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The path to success

Success is every student’s ambition in their academic life, whether in colleges or any other learning institution. Everyone in the college endeavors to attain success in their entire college life, which will enable them to live successful lives in their later after-school life. Not only the students but also their parents yearn for the success of their children in colleges. For a student to attain success in college, it is essential to recognize the barriers on their path to success (Banks et al., 118). Barriers hinder them from achieving their success. By identifying them, it enables them to have in place strategies to overcome them. And with the plan, any student can be optimistic about their success in college.

To attain success as a college student, I need to recognize the barriers in my success path and have strategies to overcome them. Some of the potential obstacles to my college success include ineffective time management, not being assertive enough, and a lack of people who inspire me to work hard. To overcome ineffective time management, I ought to prioritize my academic life alongside the daily activities I always get involved with my college life. To attain good assertiveness, I need to have my stand without being influenced by the fellow students and remain faithful on my schedule about my academics. I also require to look up to someone, a mentor who has been successful in their life and emulate them, as my role model.

Ineffective time management is a barrier in my college academic life. Most of my time, I am ever involved in games and socializing, which usually takes my significant time. Thus, I am easily distracted by games, especially hockey which I love so much, and socialization from my college work. Meanwhile, I have trouble focusing on the essential activities and prioritizing them when I usually have them in college. Lack of assertiveness is a barrier for me in my success in college. Most are times when I get influenced by my fellow students join them in what activities they are engaging themselves in. For example, fun activities. Which usually interrupts my schedule for college work. Lack of a role model in my life is a barrier to my college success. At no moment in my life, I ever yearn to be successful in college as a person I know, and with this, I never get motivated in my college work. Hence, success is uncertain for me in college.

To overcome the barriers, I ought to have some strategies. For ineffective time management, I need to have an anti-procrastination mindset. This is because procrastination is a theft of time. And with this kind of mindset, I will be able to do my college work as I had planned with postponing. Also, I have to ensure that I have a written life vision and goals in my studies. To enhance assertiveness in myself, I have to form a habit of standing out and saying no to friends’ influence, which may distract my college work schedule. And always keep my stand on how I want to carry out my activities. Lastly, to attain success in my college work, I need to ensure I have a role model. A mentor who has been successful in their lives, and I learn from their failures and achievements. Having a role model will motivate me to be like them in my college work and eventually succeed as a college student. Also, build a friendship with students who want to succeed in life, which will inspire me in the college.

Time waits for no one. One needs always to plan rather than have proper time management. Also, develop an anti-procrastination mindset. It is always said better three hours too soon than a minute late. A role model should be someone in existence because their existence can confirm possibilities; one may have every reason to doubt their success in college. As a student, I need to have confidence and stand because I stand on shaky ground if I challenge myself.

As discussed above, in the path to success, there exist barriers. It is a student’s responsibility to recognize them to form strategies to overcome them. For ineffective time management, one ought to have an anti-procrastination mindset and plan a schedule on the time they have for their college work. To attain assertiveness, one needs to develop their stand on what they want, particularly their time usage. (Heller et al.32). As a student, it is essential to have a mentor or build friendships with students to succeed in getting some inspiration from their college work. “Success usually comes to those who are too busy looking for it.”

Work cited

Banks, Tachelle, and Jennifer Dohy. “Mitigating Barriers to Persistence: A Review of Efforts to Improve Retention and Graduation Rates for Students of Color in Higher Education.” Higher Education Studies 9.1 (2019): 118-131.

Heller, Monica L., and Jerrell C. Cassady. “The impact of perceived barriers, academic anxiety, and resource management strategies on achievement in first-year community college students.” Journal of The First-Year Experience & Students in Transition 29.1 (2017): 9-32.

A & P

Question 1

One of the chief differences amid the lymph vessels and the blood vessels is that the blood vessels together with the entire circulatory system constitute a closed system while the lymph vessels together with the lymph system does not constitute a closed circulatory system (Földi & Strössenreuther, 2005). Another difference between the two is that the flow of blood through the blood vessels is usually uninterrupted while the flow of lymph fluid via the lymph vessel system is usually interrupted by the lymph nodes. Besides, the blood vessels carry blood while the lymph vessels transport lymph fluid (Wingerd, 2005). Despite having differences, the lymph vessels and blood vessels also have similarities. One of the similarities is that they are both involved in the transportation of fluids. Besides, the transport of lymph in the lymph vessels is fostered by similar factors, which favor the transports of blood through the blood vessels.

Question 2

The thymus gland is remarkably crucial to the immune system since it processes lymphocytes, which fight infections in the body. The gland is vital to young adults and children as it programs lymphocytes in attacking antigens such as the viruses. Therefore, the thymus gland has a chief role in nurturing the lymphocytes through secreting a hormone. Hence, lack of the thymus gland in the immune system can lead to failure of the immune system processing lymphocytes, which help in the fight of cancerous cells and viral infections (Lavini, 2008). Therefore, there will be decreased immunity, when there is a lack of the thymus gland in the immune system. Besides, lack of the thymus gland in the immune system may affect the functions of the hormonal tissues; for example, lack of the thymus gland from birth is usually associated with alterations of the adrenal gland, pituitary gland, ovaries and thyroid.

Question 3

The arteries comprise of three layers, which are Tunica Interna, Tunica Media, and Tunica Adventitia. Tunica Adventitia is the outermost layer of the arteries and has collagen fibers, which are loosely woven (Wingerd, 2005). The function of the Tunica adventitia is holding vessels in place and preventing tearing of vessels in instances of body movements. The Tunica Media is the middle layer of the arteries. The layer has smooth muscle tissue having sheets of elasin. This layer has the function of allowing vasodilation and vasoconstriction. On the other hand, Tunica Interna is the innermost layer of the arteries (Wingerd, 2005). This layer has an endothelium lining and is usually continuous with the endocardium. The role of the Tunic Interna is preventing the adhesion of blood cells to the vessel wall and preventimg thrombosis; in case the endothelium becomes disrupted, fatal thrombosis can occur.

Question 4

The continuous flow of the blood is remarkably essential for the transport of various substances, thus facilitating their removal and exchange. In order for the blood to keep flowing, it requires enough pressure that forces it to continue flowing through the blood vessels. The pressure required to keep the blood flowing to the capillaries is generated by the arteries. The arteries are elastic allowing them to accept large volumes of blood and contract squeezing back to their usual size after they release pressure (Wingerd, 2005). The elasticity property of the arteries maintains the pressure of the blood allowing blood to transport various substances through the capillaries. Therefore, the continuous flow of blood facilitates the exchange of substances through the capillaries. In case there was less pressure, the flow of blood carrying different substances to the capillaries would not be facilitated implying that exchange of substances may not be feasible.

References

Földi, M., & Strössenreuther, R. H. K. (2005). Foundations of manual lymph drainage. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby.

Lavini, C. (2008). Thymus gland pathology: Clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic features. Milan: Springer.

