover, the chapter explains more about reality by answering the questions; are freedom and time real?

Works Cited

Velasquez, Manuel. Philosophy: A text with readings. Cengage Learning, 2016.

Names:______________________________________ Date:_______________________

Chapter 2: Class Activity 1-Deinstitusalization Discussion

What are the ethical issues of forced treatment and free choice?

Forced treatment and free choice is based on four principles; beneficence, respect for the patient’s autonomy, nonmaleficence and justice. Concept of informed consent is applied where the patient makes a decision on free will and in knowledge of benefits of proposed therapy. However, coercion treatment may be used when the principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice contradict to patient’s will.

Discuss in groups, an example of both

Example of forced treatment; A patient, 65 years old, with acute inflammation of the gall bladder who after going through a successful surgery, tries to remove infusions with antibiotics and claims that she want to go home. In this case, coercion may be used since the nurses see it is not right for her to go home as it may lead to poor outcome.

Example of free choice; John, 45 years old, suffering from pneumonia understands that he needs treatment. In this case, he will agree to therapy with antibiotics but not to therapy with antipsychotics.

Does having a mental health issue remove the basic human rights of a person?

No. Unless there is prove that the individual has impaired judgment on treatment needed.

Nehemie KabeyaMr. John Prince

Weiting About Literature

April 16, 2021

In this paper, I will choose the interpretation of Act 1, Scene III as a director. This is the scene of the interaction between Ophelia and Polonius. Hamlet happens to be an exclusively rich and complex stage history reflecting the captivation which the main character has awakened in all kinds of critic, partially since the excellent usage of his soliloquies attracts captivating attention to his indefinable personal identity. The uncertainties of the protagonist and the scheme have unlocked immeasurable interpretative options. This variety likely gives a challenge purposely made by the writer to provoke addressees interest. This scene presents a tender, if somewhat humorous, conversation between sister and brother, father and daughter, and father and son. However, hidden in the dialog is the hint of love vs. betrayal, honesty vs. deceit, and reality vs. appearances that recur all the way through the play.

Being the director, in the scene of the Interaction between Ophelia and Polonius in Act I, Scene III, I intended Polonius to be strict and of power, with the manner, he talks to Ophelia and also for this to be made open and contrasting with Polonius’ association with Laertes. In the scene’s opening, I imagined Ophelia attempting to leave the room while being scared that her dad would want to know from her concerning what Laertes asserted. But on the other hand, Polonius would take her inside with his inquiry, and the dialog begins. I expected a neutral tone in Polonius opening lines when he asks about Hamlet as he says what he overheard, but for that to escalate gradually into a serious tone. As a director, from lines 98-102, “Marry, well bethought… Have your audience been most free and bounteous”, I imagined Polonius to stride towards Ophelia and lead her to a chair in a kindly way. Though, in his lines leading up to, “What is between you? Give me up the truth” (107), I had an image of him to be seated beside her, with his eyes sternly looking into her eyes with his brows wrinkled, and clutching her hands, quaking it in some way violently as he furiously demands the truth from her.

My imagination as a director for the rest of the scene would play out his anger. By use of a disdainful tone, Polonius talks quickly to dismiss Ophelia’s ideas of Hamlet’s love. To demonstrate this, he would have inflated gestures, for instance, his hand moving in the air as if he was attempting to frighten away insects near him, apart from his hand motion would be hasty and in control when he asserts, “Affection, puh!” (110), as if he were scooting away Ophelia’s idea. I imagined Polonius to have had a serious tone over an angered one talking slower for his words to sink in his last bit of dialogue.

