Category: Uncategorized

The Mirtanda Act

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The Miranda Act

The Miranda act is a set of specific rights that anyone under police custody is entitled to. It is considered as standard police procedure as police officers are required to recite these laws to a suspect under custody. Miranda warnings are given verbally during an arrest and on paper when a written confession is being taken. It is made up of four parts being; An individual’s right to remain silent, any statements made may be used as evidence against them in a court of law, the individual’s right to an attorney and if the individual cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for them before questioning, if so desired.

The Miranda act originates from a 1966 supreme court ruling Miranda v. Arizona (1966) under chief justice Earl Warren (Miranda, 1966). He released a 60 paged written opinion outlining a police procedure that would ensure all suspects are informed of their rights during arrests and before being interrogated Under this act, unless this warning is given to a suspect, no evidence or information obtained during questioning can be used against the suspect, nor can it be viable in a court of law. The Miranda act is meant to protect a suspect’s Fifth Amendment right so as to eliminate self-incrimination during interrogations.

This act is based on the belief that during interrogations, there is such pressure on the suspects that undermines their will to resist speaking where otherwise they would not, therefore making it hard for one to exercise their constitutional rights. The Miranda rights are meant to reconcile the power police officers have with the basic rights of an individual. It gives a suspect the power to make informed decisions on whether or not to waiver their rights as given to them by the constitution.

However the act has had some limitations one being that a police officer is not required to explain these rights to the suspect, nor the consequences of waiving such rights, hence most suspects are unable to fully grasp the importance of these rights, limiting their ability to exercise it. Another limitation is that the Miranda act almost has no impactful difference in a police interrogations and behavior, as the police continue to use psychological tactics in getting confessions such as the use of threats and promises to induce suspects into signing waiver forms and confessions. Many police departments have also been giving training to their officers on how to carry out interrogations with regards to this act, hence finding deceptive ways of influencing suspects to waive their rights (Miranda & Arizona,). A classic example of such a scenario is when police officers persuade suspects that they are better off giving their statements to a friendly police officer rather than wait for an unsympathetic public attorney

Despite all these challenges the Miranda act has been able to bring about a balance that enables for the protection of essential constitutional rights of suspects without law enforcement agencies having to prove the legitimacy of the confessions they submit, as the evidence they collect holds up in courts. The Miranda act has therefore been very influential in ensuring all American people enjoy their freedom, as police officers are able to do their job without infringing the fundamental rights of all citizens. It is after all one of the fundamental American rights.

References

“50 years since Miranda vs. Arizona case argued at Supreme Court,” March 1, 2016, azcentral.

Miranda v Arizona, 384 u.s. 436 [1966])

Miranda v. Arizona, Justia U.S. Supreme Court.

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The Media

Media simply refers to the excessive amounts of information that is transmitted through television, radio, and other types of mass communication. This includes the stories and images that are pushed out by any form of media outlet. The messages that are being relayed by the media can vary greatly depending on what type it is. For example, a story about a car accident would have a much different effect when it was told on Facebook versus in an article for USA Today. Furthermore, no matter what type of media it may be, people tend to misinterpret what they hear or see from outlets and take those messages at face value without doing any independent research themselves (Market Business News, 1).

Digital media such as the Internet allows for a direct connection with the source of information, which gives people more insight into the matter. “Media” can refer to a variety of things, for example writing, the mass communications system in society, an individual’s life outside of work, or a way of thinking about social problems. Media effects can be divided into two types: direct and indirect. Direct media effects occur when exposure to media causes changes directly related to what is being presented in that medium. This is also referred to as mediated or interactive effects.

There are various issues that arise with the media, but tis post is only going to focus on two here: ethical issues and intrusions with privacy. The media is divided into several different categories, such as forms of advertising, mainstream news and editorial opinion, film and television programming, radio broadcasts, and social media. These types are almost always regulated by a set of rules which must be met in order for them to use open spaces for their marketing. In regards to privacy issues that arise from this unregulated medium; there has not been much research done on the subject so it is difficult to come up with a concrete definition or policy. However, what we see is an increasing number of individuals who are trying to establish terms concerning how an individual’s privacy should be protected online.

Media’s ethical issues arise from a number of different aspects. There is the issue of financial gain, in which case the media will usually remain objective in order to avoid any conflict of interest. However, there are other areas that ethical issues can arise from, such as product endorsement and advertisement(Rao, Akash, 30). An example of an ethical issue drawn out by this is when the media takes an interest in certain brands or products because they are being endorsed by someone in the public eye. Another example is when news producers seem to get more pleasure out of showing pornographic content rather than things that truly matter like, politics or current events.

