Category: Uncategorized

TO:

FROM:

RE: Will A Court Grant Permission To Allison Frank Allowing Her To Relocate With The

Parties’ Children

DATE:

I. Conclusion

In all probability, it is more likely than not that the court will not allow for Allison Frank, the custodial parent, to move after a divorce. Donald Frank is more financially stable in the case law and takes a substantial interest in the children’s co-curricular activities. Donald has agreed to take responsibility and pay $2500 in child support and $1000 in alimony to the custodial parent, Allison. Allison has no current employment neither does she have any promising hopes for getting a job. This means she will have a challenge in managing all of the children’s needs. Her reason for relocating might be deemed unreasonable. Wanting the children to bond with her mother at the expense of their relationship with their father will not be in the children’s best interest. Moving the children from the only place they have known since birth might be found to be against their will. Lastly, the distance between Long Island and South jersey is long, meaning long journeys taken by either the father or the children. Allison can, however, sway the court’s decision by claiming that the financial strain and the lack of a caregiver during her employment that might be experienced will be cushioned by the grandparents. This argument might still bear less weight, and its grounds be deemed unreasonable by the court.

For lawyers to determine the ruling, the law used and standards set in deciding such cases have to be put into perspective. We look at the point of Tropea v Tropea, the law used before this case, how the law changed, why it changed, and what the law is today.

II. What the Law Was & What it is Now

In the case of Tropea v Tropea, the custodial parent sought a move from Onondaga County to Schenectady. The non-custodial parent then filed for a change in custody, citing it was a punishment to him. Both parties were barred from moving outside the county of Onondaga, where both resided without any prior judicial approval. The petitioner’s need to move was cited as a product of her own lifestyle decisions. The respondent had proved that he had maintained meaningful contact with his children by participating in their activities. He fulfilled all his parental duties. The respondent argued that he was being punished by distance and weekday contact despite his children’s social and educational lives. However, the Appellate Division reversed the ruling. It affirmed that the petitioner, the wife, had made necessary showing that the requested relocation would not deny the respondent regular and meaningful access to his children (Matter of Tropea v. Tropea, 87 N.Y.2d 727). This was based on evidence that proved the father harbored contempt for the mother and had displayed it in front of the children. The court cited that the petitioner’s proposed visiting schedule allowed the respondent to have the opportunity for frequent and substantial contact with his children. The move was decided to be of interest to the children. The father was then granted weekend visits, summer, and vacation visits.

Before this case law, the formulae being used involved a three-step route, known as the exceptional circumstance test. The three-step case included, first of all, determining whether the move would result in the determent of meaningful and regular access to the child. The non-custodial parent had to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the custodial parent’s relocation with the children meant that they were denied a chance to have frequent and substantial contact with the child. The second part was proving that the move was against the best interest of the child. This was mainly seen through the custodial parents’ economic potential. Whereas if the child’s financial interests are not served, the relocation was deemed not feasible (See Matter of Wright v Wright, 211 AD2d 341 627 N.Y.S 2d 819 1995 N.Y)The third step was proving that the move was in the best interest of the child. The “best interest” criteria were free, and the courts interpreted it as per their subjective view. ( Matter of Hemphill v. Hemphill 169 AD 2d 29 – N.Y.S 2d)

This method was then changed due to its free nature and complex nature of determining the child’s best interest. In the Hemphill v Hemphill case, the court deserted this mode of ruling relocation cases. The court decided to wage the child’s rights against the parent’s rights but later referred to the three-tier rule in determining the case; see (Matter of Hemphill v Hemphill  169 AD 2d 29 – N.Y.). This exceptional condition test was not entirely abandoned until the point of Tropea v Tropea. Issues such as physical abuse can lead to the court judging the relocation as favorable to childs needs, (See Matter of Aziz v. Aziz, 8 A.D.3d 596).

The case of Browner v Kenward accompanied the Tropea v Tropea case had both parents first agreeing on a move. The first move was that the custodial mother moved a distance of 35 miles away from the father. The mother then sought to drive 130 miles away. She proved that she had found housing and employment in Pittsfield and that her parents were also moving there. The father argued that the move would deny him meaning complete contact and that the onerous travel arrangements would likely affect the children’s willingness to visit him frequently as they had currently done. The respondent put forth an emotional case citing that the move brought the child closer to his grandparents, and the action did not deny the father’s visitation. The court then decided that she did not need to prove further that the relocation would not deter the respondent from meaningful contact with the child. (213 AD2d 400, 401.)

