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Assessment 3

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1. Reward Systems

1.1 Advantages of Having a Reward System

1.1.1 They incentivize teamwork and collaboration

Employees in the tourism and hospitality industry tend to be motivated naturally by incentive and recognition programs. Also, they may be utilized to bring teams and departments closer together (Idemobi, Ngige, & Ofili, 2017). Moreover incentives and reward programs inspire the employees meet both their personal and professional goals. Employee incentive programs is a tremendous method to recognize employees who achieve their goals However, this may jeopardize a team’s sense of oneness and coherence. Combining incentive programs with recognition programs results in a one-two punch which in the end, encourages employees to collaborate with one another (Idemobi, Ngige, & Ofili, 2017). Peer-to-peer recognition can be used to show employees that the organization values and acknowledges their contribution to the success of the team

1.1.2. Reward Systems are cost effective and improve employee retention

Companies in the hospitality and tourism industry easily implement reward systems. Although there are various programs available, currently, many organizations take the form of digital platforms such as the social media platforms used by the employees in their day to day lives. According to Franco‐Santos, & Gomez‐Mejia (2015), recognition systems help the employees across the organization to work harder and are proud to take on tasks at hand. Besides, the employee turnover is reduced. Idemobi, Ngige, & Ofili (2017) states that organizations that have implemented employee reward systems enjoy a reduction of approximately 30% in voluntary turnover. Employee retention on the other hand is cost effective to the organization while at the same time allows the continuous provision of quality services expected by the customers. The retained employees have a higher a higher likelihood of growing and developing, thus, helping the organization to reach newer heights of customer satisfaction and operational excellence. If there is an increased rate of turnover, the organization risks moving backwards in terms of business success.

1.1.3. Reward System helps employees feel engaged and develop a sense of belonging

Reward systems such as employee recognition schemes tend to use peer-to-peer and manager-to-peer recognition in order to help employees feel a sense of belonging within the organization. This program not only helps employees feel more engaged but also they take pride in performing their tasks. Evidently, the more engaged employees are, the higher the chances of a business being a success. A research by Franco‐Santos, & Gomez‐Mejia (2015) revealed that higher levels of employee engagement increases the company’s profitability by approximately 20%. In addition, nearly ninety percent of leaders in the hospitality industry consider a lack of employee engagement to be among the top three threats that face the operations of the industry.

1.2 Disadvantages of Having a Reward System

1.2.1. Inequitable Employee Rewards

Based on the workforce’s size and the compensation structure of the organization, some of the reward systems can be cost-prohibitive. The majority of the employers in the hospitality industry hand out some seasonal rewards like $25 gift cards to the general workforce and the upper level employees are rewarded with substantial rewards like $1000 gift vouchers (Idemobi, Ngige, & Ofili, 2017). This kind of reward system can foster a divided workforce and elitism (Idemobi, Ngige, & Ofili, 2017). A lack of commitment to workplace equity is the main result of a reward system.

1.2.2. Employee Begin to See Rewards as an Entitlement

Hospitality companies that make a habit of implementing an increased reward systems risk employees believing that they are entitled to an ever-increasing rewards and bonuses for simply performing their duties in the workplace (Franco‐Santos & Gomez‐Mejia, 2015). The definition of employee rewards by the human resources is aligned with rewarding those that make significant contributions to the success of the organization (Franco‐Santos & Gomez‐Mejia, 2015). Also, it has the potential to minimize and ultimately to eliminate a sense of entitlement by the employees. Entitlement comes in when reward systems are rolled out constantly, creating a culture of expecting these benefits to continue. If a hospitality company decides to terminate a rewards program, then employees would lose motivation due to entitlement.

1.2.3. Reward Systems can Lead to Higher Turnover

Sometimes managers decide to use reward systems to reduce employee turnover. The development of an employee reward system in order to reduce voluntary employee turnover can be problematic for an organization. This is because the majority of employees cite poor leadership as their reason to quit (Jakobsen & Mortensen, 2016). A reward system with the intention to motivate workers and mitigate turnover can be counterproductive and costly. Disengaged employees are more likely to prefer challenging work assignments and satisfying work relationships over material rewards.

2. Performance Management

Performance management can be beneficial for both the employees and organizations in the hospitality industry. Normally, the approach tends to utilize systematic and meticulous evaluations, offers specific feedback on performance to improve the performance of employees, identifies the training that they need to develop their skills, and facilitates organizational and individual development (Cappelli & Tavis, 2016). Employee performance and decision-making tend to establish employee productivity and motivation. Performance management involves matching employees with functions and tasks equivalent to their knowledge and skills. The system covers employee development and training, organizational restructuring, and team dynamics.

2.1 Advantages of Performance Management

2.1.1. Increases employee retention

Performance management increases employee retention. According to research conducted by Jakobsen & Mortensen (2016), organizations that regularly implement employee feedback have voluntary turnover rates which are approximately 14% lower relative to those that do not receive feedback. An increased employee turnover has a significant impact on hospitality companies not mentioning the effect on the employee morale. The performance management’s nature makes sure that the employee expectations and their objectives are made clear and are reviewed regularly. In addition, the implementation of frequent feedback and review sessions in the workplace allows employees to raise and resolve important issues (Jakobsen & Mortensen, 2016). The regular interactions between employees and managers allows for an easy and fluid communication. Moreover, the latter are kept in the loop concerning the progress of the team and any potential issues. An effective performance review strategy encourages regular feedback, either formal or informal. Besides, it will encourage development and learning and prioritize the recognition of employees.

2.1.2. Delivers a great employee autonomy

Once the employees are made aware of the objectives of the wider business and what they can contribute to the achievement of those objectives, they can make their respective choices on how they will deliver their responsibilities. Consequently, they become more committed, happier, more loyal, and more productive than the employees whose actions are dictated (Cappelli & Tavis, 2016). Managers have the assurance of frequent feedback sessions and discussion to review the progress of the employees against the objectives they had agreed on. This therefore fosters a culture of initiative and trust among the employees. This culture allows for a free flow of creativity and ideas. This is a kind of culture that benefits the hospitality business in the long run.

2.1.3. Improves accountability

Accountability plays a vital role in an organization’s success but it is not easy to ensure an effective accountability. Time and again, people equate accountability to a culture of blame. This is wrong and increasingly detrimental to the employee morale and corporate culture (Cappelli & Tavis, 2016). Effective accountability defines the goals, values, and mission of an organization and it makes sure that each employee understands his role within that.

2.2 Disadvantages of Performance Management

2.2.1. Risk of Internal Competition by Employees

Under the performance management system, employees tend to compete with one another for pay, position, and status. This can result in strong employee rivalry, backstabbing, and failure to communicate efficiently among employees (Jakobsen & Mortensen, 2016). Ultimately, this could lead to department and team’s dysfunction and failure to achieve the standard of performance.

2.2.2. Favoritism on Performers Leading to Low Morale

Supervisors and managers depend on and trust a specific employee more than others. The respective employee could be the team leader or the foreman who is entrusted with the duty to explain new roles to the rest of the team (Jakobsen & Mortensen, 2016). This could result in distrust and dissension among the employees. Moreover, it leads to team fraction and negatively affects the satisfaction and morale of the employees.

2.2.3. Process is Expensive and Time-Consuming

Performance management is costly and it requires lots of administrative work, time, and patience. Normally, the departments that are negatively impacted include finance, the human resources, and organizational development (Jakobsen & Mortensen, 2016). The performance management system demands that the employees should be equipped with the “appropriate” knowledge and skills encompassing extensive training, career development and training workshops for all divisions and level of employees.

2.2.4. Complexities Leading to a Manager’s Dilemma

With performance management, managers are not able to efficiently perform their tasks because most of their time is spent supervising employees on their responsibilities and functions. They face value-based appraisal systems. Therefore, it is tough and challenging to decide on value and performance indicators for measurement (Jakobsen & Mortensen, 2016). It is also impossible to implement a common indicator since different jobs require different requirements.

3. Importance of Planning for Talent Managers

3.1 Importance of Planning and the planning Process when Selecting Talent

Human resource planning is responsible for identifying the talent that will translate an organization’s objectives into results. The planning prepares organizations by ensuring that they hire the right talent for both their talent and future needs. Human resource planning is a continuous process that involves the reviewing of many interrelated activities in the organization ranging from policies, objectives, and strategies, to ensure the availability of the right quality and quantity of human resource when they are needed (Lapiņa, Maurāne, & Stariņeca, 2014). One of the methods used in HR planning, is the process of keeping a record of all the employees in the organization at any given time, capturing demographic data, skill sets, work experience and the scope of work they do. The employee inventory facilitates the human resource management to stay up to date with the status of the human resource, as well as to predict the future trends in human resource planning. Analyzing the current talent in an organization, allows the HR personnel determine if that talent will still be viable in the company in the next five years, given their current skills sets (Samwel, 2018). For example, if accountants in a hospitality organization use paperwork for financial management, and the company forecasts that the future will require the use of QuickBooks, then they might decide to train their employees, or consider hiring the individuals with the required qualifications.

