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A comparison of Hult Business School and University of Wollongong-Dubai Marketing Strategies in the programs of MBA

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Table of Contents TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507668” Table of Contents PAGEREF _Toc404507668 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507669” 1.0 Introduction PAGEREF _Toc404507669 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507670” 1.1 Hult Business School PAGEREF _Toc404507670 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507671” 1.2 University of Wollongong in Dubai PAGEREF _Toc404507671 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507672” 2.0 Marketing Environment PAGEREF _Toc404507672 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507673” 2.1 Macro-environment PAGEREF _Toc404507673 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507674” 2.2 Internal Environment PAGEREF _Toc404507674 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507675” 2.3 The microenvironment PAGEREF _Toc404507675 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507676” 3.0 Positioning PAGEREF _Toc404507676 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507677” 3.1 Particular Demographic PAGEREF _Toc404507677 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507678” 3.2 High-Price Strategy PAGEREF _Toc404507678 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507679” 3.3 Distribution PAGEREF _Toc404507679 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507680” 3.4 Natural inclination PAGEREF _Toc404507680 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507681” 4.0 Targeting PAGEREF _Toc404507681 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507682” 4.1 Niche concentration-advertising PAGEREF _Toc404507682 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507683” 4.2 Mass-undifferentiated-promoting PAGEREF _Toc404507683 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507684” 4.3 Differentiated selective promoting PAGEREF _Toc404507684 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507685” 5.0 Market segmentation PAGEREF _Toc404507685 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507686” 5.1 Geographic Segmentation PAGEREF _Toc404507686 h 11

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507687” 5.3 Demographic Segmentation PAGEREF _Toc404507687 h 11

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507688” 5.3 Behavioral Segmentation PAGEREF _Toc404507688 h 11

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507689” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc404507689 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc404507690” References PAGEREF _Toc404507690 h 13

1.0 IntroductionMarketing is the philosophy of imparting the estimation of an item or service to customers with the aim of giving item or service. Promoting strategies incorporate picking target market through business examination and business division, and the comprehension shopper conduct and publicizing an item’s quality to the client. Marketing fulfills these needs and needs through trade methods and building long haul connections.

In the paper, a comparison of the marketing strategies of the Hult Business School and University of Wollongong in Dubai in the programs of MBA gets analyzed. MBA is a program that many learners both unemployed and employed like to undertake for career advancement. The paper is going to begin with the introduction of the two entities, and then look at the strategies employed by each in capturing the market in Dubai as well as globally.

1.1 Hult Business SchoolIt is located in Dubai Internet City, home to the greatest computerized engineering. On the campus, one get recompenses for inside configuration and usefulness. Created for undergraduate collaboration and coordinated effort, they give an amiable and fortifying environment to work and learn. The Dubai facilities are spread in excess of 30,000 square feet and have extensive classrooms, lecture rooms, and break rooms, including the most recent feature conferencing offices. Open 24 hours, there are likewise shower rooms and supplication to God rooms with underground stopping accessible. The affirmation prerequisites for executive MBA undergraduates with demonstrated initiative capacity who are exceptionally energetic, accomplished experts and can increase the value of the dynamic, worldwide classrooms.

For the MBA program candidates are obliged to have at least three years pertinent full-time postgraduate work encounter (our Class of 2015 ), candidates with far reaching pertinent work experience may not be obliged to give it, possess a Bachelor degree or proportionate and give transcripts in English (candidates with postgraduate degrees or far-reaching pertinent work experience may not be obliged to give this), and provide confirmation of English capability, for example, TOEFL, IELTS or proportionate test score, where material • Demonstrate administration experience, drive, and expert guarantee.

In the rankings, the University recorded in the Financial Times 100 top Schools in 2014. The positioning is a standout amongst the most exceedingly respected in light of the fact that it is focused around the achievement of the graduate class in the working environment. The worldwide MBA positioning consolidates various measures including compensation expand and profession advancement, in light of information that is all supplied by the graduated class themselves. The incorporation in this positioning of the world’s top business schools reflects the aggregate performance of the University in the wider map of the globe.

1.2 University of Wollongong in DubaiThe (MBA) system will give learners the vital and operational information and aptitudes to equip you for the difficulties of a quick-paced business environment. The reason of the (MBA) at Wollongong is to advance a between disciplinary approach to tackling business issues, distinguishing key achievement variables, evaluating danger, producing positive arrangements and settling on solid managerial choices. In the event that one is business proficient with no less than two years work experience and looking to tackle a key part, the MBA can help create the learning, capabilities and managerial abilities to turn into a worldwide business pioneer.

The (MBA) is an exceedingly focused program that addresses the center ideas and developing subjects significant to a universal business environment. In the key controls, one will have a chance to create competency in a specific business zone through picked elective.

The project advances cooperation, free learning, the basic deduction and viable aptitudes improvement. Undergraduates speak to the scope of mechanical segments at official and senior levels, giving chances to companion learning and system advancement.

A key part of the MBA project is the useful advancement of key abilities in a true environment. It incorporates the cooperation with industry through visitor addresses, site visits, and a business-focused administration extend that will help learners to basically dissect testing situations applicable to a range of expert practice. The program is licensed and is completely perceived inside the UAE, GCC countries and universally for further training and occupation in the private and open segments.

2.0 Marketing EnvironmentIt embodies and influences the association. There are three key components to the showcasing environment which are the inner environment, the micro-environment, and the macro-environment. They are essential as it enables the two organizations construct both inside and outer connections, convey quality to fulfilled clients and allow evaluation and assessment of interior corporate environment and outer surroundings which is subdivided into macro and micro (Thompson, 2013). 

2.1 Macro-environmentIt is less controllable. The macro environment comprises of much bigger far-reaching impacts (which affect the microenvironment) from the more extensive worldwide society. The consideration of society, political issues, innovation, the regular habitat, monetary issues and demographic elements among others is put at a glance. For both organizations, the more extensive worldwide macro environment is going to absolutely affect business, and large portions of these components are practically wild. The two organizations exchange principally in the Dubai additionally in universal markets. They consider neighborhood traditions and practices in the Dubai, for example, bank occasions and other nearby celebrations (Thompson, 2013). 

The Dubai experience distinctive financial cycles, so exchanging terms of investment rates needs to be considered. There are numerous other macroeconomic impacts, for example, governments and different publics, monetary pointers, for example, expansion and trade rates, and the level nature of the nearby innovation in diverse nations. There are compelling influences, for example, war (in Afghanistan for instance) and characteristic catastrophes, (for example, the Japanese Fukushima Daiichi atomic calamity) which unavoidably would impact the business and would be out of its control. To compress, controllable elements have a tendency to be incorporated in inside surroundings and the microenvironment. Then again, less controllable variables have a tendency to be in connection to the macro surroundings (Carroll, & Buchholtz, 2014).

2.2 Internal EnvironmentWhen taking a look at the prompt nearby impacts which may incorporate its marketing arrangements, how it executes client relationship administration, the impact of different capacities, for example, technique from its top administration, innovative work into new logistics arrangements, how it verifies that it buys brilliant item at the most reduced conceivable value, that bookkeeping is embraced effectively and successfully, and obviously its neighborhood inventory network administration and logistics for which both the institutions are renowned (Meiners, Ringleb, & Edwards, 2014). 

2.3 The microenvironmentIt is produced using people and associations that are near the organization and specifically affect the client experience. Illustrations would incorporate the organization itself, its suppliers, other marketing information from organizations, the businesses and sections in which the institutions exchanges, the rival furthermore those around them (which advertising would call publics) who are not paying clients yet have an enthusiasm toward the business. The Microenvironment is moderately controllable since the activities of the business may impact such stakeholders and the institution are both taking this into considerations in the manner that it plan it program to reflects on the need of Dubai people and the globe in general (Thompson, 2013). 

Both institutions’ Micro surroundings would be much centered on prompt neighborhood issues. It considers how to select, hold and stretch out items and administrations to clients. It would give careful consideration to the activities and responses of immediate contenders. The two entities under consideration fabricate and sustain close associations with key suppliers. The institution speaks and liaises with its publics, for example, neighbors that are near or other Dubai clients. There are different go-betweens also including promoting organizations and exchange unions among others (Carroll, & Buchholtz, 2014).