The main ethical concern that arises from the media relates to privacy. With the use of social media and internet to communicate, people no longer feel safe at home. Because of this, people are using social media as a way of finding out what’s going on in the world or even just checking up on themselves. For instance, a Facebook user took to Twitter in an attempt to find out if there was a local news station broadcasting his home. While there is an ethical issue here, it’s important that we look at it with more than just our own interests in mind (Rao, Akash, 34). Although we wouldn’t want anyone spying on us while we are doing something personal, other people want this same access too. Because of this, there shouldn’t be a hard set of rules put in place that can prevent the public from what they want.

Work Cited

“What Is Media? Definition And meaning”. Market Business News, 2022, https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/media-definition-meaning/. Accessed 11 Mar 2022.

Rao, Akash. “Ethical Issues with Social Media Business Practices: Motivation, Consequences, and Character Formation.” (2021).

The median voter theorem asserts that in a voting system where the majority determines the winner, then the outcome is determined by the median voter. The main assumption underlying the theorem is that voters put the candidates in a one-dimensional spectrum and that there are two main parties in the election. The United States has the Republican and Democratic Party as the two main political parties in competition; hence the median voter theorem is applicable in this case. Using this strategy, a candidate tries to identify the median voter in their area and appeal to them so that they can get the maximum number of votes and consequently win.

When moving from a primary to a general election, candidates can sometimes change their position as they try to appeal to more voters. The reason for this is that the general election has more voters from diverse backgrounds and with different beliefs. In a primary election, it is easier to determine if the median voter is liberal or conservative, although people usually have varied opinions depending on the issue at hand. However, at the general election level, they have to appeal to more people hence they can change their position or express it differently. Bernie Sanders was one of the presidential candidates in the 2016 election. Most of his policies resonate with the median voter; hence I would say that he followed the median voter. Bernie behaved both ethically and strategically. The middle class makes up the majority of voters and by appealing to them, he appealed to the median voter. Ethically, he addressed many of the issues facing the majority of voters which he has always championed for since his early years.

The main objective of a business is to accomplish their mission at the end of its projected time frame. Success is more effective when organization work together as a team by putting aside all other personal or external forces for the commercial advantage of the company. However as business professionals, solemn understanding on principles of group communication is essential, because break down of communication leads to conflict. When conflict does occur, it should be settled immediately as it can corrupt attainment of team goals. It is team leader’s role to coordinate and be alert to any morale issues rising among team members by establishing clear directions and set of common goals. This can be achieved by close observation on verbal and nonverbal communication among members. To build the spirit of the team, negotiation process is established by engaging in collaborative style of negotiation and weighing possible solution that will favour every complainant.

The main purpose of this article is to provide a critical analysis of the impacts of both aerobic and anaerobic training programs applied to elite wrestlers on blood lipids and body mass index. The study comprises of 20 elite wrestler who were randomly divided into two groups. This group volunteered to participate. These participants are aged between 12-15 years. The two sub-groups were made up of 10 participants comprising of the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group was applied an 8-week training programme while the control group went on their weekly routine wrestling technique training programme.

Physical Characteristics of Experimental and Control Group Mean (Ss)

Changes in Blood Lipids from Pre-Test to Post-Test in Experimental Group

Changes in Blood Lipids from Pre-Test to Post-Test in Control Group

Physical exercise and activity habits aid in the prevention of obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other chronic diseases, as well as the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle. Exercise and physical activity are at the top of the list of therapy choices for hyperlipidemia, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A lot of studies have looked into the beneficial effects of frequent, long-term, and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on blood lipid levels. The focus of this research was to see how long-term aerobic and anaerobic exercise affected blood lipids and body mass index. The study indicated that the experimental group’s blood lipid markers, HDL-C, cholesterol, and LDL readings decreased considerably from pre-test to post-test (p0.05), however, were no big differences in body mass index, glucose, triglyceride, and VLDL (p>0.05). However, when the effect of endurance exercise on body composition was investigated in the literature, it was discovered that at the end of the applied training courses, there were considerable changes in total weight, percentage of body fat, body mass index, and skinfold thickness measurements, as well as significant growth in body density and lean body mass.

The comparison between the LDL-C and VLDL-C data for the research, discovered that there was a substantial relationship between the workouts and LDL-C, but no major changes in VLDL-C.

This study found that aerobic and anaerobic training programs for wrestlers had no major effect on BMI, glucose, triglyceride, or VLDL-C levels, but had substantial effects on LDL, cholesterol, and HDL-C levels. In regards of blood lipids, this analysis revealed that anaerobic exercise combined with aerobic exercise had good benefits. According to the findings of the study, combining aerobic and anaerobic exercise has a beneficial impact on blood lipids.

