Category: Uncategorized

Advantages and Disadvantages of Tricycles

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Sketch 1Advantages

The main advantage of this tricycle is that it has been fitted with a pivot system steering. This is crucial as it increases efficiency as well as the safety of the tricycle. The tricycle has got brakes that are in a strategic position and thus can be used even in a prompt manner. There are also steering handles connected to pivot steering system to enhance safety. Finally, the chain has been connected to the back wheel to enhance easy riding.

Disadvantages

The pivot system steering risks easy breakdown of the tricycle. This is because the pivot is used by the wheels as well as the handles. The brakes also have been fitted in a manner that might confuse the rider in case of an emergency need to stop.

Sketch 2Advantages

The tricycle has the advantage of being fitted with an adjustable frame. This will come in handy when adjusting if at all the need arises. There is also a battery/motor slot whereby a source of power can be fitted.

Disadvantages

In the case of power exhaustion, the tricycle will not be useful. There is also the possibility that battery usage will pollute the environment.

Sketch 3Advantages

The tricycle is safe due to the fact that it has got a safety belt. This means that the rider will not fall out of the tricycle in motion in the case of an accident. Additionally, safety has been assured even at night due to the fact that it has been fitted with LED light. Another advantage is that it has Solar Panels that will generate power to drive the engine. The solar panels can also generate power to be used in other alternative chores.

Disadvantages

Failure of the engine means that the tricycle will be useless. There is also the fact that breakdown of the LED light will make riding at night impossible.

Reference

Steve Greene (2011). Free on Three: The Wild World of Human Powered Recumbent Tadpole

Tricycles. iUniverse. p. 21

Movie Review Of Lincoln

It’s quite paradoxical that none of the American movies has ever done a god job at representing the American democracy. However Lincoln the movie is one among the movies that tried to demonstrate a great democratic art form. Lincoln (2012) is an American drama that was produced and directed by Steven Spielberg. The movie is centered on the United States sixteenth president Abraham Lincoln which covers the four final months of Lincoln’s life focus being on the efforts made by the president in January 1865 of having the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States House of representative that would see the abolishment of slavery in the country. He tried to scare up votes to ensure that he could get enough votes to pass the bill in congress. This movie is therefore concentrates on tumultuous period between January 1865, the end of the civil war on April 9th and finally the assassination of Lincoln five days later.

This movie is therefore depicts a very important historical event in the United States which is of great significance on the history of America. This was a landmark constitutional amendment; With the expectation of the civil war to end in a month but an issue of concern being Lincolns 1863 emancipation proclamation would have been disregarded by the courts upon conclusion of the war and the 13th amendment defeated by the return of slave states. Lincoln then saw it necessary to pass the amendment at the end of January. That dispelled any possibility of already released slaves being re-enslaved. Radical republican and feared that the amendment would be defeated by people who wish the amendment to delay however whether the republicans in the border states support the amendment was not clear since their priority was ending the civil war. All of them on board were still not enough due to the fact that it was a requirement that several democrats support congressmen so that bit can be passed (Scott, 2012)

This is therefore a very important historical event in America, it was a task of a race against time, for the coming of peace any time and if it occurs that it comes before the passing of the amendment then the returning states in the south would ensure that the amendment process is stopped before it even becomes law. The movie depicts that a newly elected president Lincoln in January 1865 noting the imminence of the end of civil war, as he was wondering out loud what the fact of the former slaves would be. He finds hypocrisy in his emancipation proclamation in 1863 that saw the freeing of most slaves as a measure of war but had not declared slavery illegal. It was just a constitutional amendment that would end slavery permantly in America. Therefore it was an issue of great importance that Lincoln obtains enough votes from a recalcitrant congress before the arrival of peace and before it got too late. It was Lincoln’s belief that with the passing of the thirteenth amendment to the constitution that would abolish slavery would be a great step in achieving his core and at the same time end the war on slavery. In the movie the issue of the amendment is seen to be very important therefore as part of the subplots shows details of efforts made by three republican roustabouts in using any necessary means to ensure that the minds of the democrats will be changed while Lincoln delays a high level confederate delegation that is on its way to make peace talks in Washington. In the movie there are also glimpses of Gen Ulysses S.Grant making attempts of discerning whether or not the south is ready to quit (Scott, 2012).

