Rap Music Advancement

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Rap Music Advancement

Rap music is one of the prominent and influential genres in the entertainment field. Throughout its evolution, many changes have been inherent as the artist tend to move out from the gangster’s style to more ethical and romance way occupying all the everyday lifestyles in today’s world. Change is inevitable and has to be adopted in the music sector as well as in any other field as the technology advances. The hip-hop music in the 1990s was distinct and significantly different from the rap today. The genre today is to a greater extent not what it used to be those years when rappers were depicted to portray the hood politics as the central theme. It is easy to distinguish the rap music produced by the early 2000s as all the artists had a typical style as they all talked about the hard life they undergo through, hood and gangster livelihood where most were associated with drug dealing. Their persona was similar which is different from the rap artists who have evolved during the last ten years which shows diversification in the art (Vincent, page 12). In this discussion, the rap music evolution is elaborated into a profound extent with regards to the vast songs that influence the public, how they dealt with police brutality during the early years and how the hip-hop music affects the listeners as well as the civilians.

The rap music has been very influential to the peoples’ lives today as well as during the early era when it commonly consisted of hood style. Among the famous rap artist who was prominent in the 90s include N.W.A, in the early 2000s Lil Wayne, B.I.G and Jay-Z were on the top producing most popular music in the music industry. The common thing during this era being composing lyrics based on the gangster and hard livelihood around the ghetto street in the state depicted poverty as the way towards thuggery. The society has adopted their way of doing the art even though many portrayed the rap music as immoral and not the right thing especially for the young people as it could have significant effects in their lives. For instance, people involved in the rap music had a distinct character of gangster that in reality depicted their persona. Jay-Z and B.I.G are good examples of the famous rap music that was well-known drug dealers. Therefore, in many instances, they faced police brutality that made their livelihood in the society hard and challenging (Washington, page 97). There was a notion that even the close audience and fans of the genre had the same characteristics and would at the end up being subjects of such lifestyle.

Over the past decade, the previous messages composed of the most successful rap music are not evident as the artists’ work enhanced diversification in the genre as they come from range backgrounds. In today’s hip-hop genre the musician has proven that nothing relates rap to thug life as they do it differently and still hits in the sector and significantly attracting an enormous audience even that during the 90s. Drake is a perfect example of the artists that show diversity in the hip-hop rate as he is described as the furthest thing from the hood. Everything has evolved in the hip-hop industry starting with the record labels and artists themselves. However, some of the former rap artists such as Lil Wayne tries to keep the reality of original genre by having their production system and composing music that depicts the hood style. The change in the hip-hop mainstream has revealed music and social development enhancing positive change in many peoples’ lives. The young generation is significantly growing with the mentality that it is not a must the one be a thug or undergo the hard life condition to succeed in the rap field. Despite the hip-hop genre having earned relation with violence and drug dealing, it has significantly enhanced cultural development as it accommodates all kind of personality apart from the notorious way of living.

Lyrics appear to be the significant difference that between the modern hip-hop and that of the 1990s tracks (Mauch, page 17). During the early decade, the rap tracks were narrowly focused and were only considerate of the artist’s success story and the hardship he or she has undergone through in the process of achieving it. The thing was common that even the most successful artists adopted the same way as they also wrote about hard life in living in poverty, violence, drugs, and crime. This was the persona during that time that the artist believed that they must adapt to succeed in the field. The rap was significantly the gangsters’ anthem and was the story of the ghetto life that restrained hip-hop from joining other genres such as rock. However, during the 1990s decade, there was an honest bit in all the rap lyrics that portrayed the characters of the artists. It was the reality that these artists involved in violence and drug dealing forcing the audience to understand that their actions were behind survivability (Miller, page 21). They postulated that it was the only means to survive in the ghetto areas mostly related poverty and crime. It affected the community negatively as the same picture builds in their mind through the genre induced fear in their lives to never been associated with such experience. For instance, in his music Styles P appealed after childhood poverty and abuse, the only option was getting into the rap crew as he could get all the things that he required from the industry.

For instance, let us consider that gangster rap genre by N.W.A during the 1990s which significantly influenced the publics’ notion regarding the hip-hop music. Straight Outta Compton is the first album that they released during their initial stages. In the music, Compton is depicted as the hell full of violence and the N.W.As as the mighty lords of the region. In the music, Ice Cube states that it is a murder dance that keeps audience dancing. All through the N.W.A’s gangster lyrics, they depicted criminality in the nation as well as the drug dealing. In the normal living standard, these elements are referred as the social evils in the society, and no one would like to be involved in such crews. 50 cents was also a big and influential rap star I the early 2000s. His hip-hop genre was prominent and had lots of audiences which made him popular not only in the nation but also worldwide. Good examples of the 50 cents’ rap genre that depicted “hood lifestyle” include Get Rich or Die Tryin’ and The Massacre. They portray the same styles as the other hip-hop lyrics in the early decades that represents the ghetto life harshness, drug peddling, and violence. However, 50 cent back drawn in his artist work due to dishonesty that was detected in his work by the audience.

The hip-hop mainstream took another turn in the mid-2000s after the famous Kanye West dropped his debut album “The College Dropout.” It was a different portion of the rap genre that instead of comprising drug dealing and violence it coincidentally composed religion matters. It brought the light in the industry that it was possible to have diversity in the rap music and still the track get into the ears of an enormous number of audience in the world. Later, after the Kanye West’s hit in the year, 2004 many upcoming hip-hop artists were inspired and significantly started writing genre tracks out of the violence, crime, poverty, and drug dealing brackets. The rappers significantly diverged from the gangster rap into different ways that they could address not only their life experience but also other positive issues in the society that could lead to sound impact in the world. Since many people have found their way into the hip-hop genre as they are not traumatized of its “ghetto life” condition, but they can produce adverse tracks from any background (Mäkelä, page 74).

Nowadays, it is evident that the rappers write about everything and the songs still get popular regarding the message it depicts and the skills that the artists portray in the industry. For instance, the genre covers wide range starting from the social life to the excess lifestyle which includes the sexuality concern which has significantly spread in the world as well as a depiction of the wealthy status. Drake in his album “Take Care” depicts love as well as the social life in the society today. Drake is among the vessels that pray an essential role in shaping the future of rap genre as well as encouraging the rising artist to follow ethical based and show humanity as a way of developing the hip-hop mainstream. Today, hip-hop has emerged among the best and accepted music genre in the society that has a wide range of audience regarding the age as well as ethnicity and significantly portrays honest and straightforward lifestyle. Despite the illegality and violence depicted in the earlier rap genre, nowadays hip-hop has taken a different approach to romance and social development amidst the genres thuggery standing.

In looking at how rap music influences the listeners and public, the internet and social media will be put into consideration. Today, the social media platform as the most influential sector of the internet has become the measure and reflection of development in the society. It is among the platforms where the audience can merely access the lyrics and another rap genre at ease as well as providing their reviews with no one’s supervision. It depicts that the chances of telling the reality are higher as the listener is not put under any pressure to prefer any side. For instance, in social platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, the users can easily express themselves or write blogs regarding their career or experience as a measure of portraying self-expression and personality (Perlovsky, page 185). On the other hand, the subscribers and followers will get in touch with the information and leave their reviews that significantly depicts their reaction towards the issues. In relating this information to the hip-hop genre, it is clear that all the pop stars and other artists have their fan pages where their followers and listeners globally can access their conversations and can be significantly notified about the hits and tracks released. The followers on the other side will show their position substantially by either liking or reject the artwork as well as giving their comments and points of views regarding significant rectification.

Furthermore, the online websites and the YouTube channel has emerged the efficient way of accessing artwork through the internet. Her the rappers as other artists will merely add their music to the channels, and the audience can listen and leave their reviews on the same platform. They are important sites that recruit the artists, and they do not only measure them competency but also make the musicians earn a living after their hard and smart work. These sites had made the rap artists be prominent and come from different nations of the world as the genre allows diversification and societal growth (Francis, page 11). For instance, some of the rappers such as Immortal Technique composes work that emphasizes the effects of the artistic freedom on social media and internet. In his work “The 3rd World” Immortal Technique states that the government refers to them as terrorists who are destroying the nation while they are living in urban warfare. Such artist finds the secure place to get their fans and artwork moving as through the social media and internet sites they will be able to gather their followers and share their music freely.