The main purpose of this article is to provide a critical analysis of the impacts of both aerobic and anaerobic training programs applied to elite wrestlers on blood lipids and body mass index. Therefore, the study will assist me to identify the key types of anaerobic physical exercises and activities responsible for the prevention of obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and other chronic diseases. This study also explores how different types of exercises affect the blood lipids, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. Diet composition also plays a major role in human health by affecting blood lipids levels. The lipid profile is an important part of physical examination of athletes. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the effects aerobic training on anaerobic capacity and the impact of the exercise on blood lipid and body mass index variables. My program will discover whether or not weight training has any effect on improving force, power and agility. In order to examine my program. a three-week training program

Beginner Intermediate Advanced

Week 1 Run 5km in 60 MINUTES Run 8km in 75 MINUTES Run 12km in 90 MINUTES

Week 2 Run and do at least 15 sit-ups Perform two push-ups every run complete five push-ups per run

Week 3 Do at least 30 sit-ups per run Do at least 45 sit-ups per run

History

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The major causes of the World War I between the years 1914-1918 were due to immediate and long causes as well (Beckett, 2014). Militarism is one of the long-term cause of the war. The attack of the German-speaking peoples land near the Rhine River by Napoleon during the Napoleonic and the Franco Prussian war triggered the decision by Otto von Bismarck to unify the German state preparing itself to defend against France. The decision to defend its territories made German to build large armies, an act that kept France at ease building a standby army for retaliation. The act also forced the British to build a large navy as they felt insecure.

Alliances were also a great trigger to the World War I. The triple Entente popularly the Allies and the Triple alliance also known as the central powers, were the major alliances that were formed before World War I (Beckett, 2014). The triple entente was created in the efforts to counter the triple alliance and consisted France, Russia and Great Britain. The triple alliance consisted of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary. Another long-term cause of the war was nationalism. Germany felt unstoppable after the Franco Prussian war. The French on the other side were embarrassed by the Germans and therefore found it necessary to regain their pride. The growth of the pan Slavism in the protection of Russia made the regions around Serbia unstoppable and this created instability among the allies.

Imperialism is another long-term cause of the world war I. Majority of the nations around the globe were competing for the control of colonies in the quest to regain land, influence as well as resources. Germany in specific attempted to control the lands in Africa the territories to which France and Britain were already established. Germany in 1905 and 1911 attempted to bar France from imposing a protectorate in Morocco, but France made close allies with British against Germany in attempt to keep Germany out of Africa restraining it from building itself into a threatening power.

Despite many of the causes of the war being long term, short term causes were also an immediate trigger to the war. Assassinations at the time were rampant all over the globe. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28 of the year 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia by Gavrilo Princip, an affiliate of the Black Hand that was associated with the Serbian nationalist group, became responsible for the immediate start of the war (Williamson Jr, 1998).

Archduke Ferdinand was next in line of the Australian throne, and the assassination was a huge shock to Franz Joseph, his uncle. Though Franz Joseph did not want war, the government in Vienna was so much prepared for war, and therefore Joseph was required to submit a harsh ultimatum to the Serbians to avoid war. The Serbians did not meet the demands, compelling Austria and Serbia to engage in war, and on 1914 July the 28th Austria had declared war. The Russians have declared their help to Austria through the provision of supplies and soldiers, initiated war against the Germans. The tangle of alliances had now on each other’s neck, and this brought many of the countries into war.

The Americans had tried as much as possible to keep out of the war though she was involved in trade with the nations associated with war. The unrestricted submarine warfare that was introduced by the Germans on 9th January 1917 provoked Woodrow Wilson and asked the Congress to declare war on Germany thereby joining the triple entente (Smith, 2017). The joining of the US in the war was a success as it boosted the triple entente leading to their victory.

References

Beckett, I. F. (2014). The Great War: 1914-1918. Routledge.

Smith, L. A. (2017). US Effects on Allied Strategic Decision Making during the First World War. US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth United States.

Williamson Jr, S. R. (1998). The Or1g1ns of the War. The Oxford illustrated history of the First World War, 9.

History

<Students Name>

<Institution of Affiliation>

<Course Title>

<Date>

The major causes of the World War I between the years 1914-1918 were due to immediate and long causes as well. Militarism is one of the long-term cause of the war. The attack of the German-speaking peoples land near the Rhine River by Napoleon during the Napoleonic and the Franco Prussian war triggered the decision by Otto von Bismarck to unify the German state preparing itself to defend against France. The decision to defend its territories made German to build large armies, an act that kept France at ease building a standby army for retaliation. The act also forced the British to build a large navy as they felt insecure.