In the movie, there are debates that range in the House of Representatives on whether the amendment is adversable or not some see peace being a necessity over passing the amendment while others view the passing of the amendment as a step in ending the civil war. This process was marred with challenges .days after the vote took place, Lincoln and Seward held a meeting with confederate delegation, the confederate made negotiation only on the condition that Lincoln would not allow ratification on it.

The movie places slavery as the centre of the story, and it shows how difficult and costly it was for the US to fully recognize a full and equal humanity of black people.

Reference

Scott, A.O. (2012). A President Engaged in a Great Civil War. Retrieved February 23, 2013 from http://movies.nytimes.com/2012/11/09/movies/lincoln-by-steven-spielberg-stars-daniel-day-lewis.html?pagewanted=all

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Movie-Novel Comparison: One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest

The novel begins with Chief Bromden and other patients in the mental section of a hospital, restricted in a strict environment, subject to the harsh decisions of those in charge, and convinced there is no way out. Randle McMurphy the new patient renews there hope and plays the role of an advocate that comes to overthrow the cruel forces controlling the wards, Nurse Ratched in particular. The demonstrations of thematic elements in the film One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and the book are varied and making it difficult for one to synthesize the information and generate a common motif. However, this paper digs deeper and creates a comparison of the two presentations of a similar story.

There are obvious similarities between the plot of the film and that of the novel, in particular, the events leading to the sacrifice of the protagonist and main character, however, the film adaptation of the text undermines the simple the deep moral depictions to simple interactions that do not have profound meaning. Although the book is extraordinarily notable and complex, with profuse refinements, the film’s omission of important decent themes renders it mediocre and superficial in comparison.

To be fair some, there are a number of differences between the motifs of the book and those of the movie that do not hurt the intentions of Kesey, however, there are others that are harsh. It is also fair to say that some of the changes made by the film director Milos Forman were necessary to the perspective he chose and the transformation of Kesey’s work into a cinematic idiom. He does not tell the story from the perspective of the chief but chooses an objective one presented through a subjective camera. That brings a lot of changes because unlike the reader, the viewer can see and hear things directly since the chief could not be everywhere in the ward. The subjective camera removes the characters from the perspective of the Chief and instead each is given their own point of view.

Many things that happen in the novel are summarily captured in the book-with a few additions such as the scene with murphy in therapy which from a critical perspective it’s a chance for Forman to fill in some of the backstory and his battles with Ratched. However, a different tone appears, to the point that, it barely feels like a contest at wills. Let us first discuss the context at wills in order to create a basis for this argument. The novel presents its case with marginal spiritual fever. Bromden sees McMurphy as supernatural, a huge man with a wonderful voice and a life that appears inexhaustible, an avatar for everything that is human, masculine, and righteous (Kesey). His struggles with Ratched for the “ownership” of the ward unfold like an epic battle between wonderful, near-mythic enemies. Even the little bits where the reader catches a glimpse of the protagonist exhausted or acting in self-defense have a Christ-like composition. The contest of wills now appears where whether McMurphy wants it or not, he cannot shun this responsibility and in the end loses his life for the sake of others.

The film does not feel like a contest at will because in the book McMurphy flutters to his fellow patients that he can irritate Nurse Ratched. This bet feels like the primer of a basis: while the incentives direly increase with time and become the basic hook of a hero against a system from the beginning to the end. While he makes the same bet in the film, it is treated nonchalantly and basically forgotten. The film adaptation replaces the ritual of tragedy with something more organic and hard to construe. This happens with the constant foreshadows that speaks of an earlier troublemaker in the ward who was referred for a lobotomy for bringing chaos.