3.0 PositioningIt alludes to how organizations impart the vital profits of the business to potential clients. Where one offer the item, how one makes it, where one makes it and the value all pass on unpretentious messages to the commercial center, even without utilizing any obvious publicizing, advertising or advancements (Kwak, & Kim, 2013).

3.1 Particular DemographicIn the event that one attempts to be everything to everybody, one may not engage any gathering. For instance, executive MBA at Hult Business School markets itself as made particularly for working clients. It loses it deals among non-working individuals; however it may expand its general piece by getting a larger number of working class to take this program than different brands, since they trust it is remarkable. Creators of curriculum gear offer diverse models of the same supplies for laypersons and progressed players, making those items more alluring to particular customers (learners) (Shao, & Bao, 2014).

3.2 High-Price StrategyThe University of Wollongong in Dubai values their programs higher than their rival to make an apparent quality. Customers wonder why the university has the capacity offer its item for more or why their kindred buyers are eager to pay more for the item. At last, they may accept that the higher-evaluated item or administration is worth more (Kwak, & Kim, 2013).

3.3 DistributionWhere institutions offer, the item says much in regards to its quality. The University of Wollongong-Dubai and Hult Business School-Dubai position certain programs in their line as higher quality by offering them claim to fame stores. Since these programs are not accessible at Target market, general society may accept these are the highest point of-the-line models and longing them more (Shao, & Bao, 2014).

3.4 Natural inclinationOn the chance that one has a client base with a typical, individual denominator; one can position the organization to play on their steadfastness to their gathering. Illustrations of this sort of situating incorporate advertisers who promote their items as made mainly certain countries. Both institutions are using the tactic implying that the clients will look at the mother institution (Kwak, & Kim, 2013).

4.0 TargetingWhen a firm has effectively distinguished the portions in the market, the next action is to focus on these sections with items that nearly match the needs of the clients inside that portion. There are various focusing on techniques, including:

4.1 Niche concentration-advertisingIt is concerned with focusing on one specific, recently characterized gathering of clients inside the general business and Hult Business School is employing it to target the clients who are working. Also, University of Wollongong-Dubai embraces this methodology by focusing on clients intrigued by natural items during an era when this gathering of clients spoke to a generally little extent of the general business (Shao, & Bao, 2014).

Niche markets can be focused on gainfully by firms who have overheads and, in this way, don’t have to accomplish the volume of offers needed by bigger contenders. The fundamental impediments of specialty markets are that the potential for deals development, and economies of scale may be restricted, and the survival of the firm may be truly influenced if deals start to decay (Carroll, & Buchholtz, 2014).

4.2 Mass-undifferentiated-promotingIt is concerned with offering a solitary item to the entire business sector. The method is focused around the presumption that, in admiration to the item being referred to, clients’ requirements are very much alike if not indistinguishable. The method is as well employed by the two organizations in their MBA program since MBA is a program that can be taken by any individual irrespective of the undergraduate specialization (Shao, & Bao, 2014).

The primary advantage for the institutions is that it can create on an extensive scale, profiting from low unit generation costs by means of economies of scale. These lower expenses can be passed on to the customer as lower costs on the grounds that, despite the fact that net revenues on everything sold may be lower, high deals volume ought to create substantial benefits generally. The primary impediment of mass promoting is that, inexorably in today’s business sectors, customers are less intrigued by institutionalized items and frequently arranged to pay premium costs for items that cook for their particular needs (Carroll, & Buchholtz, 2014).

4.3 Differentiated selective promotingIt is concerned with focusing on each one fragment with an item with it advertising blend intended to match the needs of the buyers inside the Dubai. By customizing items to address customer needs all the more nearly, the two institutions are liable to build purchaser fulfillment and produce a more prominent level of the buyer faithfulness. The separated approach additionally permits the firm to spread dangers, with the goal that it will be less influenced by a decrease sought after from one section. The primary weaknesses of this methodology incorporate disarray among clients when confronted with many brands and lost economies of scale from shorter creation runs and the extra expenses of needing to promote a few instead of one (Shao, & Bao, 2014).

5.0 Market segmentationIt is a marketing procedure that includes separating a wide target market into subsets of purchasers, who have regular needs and needs, and afterward planning and actualizing methods to target them. Market division procedures may be utilized to recognize the target clients, and give supporting information to situating to accomplish an advertising arrangement objective. Organizations may create item separation systems, or an undifferentiated methodology, including particular items or product offerings relying upon the particular request and characteristics of the target portion (Weinstein, 2013). 

5.1 Geographic SegmentationThe markers can portion as per geographic criteria—countries, states, districts, nations, dialects, urban areas, neighborhoods, or postal codes. The Geo-bunch methodology joins demographic information with geographic information to make a more exact or particular profile. As for locale, in stormy districts shippers can offer things like parkas, umbrellas, and gumboots. In hot locales, one can offer summer dress. The University of Wollongong-Dubai target clients from the Dubai neighborhood and disregard clients in different parts of the globe. It is vital and may be viewed as the first venture of promoting, emulated by other division. The utilization of national visitors is the institutional utilization of geographic division, although geographic sections may be grouped by distinguished topographical areas (Anderson, & Kharichkov, 2013).

5.3 Demographic SegmentationIt is focused around variables that the program may give. Profits may be seen diversely relying upon client’s stage in the life cycle. Both institutions markets into diverse life stage and considers messages to be customized accordingly (Aziz, & Nas, 2013).

5.3 Behavioral SegmentationIt isolates clients into sections as per their insight into, disposition towards, utilization rate or reaction to a product. There is an additional network with all other business related sources. In looking at both institutions, they are the behavioral element in the clients approached in that they admit learners who to sharpen their skills on any field of management. Additionally, Hult Business School has gone further to specify clients for executive program (Chamberlain, Giles, & Lientz, 2007). .

ConclusionMarketing has an essential role in the promotion of academic programs in Dubai. The only difference is how the two institutions approach the marketing aspect in their marketing plans. Hult Business School is very aggressive in marketing as employs the ranking aspect, as well as the alumni students in their programs. The University of Wollongong-Dubai is somehow silent in marketing plans and hence not aggressive as Hult Business School because there have been in the learning business for a long time and hence has already established customer base.

ReferencesAnderson, N., & Kharichkov, S. K. (2013). GEOMARKETING AS A TOOL FOR

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT.

Aziz, S., & Nas, Z. (2013). Demographic Segmentation and Its Effects on Customer

Satisfaction. IJCBS.

Carroll, A., & Buchholtz, A. (2014). Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder

management. Cengage Learning.

Chamberlain, S., Giles, H., & Lientz, A. (2007). U.S. Patent Application 11/942,611.

Kwak, M., & Kim, H. (2013). Market Positioning of Remanufactured Products With Optimal

Planning for Part Upgrades. Journal of Mechanical Design,135(1), 011007.

Meiners, R. E., Ringleb, A. H., & Edwards, F. (2014). The legal environment of business.

Cengage Learning.

Shao, A. T., & Bao, Y. (2014). Unique Positioning to an Elusive Market: Targeting Teenagers.

In New Meanings for Marketing in a New Millennium (pp. 111-117). Springer International Publishing.

Thompson, C. (2013). ” Small but Mighty,” Small Business Marketing Strategy for Entering into

New Market Segments (Doctoral dissertation).

Weinstein, A. (2013). Handbook of market segmentation: Strategic targeting for business and

technology firms. Routledge.

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Solutions to Gun Violence in the United States

Introduction

The problem of gun violence is an unavoidable health tragedy that impacts various communities across the world. Over 100 Americans die every day through gun violence out of where 64 succumb to firearm suicide, 39 through firearm homicide, and 3 from other forms of violence. Additionally, about 200 patients present with nonfatal firearm injuries at the emergency department daily. There is overwhelming evidence to suggest that access and ownership of firearms are directly linked with rising cases of homicide, suicide, injuries, and unintentional firearm ownership (Silver, Andre, & Sarah, 67). While these deaths and injuries can be prevented, there is a need to employ evidence-based solutions to eliminate gun violence among various communities in the United States. Notably, some minority groups such as people of color and those with economic status are at higher risk of experiencing gun violence than their male counterparts. According to a report released in 2017 by the Urban Institute, gun violence in some neighborhoods is linked with fewer service and retail establishments and fewer jobs. The purpose of the text is to discuss the solutions to the problem of gun violence in the United States including cultivating a culture of gun safety and adopting a public health approach to addressing gun violence.