The social media at the early decades of the 1990s had not legalized the act of broadcasting hip hop genre as it was significantly considered to bring social boundaries and spread immorality in the society. It was right as the rappers during that error had been corrupted by the thoughts that the path towards success was through producing violence, hard life and drug dealing based music. The information negatively affected the community and significantly ruined national cohesion as the “ghetto family” was seen as an excluded as well as being viewed as immoral. In today’s hip-hop artisan things are different, and instead, the genre has spread its roots to all corners of the world, and a high percentage of the population knows about it and the prominent artists. In the social media such radio and television station the rap genre covers a significant portion of the entertainment sector, and this music is played now and then due to a high number of audience.

From the above discussion, the hip-hop genre is a leading industry that has undergone a variety of change since its invention and is significantly developing into a more advanced as well as diversified field. The rap has been there to be and will continue spreading and taking different reformation in its development process. Sound changes are significantly seen as days go in the rap industry and more efficiently accommodating all people in the society (Clayton, page 7). The music portrays societal development regarding the message passed as many artisans write about the emerging issues. The change experienced from the early era rap music to the today’s genre is critical and has put in progress high advancement rate. The hip-hop music is for the nation and the world in general as well as for the future generation. Therefore, it is vital to support the artists to enable them to keep moving in the industry.

References

Clayton, Martin. The cultural study of music: A critical introduction. Routledge, 2013.

Francis, Nariah. “Beauty, Brains, But When The Beat Drops…: An Examination Of College Ages Women’s Uses and Rationalizations of Misogynistic Rap Music.” (2016).

Perlovsky, Leonid. “Cognitive function, origin, and evolution of musical emotions.” Musicae Scientiae 16.2 (2012): 185-199.

Mäkelä, Niko, et al. “Truncated RAP-MUSIC (TRAP-MUSIC) for MEG and EEG source localization.” NeuroImage 167 (2018): 73-83.

Miller, Matt. Bounce: Rap music and local identity in New Orleans. Univ of Massachusetts Press, 2012.

Mauch, Matthias, et al. “The evolution of popular music: USA 1960–2010.” Royal Society open science 2.5 (2015): 150081.

Vincent, Rickey. Funk: The music, the people, and the rhythm of the one. St. Martin’s Griffin, 2014.

Washington, Ahmad Rashad. “Integrating Hip‐Hop Culture and Rap Music Into Social Justice Counseling With Black Males.” Journal of Counseling & Development 96.1 (2018): 97-105.

The impacts of Obesity on the Obstetrical Patients

The impacts of Obesity on the Obstetrical Patients

Rovena D.

Chamberlain College of Nursing

NR 715: Scientific Underpinnings

January 2022

The impacts of Obesity on the Obstetrical Patients

Obesity is an extremely delicate but very significant concern that affects everyone. The World Health Organization defines obesity as a health risk characterized by an excessive accumulation of fat. WHO identifies obesity based on one’s BMI where a BMI of 30 is classified as being obese (WHO, 2022). Obesity is common especially among women of childbearing age and poses as a great risk among that population. There are several consequences of obesity on pregnancy that are often overlooked by many providers. Maternal obesity presents many risks to both the mother as well as the fetus.

Data from the CDC reported that obesity has increased among pre-pregnant women in the US from 2016 to 2019. Studies assessed women of childbearing ages, with different education levels and women of different race and ethnicity. The report shows that the percentage of obesity went from 18.1% in 2016 to 20.5% in 2019 among women under 20 yrs of age which is an increase of 13%. For woman aged 20 to 29 the increase was from 27.2% in 2016 to 30.4% in 2019 which is a 12 % increase. For women 30 to 39 yrs, the rise was from 25.8% to 28.3% which is a 10% increase and women 40 yrs and older rose 9% from 28.0% in 2016 to 30.4% in 2019. (Driscoll & Gregory, 2020)

Literary Search Strategies

Several databases were used to conduct the search for quantitative literatures. Using the Chamberlain University online library, I performed a scholarly review search for articles for my topic. CINAHL plus was used and the key words obesity, pregnancy and quantitative research were utilized. Filters such as publication timeframe of 2018-2022, English language, research article, as well as peer review were used to make my search more efficient by narrowing down my search results. I also used google scholar where I used the key words obesity and pregnancy.

Critique of Article Using the John Hopkins Appraisal Tool

The John Hopkins Appraisal Tool was used to evaluate the researched article. The article by Masturzo, et al, which was published in 2019 is a single source, nonexperimental quantitative research article. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate the influence of high pre-pregnancy BMI and the possible dangers attributed to the adverse outcomes for maternal and perinatal patients as well as their fetuses in a tertiary care hospital in Sant’Anna, Turin.This involved a “retrospective” design where data was collected during a 4-year period obtained from the hospital’s database and logistic regression models which analyzed the impact of BMI on maternal and fetal outcomes. A statistical method was also used to provide an estimate for the findings on each risk factor.

Based on this appraisal tool, this study design is a level 3 which means that this study is nonexperimental because, there was no manipulation of an independent variable, there wasn’t a control group used and the participants were not randomly assigned to any interventions. This article is of good quality of this study.

Summary

Conclusion

References

 Catalano, P.M., & Koutrouvelis, G.O. (2021). Obesity in Pregnancy. American College of

Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 137 (6) 128-143. Obesity in Pregnancy (acog.org) (Links to an external site.)Masturzo B., Franzè V., Germano C., Attini R., Gennarelli G., Antonella L., Rolfo A., Plazzotta C., Brunelli E., Youssef A., Todros T., Farina A. Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes by pre- pregnancy Body Mass Index among Italian population: a retrospective population-based cohort study on 27,807 deliveries. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. (2019) Apr;299(4):983-991. doi: 10.1007/s00404-019-050930

https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=c8h&AN=135556049&site=ehost-live&scope=site (Links to an external site.)Center for Disease Control. (2022, January 20) Pregnancy complications. Retrieved from Pregnancy Complications | Maternal and Infant Health | CDCThe U.S. Burden of Disease Collaborators. (2018). The state of U.S. health, 1990-2016 burden of diseases, injuries and risk factors among U.S. states. JAMA, 319 (14), 1444-1472. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.0158World Health Organization. (2022, January 21) Obesity. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesityDriscoll, A. & Gregory, E. (2020) Increases in Prepregnancy Obesity: United States, 2016–2019. NCHS Data Brief. No 392. NCHS Data Brief, Number 392, November 2020 (cdc.gov)Appendix

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Rapid development in technology in Adidas Company

rapid development in technology in Adidas CompanyContents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Adidas Company PAGEREF _Toc378181912 h 1Introduction PAGEREF _Toc378181913 h 1

IntroductionThe rapid development in technology has made the world become so competitive that companies across the world are trying hard to get over one another by being distinctive in the respective field. Adidas is world renowned company for sports equipment, clothing as well as, other accessories. The Company was established in Germany in 1949, by Adolf Dassler. The name Adidas is known to be synonymous with the sporting industry. Today, the Adidas Company has become a global public company as well as, one of the largest sports brands around the world. The company mainly targets the youth, the consumers from upper middle class, the consumers who love sports as well as the consumers who are fashionable and stylish (Brassington, & Pettitt, 2003). In summary, the paper will give a report on Adidas’ marketing mix assessmentAdidas Company Marketing mixIt is evident that every organization across the world is looking at their marketing in relation to the marketing mix. Marketing mix is significant in assessing and balancing the elements of the mix that helps in meeting the needs of the customers. The four P’s include;ProductThe main aim of the company is to satisfy the needs or wants of the consumers. As a result, the company is developing a new innovative technology that will make them to continue competing with Nike and Puma. The company upholds its brand by upgrading as well as improving the products’ innovative features along with quality in order to satisfy its customers. The company has maintained a culture of providing products with high quality to their customers. Its product portfolio is enhanced through innovations where they provide a well known brand for sports apparels, accessories and equipments.PriceThe Company is able to penetrate the marketing because their products seem to be cheaper than their competitors such as Nile, Fila and many others. As a result, the Company is developing a market skimming strategy which will help them in pricing their products. This is significant because it will help the company to continue achieving their set goals and objectives. The company’s involvement in evaluation practices will help the company to ensure that their products will always stay competitive at the point of sale.PlaceThe Company distributes some of their products to the various sporting outlets such as the Royal Sporting House. The company future plans in regard to places where they will sell their products will include online purchasing through the internet. Conversely, the company is adopting a global plan that will help the company in promoting their products to the consumers. The company is also setting up an “integrated distribution roadmap” that will ensure that there is further growth as well as, to increase the brand presence in affluent cities.PromotionAdidas Company promotion objective is to become the number one sporting brand worldwide. The company’s’ promotion mix includes use of Internet, point of sale, advertising through mass media as well as the “impossible is Nothing” campaign. Today, the company sells products in almost all country across worldwide. The company has adopted different promotional tools that will help them in reducing the number of lost customers as well as, to increase sales. The Company is also setting up an incomparable portfolio of the promotion partnerships with the international recognized sports associations which include UEFA, FIFA, and NBA.Strengths of Adidas CompanyThe Adidas Company has innovative ways that involve the use of technologies to attract consumers. The strong and innovative marketing since years have enabled the company to create strong brand retention in the mind of the customers. For example, they are able to express a new variety of their products every time. The Company on the other hand, has developed a long heritage along with high brand value since 1924 that offers quality products as well as, attracting educated employees who are willing to communicate the message of their products. In addition, the company is also known to have bees sponsoring major sports events such as Olympics and major sportsmen. The other strength of Adidas Company is that it has a worldwide presence which is internationally recognized. All these strengths enable the Adidas Company to meet the needs of their customers and to differentiate the firm from the competitors such as Nike, Reebok, Bata, Liberty, Puma, Fila and many others (Smit, 2006).OpportunitiesHowever, Adidas Company has several opportunities that make it gain its competitive advantage; the firm has various technological advancements as well as emerging international markets that are related to serving the needs of customers in that, the firm satisfy the desire for their products along with experience across other countries. An emerging international market helps the firm in expanding while other countries experiencing economic recession (Riley, 2012). Technological advancement on the other hand allows the Adidas Company in increasing the quality as well as, decreasing the waiting time for their customers. However, the company on the other hand, has an opportunity of keeping up with its competitors; for instance, the company is able to generate about 60 new foot-friendly designs each year. The other opportunity is that the company can venture into making more and more stylish designs and cuts as well as brand building by setting up sports academies (Smit, 2006).Future Strategy plans for Adidas Company