The adaptation, however, becomes smart when it chucks Kesey’s unfortunate portrayal of women. If the women in the novel are not controlling freaks they are presenting their bodies for sex, and every male in the ward agonizes at the hands of either. A good example is Billy, who is portrayed as a shy and desperate youth, who commits suicide when the nurse threatens to tell his mother about his transgressions with a prostitute. The story of hero versus the system is common in literature, and when the novel relies on McMurphy and his condemned determinations to beat the system a powerful account generates. But the interpretation of how the system operates is uncanny and narrow in a way that it undercuts the message.

In contrast, the film’s restructured approach presents something more open to interpretation. Although there are traces of sexism in representation, and other than McMurphy referring to Nurse Ratched as a “cunt” and another woman, there is not much talk of gender, or men being weakened by females in their lives. With all this removed, what remains is the fear of not being able to meet the demand that comes with adulthood. There is an elusive but discernible arc to McMurphy that sees him being forced into serving fellow patients almost against his will and appears as if he is infuriated by these other patient’s inability to see life the way he does and feels like he has to do something about it.

The film because of its entertainment aspect does not portray the idea of Ken Kesey as he intended. Kesey intends McMurphy as a savior who has the sole purpose of saving his fellow patients at the cost of his life. This idea’s shallow presentation in the film avoids capturing the essence of the story making it lack the richness and complexity presented in the novel. From a different perspective, however, one that gives the film liberty to stand on its own, it interprets the film in a manner that is fulfilling and removes flaws like sexism.

Works Cited

Kesey, Ken. One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest. New York: Penguin Books, 1996. Print.

Running head: VOTING AGE

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Lowering the Voting Age to Thirteen

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VOTING AGE

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Lowering the Voting Age to Thirteen

In most nations, the minimum voting age is set at eighteen years (Grover 2011, p. 3). In

the past, the minimum age to vote was twenty one years, but after several debates, this was

lowered to eighteen years. When individuals reach this age, they are considered to be adults. As

an adult, one should be able to analyze different situations, think critically, and thus make wise

decisions. Every decision leads to some consequences. Regardless of the consequences, whether

negative or positive, the responsible adult can be held accountable for them. This is the reason

that the minimum voting age limit has been set at eighteen years in many states (Grover 2011, p.

3).

Currently, there are ongoing discussions about whether to lower the voting age further.

At first, the minimum voting age being considered was sixteen years (Grover 2011, p. 4). The

latest debate talks of lowering the voting age to thirteen years. Reducing the minimum voting age

from eighteen to thirteen years has several advantages and disadvantages associated with this

change.

Advantages of lowering the Voting Age to Thirteen Years

Young people have a unique way of looking at things. This special quality is lost as the

child gets older. The uniqueness may compel them to vote for certain people who they feel will

be able to address their issues better, something that older adults may not do because they are

unduly influenced by other factors (Grover 2011, p. 45). It is also argued that generally youths

can vote wisely, since they too are able to make good decisions on their own.

Youths of today mature faster than they did in the past (Grover 2011, p. 47). Their quick

growth and maturity can be attributed to a number of factors, such as exposure to platforms from

where they lean the realities of life with great speed. The media is one such platform. Further, the

VOTING AGE

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more people vote, the more votes a candidate or political party will receive. This places a

particular party or candidate, who has the interests of youths at heart, at an advantage over

others.

Disadvantages of lowering the voting age to Thirteen Years

Logically speaking, there are important decisions that a thirteen year old cannot make.

Voting decisions are very crucial and nothing should be left to chance with something so

important. In other words, thirteen year olds are simply not mature enough to be involved in such

an important exercise (Grover 2011, p. 50).

