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Movie and Cultural Review of the Last Samurai

Introduction

Beside Edward Zwick, no any other director is preoccupied with the intricacy of patriotism, driven to question the imperatives of an America that his protagonists both love and detest.” His movie “The Last Samurai” lies head-on into the realm of his previous bedeviled-hero movies, i.e. “Courage under Fire,” “The Siege” and “Glory.”

Cultural overview/heritage of main character/culture

The Last Samurai is a tale of a former soldier, Captain Nathan Algren (Tom Cruise), a spirited American Calvary combatant burnt-out on pursuing Indians and wracked with guilt over a butcher ordered by his commanding soldier. After recruitment, he travels to Japan by one of his old friend, Sergeant Zebulon Gant with a mission of assisting the Japanese who then need western commanders to help modernize their army. Haunted by horrors he encountered in the US, Algren retreats into the bottle; however, the desire for quick cash, and avoid selling firearms, Algren decides to go east. He heads to Japan to help suppress an uprising of samurai led by Katsumoto (Ken Watanabe), an enigmatic Samurai warlord. Unfortunately, the rebel captures Algren, from where he becomes physically and spiritual healed. Katsumoto is fighting against selfish political interests Omura. Katsumoto wishes to preserve the Japanese culture, lifestyle, and moreso; he wants to protect it from the Meiji emperor’s oblivious move to civilize their country in the western sense (Frederic & Brussat, 2012).

Communication

Much of the film is communicated in Japanese; we witness Algren having difficulties in communicating with people since in this country no one speak English. The dialogue between him and Katsumoto, who knows how to speak English, are simultaneously hilarious and emotive. There is also some use of vulgar language; making the film unsuitable for small children. This language includes use of s-words and gentler swear-words and even God’s name abused several times (SoundtrackUniverses, 2012) .Family roles and Organization

In Samurai, it is the duty men of men to fight and protect the village while women are responsible for performing household duties as well as raising children. When Algren is captured by Katsumoto, he finds himself kept in Taka’s house, the wife of the warrior he had killed. Previously, Taka refuses to nurse Algren and even offers her life, but Katsumoto orders her to do what she is told. The Samurai are firmly organized patriarchy, whereby peasants obey their masters and embrace the warrior values. They also value dignity, harmony and beauty; that is why they resist Omura’s greedy, self-centered intentions to westernize Japanese culture. Taka is also left to raise her two small sons after her husband died in the battlefield (SoundtrackUniverses, 2012) .Workforce Issues

Algren and Gant are hired to train Japanese army about modern firepower. To their disbelieve, colonel Bagley and Ujio send the half-trained troops into the battlefield against Samurai. While fighting, the premature soldiers disintegrated under the fierce attack by the Samurai, and among the butchered include Sergeant Grant. Although, Algren kills several soldiers, he is seized and taken to Samurai by Katsumoto(SoundtrackUniverses, 2012) .

Bio-cultural Issues

As Algren is brought into the samurai village, the villagers become curious and suspicious on seeing the Whiteman, Algren (SoundtrackUniverses, 2012).

High Risk BehaviorsCigarettes and cigars make several appearances throughout the film. To erase the memories of atrocities that happened during the civil wars and on innocent Indians, Algren decides to abuse alcohol. He was commanded by a senior officer to slaughter children, women and other innocent Indians. He is even fired because he came on stage staggering and straying from his speech, moaning about the atrocities he committed on Indians and firing perilously with the Winchester. While healing from his wounds, he begs for alcohol to soothe his body and mind. He; however stops to abuse alcohol when regained his inner-peace and strength with the help of Samurai.

Nutrition

All day long, the peasants work in paddies, where they communally cultivate food for the samurai. The warriors spend their time playing with arrows, bows, and writing poems. At a time, the peasants are interrupt while working, so as to bow, sign of respect, whenever the Samurai pass nearby. One can conclude that the village is a pastarol paradise with traditional Japanese farming (SoundtrackUniverses, 2012).

Pregnancy

While Algren lives with Taka, he develops a growing relationship with her and her family and eventually falls love with her. However, the pair is not seen making love; the play treats their growing affection with the decorum required by the Samurai culture. They briefly kiss, and a tender scene shows Taka romantically dressing Algren for battle. Away, at the emperor’s fortress there is a partially nude statue (SoundtrackUniverses, 2012).

Death Rituals

The Samurai villagers believes in death as the only way to gain perfection. Anyone convicted of “dishonor” is sentenced to suicide death. The wife to a fallen soldier is comforted, rising her two small boys alone that her husband died a “good death.” In his last fight, Katsumoto prefers to commit hara-kiri rather than to be seized since surrendering is not an option to the Samarians. It is an expression of “dishonor” (SoundtrackUniverses, 2012).

