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Case Study

Case Study

According to the case study, Oltz was a nurse anesthetist, who filed a sue against St. Peter’s community hospital and the physician anesthesiologists after his termination. In the past, the hospital was the legally binding with Oltz because if the billing agreements. The issue was raised after the interruption if anesthesiologists. It is because that the anesthesiologists were not able to compete with the lower fee structure of nurse anesthetist (Case Study). So, they made a contract with the hospitals in 1980 for squeeze the job of nurse anesthetist and stop their future in the hospital market.

Therefore, Oltz filed a case of violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Before, the trial, anesthesiologists settled the legal issues with Oltz by paying $462,500 to him before the trial in court. In the term of hospital, the court also favored the plaintiff and awarded him. But, the hospital submitted a statement in court that the management has renegotiated its contract with the group of anesthesiology so, the hospital is not violating the concepts of the antitrust law (Case Study). So, the court gave the judgment that Oltz had settled his loss with anesthesiologist group so, his claim for the award of attorneys’ fee could not be considered.

This law also helps the leaders of healthcare that negotiating exclusive contract could be helped to face the any legal issues related to damage because it provides the rights to them for restructuring the contract to secure the benefits of the hospital (Schiff & Leone, 2008). It is because that this contract gives a right to the hospitals for renegotiate with the other party after the completion of the contract period. On the other hand, the hospitals have power to terminate any employee without noticing to them and seeing the employment contract because of its for-cause termination provision for holding the hospital privileges (Schaff & Leone, 2008). This contract also helps the healthcare leaders to secure the benefits of hospitals.

References

Case Study. (n.d.). Oltz v. St. Peter’s Community Hosp., 19 F.3d 1312 (9th Cir. 1994. Case Study.

Schaff, M.F. & Leone, A.M. (2008). Negotiating Exclusive Hospital Contracts: Five Critical Issues. Retrieved from http://www.imagingbiz.com/articles/view/negotiating-exclusive-hospital-contracts-five-critical-issues

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The introduction of the internet led to the development of social media platforms as mediums of communication, playing a crucial role in the circulation of news, thus having the power to change not just the message but also the dynamics of the social, political and economic values, corruption and conflicts in politics. Social media in politics can be defined as the use of online social media platforms to the political processes and activities through the use of such platforms as Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube (Bossetta, 2018). The political activities and processes include all the activities that are involved in the governance of a country, and these include political organizations, corruption, values, parties, and global politics. It should be noted that through the use of social media in the various political process such as election processes, extreme politics, and global conflict, diplomacy around the world has become more public and susceptive tom the public perception.

Social media has created a participatory role for most people to contribute to politics. It has been championed to allow anyone with an internet connection to become a content creator and therefore has gone the extra mile in empowering its users. As a result, it has led to the development of the new media populism that encompasses how people in a country can include the disenfranchised citizens, allowing the public to engage in the political discourse actively. The new media that include social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter enhance the access to political information by the citizens (Haro-de-Rosari, Sáez-Martín & del Carmen, 2018). Through this, it has enabled the dissemination of the political information that counters the mainstream media tactics, which are often centralized and top-down and involve high barriers to entry. According to Howard Rheingold, “the political significance of a computer-mediated communication lies in its capacity to challenge the existing political hierarchy’s monopoly on powerful communications media and perhaps thus revitalize citizen-based democracy.” Through this, Howard characterizes a community that is created on the social networking sites as having the ability to criticize the political hierarchy, hence able to dissolve the monopoly of powerful communications in the political processes.

The role of social media in encouraging participation can also be seen on Derrick de Kerckhove, who described the new technology media as, “In a networked society, the real power shift is from the producer to the consumer, and there is a redistribution of controls and power. On the Web, Karl Max’s dream has been realized: the tools and the means of production are in the hands of the workers.” According to Derrick, social media plays a crucial role in democratization as it allows media participation (Billings, 2017). All the users of social media are able to contribute to the news and as well make comments. However, there are other users of the new media that tend to be passive consumers, and this implies that they only follow the posts and comments but are not actively engaged. The effect of social media is deemed to vary from one country to another, where the local structures are involved in playing a crucial role than social media in determining the citizens’ expression of their perceptions regarding the state of current affairs that involve their states.