A thirteen year old is not yet exposed to life and its realities. They, therefore, cannot

understand why some things happen the way they do, and the role they can play to control some

of these things. Thus, they might not consider voting with the seriousness it deserves (Grover

2011, p. 52). They also may vote for a candidate for all the wrong reasons. There are things that

are of great importance to a thirteen year old, such as video games for example. If allowed to

vote, they could base their voting decisions on such trivial matters.

Conclusion

Conclusively, a thirteen year old is still too young to be given some responsibilities, such

as voting. At thirteen years of age, one still needs the protection and guidance of a parent or

guardian. It would, therefore, be a huge mistake to allow thirteen year olds to vote. The

consideration of lowering the minimum voting age to sixteen years would be a more viable

argument.

VOTING AGE

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Bibliography

Grover, Sonja, 2011.

Changes to MLA in the 8th Edition

What’s New in the Eighth Edition

The eighth edition of the MLA Handbook, published in 2016, rethinks documentation for an era of digital publication. The MLA now recommends a universal set of guidelines that writers can apply to any source and gives writers in all fields—from the sciences to the humanities—the tools to intuitively document sources. Learn more below about the changes to MLA guidelines. Get resources for teaching, an FAQ, tips on writing, and more on The MLA Style Center (Links to an external site.).

The List of Works Cited

The eighth edition of the MLA Handbook introduces a new model for entries in the works-cited list, one that reflects recent changes in how works are published and consulted. Previously, a writer created an entry by following the MLA’s instructions for the source’s publication format (book, DVD, Web page, etc.). That approach has become impractical today, since publication formats are often combined (a song listened to online, for example, could have been taken from a record album released decades ago) or are undefinable.

In the new model, the work’s publication format is not considered. Instead of asking, “How do I cite a book [or DVD or Web page]?” the writer creates an entry by consulting the MLA’s list of core elements—facts common to most works—which are assembled in a specific order. The MLA core elements appear below:

In the new model, then, the writer asks, “Who is the author? What is the title?” and so forth—regardless of the nature of the source.

Because of this fundamental change, the works-cited-list entries produced by the two approaches are different. Below are differences that might be overlooked by writers making the transition from the seventh edition.

Abbreviations

Common terms in the works-cited list like editor, edited by, translator, and review of are no longer abbreviated. The eighth edition provides a shorter list of recommended abbreviations (96–97).

 

Authors

When a source has three or more authors, only the first one shown in the source is normally given. It is followed by et al. (22). (Previously, the omission of coauthors was limited to sources with four or more authors and was presented as an option.)

 

Books and Other Printed Works

Page numbers in the works-cited list (but not in in-text citations) are now preceded by p. or pp. (46).

For books, the city of publication is no longer given, except in special situations (51).

 

Journals

Issues of scholarly journals are now identified with, for instance, “vol. 64, no. 1” rather than “64.1” (39–40).

If an issue of a scholarly journal is dated with a month or season, the month or season is now always cited along with the year (45).

 

Online Works

The URL (without http:// or https://) is now normally given for a Web source. Angle brackets are not used around it (48, 110).

The citing of DOIs (digital object identifiers) is encouraged (110).

Citing the date when an online work was consulted is now optional (53).

Placeholders for unknown information like n.d. (“no date”) are no longer used. If facts missing from a work are available in a reliable external resource, they are cited in square brackets (2.6.1). Otherwise, they are simply omitted.

 

Publishers

Publishers’ names are now given in full, except that business words like Company (Co.) are dropped and, for academic presses, the abbreviations U, P, and UP are still used (97).

A forward slash (/) now separates the names of copublishers (108).

The kinds of publications that don’t require a publisher’s name are defined (42).

When an organization is both author and publisher of a work, the organization’s name is now given only once, usually as the publisher (25). No author is stated.

 

Miscellaneous

Full publication information is now given for widely used reference works. Page-number spans are given for articles in alphabetically arranged reference books in print. In other words, reference works are treated like other works and are no longer subject to exceptions.