Wingerd, B. (2005). The Human Body: Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology. New York: Wolters Kluwer Health.

A Backroom Deal with the Governor article

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A Backroom Deal with the Governor article

This essay is from the school of thought that Tesla should be allowed to directly operate stores and consequently sell to the consumers in New Jersey. This is because the various auto dealers have a significant conflict of interest that exists between the promotion of the gasoline cars that constitutes of virtually the whole of their revenue and the electric cars that actually constitutes of none. Furthermore, is not easy for the dealers to sell a new technology car since people are used to the older ones. It is therefore common knowledge that the dealers will simply sell what they find easy to sell which is the old cars making Tesla unable to sell and this could even lead to their bankruptcy as it happened to General Motors and Chrysler in the past.

Another issue is that since the dealers make a larger portion of their profit from the servicing of the cars while the electric cars produced by Tesla does not require much service as compared to the gasoline cars. There are no fuel filter or spark plug changes, no oil, no smog checks and tune ups needed for the electric cars. The dealers are likely to concentrate on that which will give them more profit and that is the gasoline cars leaving Tesla with minimal sales. Nonetheless, the franchise automobile dealers in New Jersey have a defense that justifies their opposition to the direct sales by Tesla and this is anchored on legislation. The dealers managed to cut a backroom deal with the governor that put in place a legislation prohibiting the direct sale of the cars by Tesla to the consumers. Despite the justifications that favor the direct sales by Tesla, the legislation that is already in place must be adhered to. Nevertheless, this essay believes that wider consultations between the two parties should take place to ensure the issues raised are ironed out.

The Palace Of Versailles Architecture

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The Palace Of Versailles Architecture

Introduction

It shall offer an overview of the history of the palace of Versailles including when it was built and notable figures behind its creation. It shall also provide a thesis statement. 

Thesis statement: Versailles is one of the most significant examples of Baroque architecture since it is characterized by extravagance in music, literature, and architecture and represents a veritable manner of thinking that enhanced diversification of decorative elements, for instance, stucco arabesques, gilding, and Trompe-l’oeil.

Chapter 1

Background: Offer information about the palace of Versailles, the place it was constructed, the period of construction and King Louis. 

King Louis XIV: offer information about King Louis and his position in France. Besides, the chapter offers discussions about his fascinations with Versailles and its constructions. 

King Loius move to Versailles: Provide reasons why the king moved and the political controversies that surrounded. 

Geographical Surrounding: offer insights on how the geographical surrounding influenced the constructions of the place and also the activities in it. 

Chapter 2

Loue Le Vau’s Architecture and Hardouin Mansart: Describe the architectural designs of Loue and explains the reasons why Jules was involved in the construction of the palace

Baroque architectural features: It describes important aspects of Baroque architecture such as buttresses, arches, and vaults.

New architectural additions: Explain additions such as grand Trianon, Orangerie and Petit Trianon. 

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The patriot movie

Rating- 4 stars

The rating means a movie headed towards an excellent or a masterpiece that would get a 5-star rating. However, since it has not yet arrived there, I use four stars to mean very good.

Summary

This movie tries to argue and prove to the audience that pacifism is just futile and it is not the best thing a person can because the person ends up suffering more than the one who offended him in the desire to keep peace and not fight for a person’s rights. It compares the British with the Americans, whereby the Americans are seen as brave while the British are seen as sadistic monsters. The movie surrounds Mel Gibson, who acts as a widower with seven children. He is being pushed by conditions placed on him by the Americas to join them in the war. Even though he is not willing, the British threaten to take him away. Even though they are afraid of what might happen, they face the soldiers with a lot of courage and win against them, which to most people is unexpected.

Historical accuracies and inaccuracies

One of the significant issues presented in the movie is the representation of reality through the characters. Benjamin martin represented Francis Marion, a pioneer of guerrilla tactics, and used them on the British by hitting their supply and communication lines. They knew he was in the area of Carolina. Another historical accuracy is that the movies’ battles were actual battles happening in America at the time. These included the battles of cow-pens and Camden. Historical inaccuracies include that the French were seen to help the continental army in the war, which had happened before that in reality. In the movie, Benjamin is also seen as a person of many morals; however, he is not a man of many morals in a real sense.

In conclusion, we can say that history is what the present chooses to remember about the past. This is true since making history and writing it down is our responsibility. Therefore a person can decide to write history in a partially correct manner, and that sticks like it is in the patriot movie.

Works cited

“The Patriot – Movie Review.” Www.commonsensemedia.org, 24 Aug. 2009, www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/the-patriot. Accessed 12 Mar. 2021.

Ebert, Roger. “The Patriot Movie Review & Film Summary (2000) | Roger Ebert.” Https://Www.rogerebert.com/, www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-patriot-2000.

‌George Jr, William Ross St. “The Patriot.” (2000): 1146-1148.

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The palm oil industry is one of the controversial options for cooking oil due to the destructive nature of the industry to both health and the environment (Azhar et al. 2017). Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil that is harvested from the African palm tree. Previously, the palm trees were found in Africa but due to the high demand for cooking oil, the value for the tree increased and this necessitated its massive and widespread plantations in various countries. Some of the continents to which the plants are currently found include North and South America and Asia especially Indonesia. The palm oil finds its use in various products ranging from edible to cosmetics, for example, it is found in bread and most of the processed foods as well as in makeups and soap. Despite finding widespread use in multiple fields, the palm oil remains to be controversial for various reasons.

Deforestation is one of the key reasons as to why the palm oil industries are bad. Between the year 1990 and 2008, palm oil production is estimated to have caused about 8% of the globe’s deforestation (Vijay et al. 2018). Palm oils do not grow by themselves in the plantations and this implies that they have to be planted. For plantations to be possible massive amounts of land needs to be prepared. Most of the lands to which the palm oil fields are grown are previously forests and this means that the forests need to be cleared to pave way for the plantations. Large acres of land that consists of natural forests are cleared and the land is left bare for the palm trees to be planted. The palm trees have a longer life duration that ranges from 28 to 30 years of production and this makes it a long time profit earning plant. However, as the year progresses, the plant grows tall and it reaches a point that the harvesting of the palm fruit is difficult. When this time comes, the palm trees are cut down to pave way for new plants and this cycle continues. More land is cleared for new plantations and in addition, the old plantations as well are destroyed and this leads to massive deforestations, clearing away the rain forests.

The palm oil is a massive project and this implies that large hectares of land is required to make the production effective. Finding such lands in a single geographical location is difficult and therefore the farmers do their best to attain such lands, especially in areas where the crop is estimated to do well. People are among the affected by the palm tree plantations as they suffer displacement as a result of forceful eviction from their original places where they called home. The original inhabitants are either forcefully evicted with no or little compensation and are left to find other places for settlements. Most of the people have their families and have invested largely on their pieces land but all of a sudden they are made refugees in their own land. With little compensation, it is difficult to move to a new settlement and settle fully as it takes time to adapt in a new habitat, far away from home. Thousands of people are displaced from the palm tree plantations and this makes the palm oil industries a controversial subject (Ardiyanti & Anwar, 2018).