Cultivating a Culture of Gun Violence.

One of the solutions that can be used to reduce gun violence in the United States is establishing a culture of safety in the handling of guns. The US is the nation with the most guns in the world hence the need to keep its citizens safe (Alcorn, 125). This can be achieved by restricting access to firearms to young people and other populations that are likely to harm themselves. This would require ensuring firearms are kept out of reach of violent partners and individuals with a history of violent convictions. This can be achieved through conducting background checks, expanding the lethality of the assessment, supporting restraining orders relating to gun violence and domestic violence bills. Additionally, the gun industry should be held accountable to ensure sufficient oversight in the sale and marketing of ammunition and guns. Noteworthy, 5% of gun dealers trade in about 90% of the total guns that are used to commit crimes and they must be held to account with a code of conduct. This will ensure that violators of inspection protocols and state licenses are brought to book.

Adopting a Public Health Approach to Gun Violence

Taking a public health approach to gun violence can help in coming up with solutions that go beyond the risk factors of violence and boosting resilience in families, individuals, and communities. Public health solutions recognize that the issue of gun violence is a preventable and critical public health issue. In the United States, gun violence takes lead as the cause of premature deaths. The United States is ranked 32nd in the death rates across the world with 2019 registering 3.96 death in every 100,000 people (McQuiller, 1). Unlike other causes of death, we are yet to have the political will required to address it. Gun violence becomes noticed only when many people die at once but people fail to recognize that domestic violence, suicide, community violence among other forms of violence affect many families and communities. According to data, the risk of gun violence varies by race, gender, age, and geography. By employing a public health approach, we note that violence is preventable in all forms.

Conclusion

Gun violence is an issue that is well alive in the United States today. It affects people from various neighborhoods and backgrounds with people of color and poor people being most adversely affected. More than 100 people die daily in gun violence and while these deaths and injuries can be prevented, there is a need to employ evidence-based solutions to eliminate gun violence among various communities in the United States. Some of the viable solutions to the problem of gun violence in the United States include cultivating a culture of gun safety and adopting a public health approach to addressing gun violence.

Works Cited

Alcorn, Ted. “Trends in research publications about gun violence in the United States, 1960 to 2014.” JAMA internal medicine 177.1 (2017): 124-126.

McQuiller, Michael V. “Enough is enough: Congressional solutions to curb gun violence in America’s K-12 schools.” DePaul J. Soc. Just. 12 (2018): 1.

Silver, James, Andre Simons, and Sarah Craun. “A study of the pre-attack behaviors of active shooters in the United States between 2000 and 2013.” (2018).

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American democracy

The American constitution is one of the most envied constitutions in the world. Other countries envy how Americans uphold all that is stipulated in their constitution and how it works for them. This paper closely looks at the process that America went through to get the coveted constitution. The process was not easy at all, many conventions took place and the process was time consuming among other resources. However after all this, the constitution was left to individual states to either ratify or reject it(Tilly 2007). The paper also discusses the ratification of the constitution and the compromise made by delegates in the constitutional convention of 1787.The paper will present the writers view regarding democracy in America, did the constitution bring democracy or did democracy bring the constitution? The American constitution provides for human rights and upholds democracy to the highest level. Democracy in this case is leadership for the people, where the citizens have a stake at the leadership and decision making process.

The role of democracy in the constitution making process was well defined and respected. Democracy was exhibited in the making of the constitution as peoples suggestions were respected and considered. At this early time, democracy was not known by many and not many countries had a constitution. The American constitution was designed by delegates who had been chosen from all states to represent the interests of their people(Tilly 2007). The representation of the greater population by few delegates in the constitutional conventions was a show of democracy. The opinions and interests of the greater majority were represented by people whom they had chosen. Delegates clearly understood the mandate they had been given by the people and upheld it. A historian may ask himself, did the constitution bring democracy or did democracy bring the constitution? Democracy brought the constitution however, the constitution upholds and supports for democracy. The people were able to seat in all the conventions, give each other a chance to contribute and come up with a constitution to guide the country democracy brought the constitution.

Democracy also involves freedom of speech. Members of a democratic republic have the freedom to express themselves and share any agenda that they may have regarding the country and development. In 1787 during the constitutional conventions, there was a deadlock on how states would get representation in the congress(Stewart 2007). Every state wanted and supported the policy/suggestion that favored them. Large states with high populations supported the motion to have more representatives for larger states with high population than small states which were less populous. At the same time, smaller states supported the motion to have one representative per state. Freedom of speech was first show cased in this conference where the delegate from Connecticut Mr. Sherman expressed himself with a viable suggestion. His policy was adopted by those who had attended the forum. If democracy was not in use, then it would be difficult for Mr. Sherman to get the attention he required to have the motion accepted.

The American constitution upholds democracy through the institutions it has put in place for every process to be democratic. Elections at are national level are always conducted after four years, this ensures that the people have the verdict of who gets to represent them. Democracy involve the people making choices on who should be their leaders and taking out of office those leaders who fail to perform as expected of them(Obama & Obama 2006). The ratification of the constitution was a process that proved that democracy was being upheld in America even before the constitution was put into use. The people had the chance to make a decision to either ratify or reject the constitution. Different states took different amounts of time to go through the constitution and understand it before they could make a decision. A major debate in the conventions was the representation of each state in congress.

In conclusion, the opinions of the people in the constitution making process were upheld and gave America a chance to have a constitution(Stewart 2007). The constitution upholds democracy since, the constitution has created institutions which give people the chance to be heard and participate in the decision making process. The decision making process involves elections where people have the chance to put into office the leaders of their choice. The ratification process was also a chance to exhibit democracy, every state had time to either accept or reject the constitution. It was a chance for independent decision making where everybody had an equal chance. Democracy is the participation of people to contribute in leadership by having their opinions heard and worked on(Obama & Obama 2006). This is giving the people a chance in choosing their leaders and getting rid of those who waste their chance while at positions of power and leadership. The constitution has put in place institutions which uphold democracy and give people the freedom of speech.

References

Obama, B., & Obama, B. (2006). The audacity of hope: thoughts on reclaiming the American dream. New York: Crown Publishers.

Stewart, D. O. (2007). The summer of 1787: the men who invented the Constitution. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Tilly, C. (2007). Democracy. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press.

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The Problem of Substance Abuse among Teenagers in the United States Today

Introduction

Compared to other populations, teenagers remain at risk of drug and alcohol abuse. Teenagers are in a stage where want to push limits and test boundaries. Teenagers go through a lot of stress in their developmental stages. While not all adolescents abuse drugs, drug abuse remains a big problem in this age group. Substance abuse has a huge impact on the well-being and health of teenager users (Singh, et al., 362). The most commonly abused drugs by teenagers include alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. Others include depressants such as benzodiazepines, stimulants such as cocaine, heroin, morphine, codeine, mushrooms ecstasies among others.

Following a corporative agreement between the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), a guide for screening of substance use in pediatrics was developed. It was meant to assist substance users to resolve abuse concerns. Further, the guide noted that in addition to alcohol tobacco, and marijuana being the most abused drugs by adolescents, two-thirds of students in 12th grade have tried alcohol (Winters, et al., 150). Additionally, 2 in 10 12th graders have consumed prescription drugs without a prescription. The purpose of this essay is to assess the problem of substance abuse among teenagers in the United States today. The text further explains family influence and educational tools as solutions for teenage substance abuse.