There are five key steps in performing human resource planning which include defining clear business goals, performing environmental analysis, conducting gap assessment, determining human resource priorities and regulations, and constantly monitoring and reporting the process. When an organization conducts the processes mentioned above, they can determine the gap between the current skill set and the forecasted skill set and come up with a solution on how to fill the gap (Samwel, 2018). The solutions include talent development for the current employees, promotions, interdepartmental transfers, expansion of the workforce, and in some cases declaring some positions and departments redundant.

3.2 Benefits of Planning for Talent Managers

The first benefit is that having the right people working in an organization, at the right time, leads to increased productivity towards the attainment of the organization’s critical objectives, and thus increased profits in some cases. Human resource planning attracts leads to the attraction of the right kind of people to the organization, by advertising for specific skill sets at a specific time (Samwel, 2018).

HR planning helps an organization to adjust to anticipated changes in the industry. These changes might be because of technological advancement, global marketing, or new government guidelines (Samwel, 2018). For example, a government might impose a three-month travel ban on countries that were major sources of tourists for your country. Such a ban would lead to the decline of the business in those 3 months, which would translate to a lower demand of employees. Thus, the employer might decide to send some of the employees for an unpaid leave, as they wait for the government to lift the ban.

HR planning also leads an organization to conform to new government guidelines on general hiring processes and inclusivity. For example, the government might require an organization to reserve a third of its positions to women and people with disabilities (Samwel, 2018). Therefore, through HR planning, the organization starts to review its policies, and even physical places to accommodate the people living with disabilities for future hiring.

3.3 Models used Human Resource Panning

3.3.1 Standard Causal model

This model assesses how the HR strategy aligns to the overall business strategy and the process that need to be undertaken to meet the company’s goals. Therefore, a successful HR which entails the recruitment of new talents, performance management, employee wellbeing, and other policies, is usually derived from the overall strategy (Lapiņa, Maurāne, & Stariņeca, 2014). These HR practices lead to specific outcomes such as improved productivity, quality results, and commitment to work.

3.3.2 The 8-box model by Paul BoselieThis model is used to analyze all the internal and external factors that affect HR processes. Internal processes include the culture and history of the organization, skillset of employees, employee gap, and technology used. On the other hand, external factors are government legislations, market trends, political climate, and competition from similar companies (Lapiņa, Maurāne, & Stariņeca, 2014). HR practitioners use the outcome of this analysis to determine the kind of talent to hire, the innovations to adopt, and even the policies to formulate to reach the organization’s goals in an ever-evolving job market.

4. The Future of Human Resource Management

4.1 New Approaches of Conducting Performance Management

Artificial intelligence, globalization, and most recently the COVID-19 are some of the changes that have and continue to revolutionize the way HR managers work over the coming few years. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has altered the reality of many workers across the globe and redefined how and when work is done (Przytuła, Strzelec, & Krysińska-Kościańska, 2020). Digital advancements have also led to the recruitment of diverse teams that are dispersed all over in the world but can meet and work in the same digital spaces. According to a survey conducted in 2020, 60% of employees preferred to continue working from home even after the pandemic ends (Meister &Brown, 2021). This means that remote working is likely to continue indefinitely, and HR managers need to come up with lasting digital strategies that organizations will adopt for at least the next five years. Before the pandemic, most organizations used approaches such as timesheets to measure employees’ performance, but currently it is almost impossible to measure the number of hours an employee spends working (Przytuła, Strzelec, & Krysińska-Kościańska, 2020). Therefore, HR managers should establish innovative ways of measuring an employee’s performance that do not involve working hours. For examples, they collaborate with all line managers to track employees’ deliverables within a certain timeline and allow for some policies to be optional for those working remotely.

4.2 Investing in digital collaborative platforms

According to a survey done by KPMG, 67% of all CEOs interviewed would rather invest in technology rather than investing in employee skills (Meister &Brown, 2021). As earlier noted, companies are hiring diverse teams that are dispersed all over the world, creating a need for digital collaborative platforms such as zoom, skype for business, and google meets among others. Some companies have forged lasting and sustainable business partnerships with the digital platforms’ providers to ensure smooth running of the organization during remote working. Companies are further delving into the use of Virtual reality platforms for virtual trainings. Virtual reality training has garnered support from many industries, especially the medical field where VR is used for patient-doctor sessions’ simulations. It is estimated that the VR training market will reach $6.3 billion by 2022 ((Meister &Brown, 2021). As employees use digital platforms to collaborate with their colleagues, they are also concerned about data safety and protection. Therefore, HR managers need to establish systems that protect employees’ personal data from phishing and bias based on the personal information shared online.

4.3 Investing in employee wellbeing and disaster preparedness

The COVID-19 pandemic has weighed down on employee’s physical and mental wellbeing, affecting their overall performance and productivity in the workplace. The future requires HR managers to invest in the wellness their employees, by designing services and practices that nurture the physical, emotional, spiritual, and mental health of all the workers (Przytuła, Strzelec, & Krysińska-Kościańska, 2020). Along with employee wellbeing, the company should put in place measures for business continuity and disaster preparedness to protect the business from potentially crushing in the occurrence of another disaster. This role of the HR manager entails coming up with a preparedness plan that is applicable to all types of disasters.

4.4 Creative and innovative recruitment

With the evolving technology, another role of the HR manager would be to effectively identify, and recruit individuals with the right skill sets to match up to the evolving ways of working. The HR manager will have to analyze potential job candidates, not only using their academic qualifications, but also putting into consideration current global trends, competitions in the industry, and the future forecasts (Meister &Brown, 2021). Recruiters should be able to identify talent that is suitable for the organization’s current and future needs, and whose skill sets will lead to their growth. HR personnel should also be able to identify relevant skill development opportunities for employees and formulate policies that advocate personal and professional development of all employees within the time they are employed.

4.5 Data analytics

HR managers will be required to use data analytics to solve people problems such as determining one team performs so well, while the other team underperforms. Data analytics will also help HR managers to solve foreseen challenges such as identifying that the employees might need more support from the organization in ensuring their emotional psychological health for improved productivity (Meister &Brown, 2021). Therefore, HR managers might need specific skills that will enable them to use surveys, and other information provided by employees in their portals to identify and solve those problems.

References

Cappelli, P., & Tavis, A. (2016). The performance management revolution. Harvard Business Review, 94(10), 58-67.

Franco‐Santos, M., & Gomez‐Mejia, L. (2015). Reward systems. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, 1-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304570009_Reward_SystemsJakobsen, M. L., & Mortensen, P. B. (2016). Rules and the doctrine of performance management. Public Administration Review, 76(2), 302-312.

Idemobi, E., Ngige, C. D., & Ofili, P. N. (2017). Relationship between organization reward system and workers attitude to work. Journal of Business and Economic Development, 2(4), 247.

Lapiņa, I., Maurāne, G., & Stariņeca, O. (2014). Human resource management models: aspects of knowledge management and corporate social responsibility. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 110, 577-586.

Meister, J. and Brown, R., 2021. 21 HR Jobs of the Future. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: <https://hbr.org/2020/08/21-hr-jobs-of-the-future> [Accessed 8 August 2020].

Przytuła, S., Strzelec, G., & Krysińska-Kościańska, K. (2020). Re-vision of future trends in human resource management (HRM) after COVID-19. Journal of Intercultural Management, 12(4), 70-90.

Samwel, J. O. (2018). Human resource planning as an important practice to anticipate future human resource requirements of the organization–literature review. International Journal of Research in Business Studies and Management, 5(3), 24-30.

Movies and creativity

What is the relationship between the business of movies and creativity?

This period poses a challenge to whether a movie is a form of business or an art. This leaves the audiences with no answers since the bosses in the Hollywood find it a business while actors find it an art since they use their skills and talents. “We give the public what it wants.” The Hollywood movie industry succeeds due to various reasons such as the working towards impressing the people. This gives them the ability to have more customers since they produce what is relevant to the customers (Wood, 4). This makes Hollywood a success compared to other production industries such as the Asia or the European industry. Despite the high movie productions by Asia, they do not manage to sale more copies than Hollywood due to the sticking to a certain culture compared to Hollywood entertainment that mingles through various cultures in order to capture more customers.