Alliances were also a great trigger to the World War I. The triple Entente popularly the Allies and the Triple alliance also known as the central powers, were the major alliances that were formed before World War I. The triple entente was created in the efforts to counter the triple alliance and consisted France, Russia and Great Britain. The triple alliance consisted of Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary. Another long-term cause of the war was nationalism. Germany felt unstoppable after the Franco Prussian war. The French on the other side were embarrassed by the Germans and therefore found it necessary to regain their pride. The growth of the pan Slavism in the protection of Russia made the regions around Serbia unstoppable and this created instability among the allies.

Imperialism is another long-term cause of the world war I. Majority of the nations around the globe were competing for the control of colonies in the quest to regain land, influence as well as resources. Germany in specific attempted to control the lands in Africa the territories to which France and Britain were already established. Germany in 1905 and 1911 attempted to bar France from imposing a protectorate in Morocco, but France made close allies with British against Germany in attempt to keep Germany out of Africa restraining it from building itself into a threatening power.

Despite many of the causes of the war being long term, short term causes were also an immediate trigger to the war. Assassinations at the time were rampant all over the globe. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28 of the year 1914 in Sarajevo, Bosnia by Gavrilo Princip, an affiliate of the Black Hand that was associated with the Serbian nationalist group, became responsible for the immediate start of the war.

Archduke Ferdinand was next in line of the Australian throne, and the assassination was a huge shock to Franz Joseph, his uncle. Though Franz Joseph did not want war, the government in Vienna was so much prepared for war, and therefore Joseph was required to submit a harsh ultimatum to the Serbians to avoid war. The Serbians did not meet the demands, compelling Austria and Serbia to engage in war, and on 1914 July the 28th Austria had declared war. The Russians have declared their help to Austria through the provision of supplies and soldiers, initiated war against the Germans. The tangle of alliances had now on each other’s neck, and this brought many of the countries into war.

The Americans had tried as much as possible to keep out of the war though she was involved in trade with the nations associated with war. The unrestricted submarine warfare that was introduced by the Germans on 9th January 1917 provoked Woodrow Wilson and asked the Congress to declare war on Germany thereby joining the triple entente. The joining of the US in the war was a success as it boosted the triple entente leading to their victory.

The Major Forms of Government in The World

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The Major Forms of Government in The World

Over time, many countries have adapted to different types of government. Some of these include one party, two-party, multiparty, monarchy, and even the tribal government. Each of these forms of government is unique in its way, although they may be similar somehow.

One party form of government is whereby one major political party rules a state legally. Only this party is allowed to form the government. Other political parties formed are outlawed and will not be functional. Since there is only one political party, this means that there is no opposition (Taylor & Herman,1971). The one-party system leads to the stable political growth of the country. There is no need for discussions, and therefore, decisions are made fast. However, this system is disadvantageous to the minority in the country since their voices and opinions will never be considered. No time or money is wasted on conducting political elections and campaigns.

A two-party system is a form of government whereby two major political parties are dominant. As a result, nearly all the elected seats will belong to these two political parties. In this system, voters’ interests are well represented. This system is preferred to the multiparty system because it is simpler to govern, bringing political stability. There is less confusion in this system. However, in such a scenario, the two parties usually disagree on specific issues, leading to chaos. The citizens also lack the variety to choose from when it comes to an election since only two parties stand the chance of winning.

The multiparty government system is that whereby the citizens can form as many political parties as they would like to. The various political parties represent the interests of each section in the society. Essentially, this means that no one will be left out when it comes to making significant decisions (Dodd, 2015). In this type of system, the government is usually very responsive to the needs of its citizens. All the political parties are motivated to work together to form a strong working government. When it comes to elections, the citizens have a variety to choose from.

The Monarchy system is whereby the monarch is the head of state for life or until abdication. In a constitutional monarchy, the monarch and the government share power. The monarch holds all the power in an absolute monarchy. Only one person has the responsibility to make decisions, and therefore they will be made fast, and the arguments will be few. The seat is not subject to national elections but is somewhat hereditary (Hewison, 1997). Thus, the government saves a lot of money that would have been used for campaigns and elections. Cases of corruption in countries with the monarchy system are few since the monarchs know that they will be ruling for a lifetime. The future monarchs are identified before they can take their positions and can be trained accordingly.

The tribal government is a form of government whereby each native tribe has its government. The tribal governments work hand in hand with the federal government. They have to impose taxes and pass laws in their jurisdiction. The government is usually very organized, and the people are well served. The tribal government provides essential services to the people, such as education and management of land.