Family Influence

Resolving drug and substance abuse begins at home with the teenagers’ parents. Having clear communication between parents and teenagers regarding the emotional, functional, and physical effects of drugs are directly linked with a decline in drug abuse among teenagers. With adequate parental supervision comes a deterrent to drug abuse. Parents should talk to their children more and advise them against drug abuse to form a strong foundation about their awareness about drug abuse. Parental influence has a positive influence on children’s behavior as it teaches them about boundaries (Azofeifa, Margaret, & Althea, 1765). By teaching children about boundaries, parents assist their children to say no to things that might harm them. This way they remain in full control of unhealthy requests. Conversations create deep guidance and bonds between parents and children, strengthening their trust. This way, teenagers are better placed to make informed decisions about their friends, habits, influences, and interests.

Educational Tools

It is the primary responsibility of school personnel, community leaders, and governmental agencies to teach their children about the importance of leading a drug-free life. This strategy is helpful in preventing teenagers from abusing drugs before they enter adulthood and enter into the real world. Over the last few decades, education tools have been helpful in reducing drug abuse among teenagers a great deal (Peiper, 352). As such, it is important to educate teenagers about dealing with potential drug abuse problems and addiction before maturity. Currently, there are various educational programs including indicated, universal, and selective. Universal programs purpose is to teach personal, drug, and social resistance techniques to teenagers every week. Indicated programs on the other hand help teenagers to display any problematic behavior they might be experiencing. Selective programs are meant for teenagers at more risk of substance abuse due to unstable homes and other problematic behavior.

Conclusion

In the United States, drug and substance abuse is common among teenagers particularly because of the stress they go through in their developmental processes. Statistics show that alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana are the most abused drugs among teenage populations. Some of the solutions that can be employed to address this problem include increased family influence such are open communication by parents and employing selective, indicated, and universal educational programs. Additionally, the government should invest in ensuring the implementation of existing laws by taking legal action on people found consuming alcohol under the required age of 21 years.

Works Cited

Azofeifa, Alejandro, Margaret E. Mattson, and Althea Grant. “Monitoring marijuana use in the United States: challenges in an evolving environment.” Jama 316.17 (2016): 1765-1766.

Peiper, Nicholas C., et al. “Overview on prevalence and recent trends in adolescent substance use and abuse.” Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics 25.3 (2016): 349-365.

Singh, Tushar, et al. “Tobacco use among middle and high school students—United States, 2011–2015.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 65.14 (2016): 361-367.

Winters, Ken C., et al. “Adolescent substance abuse treatment: A review of evidence-based research.” Adolescent substance abuse (2018): 141-171.

The Progressive Era.

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The progressive was a period that witnessed widespread social activism and political reforms. The progressive movement tackled problems that were associated with urbanisation, industrialisation, political corruption and immigration. The movement thrived from the 1830s to the 1920s. the fundamental principles guiding the movement was the need for efficiency and purging of corruption and waste (Power, 1932). The progressive movement was mainly concerned with the moral composition of society. It was characterised by; prohibition, women suffrage, purification of government, family and education and modernisation.

In regards to the moral reform, early reformers set up an organization, which was mandated to combat profanity and the breaking of Sabbath. One of the moral reforms taken up by the organization was between 1830 and 1840s. They rehabilitated prostitutes and also fought against male solicitation. The members lobbied for amendments of state laws that would make prostitution and male solicitation a crime (Power, 1932). Members also went into brothels to pray for prostitutes, male patrons were also publicized in the newspaper. The moral campaign against the consumption of alcohol was one of their most extensive. This is because alcohol was considered an integral part of American society (Gould, 1973).

Progressive Era was a period between 1890-1920 and marked a very important period in the United States where a lot of development took place. This period was characterized by economic development as well political reforms and there was an increase in social activism during this period. Progressive movement begun as a social movement but later it would advance to become a political movement that wanted changes in America. America during this period was undergoing so may problems the greatest being most leaders were corrupt and the economy was not really doing well because of the corrupt leaders. The progressive movement wanted to remove these leaders from office hoping that they would establish a more direct democracy that favored the people. This paper will examine the changes that took place during the progressive Movement including prohibition, laws on abortion and matters of social interest in a bid to promote morality.

Many members of the Progressive political movement were in support of prohibition as they thought this would be a measure that would help in dealing with the corrupt leaders. The movement also supported women suffrage movement in a bid to bring “purer” female vote to the voting field. It is these two key issues that resulted in major constitutional change. In 1917, the 18th Amendment was banned that banned the manufacturing as well as the sale of alcohol while in 1919, the 19th Amendment was passed and this would allow women to vote. Unlike other movements that had kept women aside when it came to matters of politics, the progressive movement embraced the output by the women’s movement.

The progressive movement was in full support of the prohibitions put in place. in the united states prohibition was a nationwide constitutional ban, that prohibited the production, conveyance, importation and sale of alcoholic beverages. This was after the passing of the eighteenth amendment in 1917. Herbert Hoover who supported prohibition termed it as a noble experiment; it was put in place to try and regulate people’s behaviour. The movement discouraged the use of alcoholic beverages; since the consumption of alcohol was associated with many social ills like poverty and insanity (Gould, 1973). The progressive movement also focused their fights against the drinking in saloons. Their fight as also focused on the immigrant communities, basically some of the cultures. The saloons were part and parcel of the migrant culture and they did not solely operate as bars but also hosted important social gatherings. Such gatherings were where most political machines conducted their operations. Many progressives, therefore, supported prohibition, since it was viewed as an important tool in curtailing the political power of local bosses. Prohibition was a success in rural southern and western states as compared to urban states.

Apart from moral reforms, the progressive movement also promoted, economic reform, social welfare and efficiency. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, there were many women national organizations; this included the women suffrage movement, the national association of coloured women and national association opposed to women suffrage (McCammon et al., 2001). During the progressive era, women’s suffrage became a key priority for women. This is because women were fighting for their much-needed right to vote and a wide-ranging political and economic equality. With the development of all these organisations, women of all kind participated. The women’s Christian Temperance Movement, had their first victory after prohibition took effect nation-wide. During the progressive era, women held leadership positions in both social and political movements. One of the essential surges of the progressive era is the suffrage movement (McCammon et al., 2001)

Progressives argued that women’s politics complimented the roles of women in society. During the progressive era, the number of women employed increased from 2.6 million to 7.8 million. Although there was a drastic change, most better-paying positions were occupied by men. Men were highly likely to get better-paying positions as compared to women. It is crucial to note that, in regards to politics, women were able to own property, gained the right to control their nettings (Gould, 2001). However, for women who upholder traditional gender roles, did not believe in equality for the sexes. They argued that women being involved in politics was quite improper.

Purification of government was undertaken by cleansing the electorate, curbing government corruption and promoting efficiency. Their battle was against illegal voting, which was conducted by local bosses who were in conjunction with saloon keepers and precinct workers. Illegal voting took place by stuffing the ballot boxes. Prohibition was one of the measures adopted to curb the pandemic, this was implemented so that the saloons would close down (Gould, 2001). Voter registration was also taken up, to avoid multiple voting and literacy campaigns to educate voters. Progressives concentrated on city and state government, trying to find waste, and how things could be run more efficiently. Progressives were able to rally up newspapers, magazines and concerned middle-class voters, who would identify problems, who would deliberate on precise problems (Shefter, 1983). Government corruption was a never-ending epidemic, it epitomised a source of waste and inefficiency. Progressionist such as William U’Ren and Robert Follete worked on passing laws that would diminish the power of political bosses and machine politicians (Rice, 1998).

Education was also a key agenda in the progressive movement, a thinker such as John Dewey and Lester Ward argued that if the united states were to achieve success then its people needed a good education. Modernization of society included good education for all, they worked on improving both public and private learning institutions. The rapid growth in the field of education created job opportunities for its citizens (Gordon, 1990).

Progressive era resulted in reforms in government, business and social settings. One of its major gains was women being granted the right to vote (Power, 1932). Although a majority of its reforms were beneficial to white Americans, whereas the minorities continued to experience prejudice. Progressive era overlapped with the James Crow era which experienced extreme segregation and discrimination against African American.

A means of direct democracy could be developed by the efforts of the progressive to take down the corrupt officials. For the advantage of legitimate competitors, the progressive movement during the progressive era sought to regulate monopolies and corporations via the antitrust laws. Although the movement had started at the local levels initially it developed and expanded to state and national levels with the majority of their support being drawn from the middle-class individuals (Leonard, 2003). Progressive reforms projects were developed across the country that included black communities’ involvement across the south with the blacks in rural areas being actively involved in issues that concerned the environment.