In the courts’ attempt to move away from the three-level exceptional condition test, the court stood because of the factors that come into play when making a ruling on matters of custodial and non-custodial relocation with the children

“include, but are not limited to each parent’s reasons for seeking or opposing the move, the quality of the relationship between the child and the custodial and non-custodial parents, the impact of the relocation on the standards of the child’s future contact with the non-custodial parent, the level to which the parent is holding physical custody and the child’s life may be improved by educationally, emotionally and economically by the relocation and the feasibility of preserving the relationship between the non-custodial parent and the child through suitable visitation plans.” (Matter of Tropea v. Tropea, 87 N.Y.2d 727, 665 N.E.2d 145, 642 N.Y.S.2d 575)

III. Factors the Courts Look At in Determining Relocation Case

The issues that the court will likely look at may be based on the criteria used on the Tropea v Tropea case and many other cases. Suppose the courts find Donald being exceptionally involved in his children’s upbringing and his life is structured, so he participates in the children’s activities sacrificially. In that case, the court may not allow Allison to move to South Jersey with the children. Such as the criteria used in the case of Rybicki v Rybicki where the court deemed that the father made personal, professional, and financial sacrifices in the care given to his children and ruled in his favor by denying the custodial parent to relocate. They ruled that the custody rights awarded to the mother were ‘conditioned upon the continued residency of the mother in Northport New York, failure to which the custody will be awarded to the father.” (Matter of Rybicki v Rybicki 176AD 2d 867 – NY).

If the relocation meant that the children would travel long distances and constitute them to turn into commuters, then the court might not allow Allison to move with the children to South Carolina. The distance from Long Island to South Jersey is 177 miles. This means a two-and-a-half-hour journey at the very least. This may be seen as a disadvantage for both Donald as well as his children by the court. I assume that the journey may prove to be strenuous on the children if they are made to travel that long to visit the father, and the trip could also cause inconvenience to Donald and his work. He might not make it to his children’s activities, leading to drift in the relationship between father and children. ( See Matter of Rybicki v Rybicki 176AD 2d 867 – NY). Another factor is that the court might find her financial status not being of the children’s best interest as Donald undoubtedly earns more than the court might bar her from relocating.

On the other hand, if Allison can prove that she is the primary caregiver, the relationship between the children and her extended family is beneficial. The court might lean towards her relocation. Her financial status when she relocates might be found not stable enough, but the support from her parents in caregiving and cost-cutting then the court might also allow her to move to South Jersey.

IV. Case Law After Tropea Relating to the Factors that the courts might consider

Matter of Martino v Ramos

In this case, the father had proved that he exercised all his duties right, and almost all weekends, he took part in the children’s lives by participating in all activities the children engaged in. The mother presented evidence that relocation to South Carolina would decrease her housing cost. Still, the cause of action of moving the children from the only the children knew and grew up was not justified. Removing them from the place they were thriving socially and that the relocation would affect the quality of the children’s relationship with their father. (Matter of Martino v Ramos, 2009 NY Op 5865- N.Y. See Hirtz v. Hirtz, 108 AD 3d 712 -N.Y.S. 553 Said v Said, 61 A.D. 3d 879 N.Y.S. 384, Matter of Mooney v Ferone, 34 AD3d 679 825 N.Y.S.2d 495

This case law can be used in coming up with a possible decision by the courter in Franks’ case. If Donald can prove his willingness to commit to being part of his children’s lives and that his relationship with his children would be adversely affected by the relocation, then the relocation might not happen.

Matter of Davis v Ogden

The father, in this case, failed to commit to several visits. He had gone to see the children approximately ten times in a total of thirty allocated hours. He never attended any of the children’s extracurricular activities, communicated with their tutors, scheduled, or attended their doctor’s appointments. He rarely even called the children. On the other hand, the mother was able to prove that she was the children’s primary caregiver. She demonstrated that the relocation would significantly enhance the children’s quality of life. The presence of close family members to support her also influenced the decision of the court to allow the move. (Matter of Davis v. Ogden, 109 AD 3d 539-NY. If father fails to seek visitation review or court intervention then relocation might be allowed by court or unfavorable conditions experienced on visitation. (See, R.M. v. D.M., S 1281 130 N.Y.S.3d 199)

The above case does point to a possibility of the court to allow the move by Allison to South Jersey based on the presence of her parents and the care that the mother’s extended family will provide; it lacks merit to rule in her favor completely. Contrary to this case, Donald is a capable caregiver and is willing to attend to all his duties. Ogden is an irresponsible parent based on the facts presented. This is not part of our case, and Donald’s character is not given as a reason for acceptance of a relocation of the children.