Environmental pollution is yet another reason that makes the palm oil industries be referred to as bad (Parthasarathy et al. 2016). Forests are environmentally friendly and contribute a great deal in the maintenance of a self-sufficient ecosystem. Due to this, trees should be planted in abundance to enhance the cleaning of air and at the same time encourage the development of new species of trees and animals in the forests. However, this is not the case in the palm tree plantations. There are frequent logging to pave way for the new fields. The preparation of the new land includes burning of the targeted area and this has various impacts on the environment. Carbon dioxide is filtered by the trees and therefore, cutting them down means that the purification of air will be reduced. There is massive emission of the greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and this contributes to global warming. Besides logging, other strategies for clearing involves burning of the forests. Large amounts of carbon are released into the atmosphere in such cases and this means that it is a threat to maintaining a balanced ecosystem in the region. Carbon is harmful to both the environment and the people involved and therefore should be avoided as much as possible. Apart from the burning of the lands during preparation, most of the industries that are used to process palm oil still use non-renewable sources of energy such as coal which is known to emit huge amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. As previously stated, carbon is toxic and its production needs to be curbed, but this is not the case to the palm oil industries as they contributed heavily to the destruction of the environment through massive emission of carbon to the atmosphere.

Another ill associated with the palm tree plantations is the extinction of the wildlife (Petrenko, Paltseva & Searle, 2016). All the animals living in the biodiverse regions where the palm oil is to be prepared or has already been planted are at great risk of extinction. The deforestation causes the animals to lose their original habitats as they get displaces just like humans. During the production process, most of the animals in the region either get killed or injured for example the orangutans and the Sumatran tigers are among the most endangered species in these plantations. Other animal species that are on the verge of extinction include the Sumatran rhinoceros, clouded leopard, the sun bear as well as the elephants. The animals feeding on vegetation and to whom have their habitats in the rainforests are at a higher risk of extinction. The cutting down of trees also puts the animals exposed and at a greater risk of poaching. Illegal poaching contributes a large percentage of the extinction of the wildlife around the globe and this is not an exemption as the animals are already exposed. Most of the animal products such as the game meat, skins, hooves, and tusks are more valuable and a poacher will, therefore, pounce on unsuspecting animal ready to convert it to money. According to reports, most of the roads that are used for the transportation of the palm fruits and as well provide access to equipment and vehicles in the plantations as well acts as a throughway for the poachers, killing the Orangutans’ mothers and sell their siblings on the illegal wildlife markets. Some of the animals captured alive are sold as pets while others are forced to adapt to new environments such as orphanages and parks serving as tourist attraction animals. Other animals are killed due to human-animal conflict as they are found wandering into the villages in such for a better place as they flee the destruction in the forests.

Food security is another concern that arises from palm oil plantations (Balde et al. 2019). Most of the arable lands that can be used for the growth of food crops are replaced with the growth of large acres of palm trees that may take more than 30 years before being destroyed. The replacement of food crops with palm trees have a negative impact on food security. Despite the fact that cooking oil is profitable and that there are high demands for the product around the globe, food remains a major issue. With no food the population maybe weak and this means that they are prone to diseases and other malnutrition conditions. The replacement of the arable lands with cash crops means that a large population is exposed to starvation in the near future and thus will rely on food aid for their sustainment. Relying on food aid keeps a nation in a state of overdependence and may cost the nations a big lump sum in the importation of food. Most of the profits obtained on the palm oil, therefore, will be directed in the importation of food and other essentials that could rather be produced in the farms. It is, therefore, a controversial issue especially when one is left to choose between the palm oil production and its replacement with food crop to sustain the nation’s food security. A hungry state is unable to conduct its normal duties as the human resource personnel needs the energy to conduct their daily activities which may be halted by hunger. The palm oil production issue, therefore, needs to be looked into again to deliver the nations from crippling.

Health is the utmost goal of every individual in the globe. People need to live a healthy life that is free from injuries, pollution, and illnesses. However, this might not be the case with the people living and working in the palm tree plantations. During preparation, the forests are burnt down and there is a greater probability that people are used to igniting fires deep inside the forests. There are many dangers that may arise when a person is alone in the forest and this may include an attack by wild animals as well as get fried by the same fires they are starting. Besides, a person may get lost in the process and go untraced. During harvesting, the cases of injury may be highly prevalent in that people may be used to climb the tall palm oil trees to get the fruits (Qureshi et al. 2019). Climbing such heights without protective gears puts a person at the risks of death and injuries. It is very possible for a person to fell off a tree without climbing tools and this may maim the person thus putting a dot to their health. During processing, the highest dangers arise, people living around the processing industries may suffer many illnesses such as cancer and lung diseases that are as a result of the industrial chemicals and emissions into the air. Most of the effluents from the factories are discharged into the water sources polluting the water and thus puts the lives of the water users into greater risk. The presence of the palm oil industries is, therefore, a great deal to the health of the people working both in the fields and in the industries.

Labor is one of the factors of production and therefore is an essential component in the production of the palm oil. Right from stage one, human labor is required and this means that a lot of people are hired to provide labor to the plantations and industries. As it is the norm of businesses, making profits is the utmost issue and therefore a company will have to minimize its expenses to maximize the returns. Adult human labor is expensive and this can be attributed to their high bargaining powers. Children on the other side are on the receiving end as they have no bargain abilities. Children are contented with less amount of money as they have not known the real value for money. Due to this, most of the laborers in the farms are children as they are able to climb the trees with ease, follow instructions and above all, provide cheap labor. Most countries don’t have proper laws that prohibit the exploitation of children in the labor market. Indonesia, for example, has laws that protect child labor but the law stipulates that the minimum age is 15 years while those of ages 13-15 can perform minor tasks (Djone & Suryani, 2019). Age 15 is very low and these people are still minors and this implies that the government of Indonesia allows for child exploitation in the plantations which is child abuse.

The palm oil plantations have been helpful to many despite posing a significant threat to their lives. People living in poverty especially in the developing countries have greatly been assisted and this means despite the low wages and displacement, the locals are able to earn something even if not enough to fulfill their daily needs such as food and cloth purchases. Millions of small scale farmers have been provided with job opportunism and this has greatly assisted them to escape from poverty. Palm oil is the best type of vegetable oil to produce. The palm oil tree is a super-efficient crop and this implies that a lot of palm oil can be produced per area of land compared to other crops such as the soybean as the life expectancy for the tree is longer ranging from 28-30 providing more years of productivity.