Until now the play, Ophelia appears to generally agree with and accept what individuals tell her, for instance, Hamlet’s proposals which she trusts to be affection in addition to the advice Laertes gives her. Because of this, my expectation of her manner is to be principally similar in this conversation with Polonius. Consequently, in her very brief replying lines, I had an imagination of Ophelia speaking somehow softly and thoughtfully, having a hesitation when she speaks initially on and develops confidence as she attempts to persuade her dad that Hamlet adores her, but ultimately giving a submissive tone when she comes to an agreement of doing what her dad decides. When it comes to staging directions, I decided to provide her with more hand gestures to provide a visual picture of what she feels and attempts to influence the father of her words. For instance, in lines 108-109, when she claims that Hamlet shows her a lot of love, “He hath, my lord, of late made many tenders of his affection to me.” I decided that she ought to hold her two hands to her heart when she asserts the term “affection,” and her and her facial appearance, having a smile, in a dreamy haze as she falls into thinking about Hamlet.

Another thing I imagined by being the director is some of the interactions to take place based off on the same situation whereby my younger sister was having a talk from my dad about dating. It was a very serious and civilized dating in which they sat at the living room acres each other. Forced to involuntary listen and learn, I noticed that my sister diverted her eyes, not actually interested in paying attention during the lengthy conversation. I picked the psychological note of other movements and the tone in voice during the dialogue and brought into the interpretation of the interaction between Polonius and Ophelia. I imagined Ophelia to be more submissive but opted for her to try to fight against her father’s ideas, all in the name of love. I would direct and add more had gestured to the characters to create more emphasis, make more interaction between the characters to demonstrate better what they feel, and add more liveliness in the play. Will try to be an excellent director in all the scene.

Works Cited

Evans, Rachel. “Hamlet by William Shakespeare, and: Saint Joan by George Bernard Shaw.” Theatre Journal 70.1 (2018): 92-94.

Shakespeare, William. “Hamlet: [1604].” Oxford Text Archive Core Collection (1991).

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Advantages of Distance LearningDistance learning is the study mode void of the immediate or constant supervision of the instructors or the lecturers; it benefits from the guidance of tutorials and planning of a tutorial organization. Distance learning is where the student is far away from the tutors, and the institution of learning, the model lacks the interactivity or face-to-face contact between the student and the tutor (Banas & Emory, 1998).

Modern communication media play an indispensable role in ensuring that that the tutorials of the tutor and counseling system reach the student in local centers or any other place where the student can access that medium in real time. Distance learning no doubt has a value to the busy and well-motivated adults because they can access the learning environment at the comfort of their homes.

Distance learning day in day out is attracting so many learners across the globe who are either busy to attend the classes in person or lack the financial capability to do so. The learner is supposed to have a reliable media through which the tutors can access them (Carr, 2000). One of the common media that is in distance learning is the internet that connects all the places in the world. The tutor may also decide to use phone calls or the radio depending on the agreement they make with their students.

In this case, the study pack will revolve around the continuing education in the field of shoulder dystocia. Shoulder dystocia is a complication that occurs at childbirth such that the after-birth of the unborn baby, the baby’s anterior shoulders remain dislodged behind the mother’s pubic bone in the vagina. Shoulder dystocia is the most anxiety provoking emergencies that the health professional encounter in the maternity ward. It results from the impaction of the posterior shoulder on the sacral promontory. So many factors influence the shoulder dystocia inclusive of the mother’s health and the extraction mechanism used during delivery.

The learning program in question is the continuing education. Continuing education here means that the students are professionals seeking to enhance their knowledge about shoulder dystocia. Shoulder dystocia captures our interests, as it is the most challenging emergencies that tend to trouble physicians and midwifes. The learning resources are within the confines of the system, on the internet or any other open learning resources as specified by that institution. Interestingly, the open learning institution module is common to many colleges and universities and any middle-level institution offering post-high school studies. Any educational institution that wishes to offer distance learning can access it by buying the software and programme the site to suit their demands or as per the requirements of the course (Li, Tsai & Tsai, 2008).

At the end of this program, we are going to know how we are going to handle different situations leading to shoulder dystocia. Just like any other institution that the students are attending, open learning offers great opportunities for their students to develop skills, professionalism, and discipline. A student is not supposed to miss the online tutorials because they will account for the overall aggregate grade. In some institutions, the students make attempts and attend live classes for the lecturers and tutors to access their personalities.