Matter of Schwartz v Schwartz

Both parties in this case law were married, and both resided in Brooklyn Heights. They were granted joint custody of the children. The father had visitation rights every Monday and one-half of every holiday. The mother later became engaged and offered employment in New Jersey. The court denied her the move to New Jersey. Soon after, without allowance from the court, she decided to make a non-refundable down payment on a house in Staten Island where she moved with her daughters. This was an area within the same state, but the mother could not prove that the move was in her daughter’s best interests. The matter did not arrive at the courts for a ruling on the motion, but an oral argument occurred. The court established that the move was not in the girls’ best interests. The father argued that the travel from Brooklyn Heights was challenging and would likely affect the children’s willingness to visit him as frequently. As no court move was in place in the case, the parties’ contentions, therefore, were of merit. (See Matter of Matter of Schwartz v Schwartz 2010 NY Slip Op 1472-NY)

The Franks’ case above means that if Allison decides to move without the court’s permission, the court will deem it not in the children’s best interest.

Matter of Ventura v Huggins

This case was heard in the same county court as Frank’s case was heard, but this does not determine that it will be judged the same way. The order after the hearing awarded the mother’s petition for permission to relocate to Georgia with the parties’ child and denied the father’s petition to modify prior custody of the subject’s child but granted him parenting time and visitation. ( See Matter of Ventura v Huggins 141 AD 3d 600- N.Y.). However, it is essential to note that in this case, the parties are not married in contracts to the Franks, who have been married 13 years. Citing another case, they concluded that “ A parent seeking to leave to move bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the proposed relocation would be in the child’s best interest.” (Matter of 141 AD 3d 600- N.Y.; See, Bjornson v Bjornson, 38 AD3d 816, 816-817)

Matter of Gillard v Gillard

In this case the respondent, stays committed to his child’s activities, he drives the child to soccer games, he occasionally attends the child’s extracurricular activities. The child displays love for the respondent, and actually enjoys visitations with the respondent. The petitioner, the custodial parents is proven to be the primary care taker ho is forced to work full time since divorce as to cover all the bills. As for the case and they both agree on a visitation agreement which is seen to be in the child’s best interest ( Matter of Smith v Hoover Matter of Smith v Hoover, 24 AD3d 1096, See Gillard v Gillard, 241 AD2d 966.).

In conclusion, a Court would likely not allow Allison Frank to relocate to South Jersey with the parties’ children because it is not in their best interests. In Long Island, closer to their father, their economic and social welfare are well protected. The move to South Jersey would also deny them meaningful contact with their father. The cases cited to prove that it is doubtful that the court will request Allison to relocate the parties’ children. The presence of other parents does not fully guarantee an allowance of relocation of the children by the custodial parent.

(Hamed v Hamed, 88 AD3d 791 [2d Dept 2011]) 930 N.Y.S.2d 654 2011 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 7084 2011 NY Slip Op 7218

(Mathie v Mathie, 65 AD3d 527 [2d Dept 2009]) 884 N.Y.S.2d 433 2009 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 5973 2009 NY Slip Op 6124 (Matter of Mooney v Ferone, 34 AD3d 679 [2d Dept 2006]) 825 N.Y.S.2d 495 2006 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 13854 2006 NY Slip Op 8773 (Matter of Smith v Hoover, 24 AD3d 1096 [3d Dept 2005]) 805 N.Y.S.2d 715 2005 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 14504 2005 NY Slip Op 9804(Ferreiro v Ferreiro, 194 Misc 2d 390 [Sup Ct, Suffolk County 2002]) 748 N.Y.S.2d 834 2002 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 1380 (Hemphill v Hemphill, 169 AD2d 29 [2d Dept 1991]) 572 N.Y.S.2d 689 1991 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 9314R.M. v. D.M., 2020 NYLJ LEXIS 1281 130 N.Y.S.3d 199 2020 N.Y. Misc. LEXIS 4232 2020 NY Slip Op 20198 Tropea v. Tropea, 87 N.Y.2d 727, 665 N.E.2d 145, 642 N.Y.S.2d 575 (1996)

Ventura v Huggins, 141 AD 3d 600- N.Y. (2nd Dep’t 2016)

Martino v. Ramos, 64 A.D.3d 657, 884 N.Y.S.2d 427 (2nd Dep’t 2009)

Schwartz v. Schwartz, 70 A.D.3d 923, 895 N.Y.S.2d 206 (2nd Dep’t 2010)

Davis v. Ogden, 109 AD 3d 539-NY.S.2d 317(2nd Dep’t 2013).