It is in the progressive era that equality was achieved with the 14th amendments being declared allowing all people born and those who grew in America regardless of race to be accorded equal rights that would be protected by both the state and national governments. Although the amendment was ratified the period still saw many racism problems affecting people of colour as racial equality was not a prime concern showing the dark side of progressivism. The ideology and politics of progressivism were based on the assumptions of progressive reformers who believe that through enlightenment, application of incentives, punishments and regulations, human nature could improve (Leonard, 2003). They also thought that in improving individuals and society the power of the federal government could be harnessed.

The progressive reformers often exposed the corrupt business practises such as the Standard oil business showing the era that embraced investigative journalism (Rice, 1998). Substantive legislation was influenced by the progressive reformers such as the establishment of federal income tax. As much as progressive reformers achieved many noteworthy goals, they had a dark side that included the promotion of discriminatory policies and adoption of intolerant ideas that were demonstrated in the Wilson administration. Although they embraced modernity and progress, the administration pursued racial agenda that was at peak during the segregation of the federal government (Leonard, 2003).

References

Gordon, L. D. (1990). Gender and higher education in the progressive era. Yale University Press, 92A Yale Station, New Haven, CT 06520-9040.

Gould, L. L. (1973). Progressives and prohibitionists: Texas Democrats in the Wilson era (p. 28). Austin: University of Texas Press.

Gould, L. L. (2001). America in the progressive era, 1890-1914. Pearson Education.

Leonard, T. C. (2003). ” More Merciful and Not Less Effective”: Eugenics and American Economics in the Progressive Era. History of Political Economy, 35(4), 687-712.

McCammon, H. J., Campbell, K. E., Granberg, E. M., & Mowery, C. (2001). How movements win: Gendered opportunity structures and US women’s suffrage movements, 1866 to 1919. American sociological review, 49-70.

Power, U. F. (1932). the Progressive Era.

Rice, J. A. (1998). Ida M. Tarbell: A Progressive Look at Lincoln. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association, 19(1), 57-72.

Shefter, M. (1983). Regional receptivity to reform: the legacy of the progressive era. Political Science Quarterly, 98(3), 459-483.

A Comparison And Contrast Of Abigail Adams’ Letter To Her Husband And Lydia Maria Child’s Letter XXXIV

Introduction

Lydia Maria Child and Abigail Adams appear as some of the biggest names in the history of American writing. Although the two are totally different individuals, their writings have had quite an impact on the American society with each being viewed as iconic and with great extents of advocacy.

Lydia Maria Child is known for her advocacy for women rights as well as her work in anti-slavery movements. She was a famous writer and an abolitionist, who, together with her husband, were activists channeling their course to ending slavery that was at its peak during their time (Child & Karcher, 1997). During her writing career, she was able to write several books for children, a number of people were appreciating the books, and at some point, she was a literary sensation among the people familiar with her work. On a similar ground, Abigail Adams and her works do a lot of advocacy for women. Coincidentally, just like Child’s husband supports her course extensively, so does John, the husband of Abigail Adams (Thelizlibrary.org, 2013). A review, comparison, and contrast of Abigail Adams (letter to her husband) and Lydia Maria (Child letter XXXIV) reveal quite an amount of similarities and minor differences, as well as cases indicating connection on courses of women advocacy.

In depth understanding of the two letters, commonalities bring out elementary approaches that outstandingly compare just as Abigail Adams writes a letter so does Maria Child. Abigail contests the demeaned position of women in the society like Maria does. Again, Abigail argues against the overrated position of men in the society providing evidence that even women are endowed with extra ordinary abilities matching or sometimes overriding men’s. This is the same perspective adopted by Maria as she writes her letter XXXIV. In essence, Abigail writes in 1776 while Maria 1843 yet strikingly they seem to speak the same language and advocate for similar issues.

Abigail Adams’ letter is directed to her husband John Adams. It is a prayer over the new laws yet to be made as America comes into her independence. In this letter, Abigail implores John and the other members of the Continental Congress to give more consideration to the ladies and specifically award them more rights than has been in the past. In her justifications, Abigail presents arguments against the extraordinary powers awarded to men indicating the potential of men (Thelizlibrary.org, 2013). She proceeds to indicate that women are prepared and determined to ferment a rebellion in the event that they are denied the opportunities she requests. In an additional fit, she says that such an act will not be derailed or put under pressure of accountability by laws; in which she says ‘they have no voice or representation.’ On the final cry for women, she indicates that men are undisputedly tyrannical and would give up the mentality of master against slave or servant only willingly. Thus, rescinding this power probably indicates the appreciation of women and accepting them as equal members of society rather than servants of sex and customary slave (Thelizlibrary.org, 2013).

On the considerations of Lydia Maria Child’s Letter XXXIV, she opens with an objection to the way the subject of women has previously been treated. She terms the ideas with which women affairs are run and their guiding principles as ‘mawkish sentiment’ and ‘shallow philosophy’ (Child & Karcher, 1997). In casting men’s position against women, Child quotes that whereas women may be considered ludicrous and improper in some kinds of proceedings, men may also come out as ridiculous and disgraceful in the same (Child & Karcher, 1997). By quoting Maria Edgeworth, she indicates a beautiful nature in women than men may lack; that of learning and sums up that; truly the great in the society should not proclaim themselves; but rather be seen by the virtue of their acts. Developed into a genre, the Letters from New York, written by Child in columns as stories of newspaper then appear to serve a very important function of communicating what originates from deep within the heart of the woman. In essence, there evidently exists a large expression of social criticism advances of feminism (Child & Karcher, 1997).

Comparison and Contrast of Abigail Adams’ Letter to Her Husband and Lydia Maria Child’s Letter XXXIV

A comparison of Abigail Adams’ Letter to Her Husband and Lydia Maria Child’s Letter XXXIV indicate an overwhelming amount of similarities related to the artists, theme,tone, point-of-view, character, and setting. Again, it is worth noting that issues like gender, gender struggle, history, religion, and politics receive a lot of coverage in both works by the two writers.

First, both the works are presented as letters which are all published. By identifying their letter genre, they probably get to attract more attention than if they were posted as ordinary articles or other forms of communiqués. It is further coincidentally notable that both the authors are ladies, although the timelines of the two publications are separated by a number of decades.

From the two writings, it is quite evident that the society had previously looked down upon women. In sum, women feel oppressed and overrun by societal prejudiced views. Thus, Abigail Adams indicates when she requests a better position for women in the new society, that their men should ‘treat them better than their ancestors did’ (Thelizlibrary.org, 2013). In a similar way, Maria Child opens her text by indicating that she detests the position given to the woman by the society from which her opinion of societal maxims comes as ‘mawkish sentiment’ and ‘shallow philosophy.’ It is for this reason that the two write out to protest this position (Child & Karcher, 1997).

Assertiveness, determination and conviction, are yet other characters brought out in the women as by these letters. While Abigail indicates that they will press for a rebellion if they are denied what they view as rightfully theirs, she goes ahead to point out that accountability for such acts should not be entrenched in any law that does not recognize or represent them well (Thelizlibrary.org, 2013). When merged with the presentations of Child on the same, it is easily observable that not only do women feel oppressed, but also, they have reached a point where they are determined to fight their best in order to overcome this.

Nonetheless, there appears to exist a misgiving, generalization, and fallacy against men. More strongly, Abigail posits that all men bear the potential of being tyrants. Not only does she present this as a supposition but proceeds to indicate that this position is undisputed. If one were to read John Adam’s response to her, the contrary arises. Yet, even in her own letter, she presents a paradoxical position supposing that men still have the ability to willfully overcome this (Thelizlibrary.org, 2013). So is the case of Child, supposing that all men are endowed with lesser learning abilities, yet implicating them in negativities like political fights that end in black eyes (Child & Karcher, 1997).

Two major themes that clearly emerge in both letters are feminism and social criticism. To a wide extent, the theme of women oppression is merged with feminism as they advance the same courses for the benefit of women in both cases. Markedly, both Child and Abigail analyze and criticize the societal principles that oppress women in detail. Yet, in both the texts, advocacy is also one of the most outstanding issues.