Other than the social media being used as a platform for participation, it is also used as a news source. In the United States, adults and any other holder of a social media account imply that they have access to the internet, and this means that they can get political news and other information from their accounts. According to research conducted by Pew Research, 62% of adults in the United States have access to news on social media (Silver et al. 2019). Furthermore, Facebook, Twitter, and Reddit have played a crucial role in ensuring that people are connected and that they have access to information as they are among the leading social platforms that are preferred by a majority of users to obtain political news. Of all the adult citizens of the United States, 67% use social media platforms, with 44% using the platforms to get news. According to the Reuters Institute Digital News Report in 2013, the percentage of online news users who tend to blog about news issues range from 1-5%. However, a large percentage of social media users use the platforms to comment on news, with participation ranging from 8% in Germany to Brazil with 38%. However, the online news users are more likely to talk about the news with their friends in an offline mode and even get involved in sharing the information with other social media sites without having to create the content by themselves.

The sharing of information through social media platforms can have an impact on the perception of the public figures, especially the politicians at a faster rate, regardless of whether the information is realistic or not. When the information is propagated through word of mouth from an online source on a specific purpose, the spread of information on the social media platforms for political means can have massive benefits on political campaigns (Araujo, Neijens & Vliegenthart, 2017). However, the spread of negative information regarding political figures can equally be detrimental. For example, for the case of Anthony Weiner, a United States congressman who used Twitter to send inappropriate messages, played a significant role in his resignation. Therefore, when using social media, it is of great significance to reevaluate the purpose and the intentions of the messages and information that we share on social media platforms.

Attention economics refers to an approach to the human management of information that regards humans as a scarce commodity. Social media, particularly the news that is spread through social media platforms, plays a crucial role in the perspective of the attention economy (García-Rapp, 2017). And this is made possible through the content used to attract attention through being seen, shared, and even disseminated far much more than the news content, which tends to gather more traffic from the public. According to Tim Wu, the attention economy is termed as the resale of human attention.

The social media as a communication platform is very persuasive and, therefore, can be used to change or even influence the peoples’ opinions in regard to political views. The reason behind this is due to the abundance of ideas, thoughts, and opinions that are often circulating through social media platforms. Research has it that news use leads to political persuasion, and based on this concept, the more that people use the platforms, as a news source, the more their perceptions in regard to politics will get affected. As a result of persuasion, many people have continued to express dissatisfaction and reduced trust to their government as well as others, and all these can be traced back to social media use. Therefore, social media can be termed to have a direct impact on trust in media use.

It has been proven that reading newspapers has the ability to increase social trust, but watching the news on the TVs weakens the trust in others and news sources. News media plays a crucial role in the democratization of societies as they allow for participation among the citizens (Hyden & Okigbo, 2017). Based on this, when it comes to healthy democratic networks, it is of great significance that the news remains true to the subject such that the trust and perception of the citizens are not affected. In a functioning democracy, a certain amount of trust is essential, and this will enable in keeping trust to the citizens. In contemporary society, younger generations have become more involved in political issues, and this has been attributed to the increase of the political news that has been posted on the various social media sites.

Social media, as a means of communication, has revolutionized how people communicate with each other through sharing information through various social platforms. There are various ways that social media has been involved in conflict management. The social media platforms allow for the information to be framed in the mainstream platforms, and through this, communication is limited. Besides, social media has enabled the quick spread of new stories making them go viral, and this leads to the misinterpretation of the information as people interpret the information based on their understanding (Meinert, Mirbabaie, Dungs & Aker, 2018). Due to the high persuasion rate of social media, there is a high possibility of such social issues such as scandals, corruption, as well as violence on social media platforms. Therefore the strategies and the adaptions of social media can influence the focus amongst the leaders, thus resulting in conflict.

The use of mediated communication through social media has greatly shifted the power structure in the society as it has affected the distribution of information among the various groups that include politicians and other lower-class citizens. As a result, there has been more democratization in regard to power as the citizens have been availed vital information that would otherwise not been obtained if the communication was sourced only through word of mouth. Therefore, social media has empowered the citizens in having to know how their states are run and thus know more about their leaders and what they stand for, and through this, they are able to make the right decision at the time of the election. Thus, we can conclude by saying that social media platforms have empowered the citizens and therefore granted them more power in regards to political participation.

Reference

Araujo, T., Neijens, P., & Vliegenthart, R. (2017). Getting the word out on Twitter: The role of influentials, information brokers and strong ties in building word-of-mouth for brands. International Journal of Advertising, 36(3), 496-513.