The medium of publication is no longer stated, except when it is needed for clarity (52).

 

In-Text Citations

The principles behind in-text citations in MLA style are unchanged. A few details have been added or clarified, though:

For time-based media like video, times are now cited in the text (57).

The use of my trans. to identify the writer’s translation of a non-English quotation is described (90–91).

How to shorten long titles when they have to be included in a parenthetical citation is clarified (117–18).

The common practice of documenting borrowings from Greek, Roman, and medieval works with part numbers, not page numbers alone, is described (122).

The punctuation used when various items are combined in one parenthetical citation is summarized (126–27).

Ways of formatting citations in research projects other than traditional papers are suggested (127–28).

 

Other Aspects of Writing

Following are new points that concern the writing in a research project:

When the title of a periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper) begins with an article (A, An, The), the article is now treated as part of the title: the article is italicized and its first letter capitalized. For example, the handbook previously specified “the Georgia Review” in text and “Georgia Review” in the works-cited list but now specifies “The Georgia Review” in all contexts.

For works in a language not written in the Latin alphabet, writers must choose between giving titles and quotations in romanization or in the language’s writing system (74, 91).

Two forward slashes (//) mark stanza breaks in run-in quotations of verse (78).

If a block quotation of prose contains internal paragraphing, the first line of the quotation now begins without a paragraph indention even if one is present in the source (77).

Advantages of MBO

It reduces conflicts related to change since the objectives have already been set.

It reduces management work load thus giving managers more time to formulate new plans and strategies.

High performance is encouraged since everyone has to work towards the specified objective.

Disadvantages

Needs lots of paperwork thus bringing an extra cost.

Leads to rigidity since staff can only follow the specified goals, no divergent thoughts are allowed.

Environmental changes may weaken it

Advantages of MWA

Allows for innovative thinking since divergent ideas are allowed.

There is easy change in strategy in case of changes in environment.

It improves staff-management relations.

Less paperwork is required thus cutting on cost.

Disadvantages

Increases complexity of decision making since strategies are changed from time to time.

It is difficult to make long term decisions since strategies and plans change from time to time.

It may cause change related conflicts.

Movie Review of Girl in the Cafe

The film ‘The Girl in the Café’ is a television drama from the United Kingdom. It was produced by Hilary Jones, written by Richard Curtis and directed by David Yates. The film was produced by Tightrope Pictures an independent production company. Furthermore, the film premiered in the United Kingdom, in the year 2005, in the month of June. Later on, it was shown in the United States on cable television.

The film is about the lives of Gina (Kelly MacDonald) and Lawrence (Bill Nighy). Lawrence works in the civil service in the Chancellor of Exchequer’s office. Later on during his usual rounds, he decides to go to a café and there he meets his future love Gina. She is a young woman who is extremely outspoken about issues that concern improving the world. The romance that exists between Gina and Lawrence is quite improbable because they seem to be from different worlds. Firstly, Lawrence and Gina are working for different causes and in the real world; this is likely to cause a strain on their relationship. Furthermore, it is claimed that their relationship is a marriage of two opposites as well as that of different worlds. It is evident that Gina is interested in issues that will benefit mankind, while Lawrence does not. He is in a position to influence his superiors attending the G8 meeting, but he finds it to be quite difficult.

Love is often a strong emotion that makes people come together in order to share each other’s feelings. In this case, the attraction between Lawrence and Gina brings them together and they form a union. At first, Lawrence only did as was expected by his superiors and did not dare to challenge them. Even if he knew that he could persuade them and make them help those in need, he chose not to. However, upon meeting Gina and falling in love with her, Lawrence starts sharing the same views as her. He even goes to the extent of supporting Gina’s cause concerning helping African countries. Despite the fact that he risks losing his job; he does seem to deter from assisting Gina in any way possible. The thing that unites them is love because it has made them have a connection as well as a bond that cannot be broken easily. Love has made them want to do things that they would not have if they were not a couple. They were able to succeed because their love made them strong and even the other people who doubted them changed their perception.