In summary, the letters bring out Abigail and Child as articulate, assertive, determined to achieve their course, and feministic. Although societal structures did not favor women traditionally, both the writers appear overly critical of men. Yet they both achieve an extent of eloquence that makes them deliver their information quite successfully.

References

Child, L. M., & Karcher, C. L. (1997). A Lydia Maria Child reader. Durham: Duke University Press.

Thelizlibrary.org (2013). LETTERS OF ABIGAIL ADAMS. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.thelizlibrary.org/suffrage/abigail.htm [Accessed: 30 Nov 2013].

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A Comparison of Othello and Paradise Lost

Introduction

The power of jealousy is so devastating that it does not care about relationships. It seeks to find its own way by eliminating anything or anyone who stands on its way and stops at nothing unless it has achieved the goal or is permanently stopped by a stronger force. The following discussion will focus on the theme of jealousy as it is demonstrated in the story of Paradise lost and that of Othello.

Discussion

The story Othello and Paradise Lost are related in the sense that in both of them, the predominant theme is jealousy. Paradise Lost is a story by John Milton which portrays a Christian story showing the fall of man as it is quoted from first book of Paradise Lost by Milton (1.3), “of Mans First Disobedience, and the Fruit Of that Forbidden Tree, whose mortal task Brought Death into the World, and all our woe.’ This explains that as a result of disobedient, man lost the paradise where he was meant to live forever. It begins with a commotion in heaven where Lucifer is waging war with God’s angels. The devil says, ‘On this side nothing; and by proof we feel Our power sufficient to disturb his Heav’n,’ (Milton. 2. 103). He is said to have been the greatest choir master in heaven and had extensive choir abilities. This gave him so much pride that he wanted to usurp God’s position as it can be observed from the quote in the Paradise Lost book “Either to disinthrone the King of Heav’n We warr, if Warr be best, or to regain (Milton.2.231).he was so determined to wage war with God’s kingdom. War subsequently broke between the angels whom he had been able to woo and those who were still with God.

Lucifer could however not match the offensive war mounted by God’s Angels. He was defeated and cast into hell. From that moment, hatred was created between God and the devil and therefore, he has been looking for the opportunity to avenge by destroying those that want to relate with God.

Lucifer’s clear manifestation of jealousy is demonstrated in the Garden of Eden after the creation of Adam and Eve. The two were created for the purpose of having a healthy fellowship with their creator. Adam was created first and even was made from his own ribs. The two were placed in the Garden which to them was a paradise for the reason that they did not have to toil for anything. God had already made everything for them and gave them the power to have dominion over all other created things.

From Hell or Tartarus as it is referred, Satan summons his mammon and Beelzebub where they have an intensive discussion on how they are going to destroy the relationship between God and the couple. All this evil emanates from the anger that he was cast into hell and still wants to prove that he is powerful. After that, Satan comes out in a bid to poison the whole earth by making it flooded with sin.

He begins his plan by approaching Eve on several occasions with rhetoric, which is the use of language in the most convincing way that it appeals to the listener. He used logic and creativity to prove to Eve why they needed to eat the fruit that God had warned them against. He understood that God had warned them against eating the fruit from the tree in the middle of the garden as it is recorded in the Paradise Lost story “So various, not to taste that only Tree Of knowledge, planted by the Tree of Life, So neer grows Death to Life, what ere Death is,’(Milton.4.425). He eventually succeeded in his evil plan by making Eve pluck the fruit in the middle of the garden and have a taste of it.

It is said that Adam noticed that Eve had sinned against God. He was however willing to die with her than living without her since she was part of whom he was, owing to the fact that she was made from his own flesh and blood. It is recorded that Adam was also convinced by Eve to take the same fruit making both of them unfaithful to their creator.

The devil was succeeding in his jealous act in the sense that immediately Adam ate the fruit, both of them had lustful sexual intercourse something that had not happened before. The story explains that this experience made Adam get convinced that Eve was right in the act of disobeying God. However, it had not dawned on them about the repercussions of what they had just done. They had not realized that the devil was out to bring an end to their fellowship with their creator. They were also not aware of the jealousy that the devil had upon them and the vengeance that he craved to take against God.

It is recorded that they fell into deep sleep and had terrible nightmares. Such are things they had not experienced since they were placed in this paradise. This is when it came to their realization that they had committed a terrible sin against their God. They knew nothing about nakedness but now when they woke up, they realized that they needed to cover themselves. Life was beginning to change very fast. They had been promised by the devil that after eating the fruit they would have the knowledge of good and bad and that they would become wise like God himself.

An angel of God is said to have taken Adam through a vision to see what he had caused the whole world to go through. The errors that they had committed is said to have culminated into a sea of sins in the whole world. That was the initial plan of the devil of destroying the beauty that God had created and making sure that man did not worship God.

The consequence of this was that the relationship between Adam and God became distant. God who was initially omnipresent and visible became invisible to them. He would visit them and they would have a conversation before they sinned but now everything had to change due to their unfaithfulness.

The devil was rejoicing to have succeeded into his mission after having taken his revenge. This is demonstrated by the fact that God became so angry with the couple he had so much loved. This prompted Him to cast them out of the Paradise he had given them where they had no struggles in their lives. The Angel Michael was sent to guard over it and to see that Adam did not come back. The relationship was now broken and there was to be an eternal separation between God and man.

As the devil was celebrating his victory, the Son of Man Jesus Christ was pleading with his father to allow him to be the redemption and bring back the fellowship between God and man. This is according to what is recorded in the Paradise Lost story, ‘till one greater Man Restore us, and regain the blissful Seat.’(Milton.1.100). This quote in book one expains that man had hopes of enjoyed fellowship with God again if someone greater came to provide a bridge. God agreed and this meant that the devil had not fully succeeded in creating an eternal separation.

The main theme in the above story is jealousy in the sense that the devil realized that God created man so that he could offer worship and praise to him. He too wanted to be worshipped and because he had lost that chance, he did not want God to have it either. This is the reason why he was looking for an opportunity to destroy the kind of fellowship God enjoyed with his creation.

Paradise lost story compares with that of Othello in the sense that the whole of Othello is dominated by jealousy. The only difference is that while paradise lost is spiritual, this particular one is secular and does not involve the supernatural beings as we have seen above.

Othello was a prince who had a rank of a general in the Venetian army. He had two closest soldiers who assisted him in his duty who were Iago and Cassio. In this particular essay, we focus on Iago since he is the reason why the theme is so profound.

It is said that Othello awarded a promotion to Cassio to become a lieutenant at a time when Iago was openly more prominent and had a belief that this promotion deserved him more than it did Cassio. It is this promotion that breeds hatred and jealousy and generates so much abhorrence and pain in Iago’s heart that he is looking for an opportunity to take revenge and reclaim that post instead. According to him, Cassio was a Scholarly tactician with no field experience as he had. He was the one who ‘deserved’ the promotion instead. This made him start planning on what to do in order to gain his desired or otherwise deserved position.

It is said that there was a celebration at the palace and people were having fan. Iago in his bid to succeed; knew that he had to utilize this opening to destroy Cassio’s reputation. He planned to make him extremely drunk and make him get into a fight with Roderigo. He actually succeeded into it and immediately, Othello appeared to quell the situation. He was so angry with Cassio his lieutenant for being responsible for the whole commotion and shame and for acting in an irresponsible manner and did not therefore hesitate to demote him and relieve him of his duty.

This was Iago’s first successful attempt but he pretended to be very sorry and willing to offer assistance in order see to te successful reinstatement of Cassio. He goes ahead to entice and advise Cassio to approach Desmodema who is Othello’s wife and plead with her to talk to the husband within the house and to try to convince him to reinstate Cassio.

Cassio knew not that this was a plan that was meant to add an insult to an injury priory secretly secured by Iago. They met on several occasion with Othello’s wife but they stuck to the objective. While all this was happening, Iago took that opportunity to create a picture that the two were having an affair. He took the news to Othello who at first did not believe Iago since he trusted his wife for the reason that he had never cheated on him before. He could not contemplate the fact that such a thing would happen. It was not possible.