The Adidas Company marketing strategies is to ensure that they are at the top sports brand across the world. The company has planned to do this by ensuring that all the athletes are faster, cooler and stronger. Its other strategy is to create new customer experiences by training as well as increasing the global footprint (Ziervogal, Müller & Suffenplan, 2008). The company’s’ future plans are to position the footwear range as the premium brand for people taking athletics. Adidas has also developed a mid sole energy capsules which is an innovative technology that will help in building the brand similar to what its competitors such as Nike and Reebok did in early 80s.The company on the other hand, will run promotions as well as, sampling for the boost range in countries such as Berlin, Boston and London marathons. Its other future strategies plans are to promote the range at Parkrun, a series of weekly running events across the world. The Adidas Company future strategies plan is to adopt skimming pricing strategy in contrast to its competitors and to identify places where they will continue selling their products such as online purchase, sporting outlets and Adidas outlet. The BCG matrix of the Adidas assumes that, the Company enjoys its market share by making high profits when they sell their new branded products, and so the company will continue to enjoy the scale of economies that gives them benefits to achieve their competitive advantage. The Adidas market is expanding because of high growth but not that the company is investing its additional investment resources into its product line.ConclusionThe Adidas Company has a very extensive marketing process, and the way they address their marketing mix process provides a good example of the way major corporations should develop a marketing mix for the better development of the organizations’ marketing strategy and tactics. The four P’s allows Adidas to have the ability of connecting to consumers surrounded by the targeted market. The ability of Adidas Company to create a successful marketing mix has enabled them to produce a good result and a high quality and branded products compared to those companies who choose wrong mix that has led them to fail in their marketing strategies hence resulting to the dissolve of the business. Generally, marketing of the product focuses on the 4p’s in the marketing mix. The marketers therefore, need to carefully analyze the demand of the customers within a specific market in order to find out the specific products that can respond to the market demand.

Marketing is a mutualism existing between the companies and customers. Marketing is an important process given that most people are able to acquire all that they may need or want by means of an exchange. For instance, the role of companies is to ensure that they supply the needs of the customers who tend to buy their products. The main aim of the marketing process is to create value for customers who in turn will give value for the company in the form of profit and equity. For instance, the Adidas Company has innovative ways that involve the use of technologies to attract consumers. For example, they are able to express a new variety of their products every time. The Company on the other hand, has developed a niche in the market that offers good products as well as, attracting educated employees who are willing to communicate the message of their products. All these strengths enable the Adidas to meet the needs of their customers given that it allows the company to differentiate itself from other competitors.

References

Brassington, F., & Pettitt, S. (2003). Principles of marketing (3rd ed.). New York: FT/Prentice Hall.

Bruce, M. (2008). SWOT analysis: a tool for making better business decisions.. London: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Risk Management Agency.

Kotler, P. (2006). Principles of marketing (3rd ed.). New York: Prentice-Hall.

Wagner, J. A., & Hollenbeck, J. R. (2008). Organizational behavior: securing competitive advantage (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.

Smit, B. (2006). Pitch invasion: three stripes, two brothers, one feud – Adidas and the making of modern sport. London: Allen Lane.

Ziervogal, R., Müller, D., & Suffenplan, H. (2008). Ralf Ziervogel: every Adidas got its story. London: Koenig Books ;.

The Impact The Sociological Theories, Functionalism, Conflict, And Interactionism Has On Education As A Social Institution

The Impact The Sociological Theories, Functionalism, Conflict, And Interactionism Has On Education As A Social Institution

Sociologists come up with theories to explain some phenomenon in the society. A theory can be defined as a proposed relationship that exists between more than two concepts. This is to say that a theory is an explanation as to why a certain phenomenon occurs. Sociologists analyze these phenomenons in the society from different perspectives and from different levels. From sweeping generalizations to concrete interpretations of social behavior and society, sociologists are able to study everything from macro levels of analysis of some of the large patterns in the society to the micro level analysis of some of the smallest patterns in the society. Today, sociologists apply three main theoretical approaches to this analysis: the functionalist approach, the symbolic interactionist perspective and the functionalist approach. These three approaches give sociologists theoretical paradigms in sociology for explaining how people influence the society and vice versa. Each approach distinctively conceptualizes social forces, society and human behavior. This paper will, therefore, look at these three sociological approaches and how they affect one of the most widely spread institution in the society, and that is the institution of education.

Each sociological theory applies to the institution of education differently. The functionalist theory, for instance focuses on the ways that universal education serves the society and all of its needs. Believers of this theory see education in its role of manifestation: conveying basic skills and knowledge to the next generation. The founder of the theory, Durkheim, identified the main role of the institution as one of socializing people in the mainstream society. ,oral education, as he referred to it, helped create a social structure that was more cohesive by bringing individuals together from diverse backgrounds, which echoes the traditional concern of immigrants’ Americanizing.

On the other hand, the conflict theory sees the purpose of the institution of education as maintaining inequality in the society and preserving power of those individuals who are dominant in the society. Conflict theories look at the same uses of education as functionalists. While functionalists look at education as a contribution that is essential to a society that is ordered, conflict theories see the system of education as perpetuating the status quo by structuring the lower classes to be obedient workers. However, the two theories agree that the system of education practices sorting, but they do not agree on how the system enacts this sorting. Functionalists argue that schools sort based on merit while conflict theories argue that schools sort based on ethnic lines and distinct classes. The symbolic interactionists, however, limit their analysis of education to what is directly observed as happenings in the classroom. They, therefore, put more emphasis on how the expectations of the teacher influence student perceptions, performance and attitudes.

Each of these theories affects the views of the people who are part of the institution differently. For instance, functionalist theories affect students in that it points to the latent roles of education as socializing people in the mainstream society and the transmission of social control and core values. The core values in the education system reflect those characteristics that support the economic and political systems that originally drove education. Therefore, students of these systems receive rewards for following directions, schedules, obeying authority and meeting deadlines.

The most essential value present in the American classroom are ideologies that advocate for liberty rights and independent actions, therefore, students who follow such systems are likely to learn early unlike those who do not follow this educational system. The conflict theories also affect the views of the students in these institutes by relentlessly arguing that the purpose of education is solely to create a more docile work force for maintaining capitalism and maintaining power structures and not for social opportunity or benefit. Individuals in these institutions, therefore, believe that schools sort out students according to their social classes and not according to their IQ test just to maintain those social and class borders. The interactionist theories, on the other hand, affect the views of those in the education institution to believe that students who get closer to the teachers are the ones who gain more attention and, therefore, perform better.

Social change in the education institution can also be affected by these theories. For instance, the interactionist theory can help facilitators of change understand better some of the factors that affect student performance. In doing this, the facilitators can demand that all students be given equal chances and opportunities to get closer to the teachers and to benefit from this closeness. The functionalist theories can help policy makers change those educational systems that do not promote quicker learning, competition and other factors that can improve educational achievement. The conflict theories, on the other hand, can influence educational institutions to base their sorting of students based on their IQ tests and not on their ethnic and class status in the society.