To conclude, there are very many forms of government used all over the world. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. The citizens also get to benefit on different levels.

References

Dodd, L. (2015). Coalitions in parliamentary government. Princeton University Press.

Hewison, K. (1997). The monarchy and democratisation. Political Change in Thailand: Democracy and Participation, London: Routledge, 58-74.

Taylor, M., & Herman, V. M. (1971). Party systems and government stability. The American Political Science Review, 65(1), 28-37.

The Management Issue of China’s NGOs

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Introduction

Management is one of the most important elements in any organization. It involves the organization, coordination, directing, and administration of various tasks and activities within the organization with an aim of helping in the achievement of organizational missions and goals. Through effective management, an organization is able to properly assemble, organize, arrange, and integrate different factors of production and other resources in an effective and efficient manner making it easier in the achievement of both short and long term organizational objectives. Additionally, management is also important in an organization as it ensures effective resource utilization, personality development, problem solving, and development of change all of which contribute to the achievement of organizational goals. With this in mind, it is therefore imperative to that, management is important in the growth, development, and success of any organization. However, despite the various advantages associated with effective management, there are also various issues such as corruption, lack of funding, and understaffing that affect the management of various organizations such as NGOs in different parts of the world and especially China.

Non-government organizations (NGOs) in China

In China, Non-government organizations (NGOs) such as the China Youth Development Foundation are increasingly becoming important elements in changing the social landscape (Hasmath & Hsu, 2008). From micro perspective to a macro perspective, Non-government organizations have a huge potential of improving and widening the space to enable Chinese nationals engage in the social and human development and growth of the nation at large. Charged with such important responsibility, the Chinese government therefore views these organizations as aides in the delivery of different social services such as health care (promoting the awareness of HIV/AIDS), education (helping ensure that there is education for all), and environmental protection where they engage in different programs such as recycling. However, despite the different important roles these organizations perform in the society, there exist various issues such as the management issue which affect their ability to continue operating effectively. In the case of China’s NGOs such as China Youth Development Foundation, the management issue is one of the common problems that need to be addressed if indeed these organizations are to operate effectively.

Management Issue of Non-governmental organizations in China

To ensure effective operations and efficiency of NGOs such as China Youth Development Foundation, corruption and mishandling of finances is major management issue that needs to be addressed (Lu, 2005). In many organizations both governmental and non-governmental, corruption has for years been a major management issue that in one way or another affects the operations of the organization. In many Non-governmental organizations, embezzlement of funds by different individuals within the organization, for personal benefit is a common practice that affects the organization objectives both in the short and long term. It is imperative to note that, a vast majority of Non-governmental organizations obtain their funding to conduct their activities from charity events involving members of the general public. Therefore, occurrence of this problem is viewed as case of organizational mishandling of finances which lowers the society trust and as result affecting their major source income. For instance, the case of China Youth Development Foundation diverting approximately 100 million RMB from its donation finances so as to operate a private business was considered a corruption case which involved mishandling of the organization’s finances (Hasmath & Hsu, 2008). Bearing this in mind, it is therefore clear to note that the occurrence of these social evils was as a result of management issue within the organization. Lack of proper management to ensure that operations within the organization are carried out effectively and with justified reasons was lacking. In addition, Lu (2005) indicates that, for most of these Non-governmental organizations in China where leaders engage in corruption, it is clear to note that the chaotic states involved in their financial issues is inevitable due to the fact that, it is note the lack of skill and knowledge on the part of the NGO or its employees that result to cases of corruption, but its due to bad financial management and leadership by design. Therefore, this indicates that the case of management issue in many Non-governmental organizations in China such as China Youth Development Foundation is the reason behind some of the major social evils like corruption and mishandling of organizational resources Lu (2005). In regard to this, it is imperative to adopt and institute good governance which enables good and proper practices among NGOs due to the fact that they are becoming increasingly important in the delivery of various social services, a responsibility that is no longer solely performed by the state government.

Issues at the China Youth Development Foundation

China Youth Development Foundation, aims at helping young individuals in different part of China build capacities and lives of their own while improving the environment so that there can be development for young people (Lu, 2005). This is achieved by the provision of aid services, conducting social advocacy, and giving a voice based on the interest of these young individuals in china (Ma, 2002). However, despite the significant goals, lack of strategic planning is a major management issue facing China Youth Development Foundation. While it is clear that ideas are the basis of success in any organization, the lack of management’s strategic planning can be a challenging issue. In the case of China Youth Development Foundation, management’s inability to come up with a better strategic plan can be an issue in helping and enabling the youths reach their capacities, which in many results to confusion and straying away from their initially planned objectives. In other cases, the Lack of strategic planning among Non-governmental organizations such as China Youth Development Foundation occurs when leaders become more interested in attaining personal objectives and goals than the healthy development of their NGOs. In this case, most of these NGOs leaders engage themselves only in different projects with an aim of attracting and attaining fame themselves rather than doing the concrete work the NGOs were established for.