Iago knew that he had to devise a new way. He asked his wife Emilia who also happened to be Desmodema’s maid servant to steal a handkerchief from her mistress. This was a much honored present that Othello had given to her to express his love and commitment for her. Iago took the handkerchief and made sure that he placed it in Cassio’s lodgings. This would serve as a proof that Desmodema had been visiting him and that the two had been having an affair.

Iago moved to Othello to prove to him that his wife was really being unfaithful. He explained that she had even given the present that he had bought her to Cassio. He was so furious and asked Iago to help him in killing Cassio. He is promised promotion after doing this.

This is Iago’s happiest moment because he knows that he is going to succeed in reclaiming the position that he was dying to have. While he was planning the murder of Cassio, Othello on the other side was plotting to smother his wife while they lay in bed. Iago approached Roderigo once again and told him to help in the murder of Cassio. He easily accepted since he did not like Cassio. He ambushed him in the street and the two struggled in the fight. Iago noted that Cassio was much stronger for Roderigo and he disguised himself before cutting him in the leg. He then hid himself before the arrival of the officers who had come to Cassio’s rescue. He emerged to join them and to pretend that he knew nothing. It is said that he stubbed Roderigo and killed him so that he would not confess and put him to trouble.

While all that was happening, Othello was on the other side strangling his wife. It happened that Emilio got into his room and was shocked by what she saw. Othello said that she deserved to die for cheating on him. When he mentioned about the handkerchief, it dawned on her that the whole thing was plotted by her husband. Othello was so angry when he realized that he had killed his innocent wife.

Immediately, Iago and some officers entered Othello’s room. He had not realized that all his plans had been disclosed. Othello moved to attack him but then realized that torture would be the best thing for him so that he could pay for the evil that he had caused. Iago realized that his wife had set him up and immediately jumped on her and murdered her on spot.

The officers moved in and apprehended both Othello and Iago. It is said that Othello opted to commit suicide rather than be taken into custody. Iago on the other side was taken for torture and it is thought that he was finally executed.

The two stories therefore are comparing in the sense that they express the theme of jealousy. They also compare in that both Satan in Paradise Lost and Iago in Othello do not achieve their goals. They only manage temporary success and terminal happiness at this achievement which soon come to an end. The only contrast is that the two protagonists in Othello die while they remain in the Paradise Lost.

Conclusion

Theme of jealousy is so profound in the two stories. In both the two pieces, the evil characters try to reclaim their lost glory by eliminating the one’s that deserved it. The two however do not succeed fully in their plans though they cause a lot of damage and enjoy temporary joyful moments as a result; which is extreme agony for others. Jealousy is therefore a powerful force that should be avoided since it results into devastating events.

References:

Butler, G “Giants and Fallen Angels in Dante and Milton: The Commedia and the

Gigantomachy in Paradise Lost”, Modern Philosophy 95 (3): 352–363. 998

Anderson, G “The Fall of Satan in the Thought of St. Ephrem and John Milton”:

Journal of Syriac Studies 3 (1), 2000

http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol3No1/HV3N1Anderson.html 

Biberman, M Milton : Marriage, and a Woman’s Right to Divorce, SEL Studies in

English Literature 39 (1): 131–153, doi :10.2307/1556309. 1999

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A Comparison between “Stone” by Timothy Findley and Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne Masculinity Concepts

According to the “Stones” by Timothy Findley, a man was bred to become a soldier and nothing less than that. The masculinity identity is an issue that is worth mentioning. The conception of masculinity is manifested in a soldier. The essence of masculinity according to Findley is seen from when in his qualities of leadership and as the protector of the family. The above roles are evidently operative roles; to be figurative and literal soldier and not that of the opposite-women. In the story Stones, one of the characters called David experiences psychological problems (43). He has been indoctrinated into war; violence, making his definition as masculinity skewed. On the other hand, the Birthmark by Nathaniel Hawthorne (p. 23) gives a different view of masculinity as below. The symbolism shown by the author is very distinct with the difference in masculinity of the characters in the novel. The nature of masculinity is shown in the face of Georgiana’s. It shows the struggle between science and nature, via his repeated attempts of removal of masculinity. The class between nature and science shows the concept of women and man, through the femininity of nature and masculine characters of the globe of science.

According to the Findley Davis needs to be soldier to be considered as a man. Findley indicates that psychological torture is worse than physical torture. The author later introduces another character called Ben. Ben’s memories indicate that his is a perfect father. On the contrary, David is a failed soldier with evident problems of femininity. Since David changes into feminine boy since lily approaches him as a mother. It is noted that the author tried to inform his audience that the role of man should not be confused to that of the women and that the man was the bread winner of the family and the society. In the Birthmark, All through the story, nature is seen as feminine and is present through Georgiana. This is the same way how science depicts masculine and symbolizes through Aylmer. The dilemma or the conflict between nature and science of the attempts that men have in control of women. According to Eckstein, modern science is full of masculine endeavourers as well as nature is considered as metaphorically female (512).

From his analysis, it can be concluded that David is less masculine while Ben is seen as the real man with masculine to protect his people and family (96). Findley defines the negative effects of masculine psychological dilemma in Stones via indoctrination of violence, the ideal principle of perfection, and the female in contrast. The author informs the reader that gender roles are significant in determining masculinity ideas in humans. In the contrary, Birthmark story states that, all through history, people refer to nature with the preceding word of “nature” making individual to belief that nature can only be considered feminine. A true appeal of such beliefs is evident in the contemporary world, where women are now fighting for gender rights all over the world. Rucker sees how Georgia frightens Aylmer, it is seen from the novel that Aylmer fears sexuality (443), especially feminine sexuality. He is concerned with managing his wife and her looks. This shows the theme of women versus men.

Findley indicates that departing to war has psychological effects to man. Men are instructed into violence. A man is psychologically disturbed when he knows he has to go to war. Similar men exist out in the streets gangs of the youths as zombies, extremely defensive of their manhood, challenging the soldiers who were dancing (Findley 207). If Ben had a chance to come to street with his greatcoat if would be assumed that he was a deserter and the societies patriotism could have come to that (208). The soldiers returned from the war filed with wounds that were very damaging… it was the women’s role to lift their morale and to deny the harshness of the wounds. The physical is not as damaging as psychological. The author shows that men feared psychological wound rather than physical wounds. The meaning of this in the cotemporary world as indicated by Findley is that men should not fear the physical experience that we get from time to time but we should fear the impacts that come with psychological contractions. On the other hand, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Aylmer sees Georgiana as an object for perfection with the exception of birthmark in him. Before meeting her all his was dreaming was science and the art of perfecting nature. He was posed with the degree of belief of man ultimate control of nature (p 29). This clearly shows what he ought to perfect from the exiting nature.

It is evident from the Stone that women are subjected to simple roles such as soothing their men when “wounded” indicating that their masculinity is designed for simple roles or duties. Findley informs the audience that masculinity was used to determine a person’s role in the society while the author in Birthmark indicates that difference between men and women perception and stereotype of nature evident among the characters in the novel. The author comes with clear description of the role that main character such as Aylmer and Georgiana have towards depicting the roles that gender roles have to the society.

It is clear that the Findley uses masculinity traits to identify characters in the Stone. David is seen as feminine with weak masculine expectations while the novel as the real masculine image that can fight for the family-brave advocates Ben while in Birthmark, to balance the considerations of Georgiana and the mark, Nathaniel includes the opinion of the masculine observer; if the birthmark did not show the admiration of the contented selves, then the problem lies to the gender roles that nature has indicated in the society of the type of relief that the character presents in the novel.

The Findley also raises the notion of patriarch. A man is expected to take part in a battle and such a man is considered as the perfect being. However, the notion of perfection prevents an individual’s sense of perspective. Both Ben’s and David’s perspective and blurred. The masculine approach of the perfect father and soldier suggests that David was firm with his Son and Ben femininity. David was introduced to violence earlier in life this rendering his masculinity life similar to when he became a soldier. The author deduces that one’s masculine nature does not come one a mere trial it is a learned process. In addition, individual’s character are crafted from their masculine form while Nathaniel states that information, streaming from nature is coupled with different meaning in the world of science. He concludes that Aylmer is a person who wishes to define masculinity as the only source of changing nature.