Rybicki v Rybicki 176AD 2d 867 – NY.S.2d 867 (2nd Dep’t 1991)

Bjornson v Bjornson, 38 AD3d 816, 816-817 ( 2nd Dep’t 2007) Hemphill v Hemphill  169 AD 2d 29 – N.Y.S 2d (2nd Dep’t 1991)

Said v Said, 61 AD 3d 879 N.Y.S. 384. ( 2nd Dep’t 2009)

Hirtz v. Hirtz, 108 AD 3d 712 -N.Y.S. 553. (2nd Dep’t 2013)

(Wright v Wright, 211 AD2d 341 [3d Dept 1995]) 627 N.Y.S 2d 819 1995 N.Y App Div. Lexis 6086

Aziz v. Aziz, 8 A.D.3d 596 779 N.Y.S.2d 539 2004 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 9137 (Gillard v Gillard, 241 AD2d 966 [4th Dept 1997]) 661 N.Y.S.2d 378 1997 N.Y. App. Div. LEXIS 7922

Reaction Paper: The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention

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Reaction Paper: The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention

This is a study conducted by (D H Weissman1, K C Roberts1, K M Visscher2 & M G Woldorff1) looks into the issue of memory lapse and tries to explain why people often experience distractions and what can be done to reduce distraction. An experiment was conducted which used sixteen participants. The group consisted of 9 males and 7 females all of who were healthy with zero history of neurological disorders or trauma. Everyone had normal or corrected to normal vision and were right handed except one. The experiment lasted for about 2 hours. The participants were required to either large global letters or small local letters which appeared after a span of 200ms. At the center of the screen, a red fixation dot was displayed. The participants were given two options to choose from. The first option was global H made of local Hs or a global S made of local Ss and the second option was (a global H made of local Ss or a global S made of local Hs) (Weissman, 2006).

The participants were required to press different buttons depending on which letter was displayed between H and S. The interval display of the letters followed an exponential distribution pattern making it difficult to predict. The intertrial interval in responses gives an insight into how the brain responds to different overlapping stimuli. The results from the experiment indicated that the participants performed very accurately the global/local selection attention task with a mean error rate of 3.28%. This is a clear indication that it is difficult to recognise an object’s local parts and easier to identify the global shape. The mean response time (RT) for the participants was lower when they identified local letters than when they were required to identify global letters. Performance reduced considerable when local letters and global letters were mapped to an incongruent stimuli with conflicting responses. When the local letters and global letters were mapped to a congruent stimuli, which gives the same response, the performance of the participants improved. The mean RT recorded was 630ms against 594 ms (Weissman, 2006). Other behavioural effects which were investigated remained insignificant.

Through the experiment, the group was able to come up with a conclusion of the interrelationship between brain activity and human response time. From the investigation, the group determined that reduced prestimulus activity in the brain areas of right prefrontal region and anterior angulate which are responsible for controlling attention resulted in memory lapse. Distraction also comes as a result of increased brain activity in the parietal cortex and frontal regions of the brain. Reduced stimuli sensory activity and less deactivation of the default mode are all contributors of attentional lapses.

In order to recover from attentional lapses, the brain needs increased prestimulus activity in the brain areas of right prefrontal region and anterior angulate which are responsible for controlling attention. A deep understanding on the patterns of brain activity helps to reduce attentional lapses and creates a platform of building goal-directed behaviour.

This research has been quite informative since it reflects on the challenges that we face daily as human beings. From time to time it becomes difficult to concentrate on a certain task or goal. Our minds seem to have unending distractions. Understanding the connection between brain activity and human response time helps to illuminate more on the issue of minimizing distraction which leads to efficiency in work performance.