Currently, Movies have a very high sense of creativity in that the people sitting at the cinemas to watch movies follow every part of the movie and keep liking every minute of the show cast. Brunet, (7) contemplates that the formation of a movie entails very high skills and creativity since it entails a long duration, sophisticated equipments and a strong story to capture the attention. In order to create a fascinating movie the script undergoes various adjustments from the editors, directors and producers. This people are the backbone in the movie formation industry and they all have distinct roles to play. The creation of a movie undergoes every department and every department has different roles to play in order to make the movie successful. Andrews, (9) agrees that the approval of the story paves way for the editors and producers to step in order to make a movie. Movies capture the attention of the viewer to the extent that the person loses right mind and start following the movie. For instance, the viewer will start to experience similar feelings with the mood of the movie. The viewer would either laugh or frown depending on the mood of the film. This explains the how the creativity and the flowing story in a movie capture the attention of the audience. In addition, the aspect of movies and other communication medium taking advantage of the audience by not only entertaining the audience but to play other hidden roles such as the keeping the audience in doubt since they never understand the fantasies behind the movie creation.

Hollywood entertainment is growing at a fast rate since it produces movies towards the achievement of the entertainment purpose, the movies high visible due to the high quality and their movies do not have a destination but work towards all the cultures across the world (Sidel & Morgan, 6). Hollywood poses as a threat to the entire world especially the rival nations that venture into the movie production. This is because the company produces classic movies and the amount of finance investment in their company is very high ranging about $34 million. This is a single movie investment therefore; this gives the company the reason not to produce a movie that will probably challenge the people. The rival companies in Europe and other parts such as Asia produce the highest number of movies than Hollywood in a single year but still Hollywood beats them in the sales and top earning company. The development of the star system entails the enhancement of the concentration on the image rather than the entire background in the script. This means that the Hollywood take their time and try to produce high quality images in order for them to produce catchy images. The star system in the Hollywood theaters comprises that creation, exploiting and promoting movie stars in the casts before presenting them with bigger roles. A movie comprises of three eyes that include the eyes of the director and the cinematographer, the eyes of the protagonists and the audiences (Sidel & Morgan, 4). The different eyes have different roles in that the capture the audience through the second eye that shows the feelings of a character before the main action. The technological, social and economical changes in Hollywood led to a change in the quality and the investment in the movies.

The Hollywood cinemas produce movies across the borders other than all the other companies in the different countries. Hollywood earns more from the foreign market forcing the movie industry to assimilate the culture often in order to meet the customers’ requests. This has kept the business going even in the third world countries such as the African countries. Hollywood entertainment takes advantage of the incapability or the poverty of the third world nations to make them own movies by invading their markets and leaving them no choice but to purchase the movies. The continuous growing of Hollywood has led to the development of creativity in the sense that the more the movie catches the attention of the viewers the more the earnings. This means that the company serves the people in order to capture and receive their attention. The senior executives and the early time inventors of Hollywood think themselves as owners and manipulators of the million audiences in theaters watching their works (Andrews, 8). The executives think they heighten about the control of the entertainment industry including the producers and the actors. The executives think that other people do not play their roles as the audience forgetting that the people are responsible for making them the executives.

According to Brunet, (3) the introduction of the modes such as the 3D and the HD in the movie field has led to changes in the movie making. This has led to the changes in the acting modes therefore Hollywood has ventured in the business leading to the production of more movies that would capture the audiences. The modes increase the clarity and the production of large images that would make the viewer part of the movie. The larger the image the more the movie becomes interesting since the images or would become more realistic since the person would view the actor in the movie as real due to the high image formations and the size that can equate in the real life. The introduction of the new modes in the movie world change the perception that movies only entertain the people and has taken the movie industry to another higher level and this satisfies the purpose of the movies in that they want the audience to become part of the movie other than just viewers.

Hollywood poses a business challenge in the contrary since it has to collect capital in order to fund and maintain the entertainment industry. Wood, (3) states that Hollywood is the highest entertainment production industry that invests more in movies compared to the other industries such as the European industry that the highest movies investment pulls up to $11 million compared to $34 million in the Hollywood. This has made the movie industry a high revenue earner in the USA since the company sales the movies across the world especially the third world countries that do not have the production facilities. This enhances the release of movies that stern the audience due to the high definition images, use expensive casts in the movie in order to make sure the movie will earn the money back into the production. Hollywood loans from the Bank of America making it a business investment since the top bank managers would benefit from the loans therefore the deal need to support their bank management in order for them to give Hollywood the loan. “Bank executives have an important voice in what king of entertainment would become popular.” This means that the bank executives tend to have shares in the various entertainment productions.

What are the tensions between the two and (how) does this tension enable Hollywood to function as a cultural system?

In the movie industry, there exist diverse situations that contribute to tension between the movie business and the level of creativity expected from the filmmakers and actors. One of the tensions that exist between business of movies and creativity is whether the level of creativity in the movie will attract enough customers in the marketplaces to purchase the movies. Just like any other given business, the movie business operates on the profitable returns obtained from the selling of the movies. Without receiving the expected returns, it implies that the production of the movies will decline or even end up collapsing.

To avoid such incidents from occurring, it is essential that the people related with movie acting such as filmmakers and the actors employ the highest form of creativity in an effort to achieve the best movies. In producing the best movie in the movie marketplaces, most customers will definitely demand more of the product (Andrews, 4). In this case, the profitable returns yielded from the returns will boost the continuity of the movies industry. For this reason, the tension, which is whether the creativity in the film will fully satisfy the demand in the business industry, is a chief concern of the people involved in the movie business.

An additional tension that affects the movie business and the creativity in the movie industry is the fact that the current consumers in the marketplaces incrementally desire for motives with highest level of innovation. The current advancement in technology has made it possible for the consumers (viewers) from diverse parts of the world easily to have access to diverse movies. The exposure that the customers receive from the watching of diverse movies also contributes to the establishment of tension between the movie business and the creativity. In the current world, before the consumers decide on purchasing a given movie, their preferences and desires expectation related to the movie need to be attained. The current customers unlike the traditional movie lovers have the expectation of the movies they would love to watch. Before purchasing or going into any cinema to watch any movie, the customers (viewers) have to inquire whether the movie satisfies their desires fully. Regardless of the actors and the amount of capital invested in the production of the movie, without the aspect of creativity, the consumers are not willing to purchase the movies (Brunet, 5).

The tension created between the movie business and the level of creativity has enabled the Hollywood actors and produces to function as a cultural system in diverse ways. The level of interaction between the producers, directors and actors in Hollywood has increased to ensure that the products (movies) offered to the customers are satisfactory. The Hollywood directors and producers also interact and share new means to achieve the level of creativity enough to satisfy the customers. The actors and directors also work together as a community to promote the upcoming talent especially in the young actors. Most directors have resolved into working with younger actors because of the increasing creativity in the upcoming artists. However, other actors and directors balance the tension in diverse ways. Some will seek to balance the tension through shifting other more or less innovative products in the movie business (Wood, 4). For this reason, some actor’s directors will prefer producing animation and cartoon instead of the action movies that are highly demanding when it comes to levels of creativity. Others have decided to produce movies based on real life events hence evading the tension between the movie business and creativity.

Work cited

Robin Sidel and, Kate K. “J.P. Morgan Growth, Take 1; Hollywood Business Looms Large in Plans; Advising Pension Funds.” Wall Street JournalMar 13 2007. ProQuest. Web. 13 Nov. 2013 .

Wood, Daniel B. “Can Creativity Survive Hollywood’s Money Quest?” The Christian Science Monitor (pre-1997 Fulltext): 1. Mar 27 1995. ProQuest. Web. 13 Nov. 2013 .

Andrews, Suzanna. “The Hollywood Deal Game.” Institutional Investor 25.13 (1991): 69. ProQuest. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.

Brunet, Johanne. “The Social Production of Creative Products in the Television and Film Industry.” International Journal of Arts Management 6.2 (2004): 4-10. ProQuest. Web. 13 Nov. 2013.

Sidel & Morgan

Mr. John Hathorn, a Judge involved in the witchcraft case of Sarah Good, then asked all of the afflicted children to look upon her and see if this was the person that had hurt them so. They all gazed at Goody Good and said that this was the person that tormented them—presently they were all tormented.

Puritanical beliefs had all of Salem truly believing that witches rode on broomsticks across the sky every night alongside the devil himself. They believed that these mere humans could send their “specter” out and haunt the children of their town. Proof of their belief follows, in an excerpt from Cotton Mather’s Memorable Providences:

Go tell Mankind, that there are Devils and Witches; and that tho those night-birds least appear where the Day-light of the Gospel comes, yet New-Engl. has had Exemples of their Existence and Operation; and that no only the Wigwams of Indians, where the pagan Powaws often raise their masters, in the shapes of Bears and Snakes and Fires, but the House of Christians, where our God has had his constant Worship, have undergone the Annoyance of Evil spirits. Go tell the world, What Prays can do beyond all Devils and Witches, and What it is that these Monsters love to do; and through the Demons in the Audience of several standers-by threatned much disgrace to thy Author, if he let thee come abroad, yet venture That, and in this way seek a just Revenge on Them for the Disturbance they have given to such as have called on the Name of God.