The love between Gina and Lawrence has benefited different people in various ways. They were able to advocate for issues that would benefit others rather than themselves. This shows that that their love was extremely selfless as they were interested in improving the lives of others. Fair Trade and poverty were some of the issues that they were advocating for. They believed that it was not fair for people especially in Africa to suffer, yet the G8 leaders could address the issue. To add on, they also benefited because they became more attached to each other. It then became possible for them to achieve their goals as they had the same interests. Indeed, the Girl in the Café is a remarkable film that highlights the power of love.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalisation

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Globalisation

Globalization is the situation where the world operates as a unilateral unit perpetuated by multinational companies doing business all over the world. Globalisation has been brought about by; breaking of barriers to trade, unabated movement of capital, reduced carriage cost and rising use of electronic technology (Potrafke 2015, p.510). These new communication technologies have increasingly spread a largely accepted commercial culture. From entertainment industry with Disney movies dominating children screen to culture where American youth culture is imitated all over the world. Indications are that the global exchange of people, products and ideas is not stopping anytime soon. This is a commendable feat that will be beneficial for the whole world’s population. Furthermore, globalisation helps appreciate the common human-characters that keep us together. Nonetheless globalization has widened the gap between the rich and the poor and led to centralisation of decision making. Globalisation also has eroded local cultures, destroyed biodiversity and increased animosity among regions. This is the unfortunate situation presents the harsh reality of globalisation which was intended for human growth but has marginalised human needs (Ransome 1997, p.8). Globalisation has led to high inequality levels and poverty as leaders cannot effectively implement policies. Thus, political solutions with good employment and human rights are needed to navigate the effects of globalization. Government should also set up good structures that ensure decentralisation of decision making and conserve the environment (Ellwood 2001, p.12). Globalisation is an old process which commenced five centuries ago with the launch of the European colonial era which interlinked the global economy. However, globalisation has accelerated over the recent years owing to improved technology, breaking of trade barriers and increased influence of multinational corporations (Tan and Macneill 2015, p.852). Globalisation for multinational companies for instance makes them see the world which has people of different cultures as just a group of prospective buyers. These companies treat all their buyers to similar products, similar production technique and similar policies.

References

Potrafke, N 2015, The evidence on globalization, Journal World Economy, vol. 38, issue 3, pp. 509-552.

Ransome, D 1997, Globalization – an alternative view, New Internationalist, vol. 296, pp 7-10.

Ellwood, W 2001, The no-nonsense guide to globalization, by. Verso, London, pp.12.

Tan, C and Macneill, P 2015, Globalization, economics and professionalism, Medical Teacher, vol 37, issue 9, pp. 850-855.

Creative Lessons Plan

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Creative Lessons Plan

Traditional Subject Area: English Language Kindergarten

Knowledge and Skills

Vowels and Consonants

The student applies the pronunciation skills to identify the vowels and the consonants, their differences and their application in the sentences. Also, the student pronounces words starting with the vowels through identification of the plants and animals which their meanings begin with the vowels sounds. Consequently, the student applies the location and the alphabetical order of the vowels and the consonants.

Students Expected to: (A) Write and pronounce the alphabetical letters

B) Identify the vowels in the alphabetical letters

C) Identify the consonants and pronounce effectively in the alphabetical letters.

Arts Subject: Literature Kindergarten

Knowledge and Skills

Reading, Writing and Identification of pictures in books

The student should read texts written in the board and produced in numerous modalities. Common examples of the modalities include the prints, visual, multimodal and the film. The student creates expression of thoughts through engagement in reading, interpretation, evaluation and comprehension. The engagement entails using the letters and word s to picture with the real image of an object. Also, interpretation is the use of the real imagination to determine the function of the object read and identified. Though evaluation, the student creates normative approaches to cognition and the determination of the books and its purpose in learning.