Each of these theories can also affect the views of the society about the educational institution. The functionalist theory, for example, can influence the society to view the system of education as one of the most essential institutions in the society that provides core values, education and socialization of the mainstream society to the students. Conflict theories can, on the other hand, influence the society to believe that the education institution is not adequate or fair in providing the society valuable benefits. It can make the society believe that the most privileged in education and the society are those individuals from the upper class. The interactionist theory might influence the society to believe that teachers, and, the labels and expectations they have of the students affect the performance and academic achievement of the students.

As we have seen from the paragraphs above, sociologist theories are essential in explaining a number of phenomenons in the society. Education is one of these that can be explained using these theories. The functions of education and the influences of performance in schools can, therefore, be explained and understood using these three theories.

The Impacts of the Social Media on Language and Communication in Asia

The Impacts of the Social Media on Language and Communication in Asia

Introduction

The emergence of social media, as a result of the advancement in technologies and the internet, has led to a consequential array of new types of written languages and communication channels. According to Dovchin, Sultana, and Pennycook (2016), people now communicate through different languages and using new formats available on social media such as tweets, Instagram items, Facebook posts, blogs, profiles on LinkedIn, and so many more. it is also noted that as English remains the most dominant international language on social media and the internet in general, other languages and communications styles are being changed, as some converge to the rules applied in English and others diverging to use English in their native communication style and language. Undoubtedly, social media has affected the volume of people one is able to communicate with at a go and also affected the frequency with which communication occurs. With this in mind, the current essay looks at the impact of social media on language and communication in Asia with a specific focus on China. The development of social media in China will be explored, followed by an analysis of how this development has affected how individuals communicate in the society. The fluid nature of the Asian society will be assessed in relation to the proliferation of English in the communication avenues and styles. Ultimately, English has changed how Chinese people communicate on social media, leading to more consideration of recipients of messages and conforming to the demand for convenient and faster conveyance of messages, but has had little to no effect on the Chinese societies in terms of the language change and communication.

The Development of Social Media in China

China does not have the conventional social media platforms available to the rest of the world including Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook. Yet, the country has a vast network of sites that make it one of the world’s largest social media market. The development of social media in China is noted by Zhou and Wang (2014) to be very different from the rest of the world with an internet user base reaching more than 520 million individuals and the most active social media users in the world. The country enjoys a wide array of platforms that range from blogs to networking sites, microblogs, and a variety of social online communities. In China, social media stated at the end of the 20th century with a few online communities and forums, which later migrated to instant messaging by 2001 (Zhou and Wang, 2014). The emergence of user review sites, for example Dianping, and blogging sites took off in early 2005, followed closely by social networking websites with the capacity to include chatting such as Renren (Wei, Xu, & Zhao, 2015). Later, Sina Weibo emerged towards the beginning of 2010 to offer microblogging and multimedia sharing, and location sharing applications like Jiepang followed suit. Today, the above explosive growth continues to reveal continuous growth, a trend that can be attributed to global growth and development of social media. Image 1 below shows how social media has grown in China in line with parallel developments elsewhere in the world.

Image 1: Comparison of social media development and timeline in China (bottom row) and the rest of the world (upper row) (Source: Zhou and Wang, 2014)

From the above image, the development of social media in China can be said to be at per with the rest of the world. This explains why China has among the highest usage numbers in terms of active social media users, despite its large population and size.

The Development of Social Media and How it Affects Communication in the Chinese Society

Social media is applauded as the best invention of the 21st century in relation to how the platforms are used to support people across the globe in meeting new people, socialization, learning new experiences, communicating, interacting with others, and networking. However, this interaction, especially in countries like China where the use of social media is relatively high, has led to a change in the way people communicate. Bamman, Eisenstein, & Schnoebelen (2014) posit that social media has led to an increase in intercultural adaptation in China as more people interact with others from different parts of the world through business transactions, socialization, and various forms of engagement on social media. One of the notable effects of social media development and use in China is that it has facilitated intercultural communication competence, an ability to interact more with other people from various cultural backgrounds with effectiveness and appropriateness (Qin, Strömberg, & Wu, 2017). Today, children in grade school use and carry smart gadgets everywhere. Undeniably, social media use in China has not only changed the lifestyle of the Chinese people but also changed how people communicate on various levels. In the current digital age, people are knowable to pass across messages to more people in a single communication (Wei, Xu, & Zhao, 2015). The direct consequence is that language has changed significantly, including use of short hand messages, use of emoticons (emoji) for effective communication, use of globally acronyms such as LOL and OMG, and the relative reliance of memes for communicating messages (Bolton & Graddol, 2012). Language has evolved, not just because of the dominance of a new generation of internet users, but also because of the said changes in the way people pass messages across.

The Use of English in the Chinese Society

In the Chinese society, the evolution of language has included both positive and negative aspects. Positive aspects include the ability to communicate widely with more people outside of one’s culture and the ability to keep current in socialization and other interactions and engagements with people. Negative aspects have included the inclusion of other languages, such as English, in daily communication. While such inclusion has led to better and effective communication on social media, it has also changed how young people in China view their own language and culture. The older generation of Chinese people in the society view the inclusion of other languages as a divergent element that takes away from the socio-cultural benefits of the community. However, the younger internet users on social media see other language, such as English, as an added advantage in interaction with other users from different cultures (Otsuji and Pennycook, 2010). The notions about the English language are therefore different amongst various social media users. The discursive practices in the Chinese language and those in the English language are made to converge through a new language style and format used on social media. For example, new language used includes a mixture of Chinese and English with the common use of emoticons and English phrases such as LOL (laughing out loud) or OMG (oh my god). While the concept of linguistic dystopia is portrayed as a death of language and its pollution (Jacquemet 2005), it also bears several advantages in the current society where young Chinese people are able to communicate better with others on social media for various reasons including business interactions or social engagements. The overall effect of the English language on written Chinese on social media is that there is a clear distortion of writing and communication rules compared to other forms of interactions.

The English language and the influences of the same to language use on social media has brought about linguistic diversity. Linguistic diversity is a powerful tool that creates new opportunities and is a core part of a society’s modernization. Social media and the use of the English language has increased the number of young Chinese people who are bi/multilingual, noted by Pennycook (2018) to welcome diversity instead of the traditional insistence on the use of one language. Notably, social media has led to multilingualism and multiculturalism as a new norm in Chinese urban centers and in different fields including the education sector, academia, and policymaking. Additionally, there is an emergence of linguistic creativity in the Chinese society, where social media users borrow, re-contextualize, and take up cultural and linguistic resources to create new languages, identities, and meanings (Jacquemet, 2005). Social media has turned language users in China to be creative and playful in a way that allows them to mingle and mix various cultural and linguistic codes in their Chinese (various dialects) with the dominant English language (Dovchin, Sultana, and Pennycook, 2016). The result is that new meanings are incomprehensible to a specific language as an independent entity. For example, using English rules to express oneself on social media while mixing various Chinese dialects may not make any sense to an individual language, but is effective and applicable to the said situation based on context.

Conclusion

The number of social media users has grown steadily from the late 20th century to become the highest in the world today. The new trends and continued social media use has meant more active young people and increased interactions with other cultures. The result is that Chinese youth language and culture has been altered significantly to factor in the rules of writing and communicating in the English language, including how people communicate outside of social media. More people are becoming bi/multilingual and creating new languages due to the need to interact with others outside of one’s main culture on social media. In the end, English has changed how Chinese people communicate on social media, leading to more consideration of recipients of messages and conforming to the demand for convenient and faster conveyance of messages.

References

Bamman, D., Eisenstein, J., & Schnoebelen, T. (2014). Gender identity and lexical variation in social media. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 18(2), 135-160.

Bolton, K., & Graddol, D. (2012). English in China today. English Today, 28(3).

Dovchin, S., Sultana, S., and Pennycook, A. (2016). Unequal translingual Englishes in the Asian peripheries. Asian Englishes, 18 (2), 92–108

Heath, SB. (1977). Social history. In Bilingual Education: Current Perspectives. Vol. 1: Social Science, pp. 53–72. Arlington, VA: Center for Applied Linguistics

Jacquemet, M. (2005). Transidiomatic practices: Language and power in the age of globalization. Language & Communication, 25(3), 257-277.

Otsuji, E., and Pennycook, A. (2010). Metrolingualism: Fixity, fluidity and language in flux. International Journal of Multilingualism , 7 (3), 240–254.

Pennycook, A. (2018). Posthumanist applied linguistics. Routledge, London.

Qin, B., Strömberg, D., & Wu, Y. (2017). Why does China allow freer social media? Protests versus surveillance and propaganda. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(1), 117-40.