Various solutions can be used to mitigate the current situation especially at this point where the demand for palm oil is expected to rise in the near future. Environmental pollution is one of the greatest challenges posed by the palm oil production and process due to the emission of carbon and its compounds to the atmosphere, leading to global warming effects due to increase in the level of greenhouse gases. To reduce environmental pollution, the processing industries need to adopt the use of renewable sources of energy such as electricity to avoid emitting carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Another way that the industries can minimize pollution to the environment is through waste treatment before discharging it into the rivers to make less toxic and through this, they can help reduces illnesses among the populations as well as reduce the death of aquatic organisms that results from industrial discharge.

Child labor laws need to be strengthened, increasing the age of eligibility to 18 years and above as the age of 15 makes it possible for the plantations to exploit the children as they provide cheap labor. Intercropping is another solution that can be applied to reduce hunger incidences. Taking in mind that large hectares of land are put under palm oil production alone, a large number of people may be on the verge of starvation and to minimize this, food crop farming should be advocated. Food crop farming can be done either through intercropping or the government may set aside certain pieces of land for food crops to make sure that the nation does not suffer hunger.

Deforestation has been another major challenge that has seen the displacement of people and animals from the initial habitats. To prevent further deforestations, the government should enact laws that clearly stipulates the necessities for land being put into palm oil plantation. Some of the laws may include having a certain amount of land planted with trees while the other with the cash crop. Besides, the government should discourage clearing of the fields through burning as it contributes to the emission of carbon in the atmosphere and encourages safer methods of clearing, to as well preserve the ecosystem as minimal species will be lost. Concerning the wildlife issue, the government should institute laws that require government notification of a certain piece of land potential for farming to make an assessment to see to it whether it should be used for farming or left out to the wild.

ReferencesArdiyanti, D., & Anwar, A. (2018). The Dilemma of Human Security on Palm Oil Plantation in Indonesia. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 7(1), 60-68.

Azhar, B., Saadun, N., Prideaux, M., & Lindenmayer, D. B. (2017). The global palm oil sector must change to save biodiversity and improve food security in the tropics. Journal of environmental management, 203, 457-466.

Balde, B. S., Diawara, M., Rossignoli, C. M., & Gasparatos, A. (2019). Smallholder-based oil palm and rubber production in the forest region of Guinea: An exploratory analysis of household food security outcomes. Agriculture, 9(2), 41.

Djone, R. R., & Suryani, A. (2019). Child workers and inclusive education in Indonesia. International Education Journal: Comparative Perspectives, 18(1), 48-65.

Parthasarathy, S., Mohammed, R. R., Fong, C. M., Gomes, R. L., & Manickam, S. (2016). A novel hybrid approach of activated carbon and ultrasound cavitation for the intensification of palm oil mill effluent (POME) polishing. Journal of cleaner production, 112, 1218-1226.

Petrenko, C., Paltseva, J., & Searle, S. (2016). Ecological impacts of palm oil expansion in Indonesia. Washington (US): International Council on Clean Transportation.

Qureshi, S. S., Nizamuddin, S., Baloch, H. A., Siddiqui, M. T. H., Mubarak, N. M., & Griffin, G. J. (2019). An overview of OPS from oil palm industry as feedstock for bio-oil production. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-15.

Vijay, V., Reid, C. D., Finer, M., Jenkins, C. N., & Pimm, S. L. (2018). Deforestation risks posed by oil palm expansion in the Peruvian Amazon. Environmental Research Letters, 13(11), 114010.

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The Pearl (1947)

The Pearl (1947) by John Steinback follows the life of a poor fisherman, his wife, and his child after stumbling upon a magnificent pearl stone. He seeks to use the stone to gain status and wealth, but thieves are after it. Kino, just like everybody else, desires to have a better life, whatever means that is necessary. Kino, the Indian pearl diver’s son, is bitten by a scorpion sting. He is in an anxious state, and despite this he manages to get his son medical assistance. He had hoped to have a grand wedding and get better clothes, guns, and education for his son, but none of those dreams are likely to happen. He attempts to escape but with professional hitmen after the real tragedy erupts. He eventually decides no pearl is worth the life of his dear family, so he is left with no option rather than throwing the pearl back. The story comes as a subtle warning that dreams of overnight and magical solutions to their problems.

The film The Pearl (1947) does a good job of highlighting the negative representation of indigenous people in society. Kino and his family are of Indian descent. The film illustrates how indigenous people received adverse treatment because of their low economic status and race. Kino was a poor peal swimmer and he and his family did not have much. As a matter of fact, they relied on fishing as their main source of livelihood. When Coyotito, Kino’s son, is bitten by a scorpion and is fighting for his dear life, the doctor declines to help them because Kino could not offer him money. This points to the oppression and colonial arrogance that existed at the time. People who liked the way Kino looked (Indians) were treated poorly and oppressed. The doctor displays a condescending attitude, and he shows his apparent self-centered and limited mindset. It is almost as if the doctor is frighteningly showcasing his belief in the superiority of his culture over Kino’s culture. The doctor wants to remind Kino of his power to either destroy or make lives. Steinback criticizes the doctor’s entire colonial society of greed, ambition, and arrogance. The European colonizers governing Kino and the native people are shown how they bring destruction to a native society of piety, innocence, and purity.

Undoubtedly, the Pearl makes references to numerous racial, gender, and ethnic issues using the characters. Kino is asleep when his wife Juana takes the pearl and throws the pearl into the ocean. At this point, his wife is fed up with the problems that have followed them since Kino took the pearl. She just wants to get rid of it as it has only brought them nothing but bad luck. When Kino finds out what Juana has done, he turns violent. He strikes her so that she can release the pearl, and in the process, she falls onto the rocks and plunges into the water. This clearly illustrates unequal gender roles and their link to physical abuse. In this environment, men have deemed the head of the family. As such, they were the main decision-makers. So when Kino discovered that Juana had taken it upon herself to throw away the pearl that had been the cause of their problems thus far, he must have felt violated and disregarded as the central authority in the family. This explains his sudden reaction to striking Juana when she fell into the ocean to her death. Juana was only doing what she felt was right to keep herself and her ailing son safe. This is unexpected in society as women were expected to conform and abide by norms. Physical abuse and unequal family roles are the two main core effects of gender inequality. The example depicts a case of gender inequality as Kino did not harm Juana until they say she took a step that was meant to keep her family safe. Abuse of any form is never okay and should not be tolerated at all costs in society. Additionally, the doctor saw that Kino’s son was in dire need of a doctor, yet he still refused to help them out points to a bigger racial issue than just money. When asked to help, he hurls a racist comment that he was a doctor and not a veterinary. Kino shows the doctor that he has money, but that is still not enough to convince him to treat his son. The comment he makes is racist and it only shows the real reason he refuses to treat Coyocito because of his Indian race. Kino was Indian and his kind was despised starved, and robbed at the time.

In terms of cinematography, The Pearl (1947), a Mexican American film, enjoys a beautiful black and white background. The drama is a classic, and judging by the year of pits publication, the black and white background seemed a good fit for the storyline. On the other hand, Redes, directed by Emilio Gomez Muriel and Fred Zinnermann, has a turbulent production background. Despite this, it still does a brilliant job at appeasing its audience. The sounds and shots in both films were also concise and clear, an indication of the prowess of the producers.