Rebecca Nurse

Goody Nurse was a highly regarded, pious pillar of the community who unfortunately could not withstand the power of hysteria. There were many reasons that Rebecca was accused, but it was mostly the hatred exhibited towards her by the Putnam family. She was against Samuel Parris as Reverend of the Salem Town Church, while the Putnam family was his friend, and her husband was at war with the Putnam family estate over some land. Rebecca exuded a saint-like presence over the dark days of the witch-hunt. After her accusation, thirty-nine of the most prominent leaders of the community signed a petition attesting to Rebecca’s goodness of heart. Even one of her original accusers, Jonathan Putnam, put his name to the appeal.

During her trial, Sarah Holton testified that Goody Nurse killed her husband, Benjamin, because she found his pigs in her field. In actuality, Benjamin Holton died of a heart attack three years after the pig incident. In further evidence against Nurse, Ann Putnam, Sr., whom we have already established as being unfairly biased, testified before the court. She claimed that apparitions of Goody Nurse came to her and choked her in the night while the spirit proclaimed all of the people she had killed (the list incidentally included Benjamin Holton).

Fortunately, the speculative evidence against Rebecca Nurse was not substantial enough to convict her; on June 30, the jury came back with a verdict of not guilty. The afflicted children broke out in tantrums and hideous screaming fits and Chief Justice Stoughton urged the jury to reconsider. They came back with a decision of guilty. As if this was not punishment enough, Nurse was excommunicated from her church on July 3. This proved to be most devastating to a God-fearing, pious woman. Goody Nurse, at age 71, was executed on July 19, 1692.

Sarah Good

Sarah Good fit the ultimate stereotype of a witch: the lonely beggar, fed up with society, arguing with anyone that would not give his or her charity. She was destined to be accused; it was only a matter of time before an accused witch, Tituba, would sacrifice her soul for her life. Tituba confessed to being a witch and named Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne as fellow witches.

During her trial, as can be imagined many people came forward to testify against Good. Seven people testified against her general attitude; however, the most detrimental to Good was the examination of her own daughter, who confessed herself and mother as being witches. Susannah Sheldon testified as to “apparitions” that were seen of Mrs. Good. The following was taken, verbatim, from the original court document of her deposition:

Sarah Good most violently pulled down my head behind a Cheast and tyed my hands together with a whele band & allmost Choaked me to death and also severall times sence the Apperistion of Sarah good has most greviously tortored me by biting pinching and almost Chaoking me to death: also William Battin and Thomas Buffincgont Juner ware forced to cutt the whele band from afe my hands for they could not unty it.

Perhaps the most peculiar was the testimony of Good’s own husband, William. He inertly suggested to the jury that his wife was a witch without ever forthrightly accusing her. He told them that prior to the night his wife was examined, he noticed a wart beneath her right shoulder. This simple implication was one of many that led the jury to convict Sarah Good of witchcraft.

On the day of her hanging, Good was still not remorseful for being in connection with the devil. She continued to spew hate-filled remarks at the crowd, which fully convinced them that a woman that would not pray before death must automatically be a witch. Goody Good, at age 37, was executed with Rebecca Nurse on July 19, 1692.

Tituba

The first witch accused was an Indian slave named Tituba. Samuel Parris, a merchant from Salem, brought her from Barbados between the ages of 12 and 17. She maintained the Parris household with daily chores, etc. Betty, Samuel’s daughter, thought she had become afflicted from the wrath of a witch so she made Tituba help her in preparing a “witchcake” which was simply rye and Betty’s urine. This cake was then fed to a dog in hopes of learning the identity of the person tormenting Betty. Sooner or later, Samuel got wind of the use of witchcraft in his household and became enraged. He beat Tituba until she confessed that she indeed was a slave and was teaching Betty her ways.

Tituba was the first to confess for one reason: to avoid further punishment. By admitting her guilt, Tituba could then name other witches, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne, and come away from Salem with her neck intact. She spent thirteen more months in prison until an anonymous person paid her bail and bought her. There has been no record of her existence since.

Cotton Mather

A religious leader of New England and authentic follower of witchcraft, Cotton Mather led the army of righteous judges to convict dozens of innocent people of something they only read about. It seemed extremely convenient that three of the five judges on the court of oyer (to hear) and terminer (to decide) were Cotton’s friends. He wrote letters telling how evidence should be weighed and basically ran the trials from his own home.

Giles Cory

Of the witches accused in Salem, Giles Cory is the only one to refuse to stand trial. Unfortunately, this determination cost him his life. Of all of the witches, his punishment seemed most cruel and unusual.

Giles Cory was a well-to-do farmer in Salem. Some reasons that are now accepted as to why Cory was accused are his ties with the Porter family (who was against the Putnam faction), and his stubborn attitude when it came to proceedings such as the Salem Witch Trials. When accused, Cory refused to go to his own trial because he knew he faced conviction and execution. By avoiding conviction, it became more likely that his farm, which Corey recently deeded to his two sons-in-law, would not become property of the state upon his death. Mr. Giles Cory, at age 80, was executed by being pressed to death on September 19, 1692.

Samuel Parris

Having nothing to do with the actual proceedings, Samuel Parris most likely started the whole fiasco by beating Tituba into confessing witchcraft and fanning the flames of accusation from his pulpit. Parris organized fasts and daily prayer meetings to help the afflicted children, at the center of who were his own daughter, Betty, and his niece, Abigail.

A wealthy merchant’s life was not adequate for Samuel Parris so he began as the town’s new minister in July of 1689. He kept two slaves, one of whom was Tituba, and he had three children, Thomas, Betty, and Susahannah. Betty and Cousin Abigail Williams began dabbling in witchcraft activities, however, these games were most accurately described as non-Puritan activities. Fearing the repercussions of their actions, Betty began showing signs of being afflicted. Daddy came to the rescue and set out on a Salem-wide hunt for the person who was harming his little girl.

Sarah Osborne

Frequently denounced were women whose behavior or economic circumstances were somehow disturbing to the social order and conventions of the time. This was the case of Ms. Sarah Osborne. Being singled out from the very beginning because of her social status, Osborne had the seal of fate stamped on her forehead. It was only a matter of time until someone, like Abigail Williams, Betty Parris, and Tituba, accused her of witchcraft. She was found guilty of the charge on March 1. Goody Osborne died in a Boston prison on May 10, 1692.

Speculations on the Cause of Trial

Most historical scholars agree that the fall of Salem was induced by mass hysteria caused by many factors; however, it is the uniqueness of this hysteria that has some historians baffled. By understanding the underlying causes of the Salem witch trials, we can better comprehend the society of a people verging on the beginning of the eighteenth century. For example, in Salem Possessed, Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum contend that the witchcraft hysteria registered the strains attending the emergence of a commercial economy in Salem. In their view, what prompted accusations of witchcraft were the anxieties and resentments festering among some Salem Village families who were faltering and falling behind in a society being rapidly transformed by the quest for profit and material comforts. By contrast, in The Devil in the Shape of a Woman, Carol Karlsen argues that accusations of witchcraft both in Salem Village and elsewhere in New England, which targeted in disproportionate numbers those women who stood to inherit property, reflected the depth of misogyny within this Puritan culture.

Advantages And Limitations Of Ferrous Materials In Engineering ApplicationContents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Advantages and limitations of ferrous materials in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619702 h 1Advantages and limitations of ferrous materials in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619703 h 11C.Advatages and limitations of polymers in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619704 h 21D.Advatages and limitations of using ceramics in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619705 h 22A.Selection of ferrous metals in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619706 h 22B.Non-ferous alloys in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619707 h 32C.Polymers used in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619708 h 42D.Ceramics in engineering application PAGEREF _Toc379619709 h 43A.surface hardening treatments PAGEREF _Toc379619710 h 53B.Hardening of steel surfaces PAGEREF _Toc379619711 h 53. C erosion corrosion PAGEREF _Toc379619712 h 63D.Classes of stainless steel. PAGEREF _Toc379619713 h 63E.Wear processes PAGEREF _Toc379619714 h 63F.Mechanisms of abrasive process PAGEREF _Toc379619715 h 74A.stages of fatigue failure process PAGEREF _Toc379619716 h 74B.variables affecting fracture toughness and appearance of materials PAGEREF _Toc379619717 h 74C.Selecvtion of creep resistant alloys PAGEREF _Toc379619718 h 75A.Conditions for underbead cracking PAGEREF _Toc379619719 h 85C.changes in HAZ of cold worked PAGEREF _Toc379619720 h 8

Advantages and limitations of ferrous materials in engineering applicationThe main component of ferrous metals is iron but it also contains other metals and elements though in small amounts. These metals are magnetic since they have a large iron content that attracts a magnetic field. There are several advantages of using ferrous materials in engineering applications these include; the raw materials for their production are found abundantly on the earth’s crust (Callister,2000).Secondly they can be produced easily through an economical extraction process, alloying, refining as well as fabrication techniques. Finally they are versatile when it comes to physical and mechanical properties. There are also some limitations when using these ferrous materials in engineering application and these are; the fact that they have a relative high density, they have a low corrosion resistance and hence they require coating and finally they have low thermal and electrical conduction properties.