Wei, J., Xu, J., & Zhao, D. (2015). Public engagement with firms on social media in China. Journal of Information Science, 41(5), 624-639.

Zhou, L., & Wang, T. (2014). Social media: A new vehicle for city marketing in China. Cities, 37, 27-32.

Racism is one of the biggest problems the country faces. This problem has its roots tied to the

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Racism

Racism is one of the biggest problems the country faces. This problem has its roots tied to the origin of this country. Over the centuries, racism has negatively affected ethnic monitory groups by denying them equal access to resources and opportunities. Racism has had a negative impact on the country’s politics, and it has negatively impacted the social and economic well-being of affected groups. This paper explores Julius Bailey’s views about racism in the country, and it explores how this problem has affected various aspects of everyday life. Racism is a systemic problem that requires a systemic solution. There is a need for stronger policies that can root out this problem from the core and create a more equitable environment in which individuals of all ethnicities have equal access to opportunities and resources.

America’s problem of racism can be traced back to the time of slavery. Over the centuries, the country has struggled with this problem, and despite the policy changes made over the years, racism continues to affect ethnic minorities throughout the country. In recent years, communities around the country have been forced to acknowledge the impact this problem has on society. The acknowledgment that racism continues to affect ethnic minorities is especially tied to recent political trends. For instance, with the election of President Trump, issues of race-baiting and blatant disregard for human lives have been brought to light. During his term and in the recent presidential elections, politicians have been accused of running campaigns using false information about race-related issues. This trend has served to divide the nation further and has also lowered the moral standard of the American people. In his book” Racism, Hypocrisy, and Bad Faith: A Moral Challenge to the America I Love,” Julius Bailey explores how the American political system has enabled racism and affected the ethnic minority groups in the country. Bailey equally explores some of the causes and consequences racism has on society at large.

The reemergence of white nationalist sentiments and movements in America indicates persistent racist traditions. Racism in America can be traced back to slavery and the post-civil war period when the Klu Klux Klan thrived in America in recent decades. There are numerous taped incidences in recent years in which ethnic minorities highlight the racist experiences they are forced to endure. Other than these documented videos, the growing acts of police violence against ethnic minorities is proof that racism continues to thrive in America. While these incidences might be viewed as one-off unfortunate events, recent political debates and elections have proved otherwise. For instance, President Trump and some of his Republican counterparts continuously refused to denounce white supremacy groups. The most synonymous case is President Trump’s refusal to condemn the red-hat white supremacist in Charlottesville (Bailey, 8). This blatant refusal by the country’s leaders to condemn racism indicates how this problem is ingrained in the structures and culture of the country. The levels of racism witnessed in the country’s political structure and some parties are in line with Baily’s observation that “racism was (and is still) coded into the Republican nostalgia” (Bailey, 6). The proof that racism is not only engrained in politics but also the American culture is evident through the voting patterns of the public. For instance, before becoming president, former President Trump was often dismissed as a radical fringe candidate; however, his presidential win and the overwhelming support he received from the public proved that his Islamophobic and xenophobic remarks appealed to a significant portion of the country (Bailey, 7). Moreover, the public knows he racially discriminated against black tenants as a real estate developer and yet appealed to a majority of conservative voters showing that a significant portion of the population share in these racist sentiments or are not bothered about having a racist leader.

Racism is evident in American politics through the recent calls for immigration reforms. Since 2012, Republicans lost great support from the Latino family, which has played a part in the growing negative political stance politicians have taken against immigrants. Mass opinion about immigration has been on the rise, evident through an increased public interest in the topic. For instance, in 2008, 7% of Americans cited immigration as a critical problem, while in 2018, 17% of Americans cited immigration as a critical topic (Alamillo et al., 2). Political rhetoric during the 2016 presidential elections suggested that immigrants were problematic. The 2015 Republican presidential preliminaries also saw influential politicians vying for the presidential ticket argue the merits of birthright citizenship. At this point, former President Trump, then a candidate, called the children of immigrants anchor babies. Though widely criticized, the debate on birthright citizenship caused a significant divide among the public, with supporters of the Republican party widely agreeing with this viewpoint. President Trump’s campaign in 2016 largely focused on the issue of immigration, with Trump and his team successfully creating the fear of Muslims and Mexicans among the public (Boot). President Trump’s political rhetoric singled out ethnic minorities and created a sense of fear in society. He made it sound that he and his supporters would single-handedly prevent the imminent destruction of America and fix what they believed was wrong with current America. One of President Trump’s most popular immigration reforms was the proposed Mexican border wall. Before his proposal, it was unimaginable that America would use a wall to keep immigrants out of the country; however, the overwhelming support Trump’s proposed wall got from the media and the public revealed the amount of the levels of unreasonable fear that the average white American had developed. Surprisingly, the popularity of this proposed policy was also witnessed among the younger generation. For instance, After Trump’s presidential win, middle schoolers in Royal Oak, Michigan, started chanting “Build the wall” (Bailey, 12).

Other than the political implications highlighted above, racism also has negative effects on the social and economic well-being of the country. Racism affects the social lives of ethnic minorities as they are exposed to issues such as racism in medicine and the excessive use of force by law enforcement agencies. As earlier highlighted, racism builds fear. This unreasonable fear against ethnic minorities such as black people is the main cause of police brutality and the use of excessive force by law enforcement officers. In 2020 alone, the horrifying tales of what George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Ahmaud Arbery went through at the hands of law enforcement officers called to attention the systemic racism in the country and its effects on the lives of people. The deaths of these individuals resulted in nationwide protests. These protests symbolized the deep-rooted anger and despair victims of racism experienced. During the protests, the movement Black Lives Matter also garnered national attention, and they used this platform to showcase how different people of color experienced life. For instance, the tag “walking while black” is popularly used to show how life-threatening walking can be for a black person in America. Racism in medicine is evident through health outcome disparities. A 2016 report by the US National Academy of Sciences found that first-year white medicine students believed that black people have stronger immunity than any other racial group (Hoffman et al., 4296-4301). This misunderstanding is the source of inadequate treatment and cares for people of color, resulting in significant disparities in black people’s health outcomes and those of other racial groups. For instance, racist medical notions have contributed to Black women having a higher likelihood of dying from heart attacks than other racial groups. Also, black women are more likely to die due to pregnancy-related issues than their counterparts (Taylor). Other medical discrepancies are evident through the infant mortality rates of black children being higher than any other racial group and poor healthcare and treatment due to the misguided belief that black people are impervious to pain. A study in the American Journal of Emergency Medicine indicated that black patients were 40% less likely to receive acute pain medication than their counterparts (Lee et al., 1770-1777).

The effects of racism on economic well-being are apparent through restrained black economic progress. The mid-1900s saw the rise of the American middle-class group that was largely white. During this period, black people were largely denied the economic incentives and benefits offered to their white counterparts creating a wide wealth gap between these two racial groups. Black people were denied these incentives due to white political leaders from the south who insisted on enforcing racial segregation. Racial conservatism has been a marker of southern politics, and it enables the southern strategy in which politicians use racism to increase political support from the white voters. The southern strategy is characterized by a clear racial hierarchal system that addresses white people’s racial grievances in exchange for their support (Bailey, 3). During the 1950s, housing was seen as a means of building wealth; hence housing was one of the biggest needs people had. The white members of congress from the south used the Southern strategy to pass the federal housing administration policy. This policy denied black Americans housing mortgages, resulting in fewer black people owning homes and increasing the wealth gap between black and white people. To date, numerous policies hinder black people from progressing economically. For instance, black people have limited access to tax-advantaged means of saving due to employment discrimination practices that shut out a significant percentage from acquiring well-paying jobs. Therefore, as black families earn significantly lower salaries than their white counterparts, they receive fewer tax benefits and have a decreased likelihood of accessing retirement benefits (Hanks et al.). These negative and racially discriminative economic policies create a damaging environment in which black people are persistently trapped in poverty.