648 Management for Community and Social Services (Financial Analysis of Not for Profits)

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Management of community resources and services may at a point require financial accountability that will entirely rely on the use of financial tools to determine the position of firms that operate as Non-profit organizations. This requires a vast focus on financial analysis of the activities that are conducted with an aim of making the bet of the operation. In order toachieve this, it is crucial to use financial tools in the field of sociology during research and analysis of the outcome.

“Assessment of measurement tool for Reliability and validity”

Research studies have been used in many occasions to find out more about a scenario or a demanding question that a particular group of people are interested in knowing. This requires a model that will best explain each step that is used to gather such information used for analysis. In order to have these data gathered appropriately, a prior scan on the field is recommended. This is referred to as assessment of the field of study. Assessment there3fore has basic tools that must be employed to ensure the appropriateness and accuracy during and after the research study in the field.

There are two major aspects that most researchers must employ to ensure that their work is accurate. Reliability and validity of the information given to the end users of the research must reflect these two key aspects. In order to achieve this, there must be appropriate tools of measurement that can be used to justify the validity and reliability of a research work. These tools must be used in the filed of study and during the process of analyzing the data collected. In the study of sociology, therefore, there are various methods or tools of assessment that can be used to validate given information and to make it reliable to users.

People with disabilities form a large percentage of population in most parts of the world, and requires a research study to find out the main cause. When a research study is carried out, a tool of evaluation that would lead to validation and reliability is often required. In order to carry out a research on the disability in adults in a particular area of study, an assessment must be conducted. For an ideal assessment, a tool of measure meant will be required. Well-being will be appropriate when determining the extent of accuracy for validity and reliability. Most researchers use well-being tool of evaluation since it will provide variables that will form the basis of data collection in the field.

Reliability and validity can be based on several types depending on the variables that will be used in the data collection. Survival tactics, for instance, may be used as a way of validating the data. Also, movement and income generation means can also be relied on to determine the amount of well-being support required by the disabled people in the society.

“How support groups benefit the health and well-being of people with a rare genetic disorder

Support groups provide first hand information that is required by researchers in the field. This makes it easier to know exactly what is required during assessment and how to deal with the situations on the ground. Support groups ad the researchers or social workers since they connect and report the requirements to the rele3vant persons who can attend to the disabled people in the field.

“Quantitative or qualitative research study”

There are often two approaches that are used in the field during a research study; these are either qualitative or quantitative approaches. These two approaches are ideal depending on the nature of the research work. Taking into consideration a sociology research perspective, it will be ideal to use quantitative approach. This approach will be ideal for studies of disorders in various people in the society since it allows for the one on one interaction with the target group. It will also employ the use of interviews as a means of collecting data from the respondents. Primary data collection is often considered ideal when dealing with a research study that focus on health conditions and issues among people.

The benefit of quantitative research is that it offers a large amount of related data on the same case under the study. This makes it ideal to analyze and come up with a information that can be validated and relied on by end users or other social workers. Similarly, qualitative research will rely on giving quality information that is gathered from a sampled research work from the field. This will make it ideal for social workers to identify quickly the areas that require their attention among the disabled people in the society.

However, quantitative research method, may present a large data that would be too difficult and time consuming to analyze. Qualitative research method may also have small margins or data sources compared to the population size hence invalidating the information gathered.

“Single-system research study”

In every research work, there must be a method of data collection and validation process. Single system research is a way in which methodology is applied in the research work. It denotes the approach that experts or researchers will use in the field to gather relevant information that is required for analysis about a scenario or the case study.

Single-system research method can be used by a research by going to the field and literally gathering primary data. A specific example of this method is the use of questionnaire in the field to collect raw data for analysis and validation. This process requires identification of sample, population, and target area of study. In the case of social works, questionnaire would be ideal since it allows respondents to give their views on various scenarios that are under study. Again, it offers the best approach to deal with respondents who do not corporate in the area of the study. Questionnaires are significant in primary data collection method since there is high accuracy and multiple choices of responses that can generate answers that are ideal for analysis of a specific situation in a given research study area.

The main advantage of a single research study approach is that it offers chance to collect multiple data and carry out repeated data analysis for purposes of validation and reliability. It also offers an alternative to another approach that may be considered unsystematic means of data collection. In addition, for a social worker, this method offers a chance to allow for easy assessment of variables that are used during the study.

There are often two variables that can be identified with kind of methodology, and these are dependent and independent variables. The chosen dependent variables are the frequency of disability occurrences and the independent variables are the affected victims in the society who require support from other social workers and people in their sane states.

Financial cash flow determination methods

Implications and applications of financial study require various approaches to determine particular aspects. Regarding economic evaluations and valuations of assets, there are a number of tools or approaches that practitioners must employ to obtain relevant information and statistics that can be used to gauge or determine the position of a firm among its competitors in the market platform.

Similarly, in finance time is a key factor that must be properly analyzed and evaluated to ensure that a positive result is achieved through management. This will require the use of software for data analysis that will enhance performance and timeliness in determination of such econometric values. STATA is therefore, the ideal software that can be used in analyzing technical data from various sources financial values. Time-series econometrics models are very necessary in dealing with financial accounting. This implies that the amount of output will be determined by time take to raise a single unit of a product or service based on its financial spending. Example of a stata code that can be used in the econometric analysis is scatter y x if x < 10.

Below is a data code that can be used in the STATA software to determine time series in the econometrics valuation.

y265 y267 y269 y271 y273 y275 y277 y279 y281 y283

1.465248 0.479354 -1.75346 -0.292415 0.4226884 0.2091497 1.400652 0.9498465 1.512959 -0.5936786

0.5703003 1.38395 0.2902705 -0.9369771 -0.8942438 0.5955387 -0.9572875 0.4484942 0.0206231 -1.481797

-0.3371507 0.4506865 0.9319822 1.463505 -0.1176168 -0.431972 0.882265 -0.8461719 -0.909491 0.4699998

8.57749 4.644412 5.726359 9.257461 6.244791 6.356962 2.846215 6.671024 6.022622 8.066555

9.915342 9.016611 12.53046 8.943461 10.46239 7.507285 9.097888 9.709125 8.107504 12.65828

9.8797 13.30424 11.60002 12.08437 13.02481 12.31796 14.25738 14.14829 12.46637 11.94876

12.1553 13.60705 15.1946 16.16602 14.52039 16.15118 17.29049 16.32838 16.20972 14.07643

11.99595 15.03055 12.15735 16.27457 14.06341 17.09861 17.89787 18.5907 18.99561 13.26327

16.94649 13.88944 15.37031 19.86564 14.02943 17.33837 18.07598 18.3941 20.15047 13.98531

15.80559 16.3337 12.71508 18.35982 15.1026 16.95772 17.34345 15.5677 17.9921 15.64277

16.70486 18.92415 12.15709 18.68223 17.02415 15.41312 16.08319 15.99662 21.88074 16.52537

15.51236 18.75143 10.81065 19.10452 19.4782 14.68459 17.52361 14.92306 14.892 15.56802

14.44465 16.37151 14.4618 19.0817 19.49536 13.76237 16.36249 14.39202 15.06148 14.82618

17.19215 14.59168 16.05562 16.63589 18.45441 19.01651 17.51109 14.64103 14.84406 14.26773

16.58829 14.07616 17.49254 17.49399 19.66024 15.58567 15.59484 17.42184 12.67381 13.62993

STATA can be used in the determination of the following based on the time series provided.