Spirituality

Honor is the most valuable component even more than life among the samurai warriors. The Bushido code of behavior and religious belief are clearly and loudly emphasized in Japanese military tradition. The subject about Karma, faith and destiny are seen, and there are pictures showing Japanese performing religious rituals. When Katsumoto commits hara-kiri, claims, with a dying breath, that he has achieved and experienced the perfection he wanted during his entire life. He claims the sword as his soul. The Japanese also the believes the emperor is a “living god.” Algren even confesses that, in his entire experience, in the battlefield, he had doubts with God, but he agrees that there exist something spiritual in Samurai village. Algren even commits himself to Buddhism and stops abusing alcohol. In other words, Algren finds solace in Buddhist religion as well as the Samurai codes; hence carrying himself in an honorable manner while on the battlefield (SoundtrackUniverses, 2012).

Health Care Practices

Algren recovers from the throes of delirium tremens after he was captured by Katsumoto, thanks to the Hiroto family. Initially, Algren’s recuperation becomes problematical due to culture shock and alcohol abstainance (Frederic & Brussat, 2012).

Health Care Practitioners

While, in samurai village, there are scenes showing Algren’s wounds being stitched by a lady. Hence, it is true to conclude that women are responsible for treating wounded and sick warriors through traditional Japanese medicines (SoundtrackUniverses, 2012).

The mixture of small, sweet, wild and terrible deaths make this film appear interesting to many movie fanatics.

Reference

Frederic & Brussat, M. N. (2012). Spirituality and practice: Film review. Retrieved from http://www.spiritualityandpractice.com/films/films.php?id=6832.

SoundtrackUniverses (Uploaded). (2012, October 24). [HQ] Hans Zimmer – The Last Samurai Soundtrack – OST – Special Edi. (Video File). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfiAPPUdosg.

Change Management and Innovation A Review of Qantas Airways Ltd.

Change Management and Innovation: A Review of Qantas Airways Ltd.

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Student ID

AbstractThe aim of this report is to present the issue of change management and innovation at Qantas Airways Ltd. Qantas Airways is a flag carrier in Australia and the nation’s largest airline company by size of fleet, international destinations, and flights. It faces a challenge when it comes to management of change and innovation. John Kotter’s change management theory is a model that best fits the organizations to facilitate successful change and innovation in its efforts to stay relevant. The report recommends that Qantas Airways makes use of a change management model that pays attention to the changes, its effect on both external and internal stakeholders, the vision, the consequences in the market, and device ways to retain the momentum to ensure that change and innovation go hand in hand to ensure success. It is also recommended that the company adapts the eight stages including urgency creating as a way to alert and motivate employees, establishing need for innovation and change, building a change team, defining the vision, communicating with stakeholders, identification of roadblocks, establishment of goals, and retaining momentum to ensure change is managed.

Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Abstract PAGEREF _Toc84158027 h 2Introduction PAGEREF _Toc84158028 h 4Literature Review PAGEREF _Toc84158029 h 4Discussion PAGEREF _Toc84158030 h 4Recommendations PAGEREF _Toc84158031 h 5Self-Reflection PAGEREF _Toc84158032 h 5Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc84158033 h 6Reference List PAGEREF _Toc84158034 h 7

Introduction

Qantas Airways is a flag carrier in Australia and the nation’s largest airline company by size of fleet, international destinations, and flights. An important landmark for the company is its status in the world as the third oldest airline in operation having begun operations in 1920 (Qantas.com, 2021). In the year ending June 2020, Qantas Airways made an underlying profit of $124 million before tax, a 91% reduction from the previous period, and a statutory loss of $2.7 billion before tax including non-cash and aircraft write downs according to IBISWorld (2021). The ASX (2021) recorded its 2021 revenue to be $5,934 million, a 58.4% drop from June 2020. The current share price as per Market Index (2021) is at $5.71, a 0.71% increase from July 2021 where share prices averaged at $4.5. This report will present the issue of employee retention at the organization and provide recommendations for future engagement.