Despite the prevalence of discrimination and systemic racism in the country, there is hope that communities can come together and root out this evil from the country’s foundation. As Bailey suggests, there is a need to revive the irrepressible hope the country experienced during the Obama “Yes We Can “years (Bailey, 15). Other than reviving hope, there is a need for political leaders and governments to create and enforce strong policies that will restructure society. As America’s racial problem is systemic in nature, there is a need for systemic solutions that promote systemic equality and root out racism at the core. Some of the key policies that need to be addressed include policies on voting rights, student loans, and financing, financing policies, employment policies, and housing policies. In the last decade, elections have been marked with voting rights violations. The country has witnessed unlawful voting restrictions set against ethnic minorities. These restrictions have negatively impacted ethnic minority groups as they are unable to vote for the leaders they want and are unable to decide on important issues affecting their lives. Also, there is a need for policies that address student loans. Most students from ethnic minority groups rely on student loans to access higher education. On average, black students tend to borrow more student loans than their counterparts due to higher poverty levels. An increase in borrowing results in an increased debt gap. By creating more favorable student financing policies, the government can help ease the debt burden affected students face and unleash the economic potential of these students. Also, there is a need for the government to introduce more favorable housing and financing policies. As highlighted above, black Americans have limited access to housing mortgages, a factor that plays into the poverty levels witnessed in this community. By introducing more favorable financing and housing policies, the government can create a more equitable environment that promotes the economic growth of all individuals. Lastly, there is a need for policies that address the discriminatory employment problem in the country. Employment policies that prohibit discrimination will help ensure that people of ethnic minority groups have equal opportunities to get well-paying jobs, hence promoting economic progress.

I have previously experienced discrimination, and I understand the harm it can cause. As such, addressing the racial problem in this country is important to me as it can help create an equitable society, but it can also help kickstart the healing this country needs. Racism has its roots tied to the origin of this country; therefore, I believe that there is a need to create strong policies that will restructure the country. Racism is a system problem that requires a systemic solution. By creating and enforcing equally powerful policies, this country’s government and political leaders can help root out this evil at its core, hence permanently solving this ever-present problem.

Works Cited

Alamillo, Rudy, Chris Haynes, and Raul Madrid Jr. “Framing and immigration through the trump era.” Sociology Compass 13.5 (2019): e12676.

Bailey, Julius. Racism, Hypocrisy, and Bad Faith: A Moral Challenge to the America I Love. Broadview Press, 2020.

Boot, Max. “Trump is running an openly racist campaign.” Washingtonpost.com (2020).

Hanks, Angela, Danyelle Solomon, and Christian E. Weller. “Systematic inequality: How America’s structural racism helped create the black-white wealth gap.” Center for American Progress 21 (2018).

Hoffman, Kelly M., et al. “Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113.16 (2016): 4296-4301.

Lee, Paulyne, et al. “Racial and ethnic disparities in the management of acute pain in US emergency departments: meta-analysis and systematic review.” The American journal of emergency medicine 37.9 (2019): 1770-1777.

Taylor, Jamila. “Racism, inequality, and health care for African Americans.” (2019).

Rapport in Clinical Settings

Rapport in Clinical Settings

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Introduction

Background Information

Rapport is the emotional experience of high-quality interactions. An example of rapport is when someone opens up to a friend about their problems, and then the friend listens attentively offers validation and respect for the person’s feelings, which allows them to feel safe and open up more. Rapport is feeling understood, safe, and valued by the other person. Building rapport is a skill that must be learned to successfully work with others in many settings, including healthcare providers, educators, and business professionals. Clinical settings require a particular type of rapport building called "therapeutic rapport" (Therrien et al., 2021). To establish therapeutic rapport, you need to focus on attunement which helps the patient feel safe and confident about discussing difficult issues. Attunement is listening empathically to build trust and demonstrate attentiveness, which builds confidence in the provider’s ability not only to listen but also to care for their patient’s needs. These factors allow rapport building, which is a necessary component of effective health care.

It is important to note that rapport is best established between individuals when the same demographics are present in both the individual and the other person. For this dynamic of reciprocity to exist, it is best if both parties have similar cultural, organizational and societal experiences. This can be achieved through shared interaction with the same social groups, economic status and educational level (Sauerland et al., 2018). To establish therapeutic rapport in clinical settings between healthcare providers and patients, one needs to understand the characteristics of therapeutic rapport, which include trust, safety, vulnerability and confidentiality.

Trust allows for risk-taking by the patient and a greater ability to disclose personal information. Safety is achieved through the patient’s sense of assurance that the provider is safe and will not judge them when disclosing personal information. Patients also feel safer sharing with their providers when mutual trust between them. Vulnerability, which defines the ability to open up to a patient, allows the patient to open up more and be seen as having more potential. For this to occur, one needs to demonstrate attentiveness which demonstrates genuine care for a person’s needs and well-being (English et al., 2022). Lastly, confidentiality is established when the patient has confidence in their healthcare provider that what they are sharing with them will not be used against them negatively.

Theories of Rapport Creation in Clinical Settings

There are four theories of rapport in clinical settings that demonstrate how healthcare providers can achieve rapport with their patients. The four theories are Social Exchange Theory, Reciprocity Theory, Situationism Theory, and High Touch Low Touch Approach. Social Exchange Theory explains why people establish relationships with others (Dang et al., 2017). This theory suggests that humans seek to gain rewards from others; this process is called positive reciprocity, which can be achieved through cooperation, altruism, or gratitude. Social exchange theory would explain that a doctor’s kindness towards a patient would elicit positive behaviour from the patient (Therrien et al., 2021). In addition, doctors should be careful not to provide too much help because patients may become dependent on these services; this phenomenon is referred to as negative reciprocity. According to the High Touch Low Touch Approach, the doctor should provide treatment and establish strong personal relationships with his or her patient. The doctor would be able to help more by being sensitive to the patient’s needs; this could be done through interactions, physical contact, and talking about the weather.

The Reciprocity Theory suggests that humans are motivated to maintain appropriate relationships with others. In this theory, the amount of cooperation that a person receives is based on their intentions, the amount of help they give, and the form of help given. The doctor can call more attention to his or her presence by changing his or her attitude towards patients, making them more likely to be helpful (Sauerland et al., 2018). Doctors can also decrease their help level by interacting with patients in a non-cooperative fashion. The Situationism Theory suggests that people feel happy when involved in situations where their behaviour can influence the outcomes. This theory suggests that doctors who help their patients perform more successfully in stressful situations will increase the likelihood of positive outcomes for the patients (English et al., 2022). In addition, doctors should be aware of these patients’ needs and avoid giving unnecessary advice that does not fit their situation because this could cause negative reactions from patients.

Benefits and Methods of Rapport Creation

There are many benefits to building rapport with clients that include the satisfaction of needs, client and family active involvement, and a higher rate of improvement. The best methods for building rapport include community involvement, relating to their personal lives, and building friendships.

Benefits of Rapport Creation within the Clinical Setting

Rapport creation in the clinical setting facilitates the satisfaction of psychological needs, involvement of family in the delivery of healthcare services, and the improvement of healthcare outcomes. Understanding the concept of rapport is a key determinant in successfully applying effective interpersonal skills, which are predicated upon building rapport with patients and families. When receiving bad news from a physician, breaking rapport may result in psychological discord and resistance to treatment (Akamoglu et al., 2018). Service delivery may be adversely affected without establishing rapport between healthcare providers and patients or between family members. Rapport creation also helps satisfy some psychological needs, such as the need for relationships among vulnerable populations such as those suffering from aphasia. This is because one of the characteristics of rapport that people show is acceptance and support (Dang et al., 2017). People with aphasia may have difficulty initiating or maintaining conversations, understanding conversations, and communicating with others; therefore, they need others to help them satisfy their social needs—meeting the psychological needs of patients and families while creating rapport can improve health outcomes in a variety of ways. Ultimately, rapport creation in the healthcare setting helps to improve outcomes for populations such as people living with HIV/AIDS, new patients, and patients who continuously seek healthcare services (English et al., 2022). First, family members would be more likely to take an active role in healthcare by taking responsibility for their loved ones’ health by playing an active role in treatments. The therapeutic relationships resulting from rapport creation, which are based on trust among patients and healthcare providers, consequently create a safe space for patients to disclose inner thoughts and feelings and share ideas about treatment. Second, it makes patients feel more comfortable and relieves stress which improves their immune system.

Methods of Improving Rapport within the Clinical Setting

Rapport in the clinical setting might be improved through community involvement, especially of marginalized populations such as low-income families, incorporating personal experiences of healthcare providers, and building friendships through home visits and telepractice. Rapport, defined as "a connection characterized by harmony or accord (usually between people)", is an important component of medicine in that a rapport between the practitioner and patient can help alleviate pain and create a better understanding of treatment plans (Dang et al., 2017). However, it is often difficult for medical professionals to relate to their patients because they may come from different cultural backgrounds or socioeconomics (Akamoglu et al., 2018). This disconnection in the medical field between providers and patients has been seen as a major deterrent in treating some populations, such as those with low literacy levels, low-income levels, limited access to healthcare, or ethnic minorities. Based on these factors, the healthcare providers’ understanding of the patients’ lived experiences contributes to high levels of rapport (Akamoglu et al., 2018). On top of this, medical professionals can create better relationships with their patients if they utilize community resources such as home visits or telehealth.