Billings, J. (2017). An Agent of Democracy: Evaluating the Role of Social Media in Modern Presidential Elections.

Bossetta, M. (2018). The digital architectures of social media: Comparing political campaigning on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat in the 2016 US election. Journalism & mass communication quarterly, 95(2), 471-496.

García-Rapp, F. (2017). Popularity markers on YouTube’s attention economy: the case of Bubzbeauty. Celebrity Studies, 8(2), 228-245.

Haro-de-Rosario, A., Sáez-Martín, A., & del Carmen Caba-Pérez, M. (2018). Using social media to enhance citizen engagement with local government: Twitter or Facebook?. New Media & Society, 20(1), 29-49.

Hyden, G., & Okigbo, C. (2017). The media and the two waves of democracy. In Media and democracy in Africa (pp. 29-53). Routledge.

Meinert, J., Mirbabaie, M., Dungs, S., & Aker, A. (2018, July). Is it really fake?–Towards an understanding of fake news in social media communication. In International Conference on Social Computing and Social Media (pp. 484-497). Springer, Cham.

Silver, L., Smith, A., Johnson, C., Taylor, K., Jiang, J., Anderson, M., & Rainie, L. (2019). Mobile connectivity in emerging economies. Pew Research Center, 7.

The Introduction

Establishes the first, crucial contact between the speaker and the audience using an attention grabber. It could take the form of a question, a fact, an astonishing point, anything to establish goodwill

Rhetorical question

State the main claim and ideas

Give a sense of the purpose of the speech

The Body

Use a topical design.

Arrange each idea to follow a simple format (statement, explanation, concluding statement)

The Conclusion

This is where you tell them what you’ve told them.

Summarize main ideas

Give the speech a sense of closure and completion

Offer an analogy or metaphor that captures the main idea

Leave the audience with a question or a challenge of some type

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The iron pipe foundry which is part of the McWane Corporation located in Texas is described as one that does not value human rights. Their main goal is their profitability rather than the safety of their workers and therefore this is very dangerous not only to the workers but also to the society around where the company located in Texas. This is because the more the company continues to evade the law set up by federal government for the safety of the workers the more they get harmed and find themselves into situations they are almost unable to handle. After the amputation of an arm of Hopson the company ignored it and still other four similar happenings took place which is very worrying (10:04). However the managers did not see this is a problem as their main goals and aim was productivity rather not the concerns of the workers.

The company also is in full knowledge that the working conditions are not favourable and there are hazards which are dangerous but they take no action at all (8:57). This is a worrying state of affairs in the iron pipe laundry of McWane cooperation. There were also cases of death whereby a person like Rolland Huskan was given a job which later resulted to his death and this made the company to be declared by deferral law as fully responsible for this death.

Therefore the company can be said to run in conditions fully unfavourable for their workers and this makes it one of the most dangerous places to work in. it also does not value human safety that is referring to their workers and this is also a big concern. Even though trying to reform the old image still remains especially in the minds of those affected and it is almost impossible for them to see the company in a different way than being a source of harm and death to their loved ones.

000 Cost of goods sold $ 800

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Reading Summaries Chapter 3

It is evident that we cannot escape the moral realities of life. We usually have to evaluate more principles, make ethical judgments, deal with moral theories and argue the pros and cons of moral issues. We take into account our feelings, beliefs, desires, and other factors because we reason that ethical philosophy matters along the way. Moral reasoning is essential in a way that it aids in assessing what is right and wrong, virtuous and vicious, good and bad (Vaughn 41). Feelings enter the picture in a way that goes all the way through.

Feelings typically lead individuals to act morally towards others. Our feelings sometimes influence our moral reasoning so that they play an important part in our moral decision-making. According to the reading, feelings or emotions can significantly affect the way we solve problems, think, and decide. We make and dismantle arguments for this view and for that. Moral reasoning is common critical reasoning that is applied to ethics. It entails systematic evaluation of claims or statements. We use it to determine whether an idea is worthy of acceptance.

It is possible to present a logical argument that someone feels strongly about. Reasons support an argument that may assert relevant examples, scientific evidence, expert opinion, and other considerations. We have a logical idea that we can present when at least one statement tries to give reasons for believing another statement (Vaughn 42). The supporting statements in an argument are called premises, while the statement supported is referred to as conclusion. An illustration of such an argument is “Capital punishment is morally permissible because it helps deter crime.” (Vaughn, 42) In this argument, “because it helps to deter crime” is a single premise, and “capital punishment is morally permissible” supports a straightforward conclusion.