1B.Advatages and limitations of non-ferrous alloys in engineering application

Non-ferrous metals are alloys with no iron in them. Their properties differ from those of ferrous metals. Their properties are a result of the metals that are not present in ferrous metals but are present in them. Some of their advantages when used in engineering applications are that they are easily fabricated, their ductile nature, they have a light weight, they are corrosion resistant and they are very strong at temperatures which are elevated (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser,1997).There are also some limitations to their use and they include a low modulus of elasticity, they are expensive when compared to iron and steel, they have a high density, they can be susceptible to corrosion in certain environments and their electrical and thermal conductivity is medium (Crook &Farmer, 2002).

1C.Advatages and limitations of polymers in engineering applicationThese are substances that are made up of a mixture of many compounds. Their properties are therefore dependent on the rate of loading as well as temperatures. Polymers have many properties due to the mechanical behavior that they posses. Therefore there exist different polymers each with different characteristics. Polymers are advantageous when it comes to engineering applications because they are light in weight, resistant to corrosion, formability, have a low energy content, versatility in design, range from soft to hard and they have optical properties. The limitation of using polymers is its low thermal conductivity.

1D.Advatages and limitations of using ceramics in engineering applicationCeramic are materials whose nature and properties is determined by they bonding that is found within the atoms. These are traditional materials made from substances that occur naturally as well as those which are highly refined or chemical, magnetic and electrical applications. Ceramics are advantageous in engineering application since some of them have high thermal conductivity while other have a low thermal conductivity. They are chemically stable in a wide range of temperatures. They resist high temperatures, high melting point and chemicals (Lahiri &Majumder, 2012). There exist ratios that are high between weight and strength. They also have a low rate of corrosion. When it comes to their limitations they posses low toughness as a small crack leads to their eventual fracture. It is quite difficult to make predictions of their strength of interfacial bond .they have a limited repair ability when damaged.

2A.Selection of ferrous metals in engineering applicationFerrous metals posses different properties that are put into use in various industries. They have different specifications when it comes to mechanical and physical properties. For instance iron mild steel is malleable and ductile and hence used for production of bolts, nuts and screws. Iron can also be used as tool steel since it is hard and very ductile hence used in producing shears, drills and hammer heads.

Alloy steels have high hardenabilty compared to plain carbon steels. This is because alloy steels are made up of many elements and hence they have improved properties. The alloy steels are stronger, resistant to erosion and have improved harden ability ( DeGarmo, Black &Kohser,1997).One the other hand carbon content in the plain carbon steel determines its strength since carbon content is inversely proportional to ductility. Therefore a low hardenability results from a decrease in plain carbon. This means that the quality of the steel go down through impairing in low and high temperatures resulting to a loss in embrittlement and strength. Therefore if other elements are added to steel then their hardenability will be improved (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997

2B.Non-ferous alloys in engineering applicationThe non-ferrous metals have many properties but there are some of the non-ferrous metals whose applications are more suitable than others. Aluminum is suitable in Aircraft industry, road signs, cooking utensils because it is light. Aluminum use is increased in motor vehicles, engine blocks where the low weight increase fuel economy. Copper is a good electrical conductor hence used in electrical wiring. Zinc is used in decorative articles since it is ductile and malleable in hot and cold temperatures. Lead is highly resistant to corrosion hence used in mild steel as a protective coating.tin can be used to coat mild steel hence put into use in canning industry (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997).

Non-ferrous alloys exist in both cast and raw forms. The principal behind the existence of these two forms is cast non-ferrous alloys need high temperatures to be melted and then the liquid is poured into a mould and cooled before other parts are added. These alloys are thus brittle and hence they can not be easily formed through deformation. Wrought non ferrous alloys are shaped through pressing and shaping and hence this makes them more tensile and stronger. They can thus go through mechanical deformation.

2C.Polymers used in engineering applicationPolymers have specific properties from their families like thermosets, thermoplastics and elastomers alongside general properties. Due to their characteristics they can be applied in materials which require moderate strength, low thermal and electrical conductivity, variety of colors are light in weight, and are easily fabricated. Their common use is household appliances such as containers. Those polymers that are pliable and soft can be used as materials for cushioning. Other can also be used for the insulation of electrical appliances.

There are two types of composite materials namely dispersion strengthening and fiber strengthening. The dispersion strengthening materials have a uniform dispersion of some substances that give motion of dislocations plastic in nature and hence reducing the plastic deformation in a solid. On the other hand fibers strengthening entail the inclusion of fibers with plastics and hence this combination has an influence on the strength and thermal conductivity dependent on their ration (Vernon, 1992).

2D.Ceramics in engineering applicationCeramics have many properties that can not be found in metals or plastics. They are used as non-reactive materials in chemicals erosive and corrosive fluids of low temperatures and corrosive gases and melts that have high temperatures. They can be used for thermal, optical, electrical and magnetic applications. They are used in mining and chemical engineering since they are non-reactive to erosive or corrosive fluids. They can also be used in heat engines and exchangers as they can resist thermal shock, corrosion and oxidation that involve high temperature (Richerson, 1988).

Ceramics are of two types industrial or engineering and domestic. Engineering ceramics is whereby ceramics are used for making materials in industries like automotive industry. On the other hand domestic ceramics are used for constructing as tiles for floors and walls in interior design.

3A.surface hardening treatmentsCarburizing is a treatment method for making metal surfaces hard using heat. Heating metals in presence of materials that contain carbon, leads to its absorption with the metals. Carburizing can lead to increase in the surface hardness, carbon content on the surface, wear resistance, tensile strengths and change its volume as well as making it gain growth (Vernon, 1992).

Nitriding on the other hand makes surfaces harder through spreading of nitrogen on surfaces of metals using heat. Nitriding results to increased surface hardness, wear resistance, yield limit and reducing density of surface and elongation, carburizing is more suitable as a method of hardening surfaces as compared to nitriding (Vernon, 1992).carburizing also results to greater depth and hardness as compared to nitriding .carburizing is applied in gears, and bearings while nitriding is applied in valve guides and seating’s.

3B.Hardening of steel surfacesSteel surfaces need to be carburized since it is a suitable method for some steels particularly a steel alloys that contain 0.5% carbon while quenching and re-heating is used for steel that 0.4-0.5% carbon and 0.4-0.8% cast iron.

3. C erosion corrosion

Metals undergo erosion corrosion when they are subjected to mechanical action like suspension of particles which are insoluble and hence they deteriorate as a result of the mechanical force. In instances where erosion factors hasten corrosion the attack is referred to as erosion corrosion (Schweitzer,2010).Erosion corrosion can be prevented by lowering flow rates of fluid path materials that contain high temperature fluids in them. Reduction in velocity, turbulence elimination and designing piping systems properly also reduce erosion corrosion (Schweitzer, 2010).

3D.Classes of stainless steel.Ferritic stainless steel can be either ductile or brittle nature when their temperatures are reduced. They are hence used in thin walls due to their brittle characteristic. Martensitic stainless steel is strong and resistance to corrosion. It can therefore it can be put into use in light weight structures. Austenitic stainless steel is used in all temperatures from low to high. At low temperatures they are very tough while at high temperatures they are resistant to oxidation. They can therefore be used as non-magnetic metals (DeGarmo, .Black &Kohser, 1997).

3E.Wear processesAdhesive process involves the deformation of plastics in very small fragments on the surface after a frictional contact. It frequently occurs sue to the shearing at a particular point of contact. Abrasive process involves removing materials from a surface by the use of hard particles which are forced and moving against the surface of solids. Erosive process occurs as a result of an impact of solid or liquid particles on the surface of an object. (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997).

3F.Mechanisms of abrasive processThere are several mechanisms involved in abrasive wear and they are micro-plouging whereby materials are cut by debris in the form of flakes and used of ductile materials. Micro-cutting involves wear debris being cut or removed using sharp grit .micro-fatigue results from cycling loading from friction whereby the surface is deformed by grits. Micro-cracking involves high load of grit moving across a surface resulting to the cracking of the surface (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997).

4A.stages of fatigue failure processCrack initiation is the first stage where a crack forms at a point of high stress .this is followed by crack propagation whereby the crack continues to grow at that area. The third stage is final failure whereby the crack reaches a critical size due to the continuous growth of crack.

4B.variables affecting fracture toughness and appearance of materialsTemperature increase results to dislocation of metals hence the yield strength is lowered. Surfaces of ductile metals thus appear dull and fibrous. Ductile brittle transitions appear cleavage or granular. Notch surety is another variable whereby is notch or cracks are present, a triaxial tension stress occurs adjacent to the notch or crack when a load is put. This results to formation of a brittle fracture incase there is prevention from plastic deformation. Thickness is a variable that is independent as the toughness of the fracture depends on how thick a material is. The materials thickness is inversely proportional to the toughness of the fracture (Callister, 2000).