Empathic skills can be learned through observation and role-play. The ability to identify with a patient’s experience and imagine what it would be like for them to feel how they feel helps providers develop a rapport over time. Providers should be able to identify when a patient is in pain and use the skills of empathy to help them through the tough times. Providers need to learn how to move from the past, present, and future so that their patients will feel better about their care. One way to improve empathy would be for providers to find ways to be comfortable in the clinical setting with their patients (Akamoglu et al., 2018). Although providers are more likely to have more rapport with patients they have worked with longer, having an empathic bond is useful in short-term arrangements and long-term ones.

Conclusion

Various theories can justify the need for rapport creation within the healthcare settings, including the theories of social exchange governed by concepts of reciprocity. By implementing rapport within the clinical setting through various means such as community involvement and telepractice, various benefits can be observed. For example, healthcare outcomes can be improved, and families become motivated to be included in the care of patients as much as patients are motivated to be involved in the decision making of matters related to their health and the satisfaction of psychological needs. Therefore, rapport creation within the healthcare setting can help improve the system’s efficiency. Healthcare providers should therefore be sensitized to the need for rapport creation. At the same time, system-wide changes are implemented to equip healthcare providers with the requisite skills to implement rapport with patients.

References

Akamoglu, Y., Meadan, H., Pearson, J. N., & Cummings, K. (2018). Getting connected: Speech and language pathologists’ perceptions of building rapport via telepractice. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 30(4), 569–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10882-018-9603-3

Baker, Z. G., Watlington, E. M., & Knee, C. R. (2020). The role of rapport in satisfying one’s basic psychological needs. Motivation and Emotion, 44(2), 329–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-020-09819-5

Dang, B. N., Westbrook, R. A., Njue, S. M., & Giordano, T. P. (2017). Building trust and rapport early in the new doctor-patient relationship: A longitudinal qualitative study. BMC Medical Education, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-017-0868-5

English, W., Gott, M., & Robinson, J. (2022). The meaning of rapport for patients, families, and healthcare professionals: A scoping review. Patient Education and Counseling, 105(1), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.06.003

Sauerland, M., Brackmann, N., & Otgaar, H. (2018). Rapport: Little effect on children’s, adolescents’, and adults’ statement quantity, accuracy, and suggestibility. Journal of Child Custody, 15(4), 268–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2018.1509759

Therrien, M. C. S., Madden, E. B., Bislick, L., & Wallace, S. E. (2021). Aphasia and friendship: The role and perspectives of speech-language pathologists. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 30(5), 2228–2240. https://doi.org/10.1044/2021_ajslp-20-00370

Racism related to religion and ecology

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Racism related to religion and ecology

Racism is the discrimination of a person due to the difference of ideologies, creed and beliefs. The United States has several cultures brought about by the availability of different nationalities. This in turn results in a community that has people of all walks of life. Culture is a way of life and is reflective of the values and norms that people uphold. Most of the cultural values are passed from generation to generation making them have sentimental value to the life of an individual. Having a culturally diverse country has advantages and disadvantages to its growth and sustainability. One of the advantages is the interaction of the different cultures so as to create awareness of the diverse cultural practices. One of the disadvantages on the other hand is the formation of divisions brought about by the supremacy of some cultures. This brings about discrimination against cultures due to the lack of respect and recognition of the culture in question. There are several forms of discrimination which is triggered by the hatred for the different groups people identify with (Iacobbo and Michael, p. 241).

The focus of this paper is to provide an analysis of racism related to religion and ecology. The paper looks at the two forms of racism and their effects on society. This is done by the provision of various positions relative to the topic at hand. The paper describes anti-vegetarian arguments that opposes or proposes the validity of the claims.

Racism related to religion

Religion is an essential aspect in the lives of majority of the population. Religion is defined as a belief in superior being. All religions have a God who is said to be the creator of all that is living. This is one of the features that make the superior being and significant part of a believer’s life. There are several religions in present society that dictate on the way of life of a particular society. Religion often preaches the practice of respect, love and truth amongst people in the immediate surrounding. This factor alone shows that the practice of a religion should improve the value of an individual’s life. This however is not the case in that religion is responsible for some of the inhuman acts known to man. Religion is also related to racism due to the superiority of some of the creeds. This notion has triggered a number of arguments that either support or argue for the statement (Olson, p. 298).

The southern part of the United States is known for their predominant practice of Christianity and the observation of the Christian faith. An enormous amount of the population are said to make significant choices based on Christianity. People in this area are therefore expected to treat their neighbors as they would like to be treated. The countries history displays a different dynamic in that the south is to date one of the most racist parts of the country. The practice of slavery involves the use of slaves for the cultivation and production of commodities such as sugar and cotton. This form of treatment went on for a considerable period of time making the African Americans subject to the needs of the whites. The occurrence of the Civil War was monumental to the country due to the change of some of the policies both economic and social. Amongst these policies that was reviewed was the banning of slave trade and freeing of the slaves from their white masters. Some parts of the country were more receptive to the change of the laws while others were on the offensive. This led to the formation of groups such as the KKK (Ku Klux Klan). The KKK was an association that comprised of white supremacists whose role was to wipe out all the inferior races. This was intended to make the white race pure from “evolving” races such as that of the Africans. It is significant to note that the association had deep connections to the Christian church and stated on several occasions that their activities were in honor of the teachings of the Christian religion. Most racist organizations hide behind the excuse of the church and religion while committing the same offenses that the Bible prohibits (Rader, p. 377).

Another example of racism was seen during the ousting of the Jews from Germans. This event is referred to as the holocaust and is marked as the time when a large percentage of the Jews were massacred at the hands of Hitler’s army. The Jews were persecuted because of their religious belief by the Christians in the country. The Germans used the excuse that their religion was of a higher status compared to that of the Jews. This shows that the belief of one’s religion has been used to persecute other races that do not share the same ideologies (Reinders, p. 245).

The fight between Islam and Christianity is has been going on from time immemorial. Most of the clashes cannot be recorded due to the centuries that have passed from the inception of the deferent religions. Christianity and Islam are one of the oldest religions in the world. Islam is predominant in the Middle Eastern part of the world while Christianity is predominant in the western part of the world and some parts of Africa. Christianity gets its roots from the Middle East due to the location of Israel. This however is one of the reasons for the conflict between the two parties who claim to own the city of Nazareth. Nazareth is pivotal to the culture of the two sides in that they both have religious buildings in the location. Both Muslims and Christians have as a result resulted in discriminating on each other. This is owed to the argument that both religions have the claim to the holy city. This misunderstanding has led to the constant fights between the two sides of the boarder. It is also responsible for the highest number of deaths brought about by the racism that is displayed by extremists in both religious sides (Olson, p. 314).

Racism related to ecology and the environment

Racism can also be related to ecology and the environment. This is not the most common form of racism because most racism cases are associated with the color and religious beliefs of an individual. One of the arguments that have taken place in this area is the anti -vegetarian verses the pro-vegetarian argument. Vegetarians are people who chose to eliminate the intake of animal meat and animal produce. Most of the foods are tailored to compliment the nutrients that are available in animal products. Some of the examples of vegetarian food are tofu and soya milk which are vegetables in nature but take on the role of dairy products. Some vegetarians choose to be extreme by living a vegan lifestyle. This diet concentrates on observing all foods and drinks in relation to the content of animal produce they contain (Olson, p. 215).

Vegetarians believe that eating meat is repugnant to the life of animals. Removing all forms of meat produce from their diet is not only a way of life but is sentimental to their love of animals. It is difficult to live this kind of lifestyle due to the expense that comes with the observation of the strict dietary laws. Some vegetarians have to go as far as announcing their vegetarian status in advance so as to reduce the inconvenience that comes with the trade. This has in turn generated discrimination towards vegetarians by non vegetarians. One of the arguments made by the anti vegetarians is that vegetarians claim that eating meat is murder while they too sacrifice the lives of plants. Most vegetarians face discrimination by their carnivorous rivals who insist that there is nothing wrong worth eating meat as long as it is done in the most humane way.

Vegetarians on the other hand maintain that human beings should refrain from the consumption from all animal related products by supplementing their diet with plant products. This also applies to the use of materials and cloth made from animals such as fur. Some of the points that vegetarians bring out are valid to some extent. The population of animals continues to reduce at the hands of careless human beings. This is seen through the mistreatment of the animals from the time of their birth to the time of their slaughter. Proper regulation of the consumption of meat should thus be encouraged so as to improve the living standards of the animals (Rader, p. 143).