Work Cited

Vaughn, Lewis. Doing ethics: Moral reasoning and contemporary issues. WW Norton & Company, 2015.

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The issue of racism in the United States has been a major and persistent problem in American society. Racism, according to sociologists, is defined as the unfair treatment if a person or group on the basis of race (Hoyt, 2012). Racism can either be overt or covert, and it can be expressed on different levels including from an individual’s level, and this can be evidenced when a person makes conscious or unconscious discriminatory practices against another person. However, racism is also evidenced at an institutional level where the rules and policies, as well as the practices in the organizations, tend to discriminate against individuals as well as groups (Gee, 2008). Institutions such as universities and colleges are among the leading organizations that have persisted in cases of racism both at the students’ level as well as from the instructional rules, policies, and practices.

Racists tend to perceive their race as being superior compared to that of others, and according to many, there does not exist such a thing as racial equality (DiAngelo, 2018). Racial supremacists tend to believe that their culture, color, mental, and physical abilities are superior to other races and therefore possess prejudiced believes that lead them to discriminate against other racial and ethnic groups. The racist perceptions are used to justify their discriminatory practices, and these racists tend to be insecure and afraid of certain uncertainties that tend to get over them. As a result, racism from both individuals and groups stems from ignorance rather than genuine hatred of the victims. Since the founding of the American nations, racism has been the fact of life of the American society as it is learned and passed to generations through socialization at an early age and continues to be reinforced by the individuals and institutions such as universities (Juang et al. 2018).

Covert racisms are one of the most common types of racism that are experienced in the United States, especially to the students of color (Thornhill, 2016). Over time, there have been numerous instances to which covert racism has been accorded to the students of color mostly by the institutions dominated by whites. For example, the white academic advisors may discourage black students from enrolling in challenging courses or even allow them to overload with more classes than they are able to handle. Another instance on which racism has been detected in the institutions is through the white student’s avoidance of the black students in areas of interactions such as classrooms, study groups, and even in the lecture halls.

Also, students of color are often left out of most student’s networks that include the course syllabus, sharing of notes, and old exams (Alemán & Gaytán, 2017). Other instances regard the professors in fear of a racist label may tend to hesitate or even lack to advice the students of color in matters regarding courses, for example, they may fail to offer proper advice regarding what subjects to take or drop when they are faced with problems which may result to their failure. When this happens, the students are left stranded since even seeking advice may prove unsuccessful as the professors may fail to guide them and thus left to survive on what they perceive as best; this results in them making the wrong choices and decisions leading to failure in their selected majors.

Institutional racism is also common, especially to the students of color, and this is mostly witnessed on white college universities (Harwood et al. 2018), and some of the prejudices the standardized tests on which colored students tend to score lowly compared to the white students. The prejudices tend to be weighed heavily during the process of admission, a decline in the amount of student aid, rising costs of the college tuition along with other financial cutbacks. Unfortunately, most of the black students tend to rely on financial assistance, and therefore, during the reduction of the financial aid to the students under the Reagan administration, a large proportion of the black students who were in dire need of financial assistance were neglected (Williams, 2019). The financial aid covered more than 60% of their college costs, and thus, a reduction meant that most of the black students could not sustain their lives in college.

Studies have been conducted to examine the racial attitudes on the white campuses, and results indicated that most of the white students do believe that they are living in a racially equal society and thus tend to resent that the black students, along with other minorities, are offered special treatment (Lo et al. 2017). As a result, they tend to dislike the minority groups being singled out for special programs and activities. There are white students who feel that in the process of correcting past discrimination, whites are being victimized by the efforts. As a result, minorities do enjoy unfair advantages. More than 80% of minority students do attend white-dominated institutions, and in these institutions, racism is more prevalent and tends to prohibit minority students from developing a sense of belonging. The minority students do experience culture shock and less socialization with white students, making them spend a lot of time isolated from the mainstream activities in the institution (McCoy, 2018).

Overall, the perception of racism in the United States, especially in the institutions of higher learning, has soared great heights as the students are aware of the existence of racism in schools. For example, there has been minimum support and assistance for the minority students in learning institutions such as lack of enough minority role models as well as lack of support services, making it difficult for the colored students to survive in white-dominated institutions.