4C.Selecvtion of creep resistant alloysSuper alloys have good properties like good mechanical strength as well as creep resistance and hence they have slow movements towards deformation when they are stressed. Therefore there are factors that should be considered when selecting super alloys and these are the cost, macinability, high tensile strength an high stress levels at high temperatures for periods that are extended.

5A.Conditions for underbead crackingUnderbead cracking occurs in welded steels as a result of various conditions which are existence of a heat affected zone crack forming adjacent to the fusion line. Another condition is presence of hydrogen in weld zone. This type of cracking occurs mostly in alloy steel.

5B.reasons for pre-heating and post heating welded steel component

The three reasons are slowing down of cooling rate, reduction of shrinkage stress and distortion of wells and finally the promotion of fusion and moisture removal.

5C.changes in HAZ of cold worked

A high dislocation is given by cold worked. The material is made brittle as a result of low temperatures. They are given a finer grain as well as a decrease in the amount of boundaries that are in existence between the grains found in their surfaces. Cold working is therefore a process whereby metals undergo plastic deformation below recrystallization (Huda, 2009).

Part B.

Literature Review

Different engineering materials

The engineering materials available for use in different applications are wide in range. These materials all have particular properties and characteristics linked to them. There are also various advantages and disadvantages for each of the materials .there is a detailed discussion of the definition of these materials and structures

Metals are of two types ferrous and non-ferrous which can be put into application in different ways. Ferrous metals are widely used due to the large quantity of iron in the earth’s crust as well as their production in an economical extraction (Callister, 2000). The element iron is fourth most plentiful on the crust of the earth and for a very long time it has been used as a basic metal in engineering (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997). Nonferrous alloys are used for high resistance to particular wear apart from abrasion or resistance to wear in environments where corrosion is too high or beyond ferrous alloys service temperatures (Crook &Farmer.H, 2002).Nonferrous metals have an important role in modern technology due to their large number and their wide variety they provide a range that has no limit of properties to design engineers (DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997).

Apart fro ferrous and non-ferrous metals there are also other engineering materials and these are ceramics and polymers. Ferroelectric liquid crystals that are stabilized by polymers are a representation of functional materials that can be applied in areas like privacy windows, optical shutters, photonics that can be switched on and dynamic holography (DeGarmo,Black &Kohser,1997).they are low in density, their tooling costs are low, resistance to corrosion, and versatile in design. Ceramics include both traditional materials from heating of substances occurring naturally and those materials that have undergone refining and synthesis for material’s that are used for modern mechanical, chemical, magnetic optical and electrical applications (Richerson,1988).It has good resistance to thermal shock as well as oxidation under high temperatures hence used in development of heat engines and exchangers( Richerson,D ,1988).domestic ceramics have been put into use in household products.

Abrasive materials are those materials that are hard and can cut or cause abrasion to other substances DeGarmo, Black &Kohser, 1997).abrasive systems involve flow of mineral ore through feed chute into upper portions of the zone for crushing which is made up of two plates one that is stationery while the other is in motion. Rock chunks make their way into the top and their sizes reduce every time there is cycling of jaws towards each other.

References

Callister, W. (2000).Materials science and engineering. John Wiley & Sons Inc, U.S.A. print

Crook, P. &Farmer, H. (2002).Friction and wear of Hard facing Alloys, Friction lubrication and wear technology. Volume 18,Haynes International Inc.

DeGarmo, E. P.Black J.T &Kohser, R. (1997).Materials and processes in Manufacturing,8th Edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. U.S.A. print.

Lahiri, T &Majumder, P. (2012).The effects of cross linked chains of polymer network states of polymer stabilized ferroelectric molecules.p.2121

Schweitzer, P. (2010).Fundamentals of corrosion. Taylor and Francis Group.U.S.A.printVernon, J. (1992).Introduction to Engineering Materials., 3rd edition. Macmillan education Ltd. Hong Kong. print

Richerson, D. (1988).Ceramics Application in Manufacturing, 1st Edition. Society Manufacturing Engineers. Michigan U.S.A

Huda, Z.(2009).Effects of degrees of cold working and recrystalization on microstructure and hardness of commercial –Purity Aluminum, Vol 26,no.4,pp549-557.

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Chapter 3: Reality and Being

Chapter Three of the book “A Text with Readings,” discusses “Reality and Being,” it opens up by trying to answer the question regarding what is real. Therefore the discussion fall in the realm of metaphysics. To learn more on what is reality one has to understand metaphysics. Metaphysics is one of the branches of philosophy, and it tends to examine what reality is, as well as being, and also what matters most to individuals. Consequently, there exist some metaphysical outlooks which include analytical philosophy, materialism-idealism besides the reactions of pragmatism. Materialism considers reality as matter. Materialism observes matter as the decisive component of existence. Many individuals reality comprises of only physical objects while excluding nonphysical objects. Also, they regard what is real to be substantial, significant, matters make a difference and have to be attended to. According to Nozick, for something to be real, it must have some value, meaning, weight and also some importance. Horbes who is an early materialist also contended that only physical objects are real. Idealism is also used to explain more about reality in distinguishing whether it is material or nonmaterial. As illustrated, idealism holds that reality is immaterial for example things like one’s idea, spirit and also the mind.

Berkeley who is an absolute idealist challenged the concept whereby most individuals usually contemplate that the world around them is generally made up of solid stuff. He maintained that since individuals’ minds typically perceive their specific ideas, therefore only their minds, as well as their thoughts, can be real. However, his ideas face a lot of criticism from critics who argue that individuals never recognize their ideas or sensations and instead they tend to perceive the things that are around them and not the thoughts and perceptions in their heads. The critics further explain that idealism that Berkeley tends to incline to encourages an extraction from the actual world and is a haven from secular glitches. Therefore they claim that this idealism will result in individuals neglecting real as well as pressing social concerns. The two types of idealism are subjective and objective. Subjective idealism states that reality comprises of one’s mind together with its ideas.

On the other hand, objective idealism claims that reality comprises of an ultimate mind that generates an impartial world of thoughts that never depends on one’s mind although it typically depends on God’s mind. Therefore in general, idealists maintains that reality comprises of minds plus their ideas. All the discussed idealists are referred to as the Western philosophers. However, there exist other philosophers for example from India who believes in Eastern idealism. The Indian philosophy, for instance, has been seen as a home to several philosophers like Vasubandhu. Vasubandhu believed that all the individuals’ experiences of things involve only the sensations in an individual’s minds which disregard the existence of external objects. According to him the ostensible existence of the outer world is only an illusion just the same way as a dream. Also, he argues that when the meditation arouses the individuals, they will realize that the exterior world is an illusion in the similar way they know that a dream is only an illusion when they wake from their sleep. In some instances, Vasubandhu’s opinions regarding idealism are similar to Berkeley’s opinions but differ in other instances.

In the chapter, other issues are well discussed concerning reality and being. They include things like; Reality in pragmatism, reality plus reasonable positivisms and antirealism. Pragmatism seems to reject all the opinions that lack some practical consequences for individuals’ lives. Logical positivists typically base their arguments on the working of the language. They argue that metaphysics is grounded on the linguistic confusions. Moreover, the chapter explains more about reality by answering the questions; are freedom and time real?

Works Cited

Velasquez, Manuel. Philosophy: A text with readings. Cengage Learning, 2016.

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Chapter 2: Class Activity 1-Deinstitusalization Discussion

What are the ethical issues of forced treatment and free choice?

Forced treatment and free choice is based on four principles; beneficence, respect for the patient’s autonomy, nonmaleficence and justice. Concept of informed consent is applied where the patient makes a decision on free will and in knowledge of benefits of proposed therapy. However, coercion treatment may be used when the principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice contradict to patient’s will.

Discuss in groups, an example of both

Example of forced treatment; A patient, 65 years old, with acute inflammation of the gall bladder who after going through a successful surgery, tries to remove infusions with antibiotics and claims that she want to go home. In this case, coercion may be used since the nurses see it is not right for her to go home as it may lead to poor outcome.

Example of free choice; John, 45 years old, suffering from pneumonia understands that he needs treatment. In this case, he will agree to therapy with antibiotics but not to therapy with antipsychotics.

Does having a mental health issue remove the basic human rights of a person?

No. Unless there is prove that the individual has impaired judgment on treatment needed.