Findley portrays masculine identity to be a negative psychological concern. Concerning soldiers, the concept of masculinity has been altered. The man’s social identity defined as leader and provider has been produced negatively outcomes. David is seen being psychologically castrated when he returned from war however; this has given him false protection. The memories that Ben has for David pre-war is unclear as it is expected that a soldier heading for war should have a strong masculine complex (209).

It is clear from the Stone that the author use masculinity them to arrange his plot from the start of the story to the end. The sequential analysis of the novel was planned on the nature of the characters representation of their masculinity image. As a new character is added to the plot his value adds to depiction of what he denotes of male values or roles. In addition, the author also used masculinity identity to indicate an individual character in the novel. For example, the ideal character for David was weak and that of Ben previously was courageous man. In Birthmark, on the principles between nature and science, the author used masculinity to define the plot of the novel. He divided the plot into several potions defining the role of masculinity in Gender roles.

It can be concluded that masculinity plays a significant role in shaping one’s life both as nature and as science. Both novels have indicated the fear of masculine roles among characters in the novels hence showing a sense of masculine responsibility. It is also evident that both are using masculinity in developing plots and character representation.

Works Cited

Erskine, John. “Nathaniel Hawthorne.” In Leading American Novelists. New York: Books For Libraries Press, 1968.

Findley, Timothy. “Stones.” Stones. N.p.: Viking Canada, 1988. 195-221. Print.

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Political science

A Comparison of the French Constitutional Reforms with the Proposals to End the Political Gridlock in American Politics Especially Since the 2010 Elections

The 5th Republic instituted a number of constitutional reforms in France upon ending the 4th Republican political gridlock. The reforms ranged from a renewal of the party system to victory for feminism where minor parties and women were allowed to contest every elective post. Consequently, women made up 19% of the legislature.

Contrastingly, in the US especially after 2010, courts interfered with the democratic process. For instance, the 2010 Supreme Court’s ruling on the citizens united, disgraced the political equality that had been enjoyed by Americans for many years. This ruling ensured that independent billionaires and the political clout in Washington had their day at the expense of many disgruntled voters. Politicians could still reach out to corporate organizations for campaign funds.

“Inequality has a direct impact on the democratic process by placing greater amounts of wealth in the hands of a tiny minority, who can use it to exercise undue influence on who is nominated and elected. The influence can also lobby governmental decision-making bodies, which in turn allow them to generate even more wealth for themselves (Schneirov and Fernandez 210)”. Despite this blow to democracy, the 2010 US Affordable healthcare act had a plus for the democratization process by enabling all Americans to access health care.

A Comparison of US and French Electoral Systems and Bipartisanship amongst Their Parties

The French 5th Republic provides a case in point of two ballots plurality system. In this system, there is a need for a majority in the first ballot/round election. The absolute majority is registered by more than 50% of the cast votes. If there is no 50+1% in the first round, there is a rerun where the winner in this case, regardless of the percentage of votes, is one who has most votes. Like the US system, the weakest candidates are usually pressured to withdraw. On the other hand, the US system has impediments such as bare minimum vote sharing thresholds. These procedures obstruct small parties from winning voter representation.

Members of an electoral college in the USA determine the winner in case of a close race. In both countries, the party that holds the majority in the legislature tends to encourage polarization and hyper-partisanship amongst parties. For instance, the lack of suggestions for dramatic change, less charismatic leaders, cohabitation and scandals has reduced the presidential powers in France. “Republicans have been able to maintain control of the House since 1994 chiefly because elections are seldom contested and because large campaign donors are more likely to contribute to likely winners. (Schneirov and Fernandez 239)”

A Comparison of the Role of the Legislatures in Decision Making In France and Britain

The French Parliament is more powerful than the British parliament. This is because Britain has a parliamentary system where there is considerable unity between the executive and legislative branches. Consequently, parliament in Britain plays a very negligible decision making role. Apart from that, the party with the majority in parliament names the cabinet from its members. This means that the legislature cannot go against the executive given that its members are in the ruling party. Contrastingly, France has a hybrid system where the country is governed by two principals: the President and the Prime minister on a power sharing agreement. Since the running of government is the prerogative of the Prime minister and a cabinet appointed by the President, parliament has more power over the executive. However, the President can unanimously introduce a referendum; hence, bypassing the legislating role of parliament if the bill is passed by the masses. In the 1950’s, most French governments lasted for about 9 months because the lawmakers introduced a vote of no confidence and a new government was elected if their motion sailed through by absolute majority.

A Comparison of the Role of the State in France and the US As Far As Their Economic and Societal Outcomes Are Concerned

In France, there are high rates of unemployment in comparison to the USA. Consequently, voters want to elect a socialist regime because they believe that it will stop the high inequality rates and the decline in job security that has been typical of the country since the 1970s. However, the case in the US is quite different: “Since 2008, the country has moved in a progressive economic direction for middle and low-income Americans. The Affordable Care Act of 2010 provides for a significant improvement in the medical and financial security for a large number of Americans, especially for the bottom half of the income distribution (Schneirov and Fernandez 269).”

Works Cited

Schneirov Richard, and Fernandez Gaston A. Democracy as a Way of Life in America: A History. Routledge: New York. (2012): 210-270.Print.

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Movie Critique: 13th Amendment

African Americans have never been absolutely free even after the emancipation. The ratification of the 13th Amendment was a chance for slave owners and supporters to draft a law that had loopholes to keep African Americans in chains, literally and figuratively. It was a clause that shifted the definition of slavery from a ‘legitimate” business to a legal method of punishment for lawbreakers. African Americans are suffering from the legacy of slavery a century almost two centuries after 1867. The institutionalization of slavery and the wide racial and partisan disparities and the position of African Americans in American society has been nothing short of slavery. America boasts of these lofty ideals, but on the other hand, it has subjected Negroes to a second class status with the political elite selecting the nobility of their civic creed at the expense of social arrangements that have been in existence for many years.

The black race in America is subjected to extreme stereotyping, economic inequality, and stigmatization for their way of life and isolated by the society. Their purported criminality has resulted in racial profiling by law enforcement to the extent that black people are arrested, and many of their rights are violated in the process. There have been documented and undocumented cases of black people being physically beaten by the police during arrest and held at police stations beyond the requirements of the law.

The 13th is a documentary by Ava DuVernay, which focuses on the Thirteenth Amendment very significant legislation that resulted in mass incarceration in the United States. Besides covering this epic event in history, the film is gorgeous, reminiscent, and infuriating exploration powers, roots, and permanence. The film showcases the account of those wielded power and those made to kneel by this power, their roots, and their permanence. From history, the economy of the Southern state was decimated. The primary sources of income for the South, slaves, were no longer obliged up and serve as free labor for their fields. There was, however, an exception was made for criminals who, according to the law, were eligible for enlistment as slaves as part of their punishment. In the first restatement of a strategy by the South, hundreds of slaves who had started enjoying their freedom were enslaved again courtesy of trivial mistakes and minor charges. This informed the beginning of Duvernay’s examination of the evolving iterations.

The cycle was such that when one method of subservience-based injustice and terror subsided, another rose in its place. The list used by Duvernay in this documentary included the Jim Crow era, lynching if black people, Nixon’s race for the presidency, Reagans War on Drugs, President Clinton’s three strikes, and the compulsory sentencing rulings and the cash-for-prisoners in effect today. The cash for prisoners is a model that bail and incarceration firms use to generate millions of dollars.

The 13th, however, concentrates a bit more on the cash-for-prisoners model and even portrays the tally of the prisoners to go through the system on-screen (Luxe). The use of context, in this case, is very important because although history still has significance, it is necessary to create awareness of the situation of black people today. The other does a perfect job to remind the world and black people that they are still not considered nothing more than just that, African Americans. America does not see beyond their color. The use of the 13th Amendment as the thesis for this film is appropriate and creates a path that allows the film director to exhaust the evolution of prejudice against black people over the years.

Works Cited

Luxe. (2016, October 16). Thirteenth Amendment Documentary [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WU608Z2678