Vegetarians are classified into various categories depending on the type of food they eat and the belief they stand for. Some individuals have joined organizations that fight for the conservation of trees so as to sustain the climate change. This cause is significant for the survival of all living things in that climate change can be hazardous to the livelihood of plants and animals. Some of the organizations are known to be extreme in their protest to the extent that they endanger the life of the offender. Some of these people have earned themselves titles such as tree huggers in that they risk their life for the safety of the tree. Passionate crusaders have on record climbed on top of the trees in protest of the destruction of forests. Extremists are also known to be violent towards the tree cutters and animal’s eaters in their protests (Porphyry and Clark, p. 167).

One of the most extreme groups known for its fight against the wrongful treatment of animals and plants is PETA. PETA is responsible for the rescue of more than one million animals annually through various supporters and well-wishers. The group dedicates its objective on creating awareness of the wrongful treatment and exploitation of animals by human beings. This is done through the use of extreme protests that involve lashing out during the fashion shows or releasing animals in the laboratories. This has on some occasions resulted to the violence between the two groups who both claim that their ideologies are correct.

Vegetarians believe that people who cannot control their consumption of meat should do so in the most minimalist way. This involves eating meat with the least amount of pleasure so as to show remorse of the actions. This kind of condemnation makes non vegetarians feel guilty when consuming meat. This is dubbed as racism to some extent in that people are forced to compromise on their values to fit the needs of others (Rader, p. 310).

Racism related to ecology involves the mishandling of the natural balance of the environmental features. Natural features in this case are plants and animals who are the main holders of the environment. The lifestyles of human beings are highly dependent on that of plants and animals. Most of the foods are derived from these sources making them responsible for the growth and sustainability of the all living things. The ecosystem is organized in a way that some animals are more dominant than their peers in all aspects of life. This gives rise to the policy that argues for the survival of the fittest. Plants and animals that are consumed as a result of human demand can fall under the category of discriminated features due to their vulnerability in the environment (Iacobbo and Iacobbo, p. 315).

In conclusion, racism is one of the end products of discrimination and lack of respect of a persons, race, belief color or creed. Most of the racial practices are geared toward erasing a particular group of people. There are several agents that trigger racism against different people. Religion and ecology are some of the selected factors that have over the past influenced discrimination. The observation of the two factors is therefore ideal so as to have a proper understanding of the racism and its implications on the environment.

Works cited

Iacobbo, Karen, and Michael Iacobbo. Vegetarian America: A History. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Praeger, 2004. Print.

Olson, Laura R. Filled with Spirit and Power: Protestant Clergy in Politics. Albany, NY: State Univ. of New York Press, 2000. Print.

Porphyry, , and Gillian Clark. On Abstinence from Killing Animals. Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 2000. Print.

Rader, William. The Church and Racial Hostility: A History of Interpretation of Ephesians 2, 11-22. Tübingen: Mohr, 1978. Print.

Reinders, Eric R. Borrowed Gods and Foreign Bodies: Christian Missionaries Imagine Chinese Religion. Berkeley [u.a.: University of California Press, 2004. Print.

The Imperial Imaginary & Whiteness in US Cultural Politics

The Imperial Imaginary & Whiteness in US Cultural Politics

The United States in a multicultural country that is rich in history from people with different beliefs and customs that come together in unison to form a democratic country. Rich in its heritage, the constitution allows for every citizen to have their rights and freedom regardless of their race, gender, religious affiliations and even origins. This is clearly stated to ensure equal treatment at all times, however the situation on the ground begs to adversely differ from the dictates of the constitution. This is because stereotypes are there and they not only lead to social discrimination, they can lead to arrests and convictions simply based on the race and /or origin of a person.

During the 07/11 bombing of the United States, without even any consideration all Middle East people were arrested and some even arraigned in court for being in conjunction with the bombing. They were suspects not because they had any involvement with Al Qaeda, but because of their race. When a robbery and shoot out takes place in a neighbourhood, the black people are usually the suspects. This is not based on anything else but their race, the colour of their skin (Lipsitz, 2009). How then can we say that the law is an equalizing tool when the law enforcers discriminate based on race?

Politics in America has always been known to be a white man’s world. This is the reason as to why even up to now people are still amazed at the fact that there is a black president ruling the nation. In real sense this is not true, His Excellency the President is a half white and half black, but emphasis is on his black side because it is the one that makes his position to deviate from the norm.

The main root of this type of discrimination is based on ethnocentrism, whereby the white people in the US believe that their race is superior to any other race in the country (Shohat, 1995). This kind of mentality is allowed to grow with the children and when they are all grown up they believe that the only race that is superior is the white race. The media also plays a fundamental role in creating the stereotypic attitudes. This is because the media focuses on the negative sides of the story, most of the pictures and videos from the Middle east is about men training on how to fight, dressed up to hide their faces with long beard and are ruthless.

Most African-American neighbourhood are depicted as full of illiterate people who easily involve in drugs and listening to noisy music. The white people are always shown to live in suburb places that are well organised and are always concerned about each other with neighbourhood watch, however there is always the other side of these stories but the media does not show that (Lipsitz, 2009).

We cannot wholly blame it on media alone because as a famous feminist once said, positive images alone cannot undo years, decades and centuries of chauvinism, biasness based on race and gender (Shohat, 1995). This means it has to be a personal initiative for us not to discriminate, to teach our children that we are all the same and no one culture is superior to any other. To encourage people in the society to embrace diversity and differences amongst ourselves for that is what makes a country. The differences should bring us together in an effort to cater for the multiplicity of the needs that come with the differences. For this is our country and if we do not do it who will?

References

Shohat Ella, Stam Robert,(1995), Unthinking Euro centrism: Multiculturalism and the Media, Routledge Publishers, New York and London

Lipsitz George,(2009), The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Profit From It, Random House Publishers

The Impacts of aging on our financial, psychological and physical well being.

The Impacts of aging on our financial, psychological and physical well being.

As an industrious individual, aging will certainly come between my productivity and the numerous investments which eventually translate to a decrease in an individual’s financial freedom. Studies indicate that aging in particular have particular impact on the saving rates and the demand for the investments funds. As we all advance in age we tend to consume the savings we made while actively working and while in business. Studies also indicate that, our financial capacity, which is the ability to manage one’s money and to meet the individual’s needs as well as matching one’s values is one of the first component and aspect of our body to be affected.

There is a relationship between mental state and physical performance; e.g. when we respond to a situation with a physical reaction, concentrate on a task and try not to let our nerves get the better of us, or simply do a job where we are under a certain amount of stress/pressure.The ability to relax mentally and physically is of great benefit to those subjected to worries and anxieties during the course of everyday life. Occasionally, these problems need to be dealt with by someone other than the person him/herself. On the whole, exercise increases general well-being, renewing mental energy and drive, which is where the expertise of physiotherapist is most beneficial. 

Psychological wellbeing and health are closely related, and the link may become more important at older ages, if only because the prevalence of chronic illness increases with advancing age. As life expectancy increases and treatments for life-threatening disease become more effective, the issue of maintaining wellbeing at advanced ages is growing in importance. Studies of older people indicate that evaluations of quality of life are affected by the person’s state of health, but the frequent finding that average self-reported life evaluation in the population increases with age suggests that psychological wellbeing is affected by many factors other than health. These include material conditions, social and family relationships, social roles and activities, factors that also change with age. There is a growing research literature suggesting that psychological wellbeing may even be a protective factor in health, reducing the risk of chronic physical illness and promoting longevity. It has also been argued that psychological wellbeing should be addressed in measures of health valuation, and be considered in health care resource allocation.

Research into psychological wellbeing and health at older ages is at an early stage. Nevertheless, the wellbeing of the elderly is important in its own right, and there is suggestive evidence that positive hedonic states, life evaluation, and eudemonic wellbeing are relevant to health and quality of life as people age. Health care systems should be concerned not only with illness and disability, but with supporting methods of improving positive psychological states. It is premature to contemplate large scale clinical trials to evaluate the effects of efforts to increase enjoyment of life on longevity; we do not yet know whether wellbeing is sufficiently tractable through psychological, societal or economic interventions to test effects on health outcomes. Much of our knowledge about psychological wellbeing at older ages comes from longitudinal population cohort studies, and sustained investment in these research resources is essential. Novel methods of assessing hedonic wellbeing and time use are enhancing our understanding of the processes underlying positive psychological states at older ages.

References.

Cantril, Hadley. “Pattern of human concerns.” (1965).

Stiglitz J. Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. 2009 www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr.

Seaford, Charles. “Time to legislate for the good life.” Nature 477.7366 (2011): 532-533.