Risk-free asset

(a) Return Relative= (Ending value of Investment)/ (Beginning value of Investment) = 111,619,295.48/73,441,529.02=1.5198

(b) Holding Period Return (HPR)= Return Relative-1=1.5198-1=0.5198

(c) AHPR= (Return Relative) ^(1/(324/52))-1=(1.5198)^(1/(324/52))-1=0.0695

CashThe $5 million cash is invested in Macquarie Cash Trust (CMA) and the rate of return is 3.3% p.a. Ending cash value==$5,000,000*(1+0.033)^(324/52)=$6121048.97

Portfolio return(a) Return Relative= (Ending value of Portfolio)/(Beginning value of Portfolio)

= 169479751.76/100,000,000

=1.6947975

(b) Holding Period Return (HPR) = Return Relative-1=1.6947975-1=0.6947915

(c) Portfolio Annualized holding period return (AHPR)=[(Return Relative)]^(1/(271/52))-1

=(1.6947975)^(1/(324/52))-1

=0.0884

S&P ASX200 Index return(a) Return Relative= (Ending value of S&P ASX200 Index)/(Beginning value of S&P ASX200 Index)= 5248/6389.4=0.8214

(b) Holding Period Return (HPR)= Return Relative-1=0.8214-1=-0.1786

(c) AHPR = [(Return Relative)]^(1/(271/52))-1=(0.8214)^(1/(324/52))-1=-0.0311

Nike: Calculation of Free Cash Flow Using Reformulated Statements

Year ended May 31, 2010      

Method 1: C – I = OI – change in NOA Operating income, 2010 1,814.4

NOA, 2010 5,513.9 NOA, 2009 6,346.2 (832.3)

Free cash flow   2,646.7

     

Method 2: C – I = NFE + Change in NFA + d NFE, 2010 4.0

NFA, 2010 4,370.5 NFA, 2009 2,468.3 1,902.2

Net dividend, 2010 740.4

Free cash flow   2,646.7

A Behavioral Concept in Psychology

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Instructor:

Date:

Attitude and Behavior Consistency

Attitude and behavior consistency is defined as the level at which individuals behaviors depends on their mind-set associated with an object. For instance, positive mind-sets are believed to be connected with approach behaviors while negative attitudes linked with withdrawal behaviors. Therefore, attitude and behavior consistency of human beings can be can be assessed by establishing whether they behave in a manner that that is similar with their attitudes. A number of researches have been carried out to establish the relationship between attitude and behavior of an individual (Weiner, Millon & Lerner, 2003). Various studied carried out have recognized one type of reasoning based on attitudes as the major cause of attitude-behavior consistency increment. On the other hand, the other investigative reasons for feelings are believed to be playing an important role in reducing consistency. Arguably, the difference between the two outcomes is created since there were various types of introspection carried out. The difference can also be brought by the dissimilarities between the studies like the preliminary accessibility of an attitude.

According to Laran and Janiszewski, it has been discovered that a number of people do not do what they say (2008). This problem is majorly caused by the lack of connection between what people say and what they do. In psychological terms, lack of connection between the two fundamentals is termed as attitude-behavior gap. Consequently, this clearly explains why there is no consistency between the behavior and attitude of an individual. A lot of confusions are being caused by contradictions considering that natural attitudes are most probably connected with behaviors. Years of research on attitude have not succeeded in establishing whether attitude and behavior are closely related. An attitude’s bad analytical legality is particularly striking when common attitudes are taken into consideration. Moreover, it is also striking when intuitively linked particular behaviors are taken into consideration. According to the studies carried out approximately sixty years ago, observed attitude-behavior unpredictability came from ignoring behavioral costs.

Most of the researchers, during this time believed that the attitude-behavior gap is not real. Instead they believe that oral assertion and some of the obvious behaviors toward an attitude all originate from a single underlying behavioral character, considered to be a common attitude. However, statements are normally simple to perform than obvious actions. Contrary to other mainstream researches, Campbell’s model states that attitudes and behaviors are axiomatically reliable. The reliability is properly found when two factors are taken into consideration when guessing an individual’s behavior. The two factors to be taken into consideration when predicting an individual’s behavior are; the degree of an individual’s common attitude and the costs involved when executing a behavior. When two cross-sectional studies were carried out, it was established that the reliability between evaluative and behavioral signs of a common attitudinal disposition exist. Rasch paradigm can be used to prove that evaluative declarations and corresponding behaviors can be seen on one dimension. Evaluations are also considered to be easy compared to behaviors.

Through various experiments which have been carried out in the laboratories, it has been discovered that the performance of an independently difficult behavior can be guessed based on the degree of individual’s previously recognized attitude towards an environment. Consequently, a complete internet study was carried out while making a guess in the reverse direction. People’s common environmental attitudes were inferred on the basis of whether demanding environmental behavior was carried out or not (Ajzen, 2007). In connection with the Campbell’s paradigm, it was established that individuals who supported extremely demanding behaviors also recorded a higher degree of an attitudinal disposition. With a complete experimental field study, the availability of spillover effect was validated. Spillover effect is considered to be the observable facts of numerous behaviors changing due to the change in an individual’s attitude. It was indicated that improving a common ecological attitude results into the performance of environmental behaviors from a number of areas like recycling mobility and transportation. The presence of the spillover clearly proves that there is formal and self-evident reliability between common attitudes and numerous specific behaviors.

The central principle of the current research is that present theories of the function of knowledge in attitude-behavior consistency are not complete. This is because other psychological methods, which were not known earlier in the literature, also play an important role to the effect of knowledge on attitude-behavior reliability. Particularly, it is suggested that when taking into account the role of knowledge, it is important to form an idea that attitude-behavior consistency is an assumption process. One long recognized but underappreciated discovery is that even when an individual has a highly sensitive attitude that is made active during behavior, the attitude may not necessarily transform into behavior. It is also important for an individual to recognize that the attitude is a significant guide to the behavior in this context (Kusluvan, 2003). Consequently, when faced with a behavior connected to an attitude object, it is necessary for individuals to think about how instructive their attitudes are to the particular behavior in question.