The strengths of this study is that it is very informative. The group gives a detailed explanation in the discussion section on the causes of attention lapses in human beings. They give six major reasons which contribute to attention lapse. Momentary lapses in attention are associated with reduced activity in the frontal cortex, reduced task-induced deactivation of the default-mode network, reduced stimulus-triggered activity in bilateral IOC and increased activity in higher-level brain regions that identify and respond to behaviourally relevant stimuli.

The choice of multiple linear regression method to analyse each participant is quite commendable. This is because the experiment deals with more than one predictor variable. Multiple linear regression gives the study the ability to determine the influence of the predictor variables over the criterion variable. This method also gives the advantage in the ability to identify outliers or anomalies in the experiment. The use of ANOVA on average functional magnetic resonance imaging response on target stimuli to determine which regions showed task-induced deactivation is well used. ANOVA is the best quantitative research method to test hypotheses when a research is dealing with two or more means. ANOVA method compares the different groups by analysing and comparing the variance estimates.

The methodology, hypotheses and interpretation of the experiment is commendable. The limitation of the study is that it focused more on the cause of attentional lapse rather than giving a conclusion on how we can minimize distraction. It is good to know the source of a problem. It is even better when we are able to come up with a solution.

I think the paper was impactful because it opened up my understanding on why I find it difficult to concentrate on an activity let’s say studying for a test. I now understand that there are brain regions that are responsible for attentional lapses. Momentary lapses in attention are associated with reduced activity in the frontal cortex before behaviourally relevant stimuli are presented. Reduced task-induced deactivation of the default-mode network and reduced stimulus-triggered activity in bilateral IOC are other main causes displaying attention deficit behaviour.

The work presented in this research is very much related to problems in our present day world. People encounter distractions and attention lapses every day. There is a high prevalence of attentional lapse in our present day world. The main cause of accidents today is distraction. A driver is distracted by a phone call and ends up causing an accident. There are many work related injuries especially in factories which are as a result of people focusing on one thing and forgetting their main goal.

Reference

Weissman, D. H., Roberts, K. C., Visscher, K. M., & Woldorff, M. G. (2006). The neural bases of momentary lapses in attention. Nature neuroscience, 9(7), 971.

Reaction Paper

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ASL/English Reaction Paper

As from my career as a sign language interpreter and also a speech language pathologist learning and acquiring information about deaf victims is of great importance to me. This has helped me to increase my knowledge on how to deal with different patients of which are my clients. Having learnt about the various tips towards effective communication between communicator and the deaf patient or victims, it will be more a reward and also a skill towards my profession. The various steps and tips to follow include; visibility, lip-reading, body positioning, noise, gesturing and body movement, repeat, time among others. They are very relevant as they increase and capture attention, makes one feel part of the topic, give someone the idea of what you are talking about and enhance polishing of use of signals in communication.

By use of coping mechanisms, many victims are hard to be noticed unless they tell about their situation. Being a stronger lip reader I have the ability to use logic to communicate what I intend towards the victims. This can only be learnt after going through a thorough study of the hearing problems sources like this one in regard to the book “the children of a lesser God”. By embracing technology, it has several impacts over the deaf’s life in various ways. It has effectively cut off the deaf people from the access to movies while telephones became a barrier to them in communication. It also changed the education and physical of deafness such as hearing aids came to use. The telephone has separated the deaf from other people in the workplace and has resulted to them being denied promotions

As a speech language pathologist, have a great task of educating the society about the ways in which they are supposed to help the victims. They have that responsibility of making the victims feel part and parcel of the community. This has been derived from this study of which I knew little about it. Having learnt about various new terms and definitions of words such as CODA, SpODA, KODA and others, am now more equipped to publish heavily to educate the community of the ways they should try to implement to improve the relationship between them and the deaf victims. This will be of use as it will try to alienate the discrimination of the concerned victims.

Hearing defect may be natural or be propagated by factors such as excessive noise and fixing of sharp objects in the eyes hence leading to the damage of the eardrum. Precautions should be taken to reduce such incidences. In case of such incidences, proper steps should be taken to evade the incoming effects. As all of us knows, hearing is a crucial function to the entire body. There is need to implement the necessary tools to improve the hearing impairment of the victims. This tools need to be purchased at all cost to make sure the victims fits and evades discrimination at jobs places. In addition, it will reduce the disqualification and also inequality and justice in various interviews.