Nehemie KabeyaMr. John Prince

Weiting About Literature

April 16, 2021

In this paper, I will choose the interpretation of Act 1, Scene III as a director. This is the scene of the interaction between Ophelia and Polonius. Hamlet happens to be an exclusively rich and complex stage history reflecting the captivation which the main character has awakened in all kinds of critic, partially since the excellent usage of his soliloquies attracts captivating attention to his indefinable personal identity. The uncertainties of the protagonist and the scheme have unlocked immeasurable interpretative options. This variety likely gives a challenge purposely made by the writer to provoke addressees interest. This scene presents a tender, if somewhat humorous, conversation between sister and brother, father and daughter, and father and son. However, hidden in the dialog is the hint of love vs. betrayal, honesty vs. deceit, and reality vs. appearances that recur all the way through the play.

Being the director, in the scene of the Interaction between Ophelia and Polonius in Act I, Scene III, I intended Polonius to be strict and of power, with the manner, he talks to Ophelia and also for this to be made open and contrasting with Polonius’ association with Laertes. In the scene’s opening, I imagined Ophelia attempting to leave the room while being scared that her dad would want to know from her concerning what Laertes asserted. But on the other hand, Polonius would take her inside with his inquiry, and the dialog begins. I expected a neutral tone in Polonius opening lines when he asks about Hamlet as he says what he overheard, but for that to escalate gradually into a serious tone. As a director, from lines 98-102, “Marry, well bethought… Have your audience been most free and bounteous”, I imagined Polonius to stride towards Ophelia and lead her to a chair in a kindly way. Though, in his lines leading up to, “What is between you? Give me up the truth” (107), I had an image of him to be seated beside her, with his eyes sternly looking into her eyes with his brows wrinkled, and clutching her hands, quaking it in some way violently as he furiously demands the truth from her.

My imagination as a director for the rest of the scene would play out his anger. By use of a disdainful tone, Polonius talks quickly to dismiss Ophelia’s ideas of Hamlet’s love. To demonstrate this, he would have inflated gestures, for instance, his hand moving in the air as if he was attempting to frighten away insects near him, apart from his hand motion would be hasty and in control when he asserts, “Affection, puh!” (110), as if he were scooting away Ophelia’s idea. I imagined Polonius to have had a serious tone over an angered one talking slower for his words to sink in his last bit of dialogue.

Until now the play, Ophelia appears to generally agree with and accept what individuals tell her, for instance, Hamlet’s proposals which she trusts to be affection in addition to the advice Laertes gives her. Because of this, my expectation of her manner is to be principally similar in this conversation with Polonius. Consequently, in her very brief replying lines, I had an imagination of Ophelia speaking somehow softly and thoughtfully, having a hesitation when she speaks initially on and develops confidence as she attempts to persuade her dad that Hamlet adores her, but ultimately giving a submissive tone when she comes to an agreement of doing what her dad decides. When it comes to staging directions, I decided to provide her with more hand gestures to provide a visual picture of what she feels and attempts to influence the father of her words. For instance, in lines 108-109, when she claims that Hamlet shows her a lot of love, “He hath, my lord, of late made many tenders of his affection to me.” I decided that she ought to hold her two hands to her heart when she asserts the term “affection,” and her and her facial appearance, having a smile, in a dreamy haze as she falls into thinking about Hamlet.

Another thing I imagined by being the director is some of the interactions to take place based off on the same situation whereby my younger sister was having a talk from my dad about dating. It was a very serious and civilized dating in which they sat at the living room acres each other. Forced to involuntary listen and learn, I noticed that my sister diverted her eyes, not actually interested in paying attention during the lengthy conversation. I picked the psychological note of other movements and the tone in voice during the dialogue and brought into the interpretation of the interaction between Polonius and Ophelia. I imagined Ophelia to be more submissive but opted for her to try to fight against her father’s ideas, all in the name of love. I would direct and add more had gestured to the characters to create more emphasis, make more interaction between the characters to demonstrate better what they feel, and add more liveliness in the play. Will try to be an excellent director in all the scene.

Works Cited

Evans, Rachel. “Hamlet by William Shakespeare, and: Saint Joan by George Bernard Shaw.” Theatre Journal 70.1 (2018): 92-94.

Shakespeare, William. “Hamlet: [1604].” Oxford Text Archive Core Collection (1991).

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Changing Family Patterns

The family has always been a significant part of the United States of America. However, this unit of society has been faced with many challenges since establishing the union of states in America. For example, in the 18th century, extended families were typical. In the 19th-century nuclear families were common. This extended to the 19th century, whereby marriages and families began being disintegrated as women tried to get their rights and get an education. In the 20th century, most women tried to be independent, and this came with single parenthood as women decided not to get married but to get children. In the 21st century, there is the evolution of childless marriages, adoption to a great extent, and same-sex marriages. Therefore with time, the family unit continues to become complex.

Different families have different operation patterns, and they make their various impacts on the American society contributing to the diverse community present in America. Some of the factors that significantly impact how families tend to gravitate towards a particular area are race, ethnicity, and the economic configuration of the families and the nation. Race determines how a family operates, the class in the society with which they associate themselves, and how their children are raised. For example, most families with a black origin tend to keep to themselves, and most believe that whites are cruel and very racist. This is a learning point on the side of racism for black Americans. On the side of the whites, the kids get to be taught that black people might be harmful and are not good.

Ethnicity also determines how different families operate and what they believe in. for example, immigrants always live in fear and teach their children to be very careful of strangers. Like those who settled from Britain and became citizens, those of white origin believe that they are superior to the others. At the same time, Indians also think they’re degraded (“Recent Changes in Family Structure | Boundless Sociology”). It is, therefore, these believe that form family, and they act according to what they believe. This, therefore, means that there is a pattern formed by different families acting similarly and others acting in their ways to prove what they believe in. therefore, some families tend to gravitate towards certain areas while others gravitate towards others. For example, white families may be the ones controlling most institutions because they believe they are capable.

Works Cited

Publisher, “15.3 Family Patterns in the United States Today.” Open.lib.umn.edu, University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing edition, 2016. This edition is adapted from a work originally produced in 2010 by a publisher who has requested that it not receive attribution., 8 Apr. 2016, open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/15-3-family-patterns-in-the-united-states-today/.

“Recent Changes in Family Structure | Boundless Sociology.” Lumenlearning.com, 2009, courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/recent-changes-in-family-structure/.

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Worst film

Mock awards have emerged to enhance art by humiliating certain entertainment productions such as film and music (Mathijs and Sexton 38). In spite of the idea that cinema thrives on cultic views, mock awards have gained authenticity and seriousness. It is this seriousness that MST3K placed Manos: The Hands of Fate film into public scrutiny by highlighting the serious flaws that the movie entailed.

In 1966, Harold Warren produced and directed the American horror film, thereafter, acquiring the status of the worst movies ever produced. By peering into the background of the director, it is not surprising that he availed the world a ludicrous film for the rest of the decades. Warren was a dealer in farm’s products, in Texas, and he decided to produce the movie as a result of a bet. The producer also had a role in the movie with notable El Paso theater actors. The independent production crew possessed limited background and experience in filmmaking. In addition, they faced a constrained budget at their disposal. On its debut, the film had little performances in the local theatres until MST3K discovered the movie and sparked its two DVD releases (Weiner and Barba 106).

An overview of the movie reads about a vacationing family who venture on a road trip and loses the way. The encounter by a pagan cult triggers the flaws that dominate the rest of the movie. The film possesses several technical deficiencies, continuity flaws, poor visuals and soundtracks, inexplicable scenes and shoddy acting.

The first flaw that indicates in the movie concerns with the production. The film begins by showcasing objects such as the car instead of the characters. This serves to divert the attention of the audience by failing to create curiosity into the later happenings. The movie is slow paced as the family drags its belongings into the car. A better way of launching the actions would have been to let the child stare into the camera. Since the child is sullen, the parents hum an irrelevant song into the child’s ears. As the family drives for a short distance, a sheriff pulls the vehicle over and asks of a tail-light problem. The father responds that the child is exhausted. There is a disconnection between the exhaustion of the child and the tail light failure (Trombo 52). The introductory part also entails landscape shots that exhaust the scene.

An additional problem with the movie regards its lighting. The producer chose most of the movie’s scenes at night. Given the scenes were to occur for several days, it does not create sense that the movie should majorly entail night scenes. The movie possessed inadequate electricity that helped develop a crudely lit and a murky effect. This effect of darkness emanate from the beginning of the movie whereby there is inadequate depiction of the day. The audience strives to make out the faces of the family members as they enter into the dwellings of Torgo. In spite of the idea that the movie entailed considerable night scenes, the audience did not have to struggle making out the characters’ faces.

In addition, the movie entailed inclusion of animals that did not augur with the direction of the script. The first animal is the family’s puppy that is supposed to travel with the family on a road trip. The child plays with the sullen animal that yearns to move out of the car. The puppy attains mild later scenes while the movie does not indicate the disappearance of the animal. In the Torgo’s cave, the child struggles playing with an uncooperative dog. This occurs regardless of the idea that the animals were supposed to accord a horror effect into the movie.