2. Describe the type of model

Pedagogical model used in this study because it meant for open and distance learning (E-learning) and it entails of the students who are away from classes because they are busy, or they are self- motivated somewhere. The nurses are students of this program of the course, and they form the same audience with the labor. In pedagogical model of education, the students and the teacher or the tutor cannot meet at any point but discuss their class work through the internet. In studying shoulder dystocia, the nurses can find material for use on the internet or bookstores.

In the pedagogical model education is not only a social tool that delivers messages from one individual to another, but also to expedite another person’s social status. This type of a model boosts an individual’s cultural aspect and at the same instance, develops the character’s skill at will. Educators do not have individualism and do not have a lot of freedom. The program is tailor-made for home-based students. The nurses are required to login to the educational site and follow the instructions. The choice of this program in the shoulder dystocia is because most of the nurses are busy with their jobs, therefore, cannot afford to attend physical classes. The program ensures that nurses can attend their online classes at their convenient time.

3. Describe the learning program

Continuing education is a post-secondary education meant to enable one to acquire additional certificates or credits in order to enable them maintain their Licence. Therefore, nurses are required to undergo this training to add value towards their career and consequently increase their knowledge as far as their nursing is concern. Shoulder dystocia is a dangerous problem that many women suffer. The nurses are required to know how they should handle such patients to avoid further maternal deaths.

The program will also require each nurse to cover all the required topics as stipulated in the curriculum; the topics covered revolve around handling shoulder dystocia cases. The program’s aim is to educate nurses on the recent advances of shoulder dystocia and other aspects of attending a laboring woman in the maternity room. Coming to the end of this course, those students who will be successful will receive a certificate as proof of having undergone training on handling shoulder dystocia cases.

The program encompasses many learning objectives about shoulder dystocia. The learners should be in a position of stating the common risks factors that a patient with shoulder dystocia can face. Students will also be required to describe the potential complications of shoulder dystocia. The study will also focus on the areas where the student performs maneuvers to relieve shoulder dystocia. Finally, the study will also describe the components of a shoulder dystocia.

This program on shoulder dystocia will cover the following topics:

Introduction- this is a brief introduction of the term shoulder dystocia. The introduction gives the definition of the term shoulder dystocia

Identify the risk factors: in this case, we are going to discuss some of the dangerous factors that may have caused the problem of shoulder dystocia to happen. It will include factors such as the gestational diabetes, short stature, postdates pregnancy, abnormal pelvic anatomy, and previous shoulder dystocia.

Complications of shoulder dystocia: in this case we are going to consider some of the dangers ta woman is likely to incur after she has been affected by shoulder dystocia such as the uterine rupture, symphyseal separation postpartum hemorrhage, recto-vaginal fistula and brachial plexus palsy.

Reduction maneuvers: this will cover on how the nurse should respond to the state of shoulder dystocia such as call for help, McRobert maneuver. Suprapubic pressure, enter maneuver and removal of the posterior arm.

Simulation case: comprises of case studies that will help in the analysis of the shoulder dystocia. The nurses in the delivery room are ready to deliver the patient. It will also consider what the labor and delivery nurses are going to do? The doctors at this stage are having hard time to deliver this patient.

Posttest: consider some of the risk factors for shoulder dystocia, post-delivery complications, and components of a shoulder dystocia.

There must be the development of a portfolio, in a way that it tests all the students across the board. The portfolio will act as a platform through which the instructor and the students are supposed to check their quality work there. The lecturer can trace the student who never did the assignment or test. The portfolio will thereafter send the information to the instructor for assessment and grading. Therefore, distance learning will put the nurses to task and have the course done. Every student who is in the program must have a portfolio that will enable the tutors to do pre-and –post-tested with a standardized way of an assessment that will educational functioning level.