Even though there are numerous ways in which attitude and behavior consistency can be measured, the most recognized method is to study a relationship or regression factors between attitude scores evaluation of behavior. When the connection is established to be higher, then it would imply that there is an elevated level of attitude-behavior consistency. Regulators of attitude and behavior consistency are then studied by investigating the degree to which the amount of the correlation or regression coefficient is not similar across levels of the suggested moderator. When faced with a behavioral choice, individuals certain times engage in presumption processes concerning how enlightening their attitudes are for the behavior in this context. The above presumption process is controlled by properties of attitude-relevant knowledge. This assumption was supported based on the idea that attitudes have stronger effect on behavioral objectives when information essential to attitudes was considered to be of high-behavioral significance. Experiments carried out by both Miller and Tesser indicated that individuals may take their attitudes to be improper, when measured against cognition.

However, current experiments suggest that when there is similarities between the emotional and cognitive nature of attitude and behavior, individuals have the tendency of believing that their attitude is an uninformative assistance to behavior. This implies that it may also be essential for the mind-set and behavior to be similar at certain aspects of affect and cognition with regard to mind-set and behavior and not at the general level. Other experiments carried out indicate that there is the likelihood of knowledge-behavior corresponding effects to take place under intentional and unintentional conditions. Under situations of reduced thought, individuals made use of their universal attitudes regardless of whether the attitudes offered improper guidance based on behavioral tasks or not. Conversely, individuals did not depend on their universal attitudes under conditions of high thoughts. This implies that a number of individuals positively respond to the suitability of their mind-sets as guides to behavior when in low deliberation.

Previous studies carried out indicated that attitude is considered to be inappropriate since it is not consistent with the measurement of knowledge most appropriate to the objective of the decision. In other cases, attitude has been found to be dependable with its precise measurement of knowledge, but is considered to be improper since the measurements of knowledge have very little significance to the objective of the behavior. This implies that individuals tend to be quite dependent in the application of their attitudes when in high-deliberation situations. Conversely, in low-deliberation situations, individuals are not sensitive to the identification of the attitude in this context.

According to Smith and Swinyard, the behavior of customers is majorly determined by their attitudes based on the traditional attitude theory (2010). For instance, they would always want to purchase goods and services they like most. Nevertheless, increasing evidence shows that attitudes cannot be effectively used to predict the obvious behavior of an individual. Integrated model has been found to be effective since it is capable of distinguishing behaviors based on commitment. Behaviors which are considered to have a lot of loyalty are those with huge economic, collective, or mental costs. According to this perception, customers will have the tendency of making committed choices without powerfully held favorable attitudes. Moreover, attitudes of the customers are considered to be more intense or assertively held for goods on trial than those goods that are being advertised.

This implies that attitude and behavior consistency is higher for those goods and services on trial than those goods which are being advertised. Attitude-behavior consistency can also be measured by comparing the behavioral assurance with attitude strength. Lower order attitudinal strength implies that the customers can either take part in the trial purchase or not hence it is more likely that attitude-behavior consistency will be moderate or low. Unlike the consumer who have positive attitude, customers with negative attitudes tend to spend less money in purchasing products without value. This implies that the attitude-behavior consistency is high. Moderate levels of attitude-behavior consistency are expected to continue regardless of the increase or decrease in the cost and commitment of the customers’ behavior.

Hernandez, Rubio, Revuelta and Santacreu states that behavioral consistency is created by objective concept activation (2006). The combination of a goal and a behavior may control behavioral consistency through a process and not presumption of objective commitment and progress. The presence of presumption events can help regulation in cases where individuals believe that their previous behavior has interfered with their progress toward regulation. A number of studies have constantly indicated that people’s behaviors approximately similar to their behavioral intentions. They have also indicated that people’s behavioral intentions are similar to their attitudes and social beliefs. For instance, people who visit gyms are always tempted to use steroids to improve their appearances. Conversely, an individual with a strong attitude coupled with motivation and social beliefs on steroids would refrain from taking the drugs. This is because that was their behavioral intention.

References

Ajzen, I. (2007). Attitudes, Personality and Behavior. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill International (UK) Ltd.

Hernandez, J., Rubio, V., Revuelta, J & Santacreu, J. (2006). A procedure for estimating intrasubject subject behavior consistency. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/psimasd/consistencia-epm.pdf”http://www.uam.es/proyectosinv/psimasd/consistencia-epm.pdf

Kusluvan, S. (2003). Managing employee attitudes and behaviors in the tourism and hospitality industry. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Laran, J & Janiszewski, C. (2008). Behavioral consistency and inconsistency in the resolution of goal conflict. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://moya.bus.miami.edu/~jularan/Papers/SR_Laran_Janiszewski_JCR.pdf”http://moya.bus.miami.edu/~jularan/Papers/SR_Laran_Janiszewski_JCR.pdf

Smith, R & Swinyard, W. (2010). Attitude-behavior consistency: The impact of product trial verses advertising. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.marketingpower.com/ResourceLibrary/Publications/JournalofMarketingResearch%28JMR%29/1983/20/3/5001844.pdf”http://www.marketingpower.com/ResourceLibrary/Publications/JournalofMarketingResearch%28JMR%29/1983/20/3/5001844.pdf

Weiner, I. B., Millon, T., & Lerner, M. J. (2003). Handbook of psychology: Volume 5. New York: Wiley.

Term Paper

1950’s and the 1960’s civil rights movements and racism according to Bell Hooks

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Institution

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History

Reasons why the 1950’s and the 1960’s civil rights movements were successful, as compared to the failed efforts of earlier Civil Rights. Also, how the approach of direct action of a non –violent nature became successful after the Second World War.

Racial barriers were eliminated following events that were related to movements of Civil Rights in the United States. In the year 1954, the decision regarding the Brown v. Board of Education was a notable achievement. In the year 1965, the Voting Rights Act ensured that Americans would all have equal rights. Furthermore, it ensured that changes would take place in the sectors that were, political, cultural, as well as social. This means that black people who were earlier discriminated against would enjoy rights like other citizens. The rights of citizens were regulated by the existing government. It means that skin color would no longer be a hindrance towards achieving equal rights. When the word civil rights is mentioned many people think about Martin Luther King Jr. According to King, in ‘Why We Can’t Wait’, the need for blacks to become emancipated was extremely needed. The various inhumane acts performed on black people made King make his voice heard. Some of the incidents highlighted by King include; Young school girls who were black, and were killed by a bomb, while attending Sunday school. There are many other incidents that lead to the civil rights movement and the need for blacks to become activists.

In the 1950’s, the public gained knowledge about civil rights after two issues were highlighted. A victory of a legal nature was won by the NAACP in the year 1954, and it got rid of segregation foundations in the country. Moreover, public schools were no longer to engage in acts of segregation, after a ruling made by the Supreme Court. The latter was termed as being unconstitutional because it violated the rights of African Americans. Americans were meant to obtain education in terms of equality, though it would be obtained separately. The events that followed later were chaotic, as racism and poverty still existed in the American urban slums. President Kennedy tried to calm the tensions that existed in his country by enforcing laws that discouraged it. He ensured that Americans would have their civil rights maintained by federal protection, as well as having segregation banned.