Poor Management and Unclear Goals

Lack of clearly defined goals and proper strategic management is a major management issue affecting most of China’s Non-governmental organizations including China Youth Development Foundation. According to Lu (2005) findings, most Non-governmental organizations in China declare themselves fit to undertake any project, even if it is tangentially related to their own stated missions and objectives. In this case, it clear most of the Non-governmental organizations in China will undertake any project assigned to them as long as it brings funding to their course. As a result, this indeed is considered a management issue as it diverts the Non-governmental organizations from pursuing their clearly stated goals and objectives. It is such diversions that impair the long term organizational develop of these organizations. In such NGOs where money is the motivation effect, most these of these organizations will only operate and work with programs involving money, otherwise they remain dormant. Similarly, the employee will also avail themselves work if there is any programs or activities to done. In regard to this, it is therefore clear that there is no reason at all for these NGOs to burden themselves with any specific targets or goals that do not involve money to provide funding. Bearing this in mind, it therefore clears that the Lack of clearly defined goals is a major management issue facing a majority of Non-governmental organizations in China.

Over-Reliance on the State for Assistance

Depending on the state is another issue facing the management of many Non-governmental organizations in China including the China Youth Development Foundation from functioning well based on the their own terms and ideas. Instead, the state provides these organizations with rules which they are supposed to operate with. In regard to this, it is therefore clear that dependency on the state does not only constrain their actions and goals, but it also affects the NGOs’ attitude towards the disadvantaged and vulnerable youths who should be the sole purpose of its existence.

Lack of Independent Decision-Making

With the states monitoring all Non-governmental organizations moves, China Youth Development Foundation became incapable of functioning beyond the stated conditions without getting different kinds of support from the government. According to Lu (2005), Chinese Non-governmental organizations derive all their benefits from their dependence on the government. However, even with the close dependence relationship with the government, these organizations such as the China Youth Development Foundation cannot engage in any programs or activities which are not approved by the government since they lack influence on the state practices and policies. This indicates that they are not equal as partners in their relationship and therefore the reason why Non-governmental organizations such as China Youth Development Foundation function under and in accordance with the government terms. By working under the government China Youth Development Foundation first tackles the tasks provided by the government to do it its place and afterwards can go ahead with its stated objectives and goals. By having no say in the established relationship with the state, Non-governmental organizations like China Youth Development Foundation indicates that these should have already known their boundaries (Lu, 2005). For instance, China Youth Development Foundation can only influence the government towards certain actions only if the government wants and is willing to be influenced. In this regard, it is therefore clear that dependency on the state is a major management issue facing most Non-governmental organizations in China. Through state dependency, NGOs such as China Youth Development Foundation are in fact limited of their usefulness towards values and interests of the youths, the environment, and any other issues that are sometimes very different from those of the state.

Poor Funding

Funding is another major management issue facing the management of most Non-governmental organizations like China Youth Development Foundation in China. According to (Lu, 2005) findings, the aim of many Non-governmental organizations is not only the attainment of goals and objective but also the attainment of funding which they require to achieve these goals time to time. Therefore, after the achievement of most of their goals, Non-governmental organizations usually keep contact with their donors to ensure that continuous progress is occurring. Non-governmental organizations in China are subsidized by the state, while other depends on donations from the general public. However, most of these Non-governmental organizations such receive extremely limited funding from the state for their projects which range from health care, education, and environmental protection (Ma, 2002). Therefore, bearing this in mind, it is clear that the issue of funding has forced these Non-governmental organizations such as China Youth Development Foundation in China to try and raise the needed funds by themselves in order to help the youths in China build capacities of their own and to also improve on the environment for there to be a chance of development for the young people. In so doing, this organizations are said to be in route of developing a better tomorrow for the future leaders which in one way or another will adopt the same path while also aiming the achievement and attainment of the global sustainable development goals.

Overreliance on Donor Funds

Despite the noble course by these organizations, overreliance of financial support from corporations, the states, private foundations, international organizations, and general public leads to the issue of management being too dependents to these uncertain sources of funding, to an extent where, in times of limited funding these organizations are not able to compete any projects geared towards the achievement of their objectives.