The student is expected to: A) Choose the book he or she likes in literature learning

B) Be able to analyze, interpret, and identify the critical ideas

C) To provoke conversation and create a sheer reading enjoyment.

Method of I will use in Teaching English Vowel and Consonants

I will write all the vowels and create an environment where the student can identify the letter and its coincidence with the image or the object. Using the three dimensional objects, I will ensure that the student is equipped with the knowledge of identifying the objects and the letters in written format. The identification will enable the student to memorize the letter and the sounds hence creating a pedagogical cognition of writing, pronunciation and reading the two letter words. Also, I will introduce the vowel sounds in the simple words like cat, met, tot and cup. Consequently, I will direct the student to blow the air out of the month without closing the teeth and mouth and practice the actual pronunciation of the vowel.

Moreover, I will apply several techniques of teaching the consonant sounds to enable the student to differentiate between the vowels and the consonants. The first techniques get based on giving the student the bingo board then show the pictures of the words as I direct the student to pronounce the sound. The student should name each letter covered by the sound. To enable the student to have in-depth understanding of the methods of pronouncing the consonant, I will direct the student to block the air using the teeth, tongue, and lips and practice pronouncing the consonants in the alphabets.

Methods I will use in teaching Literature

Teaching literature to the student requires the determination and the comprehensive use of variety of the learning materials. As such, I will dictate the classroom time for reading. I will also allow the student to have self-selection of the book used in the literature. Consequently, I will enable the student to have the plan for the reading and the reason for reading. Through the use of the language based approach, I will effectively enable the student to have creative interpretation of the language used in literature. Also, the use of information based approach will enable the student to identify the correct mechanism of identifying the theme of the reading book.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Holland’s Theory

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Holland’s Theory

Holland’s theory has been well integrated into multicultural counseling practice and is the most widely researched theory globally. Since it provides a piece of evidence for incorporation of strong interest inventory when interacting with diverse populations through assessment of the social structure of interests across diverse racial/ethnic populations and finding the similarity in ideological perception in working areas (Sue et al., 2022). John L. Holland’s theory was primarily established to address vocational issues across diverse people. Research states that Holland’s theory is based on four basic assumptions that designate how occupational interests are developed. These major assumptions include; realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional (Hartmann et al., 2021). The theories have advantages and disadvantages, and Holland’s theory is not different.

Advantages of Holland’s Theory

One of the greatest strengths of John Holland’s theory is that the theory is oversimplified and people especially counselors, can easily understand and comprehend it. Holland’s theory incorporates a model to organize occupational interest assessment. Additionally, the theory consists of RIASEC type code, the basis of four assumptions that have been simplified and integrated into various assessment instrument tools. For instance, the RIASEC type code has been integrated with modern technology to provide computer-assisted guidance programs. However, effective training and application of Holland’s theory and typology positively impact counseling practices (Sue et al., 2022).

Disadvantages of Holland’s Theory

The major weakness of this theory is based on Holland’s statement that the theory lies in the formulation of stability and variation. This indicates that people’s perceptions can be affected by psychological, social, environmental, economic, and situational factors. And as a result, they end up causing variances in the results, thus affecting the stability of the results and typology (Davlembayeva et al., 2021).

References

Davlembayeva, D., Papagiannidis, S., & Alamanos, E. (2021). Sharing economy platforms: An equity theory perspective on reciprocity and commitment. Journal of Business Research, 127, 151-166.

Hartmann, F. G., Heine, J. H., & Ertl, B. (2021). Concepts and coefficients based on John L. Holland’s theory of vocational choice—Examining the R package holland. Psych, 3(4), 728-750.

Sue, D. W., Sue, D., Neville, H. A., & Smith, L. (2022). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice. John Wiley & Sons.