The rise of nationalism among the black people is another reason why the civil rights movements flourished during this time. According to Bell Hook in the book ‘Ain’t I A Woman’, blacks were becoming informed about their rights, and they had to fight in order to achieve it. On the other hand, King advocated for an approach of action that was direct as well as non violent. Unfortunately, this did not go down well with revolutionaries particularly in the North. Religious leaders, college students and bold African Americans were instrumental in their fight for equal achievement. The approaches they used were non violent as they sort to engage in legal challenges tactics. Other similar approaches used by the African Americans include freedom rides, marches and even sit ins. These initiatives lead to African Americans attaining protection and equal opportunity in their country. Social change had to be attained at any cost, mostly through means that were non violent. The latter was in a bid to fight against racial inequality in the country. Peaceful challenges were embraced in order to ensure that racist institutions changed, and there would not be any attacks, which were bloody. Segregation became nullified after the high court passed a ruling on the Plessy v. Ferguson case. It meant that whites who engaged in racist acts faced being prosecuted. The other incident, which took place, involved Rosa Parks in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. This is referred to as the best example of the civil rights movement, whereby it gained momentum towards achieving equal opportunities. The boycotters were persistent in their efforts until the courts realized that blacks were gaining power. In turn, the Jim Crow was banned, and more progress was to take place. The whites now knew that blacks were determined as well as united, in order to bring about effective change.

Finally, policy makers in the government were known to be slow moving, as they were offered choices by organizations led by African Americans. The latter is a reason for the success of civil rights movements due to the approach they chose to use. Some of the legendary black activists who will forever be known for their contribution to the movement of civil rights were Malcolm X and Martin King. They advocated for what is known as power among black people. Malcolm X was known for various street rages while, on the other hand, King was a pacifist. People who represented change that is peaceful were chosen as leaders by the country’s policy makers. Mahatma Gandhi and Henry Thoreau were the two principle influences that made King adopt a non violent approach. This is the reason why civil rights movements of the 1950’s, as well as that of the 1960’s were successful.

The meaning of racism according to Bell Hooks in accordance to specific events, which took place during the Civil Rights Movement. Also, the reason why racism is described as being institutional and not being dependent among individuals.

In the year 1981, Bell Hook published the book ‘Ain’t I A Woman’ that focuses on feminism and black women. She explains how black women were affected by racism during the civil rights movement. It is during slavery that racism and sexism converged, and during this time, black women suffered immensely. They were subjected to unfavorably conditions as well as being accorded low status in the American society. Federick Douglass a known abolitionist among the black people was popular among suffragists and abolitionists who were white. On the other hand, immorality and promiscuity were the stereotypes that existed among black people. The latter is according to segregationists who came from the southern community. Black women were not spared from harassment when they spoke as white reformers were quick to attack them. This is a reason why Bell Hooks claims that racism was not directed upon individuals but on institutions. The latter in this case refers to women in the black community. After the Rosa Parks Incident, women become aware that they had a purpose in society. They had to stand up in order to have control over their lives.

Bell argues that it was during slavery that the stereotypes affecting women were established. In fact, even up to date this stereotyping still exists in some parts of the world. On the other hand, the white women were stereotyped as being virgin goddesses, and this is due to effects of slavery. In turn, black women were viewed as whores who were seductive and this put a large burden upon their lives. Furthermore, this is why during the civil rights movement many black women were raped, and their feminity devalued. The black women were even discriminated at the work place and often were left to work in jobs not suitable for human beings. This shows that women who were white were demonstrating behavior that was emasculating. Moreover, Bell believes that the movements that took place during the period of Black Nationalism were discriminatory. She claimed that they were misogynists as well as patriarchal, as they sort to increase their strength. Also, these movements were trying to ensure that racial divisions in society were overcome. This is what is known as black matriarch emasculating that latched upon the various black leaders. Bell criticizes such theories, which were common with a man known as Daniel Moynihan Patrick.

According to Bell, feminist movements were involved the upper and middle class of the American society. This means that white women who belonged to lower classes were not spared from being discriminated against. In turn, classism, racism and sexism were reinforced during the period of the civil rights movements. She points out that this is why many women did not participate in the 1970’s feminist moments. Changes were mostly needed by black women as compared to white women. The latter advocated for their rights in secret and were not as vocal as black women. The matter concerning race became rhetoric due to its, extreme volatile nature. Manhood was often viewed as the symbol of freedom and thus the reason why black masculinity was popular. These notions lead to women’s and men’s liberty, as well as integrity being undermined. The sexuality of black women had to be controlled according to black men who were involved in the civil rights movement.

The word in institutional racism was introduced by Kwame Ture, and this is during the period of the 1960’s. The need to ensure that personal bias was distinguished from race made him introduce the term. Together with King, they were not pleased with white moderates in their society. The lather thought that personal transformation among the white people was the reason for their being a civil rights movement. There were various places whereby institutional racism was witnessed. They include; power halls, ghetto streets as well as voting booths. The result is that racial discrimination in America was real, pervasive as well as destructive. For example, the white ensured that schools attended by black children would not obtain funding from the government. This means that the agenda of institutional racism was being advanced by such agendas, which had a negative impact. For example, most attacks on black people were aimed at churches. This is because the black people were deeply involved in matters related to church. The white people took advantage and attacked leaders of the black churches. This is the reason why King was arrested during the Birmingham incident. Furthermore, more attacks were done upon people who were attending church services. An example is the young girls who lost their lives while in church after being bombed.

Bibliography

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas (1954) HYPERLINK “http://www.nationalcenter.org/brown.html” http://www.nationalcenter.org/brown.html (Accessed December 5, 2011).

Non-violent Direct Action II Martin Luther King Jr. Letter from a Birmingham Jail

Civil Rights, Human Rights .Goodrich v. MA Department of Public Health HYPERLINK “http://www.boston.com/news/daily/18/sjc_gaymarriage_decision.pdf” http://www.boston.com/news/daily/18/sjc_gaymarriage_decision.pdf (Accessed December 5, 2011).

White Resistance Introduction, The Negro Revolution, Why 1963?, and The Sword that Heals in Why We Can’t Wait.

Black Rights, White Rights Finish Ain’t I A Woman

NAACP v. Button (1960) HYPERLINK “http://www.blackpast.org/?q=primary/national-association-advancement-colored-people-v-button-attorney-general-virginia-et” http://www.blackpast.org/?q=primary/national-association-advancement-colored-people-v-button-attorney-general-virginia-et (Accessed December 5, 2011).

From Civil Rights to Power Stokely Carmichael Black Power (1966) http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/stokelycarmichaelblackpower.html (Accessed December 5, 2011)