Individuals involved in the negligence of the victims should be dealt with perpendicularly in due time. With the American Sign Language (ASL) needs to be improved and researched on to fight this menace of hearing defect. In conclusion, from the various ways to handle the victims, we should treat them with love and care as we know disability is not inability. They can achieve big in life.

Reference

HYPERLINK "https://muse.jhu.edu/article/506948/summary" https://muse.jhu.edu/article/506948/summary

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Reactions to the 19th century industrialization

This is a period of transition from 1760 to around 1820 and 1840, of new manufacturing processes. People moved from hand work to using machines, utilization of the power of water, chemical industries were developed. Steam power was invented and use of machine tools, iron making also began in this era. The revolution started in Europe and with time slowly spread to Western Europe and the United States. Major technological developments were the textile industry, steam power and iron making. But for every action there is a reaction, the reaction can be both positive and negative and as we will see the industrial revolution had both supports and opposition.

The history of the change in the way of living became a heated controversial debate in the 1950s to the 1980s. The larger part of the population that was living at the bottom of the social ladder, had poor living standards. Hunger and malnutrition increased, level of food prices rose since the rich agricultural sector slowly faded as most of the people embraced the new modernization. Increase in population also lead to food constraints. There was great disparity in the employers’ splendid premises and the shanties and shucks the labourers lived in (Krueger 2003,69). In The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 Friedrich Engels, described the backstreets of Manchester and other mill towns that lived in the conditions of poor housing and sanitization make matters worse they were slums. Hygiene became an issue due to the poor sanitary conditions, diseases like cholera and typhoid spread through the region, life expectancy decreased and small children died out this.

In terms of social structure, the revolution witnessed the coming up of the middle class people especially business men and merchants. Ordinary working people found employment in the new mills and factories. But these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines. However both pre and post revolution child labour was still carried out in the British nations. Even with the increase in population, child labour was still evident during this period. A child was paid less than an adult even though the output quantity was the same. This made them a vulnerable choice for cheap labour. Children as young as four were employed; Beatings and long hours were common, with some child coal miners and hurries.

Even with the coming up of more industries cases of unemployment still prevailed. This happened when machines were invented. Most of the human force was replaced by machines. For example many weavers found themselves jobless since they could no longer compete with the machines. Many such unemployed workers, weavers and others, turned their animosity towards the machines that had taken their jobs and began destroying factories and machinery. These attackers became known as Luddites. Those who were caught looting were captured convicted and in found guilty they were hanged or exiled .Agricultural sector too became violent since most part of the land was taken to expand the industries. Most of the water became polluted and was not suitable for farming.

Reaction to the industrialization revolution was not all negative. People embraced the development of better transport and roads. Steam power lead to the development of steam engines that provide transport both faster and efficiently. The invention of electricity that provided light and was used to run some of the machinery in the factories. Production of wide variety of goods provided consumers with quality goods since there was competition, business men and traders got job opportunities through the selling of goods. Goods were sold at cheaper prices since production was high and also due to the competition for trade.

It lead to the development of levels of social class that made a disparity between the poor and the rich. This lead to the discrimination of the poor by the high social classes. They were forced to pay taxes even though they could not afford their own basic needs. Monarchical governments were developed where the rich ruled over everyone else. They controlled financials of the nation and they made rules to be followed. They passed judgment to almost everything and imposed taxes on the common civilians (Marx 1983,79).

People changed and embraced urbanization began. Cities came up small towns cropped ip, some of the towns were born out of what purpose they served. There were business towns’ industrial towns mostly where manufacturing and trading took place respectively. But migration from rural areas to town areas lead to the undistributed development of regions. People tended to move into the cities searching for employment and left the rural areas undeveloped (Bilsborrow 1998, 84).

Revolution in the industry in19th century lead to many reactions by the people but it lead to the great and significant change we see today. It lead to the birth of the technology that has so much developed today which has made life more comfortable and manageable to live( Stearns 1972, 4).

Krueger, Christine L.. Encyclopedia of British writers, 19th and 20th centuries. New York: Facts On File, 2003

Marx, Karl, and Friedrich Engels. Manifesto of the Communist party,. Chicago: C.H. Kerr & Co., 191.

Bilsborrow, Richard E.. Migration, urbanization, and development: new directions and issues. New York: United Nations Population Fund ;, 1998.

Stearns, Peter N.. The impact of the industrial revolution; protest and alienation.. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972.