The portfolio will serve as a checker of the students to the lecturer and therefore serve the following functions:

It will serve as the only way that the lecturer will use to determine the student progress without solely on the standardized test scores.

It identifies the students who drops very earlier from the portfolio and establish the standard way of dealing with such students.

Portfolio also ensures the students have participated in an online educational learning process. The portfolio, on the other hand, will ensure that references are up to date to ensure that the student has moved to a certain level thus meeting academic and personal goals.

Every portfolio must include specific components to its students. It is to ensure that the components belong to each and ensure standardization of the education or access to all the students across the board.

The tutorials in the portfolio will take at most 60minutes and later automatically reviewing every 90 days. The learners now are required to a sitting paper, which will prepare them for graduation.

4. Teaching strategies

Learning strategies involves ways in which the teacher uses to improve the understanding of its students. In distance learning, therefore, the nurses are equipped with the simplest ways of understanding better the concept of shoulder dystocia in the delivery room. Online learning, therefore, incorporates the element of teaching strategies that are likely to be in class in its teaching and learning. It means that the learners can still get to understand as if they were in class attending lectures of a live teacher.

There is a lot of activeness from the student for the sake of understanding. The student portfolio is in a way that no more usage of time than set. The student, therefore, must have to ensure that he must work within the specified time for him to earn good marks. Another element is a critical thinking; a learner must have to read and critically analyze the question to give a collect answer to a particular question. The labor and delivery nurses must ensure that whatever they are going to write about the shoulder dystocia is justified and stands to be true according to the nursing profession.

In distance learning, the student learns about inter-disciplinary teaching just like a live class. It happens when the lecture assesses its students online and ensures that he or she copes with the speed and answers all the questions that are in her portfolio. If a student fails to observe time and answer all the questions, discipline is for those with low marks.

There is also instructional learning where the student has instructions based on what the lecturer demands from him. It happens because the instructor guides the student on what to do in every step he or she takes. This way of learning ensures a live serene between the instructor and the student, instructions followed and where possible the student can ask questions.

5. Literature on shoulder dystocia

A study done by Genon (1992) showed critical value of clinical estimation of fetal weight may be slightly higher than when it is with trasonography. Later the second part of this study will focus on prenatal diagnosis of microsomia caused by the occurrence of the shoulder dystocia and the birth trauma resulting to preventing it from occurring again.

Levine (1992) showed that if the microsomia were present then ninth percent of the fatal in birth would increase given gestational age. Therefore, he concluded that the sonographic prediction was wrong citing it was 50% of the both underestimation and overestimated that fetal weight.

McFarland (1998) argued that microsomic infants of diabetic mothers have larger shoulder that makes it impossible for a kid not to get out of the mother’s vagina. Anthropomorphic characteristics explain the propensity for shoulder dystocia amongst this population. This characteristic makes the fetus grow abnormally in their shoulders thus making it difficult for a child to pass through vagina.

Orskou 2003 discovered that women with parity of more than two had a great chance of giving birth to a microsomic baby who is underweight hence having difficulty in giving birth due to shoulder dystocia. Baskett (1995) gave evidence on microsomia associated continued growth of the fetal growth in pre-birth pregnancies thus presenting a high risk of shoulder dystocia.

Acker (1986) pointed that the relative frequency of shoulder dystocia varied directly with the increasing weight of the baby there it a fact that the babies who were in the average body size recorded an ordinary delivery. In a research conducted in Beth Israel Hospital that forth seven percent of the babies who were shoulder dystocia and weighed more than 4000gms weight category thus encompassing ninth one percent of the total deliveries.

Moodle is the online technology that can transmit and offer academic programs such as videos and text messages. Moodle provides a suitable interface in which the learner and the instructor’s responses can reach each of them in a proper way. Moodle is for educational reasons, can make an evaluation in regard of what the student has written.

The course will take three months comprising a whole semester. There will be 3 hours a week, and it will be a standalone session. Students attend their online classes on Thursdays starting exactly ten o’clock in the morning to one afternoon.