In recent years a majority of organizations including Non-governmental organizations such as China Youth Development Foundation have captured the attention of the public due to their involvement in cases involving fraud and mishandling of organizational finances which resulted to major corporate scandals. For instance, the case involving Project Hope of China Youth Development Foundation diverted RMB equating to approximately 100 million of its donation funds to operate a private business is one of the major corporate scandals that really affected China Youth Development Foundation (Hasmath & Hsu, 2008). The adverse effects of corporate fraud are normally more severe for an organization due to the various impacts associated with it. For instance, some of these impacts include, damaged performance, loss of reputation and image, loss of access to vital resources, lowered credit ratings, and loss funding due to loss of donors (Hasmath & Hsu, 2015). Based on this, it is therefore clear that this become a major management issue of China Youth Development Foundation due to the fact that this social evil happened of their watch.

State-Wide Issues with NGOs in China

Global challenges in communities and families in within the societies in China have resulted to Non-governmental organizations in China becoming the primary pillar of the public wellbeing Hasmath & Hsu (2015). However, this is not achievable when the management of most these Non-governmental organizations experience the issue of understaffing. The issue of being understaffed reduces the different services that the Non-governmental organizations employees have to offer in their day to day service to the society. For instance, the case of China Youth Development Foundation experiencing issue the issue of understaffing could hinder the achievement of different projects that involve helping the youths attain education and engagement in environmental protection. In most cases, the problem of understaffing occurs in due to low demand of jobs that are provided in these Non-governmental organizations. The tasks provided are mainly heterogeneous which include project management, economic development, humanitarian, and environmental protection in regions of conflict. These tasks are normally considered hard and worse, put NGO worker’s lives at great risks. As a result, this causes few turn outs for the NGOs positions and thus creating an issue for the management who require more employees if they are to achieve the objectives of the organization.

Furthermore, lack of enough staff members in Non-governmental organization operations could result to decreased performance causing challenges in the attainment of both short and long term goals. A given project could take longer that it should to be completed and as result leading to delay in the achievement of goals. According to Hasmath & Hsu (2015) in worse cases the problem of understaffing usually results to projects left pending due to in availability of individuals to complete them. In many cases, the issue of understaffing usually results to poor team work among employees. This is due to fact that understaffing causes employees to be assigned to different post in an effort to accomplish most jobs. Bearing this in mind, it is therefore clear that understaffing results to lack of support within the organization. For instance, in the case of China Youth Development Foundation, in order to achieve its objectives of providing aid to the youths so as to help them reach their full potential, the need for full staffing is very essential as understaffing will deter the achievement of these objectives (Ma, 2002). With Non-governmental organizations known to be associated with big projects that require commitment and adequate employees, this therefore becomes a major issue facing management of these organizations.

Conclusion

In summary, management is one of the most important elements in any organization including Non-governmental organization. Effective management enables organization, coordination, directing, and administration of various tasks and activities within the organization with an aim of helping in the achievement of organizational missions and goals. However, despite the various advantages associated with effective management, there are also various issues such as lack of funding, corporate scandals, inadequate staffing, bad financial management, and lack of strategic planning that affect the management of Non-governmental organizations in different parts of the world and especially in China.

References

Hasmath, R., & Hsu, J. (2008). NGOs in China: Issues of good governance and

accountability. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 30(1), 29-39.

Hasmath, R., & Hsu, J. Y. (Eds.). (2015). NGO governance and management in China.

Routledge.

Lu, Y. (2005). The functioning and dysfunctioning of NGOs in transitional China: Change and

continuity in state-society relations (Doctoral dissertation, London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom).

Ma, Q. (2002). The governance of NGOs in China since 1978: how much autonomy?. Nonprofit

and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 31(3), 305-328.

1. The Long March

The Long March was an event that took place between the years 1934 and 1935. A journey of 10,000 kilometers undertaken by a band of communists from China influenced the course of history. As a direct result of this occurrence, the revolutionary base of the communist party moved from the southeast to the northwest. As a direct result of the Long March, Mao Zedong was able to establish himself as the unchallenged head of the Communist Party. Fighting Nationalist forces led by Chiang Kai-shek (also known as Jiang Jieshi) arrived in the province of Shaanxi located in the northwest of China. Due to the fact that it was such an important struggle that influenced the outcome of the civil war, it has a prominent place in the annals of Chinese history. After hearing inspiring tales of the Long March, a great number of young Chinese people in the late 1930s and early 1940s joined the Chinese Communist Party.