The Inauguration of the railroad

The people of Mexico City and the pre-Hispanic city of Texcoco experienced the inauguration of the railroad differently as it had varied outcomes for each of its populations. As Altamirano states, the inauguration of the railroad signified hope to the impoverished people of Texcoco. After three centuries of strife and poverty, the arrival of the train marked new development in the region. The train would not only link the region to Mexico City, but also to Puebla and other regions of the east such as the Gulf of Mexico. This would not only increase trade, but also awaken and restore the region’s former vitality (Altamirano, 109).

In addition to new development, the inauguration of the railroad also signified an end to Texcoco’s humiliation. Texcoco often sent fresh produce and articles of value to Mexico City through the Lake that linked them, however all they got in return was waste, death and fever as the city treated the lake as an open sewer (Altamirano, 111). Therefore, through this new mode of transport, Texcoco could avoid being treated as a humiliating open sewer by the larger city.

Unlike the people of Texcoco, the reporters and guests from Mexico City did not expect the train to wield any benefits for their region hence they regarded the event as a time to share witty remarks. The belief that the inauguration of this train would not be of significance to Mexico City is especially evident as there was slight notice about the event in Mexico City. In addition, the few newspapers that featured this event only provided modest announcements and the number of invited guests were significantly fewer that was typical of such events.

The Indonesian Market

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Monetary and Non-Monetary Motivators for the Indonesian Employees?

Rand McGreal stated, “The rule of money is it must be earned.” Firstly, Indonesia was ranked as the fourth largest middle-class country worldwide having a population of 17.3 million middle-class families. Workers can be motivated through encouragements, which are categorized as monetary encouragement and non-monetary encouragement. Monetary encouragements include salaries, wages, allowances, and profit-sharing while non-monetary encouragements are in the form of tokens, job rotation, and friendly greetings.

The monetary motivator for Indonesian employees is money. According to Thamrin (2019), monetary encouragements serve as a gift for workers who perform well at their workplace. Money can satisfy the different needs of employees, thus leading to their motivation. For example, according to Robinson Resource Group (2013), 78% of Robert W. Baird & Co. is controlled by non-senior management. Additionally, Associates who are salaried enjoy a yearly profit-sharing collection from a pool that represents 10% of Baird’s pretax networking income. Money results in higher production and performance of a company. Therefore, workers should be motivated at their place of work through allowances and also increasing their salaries.

The non-monetary motivator for the Indonesian employees is awards and job rotation. Firstly, the non-monetary encouragements are divided into tangible non-monetary incentives and intangible non-monetary incentives. The tangible non-monetary encouragement can be in the form of tokens and awards, while the intangible non-monetary encouragement can be informal recognition and job rotation. For instance, according to the blue board (2019), a company can sponsor a career coach, bring in a professional speaker, or send employees to a conference of their choice. Moreover, tangible non-monetary incentives can be kept and remembered for a longer period. Additionally, intangible non-monetary encouragement also motivates workers.

Lastly, money has a great influence on people and for any organization to prosper, their superiors must be willing to use the money to motivate workers. Apart from money, the non-monetary incentives, which are awards and job rotations play an important role in employee motivation. Therefore, workers should be motivated in every sector and department in an organization.

References

Thamrin, S. (2019). Job opportunities and challenges in the Indonesian based on the Asean

economic community era. Revista Espacios, 40(7).

Robinson Resource Group. (2013, June 20). Rewarding your employee: 15 examples of

successful incentives in the corporate world. Retrieved from https://rrgexec.com/rewarding-your-employees-15-examples-of-successful-incentives-in-the-corporate-world/Lee, S. (2019 February 18). 6 non-monetary incentives and rewards to boost employee

motivation. Blue-Board. Retrieved from https://www.blueboard.com/blog/6-non-monetary-incentives-for-employees-to-boost-motivation

To: Dr. Marielle AylenRe: Improving Healthcare Staff Compliance with Hand-washing Policy

Kindly find the attached word document I developed to elaborate on how to improve compliance to the policy of hand-washing among healthcare staff within the London Health Science Center. I drafted the paper with a strong believe that your aim of using the project “Just Clean Your Hands” to prevent Healtcare Associated Infections (HAI) is effective. I am requesting you to utilize the information in the document to encourage the Board of Governors to contribute towards a hundred percent compliance.

Yours Sincerely,

(Student Name)