References

Alemán, S. M., & Gaytán, S. (2017). ‘It doesn’t speak to me’: understanding student of color resistance to critical race pedagogy. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 30(2), 128-146.

DiAngelo, R. (2018). White fragility: Why it’s so hard for white people to talk about racism. Beacon Press.

Gee, G. C. (2008). A multilevel analysis of the relationship between institutional and individual racial discrimination and health status. American journal of public health, 98(Supplement_1), S48-S56.

Harwood, S. A., Mendenhall, R., Lee, S. S., Riopelle, C., & Huntt, M. B. (2018). Everyday racism in integrated spaces: Mapping the experiences of students of color at a diversifying predominantly white institution. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 108(5), 1245-1259.

Hoyt Jr, C. (2012). The pedagogy of the meaning of racism: Reconciling a discordant discourse. Social work, 57(3), 225-234.

Juang, L. P., Park, I., Kim, S. Y., Lee, R. M., Qin, D., Okazaki, S., … & Lau, A. (2018). Reactive and proactive ethnic–racial socialization practices of second-generation Asian American parents. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 4.

Lo, C. C., McCallum, D. M., Hughes, M., Smith, G. P., & McKnight, U. (2017). Racial differences in college students’ assessments of campus race relations. Journal of College Student Development, 58(2), 247-263.

McCoy, S. Z. (2018). The intellectual war zone: An autoethnography of intellectual identity development despite oppressive institutional socialization. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 11(3), 325.

Thornhill, T. E. (2016). Resistance and assent: How racial socialization shapes Black students’ experience learning African American history in high school. Urban education, 51(9), 1126-1151.

Williams, S. L. (2019). In Defense of the “Forgotten Man”: The Sustained Legacy of the Southern Strategy on the Post-Reagan Era Presidency.

The Interdisciplinary Research Process (IRP)

Outline of the Senior Capstone Paper

To assist students to gain a more comprehensive understand the interdisciplinary research process (IRP), the attachments listed below are designed to assist in the development of an outline of the capstone research paper.

The Interdisciplinary Research Process (IRP) – provides guiding questions and statement at the beginning of the inquiry to ensure compliance with the Interdisciplinary research process

The Board Model Rubric (page 293 in Repko textbook) – this rubric includes the six ID Process steps and the criteria that evaluate the information that should be included at each step.

It is recommended that you read chapters 4 & 6 that were given out in class which was taken from the textbook “Interdisciplinary Research: Process and Theory” by Allen F. Repko and Rick Szostak. Read chapters 11 and 12 in the “Introduction to Interdisciplinary Studies by Allen F. Repko, Rick Szostak, and Michelle Phillips Buchberger. This information will provide you with a foundation and understanding of the interdisciplinary research process for your topic/complex problem.

Sample Outline of Capstone Research Paper – Using the Interdisciplinary Research Process and the Broad Model Rubric begin to outline the sections of the capstone paper as follows

Title of the Capstone Paper

Table of Contents

Abstract

INTRODUCTION: Steps 1 – Define the problem or state the research

Steps 2 – Justify using an interdisciplinary approach

Body of Paper: Steps 3 – Identify relevant disciplines

Steps 4 – Conduct a literature search/literature review. (On the other hand, the whole paper should reflect a literature review as this is essentially secondary research.

Steps 5 – Critically analyze the disciplinary insights into the problem and locate their sources of conflict; or identify the different parts/reasons why one discipline approach may be inadequate or insufficient. (Essentially step 4.2 above)

FIRST HEADING

Subheading #1, 2, 3……as many as needed

SECOND HEADING

Subheading #1, 2, 3…..as many as needed

THIRD HEADING

Subheading #1, 2, 3……as many as needed

FOURTH HEADING

Subheading #1, 2, 3……as many as needed

CONCLUSION: Steps 6 – Reflect on how using an interdisciplinary approach has

enlarged your understanding the problem.

Pay particular attention to the sections in chapter 11, pages 281-292 on “Decompose the Problem”; page 295 on “Develop a Data Management System”; in chapter 12, pages 309 -314 “Critically Analyze the Disciplinary Insights ”and pages 322- 326, “Reflect on the Interdisciplinary Approach”. If followed the strategies and methods outlined in the Repko textbook and chapter handouts will provide you with enough information to complete the research paper. Remember this is just an outline and it will be revised several times before you complete this process.