3. Ping Pong Diplomacy

On April 6, 1971, while participating in the 31st World Table Tennis Championship in Japan, the American Ping-Pong team was offered a government-funded tour to the People’s Republic by their Chinese counterparts. This was one of the first indications to the public that ties between the United States and China were improving. Time magazine states that it was “the ping heard around the world.” On April 10, eleven players, four officials, and two spouses departed Hong Kong for the mainland of China. This marked the start of an era referred to as “ping-pong diplomacy.” They were the first group of Americans permitted to visit China after 1949, when the Communists took control. The actual accomplishment of “ping-pong diplomacy” is the creation of a successful model for developing international discourse and peace by bringing together persons from different countries. This diplomatic method encompasses international sports exchanges that transcend national and ideological borders.

4. Red versus Expert

Since the People’s Republic’s foundation, scientists and the communist leadership have been at odds. In the early 1950s, Chinese scientists and other intellectuals were indoctrinated to replace bourgeois notions with newer ones. Many characteristics of scientific professionalization, like research subject autonomy, internationalism, and a concentration on peer networks rather than administrative authority, were labeled bourgeois. The era’s terminology distinguished “red” from “expert.” Despite saying “redness” and knowledge must be combined, party leaders frequently acted as if they were incompatible. During the Great Leap Forward, scientists were reassigned to immediately helpful duties, uninformed individuals were enlisted in research projects like plant breeding or pest control, and professional standards for scientists and engineers were lowered. In the early 1960s, the Great Leap Forward’s economic recession and hunger, as well as the need to replace Soviet advisers and technical professionals, generated a short-lived concentration on knowledge and professional standards.

Essays:

1. Was Mao a success?

A person or event may be considered successful if they accomplish what they set out to do, meet their goals, and do so within the allotted amount of time if they are to be considered successful. The Long March, Mao Zedong’s Five-Year Plan, the Great Leap Forward, and the Cultural Revolution were all events that took place under Mao Zedong’s control over China and each had an impact on China’s society, government, and economy. Because of these measures, the topic of whether or not was an effective leader continues coming up again and again. According to this inquiry, a leader is a powerful individual who makes use of his or her policies, movements, and declarations of war to improve his or her society and gain the support of his or her people while keeping his or her goals clear throughout his or her rule.

Mao Zedong’s career as a leader got off to a strong beginning due to the fact that he was able to win the support of the people in his country very fast. He was successful in achieving his goal of becoming the leader of a nation, elevating him beyond the average citizen in the process. The early work he did helped him earn respect and recognition all around the People’s Republic of China. However, once he had left the Soviet Union, he put his hopes for China’s development and prosperity ahead of the tactics he had devised to make those goals a reality. This was a mistake. The Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward were both responsible for the deaths of thousands upon thousands of people. They were either killed by torture or by being starved to death.

Mao Zedong was eventually successful in his efforts to rid China of the influence of Confucian philosophy and to bring the Chinese people closer together. However, he was not successful in achieving genuine agricultural reform, which was one of the most important political goals he set for himself. In spite of the fact that Mao Zedong’s initiatives were unsuccessful, he maintained a sizable following; yet, he was not an effective leader.

2. Describe the Role of Students in Modern China

Learning and being a student are vital steps toward a country’s prosperity since these platforms help the economy and society thrive. Being a student not only provides the necessary information and skills for people, but it also has a significant influence on how a country’s children develop. In China, students are very essential since the country’s future rests on their abilities. China can secure not just the success of each individual but also the prosperity of the nation as a whole by providing education to its citizens. Students are real evidence that education has a significant influence on the number of options available to individuals and the quality of their lives over time. In China, students attend to school to establish the foundation for society, which leads to long-term economic development, social advancement, and political cohesiveness. The degree of education a person receives as they get older is closely related to their economic and social status. This is because when students get more knowledge, their capacity to regulate their quality of life improves. Being a student instills in you a culture of learning, thinking, and recognizing your worth in your society, as well as ensuring that the larger benefit of the nation is served by opening doors.

Students have a responsibility to be part of a new generation that addresses the genuine issues that will face Chinese society in the future. Education has an important role in how young people develop and adapt, allowing them to be proud of their ethnic heritage. They may, for example, devise various initiatives to assist people feel more like members of a professional community and get more active in that organization. This is the method via which the finest policies are developed. Meanwhile, pupils may have a better understanding of the obligations they will face in the future. Children will understand what makes them distinctive by participating in these activities.

Finally, it is the responsibility of students to contribute to the improvement of their society by learning about a variety of issues so that they might develop answers to the challenges that their nation faces. Currently, education is the solution to the majority of China’s issues. If individuals want to participate in the education system, the government ensures that they will be able to tackle these challenges using the creative abilities they gain in school.