Another problem regards how the actors attain cue for actions. The film did not coordinate the camera movements with the actions of the actor. A shot begins by the actors consuming a long time in order to carry out their roles (Saltzman 47). This suggests that the actions could begin long after the camera had focused on the actors. The scenes comprised of actions whereby the actors could stare into the cameras before performing any significant thing. In the scene of question, the sheriff looked dead and hesitated before questioning the family. In addition, there is a scene in the car whereby the woman stays in absolute silence while staring at a nondescript object.

The car drives and stops at a seemingly abandoned house. The house does not approach the scene thereby appearing from nowhere. Instead of asking for directions, they are fearless of spending with the satyr. In essence, the satyr should possess scary features such as hooves or horns. The satyr is surprisingly warm instead of projecting a horror look onto the settled family. In addition, satyr is a wiry fellow that triggers the audience into sympathizing with him.

It is discernible that the Manos’ movie entailed terrible flaws that make it pale. To begin with, there is a whole idea of disconnection as pertains to the reason for getting lost because the characters should be familiar with their environment. The movie has other disconnections in terms of inappropriate soundtracks such as jazz in night scenes. This is coupled with poor lighting and sluggish actors that do not depict the required effects of a scene.

Works cited

Mathijs, Ernest, and Jamie Sexton. Cult cinema. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Print.

Saltzman, Marc. DVD Confidential 2: the Sequel. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Professional, 2003. Print.

Trombo, Tony. Sueno the dream of Hal Warren: the director of fate creates space. New York, NY: Independent Publishing Platform, 2011. Print.

Weiner, Robert, and Shelley Barba. In the peanut gallery with mystery science theater 3000: essays on film, fandom, technology and the culture of riffing. New York, NY: McFarland, 2011. Print.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

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Introduction

With the pressure from the international community to reduce the carbon footprint, individual nations are increasingly looking to use alternative sources of energy that have a reduced effect on the environment. Some of the most promising forms of energy include solar power, wind, and water (Darby, Hansson, & Tisdell, 2020). Nuclear energy has also emerged as a critical contender in this race, given that it is likely to solve the environmental problem by ensuring a zero-carbon future. Nuclear energy is attained from split atoms contained in reactors that then heat water and turn it to steam. The steam then turns turbines that generate electricity. It is important to look at the pros and cons of using nuclear energy as an alternative form of energy. Despite the hot debate on its use, nuclear energy comes with a number of drawbacks as well as benefits, making it a controversial energy source. Ultimately, it is a low-cost form of energy, is reliable, has zero-carbon emissions, promises efficiency for the future, and has high energy density, yet, it is water intensive, has a high risk of nuclear accidents, contains radioactive waste, and is a non-renewable source of energy.

Advantages of Nuclear Energy

One of the most notable positive aspects of nuclear energy is that it produces clean energy. In the United States, nuclear energy is the largest source of environmental-friendly and clean energy, generating more than 50% of clean electricity in the country every year (Suman, 2018). By using nuclear energy, Petrescu et al. (2016) found that the United States avoids more than 470,000,000 tons of carbon emissions per year. Other clean solutions presented by the nuclear energy alternative include using thermal energy from reactors to decarbonize other energy intensive sectors including the transport industry that is one of the largest contributors to carbon-related pollution.

Another benefit of nuclear energy is that it is a reliable alternative energy source. Unlike other commonly used alternatives such as wind energy and solar, Bosselman (2007) notes that nuclear energy does not rely on the natural elements such as the wind or the sun. Nuclear energy can be used any time of the day or in any season. The advantage of producing energy non-stop is that there are zero delays in production and intermittent provision as seen with solar and wind power.

Zero carbon emissions is one of the most sought after sustainable development goals advanced by the United Nations and championed by other global stakeholders including governments and welfare organizations. Nuclear energy does not produce carbon as part of its byproducts. This is a significant benefit over other traditional energy sources, including fossil fuels that release millions of tons of carbon dioxide into the environment and the atmosphere. The buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is noted to be a leading cause of the current changes to the climate (Apergis, Payne, Menyah, & Wolde-Rufael, 2010). Therefore, minimal greenhouse gases and carbon emissions is an advantage that is difficult to ignore.

Nuclear fusion has been identified as one of the most efficient ways to harness energy. With an ability to control atomic fusion, then the world would have unlimited energy. The advancements in nuclear energy methodologies promises to have positive results for the future, including providing limitless amounts of energy for global consumption (Suman, 2018). The potential that nuclear energy has is important to meet other global goals and objectives including keeping the environment safe and ensuring access to basic needs for all populations. Energy generation in the future will be anchored upon the standards that are being established today in the nuclear energy sector.

Lastly, one of the most important advantages of using nuclear energy is the benefit of high energy density. According to Apergis et al. (2010), the energy amount released in a single nuclear fission reaction is estimated to be more than ten million times more than the amounts released through burning fossil fuels. As such, the nuclear power plants require small amounts of nuclear fuel compared to other power plant types. The benefit with this is that it aids in contributing to low cost energy production because a single nuclear power plant is capable of producing more energy compared to traditional sources of energy.

Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy

Despite the many advantages mentioned above, the use of nuclear energy also attracts a number of drawbacks. One key disadvantage of nuclear energy is the environmental impact. Having zero carbon emissions is noted to be a positive point, yet nuclear energy has notable impact to the environment majorly through the water discharge and mining activities required to have the alternative up and running. Elements such as uranium used in the energy production must be mined (Rodríguez-Penalonga & Moratilla Soria, 2017). Any type of mining usually has a detrimental effect to the surrounding environment. Uranium mining leads to the production of radon and arsenic, contributing to negative environment results and poor health of those living near these mines. Thermal pollution is also a major concern as part of a negative environmental impact. The release of hot water into natural sources such as lakes and oceans are likely to change the chemistry of the surrounding making it less habitable for certain aquatic life.

Another major concern and a serious point of reference when discussing the disadvantages of nuclear energy is the increased risk of nuclear accidents. Although nuclear power plants follow strict protocols and rules when it comes to safety measures, accidents are still likely to happen. Events in countries like Japan, the United States, and in Russia have shown that a meltdown of these power plants would lead to catastrophic disasters. The Mile Island, Fukushima disaster, and the Chernobyl accident reveal that the effect to people and the environment would be near irreversible overtime (Mousseau & Møller, 2020). Although these accidents are very rare, it is important to note that the risk of occurrence is real and can be triggered easily through failure of a single component within the system.

Another notable disadvantage of nuclear energy is the fact that it has very high operating costs. Large and industrialized nations are more likely to invest in nuclear energy. However, the developing nations are still not capable of maintaining the power plants due to the challenging economic conditions in their countries. The strict rules on maintenance, the highly skilled staffing levels needed, constant operator training, and the international inspection standards required may be a financial burden to these emerging economies.

Conclusion

From the discussion above, nuclear energy is presented as a low-cost form of energy, is reliable, has zero-carbon emissions, promises efficiency for the future, and has high energy density. Even with these advantages, power plants are also revealed to be water intensive, having a high risk of nuclear accidents, contains radioactive waste that may have negative impact on the environment and health of people and wildlife, and is also a non-renewable source of energy. It is also noted that the high operating costs associated with nuclear energy makes the alternative unavailable to the emerging and developing economies because of the large economic and expertise levels required for maintenance. Overall, the advantages point to a need to explore the use of nuclear energy in the future because it promises limitless energy for global consumption. Yet, scientific procedures must work to ensure that the drawbacks are mitigated before the alternative can be accepted fully.

References

Apergis, N., Payne, J. E., Menyah, K., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2010). On the causal dynamics

between emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy, and economic growth. Ecological Economics, 69(11), 2255-2260.

Bosselman, F. (2007). The Ecological Advantages of Nuclear Power. NYU Envtl. LJ, 15, 1.

Darby, L., Hansson, A., & Tisdell, C. (2020). Small-Scale Nuclear Energy Environmental and

Other Advantages and Disadvantages. Case Studies in the Environment, 4(1).

Mousseau, T. A., & Møller, A. P. (2020). Plants in the Light of Ionizing Radiation: What Have

We Learned From Chernobyl, Fukushima, and Other “Hot” Places?. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 552.

Petrescu, F. I., Apicella, A., Petrescu, R. V., Kozaitis, S., Bucinell, R., Aversa, R., & Abu-

Lebdeh, T. (2016). Environmental protection through nuclear energy. American Journal of Applied Sciences, 13(9), 941-946.

Rodríguez-Penalonga, L., & Moratilla Soria, B. Y. (2017). A review of the nuclear fuel cycle

strategies and the spent nuclear fuel management technologies. Energies, 10(8), 1235.

Suman, S. (2018). Hybrid nuclear-renewable energy systems: A review. Journal of Cleaner

Production, 181, 166-177.