Literature Review

To ensure that changes are present in organizational processes, policies, and strategies, organizations must innovate constantly. Change management relates to implementation of different visions (Hao & Yazdanifard, 2015), while innovation detects and develops new areas in organizational objectives in regards to vision and strategy development (Michaelis, Stegmaier, & Sonntag, 2009). Innovations are disruptive changes that challenge the core capabilities and core rigidness of an organization (Hao & Yazdanifard, 2015). John Kotter’s change management theory is presented by Rajan and Ganesan (2017) as a model that can be used by organizations to facilitate successful change and innovation in organizations. It can be used by Qantas Airways to implement change as the organization intends to readjust and realign its business model to fit to the need to conduct its business more internally as opposed to having international flights. The market demands at the moment call for restructuring in an effort to occupy the domestic market that has grown due to travel restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

DiscussionThe issue of change management and innovation at Qantas Airways highlights the need for organizations to identify and develop strategies, policies, and new innovations that will enable them to stand out and lead in their respective markets and industries. The issue of change management and innovation at Qantas Airways highlights the need for organizations to identify and develop strategies to manage shifts in the market including reduced or increased demand. The Kotter’s change management theory presents several steps where urgency is created as a way to alert and motivate employees, establishing need for innovation and change, building a change team, defining the vision, communicating with stakeholders, identification of roadblocks, establishment of goals, and retaining momentum to ensure change is managed (Teixeira, Gregory, & Austin, 2017). Qantas Airways is going through changes to its business structure and business strategies, requiring change management theories to be applied in an effort to enable change. This means that management of change and innovation will have to bea conscious decision made by the organization to increase effectiveness.

RecommendationsWithout a doubt, the discussion points out to the important role that change management and innovation play in ensuring the success of an organization. In terms of change management and innovation, Qantas Airways must make use of a change management model that pays attention to the changes, its effect on both external and internal stakeholders, the vision, the consequences in the market, and device ways to retain the momentum to ensure that change and innovation go hand in hand to ensure success. As mentioned by Rajan and Ganesan (2017), the company must adapt the eight stages including urgency creating as a way to alert and motivate employees, establishing need for innovation and change, building a change team, defining the vision, communicating with stakeholders, identification of roadblocks, establishment of goals, and retaining momentum to ensure change is managed.

Self-ReflectionThe learning exercise required me to work as a consultant tackling real business issues for real companies. In the increasingly competitive business environment, it is important to stay aware of what is happening both internally and externally. This exercise has enabled me to appreciate this need for business to stay on top of issues and challenges and to constantly device means to combat these issues using evidence-based best practices in the industry and in theory.

In regard to change management and innovation, I have gained a lot of knowledge on how businesses go about identifying a need for change, then proceeding to innovate new ways to implement the change in line with organizational goals. I realized that there was a lot of gaps in my experience and knowledge relating to how organizations see and interpret change or innovation. I also realized that change and innovation are two independent yet intertwined concepts in business where one calls for the need to use the other and vice versa. I found out that realizing change requires the use of theoretical and as well as practical concepts that are aligned to the structure and needs of an organization.

Lastly, the change in perspective on management of innovation and change has enabled me to see the bigger picture in terms of organizational goals and objectives. I now realize that change is more than a singular event in an organization, but a complex process that has a lot of pieces that must fit for it to be effective in attaining its goal. The theoretical analysis performed has also changed the way I view successful organizations, especially companies like Qantas Airways that have operated since the 1920s. these companies have had to implement a lot of changes in a successful manner, creating a culture of adapting to their environment to stay relevant. I am more aware of the process of change management and innovation.

Conclusion

Change management and innovation are important elements of an organization. They allow a firm to develop and grow relative to the competition in the industry. Employing effective change management models would help an organization to effectively implement and manage change and disruptive strategies through innovation. Qantas Airways has a number of structural and business-related changes and innovation made relevant by a changing work environment. In order to ensure efficiency in implementing the said changes, Kotter’s change management model can be effectively applied to ensure success.

Reference ListASX (2021). Qantas Airways Limited and its Controlled Entities: Preliminary Final Report for FY Ended 30 June 2021. ASX. Available at https://investor.qantas.com/DownloadFile.axd?file=/Report/ComNews/20210826/02412248.pdfHao, M. J., & Yazdanifard, R. (2015). How effective leadership can facilitate change in organizations through improvement and innovation. Global journal of management and business research.

IBISWorld (2021). Qantas Airways Limited – Premium Company Report Australia. IBISWorld. Available at https://www.ibisworld.com/au/company/qantas-airways-limited/32/

Market Index. (20201). Qantas Airways Ltd (QAN). Available at https://www.marketindex.com.au/asx/qan?__cf_chl_captcha_tk__=pmd_Zg5FJiTtwNfQ2GKR7ILuaGsOiykRMwLSOXxDcqYz9ds-1633250011-0-gqNtZGzNAvujcnBszQzR

Michaelis, B., Stegmaier, R., & Sonntag, K. (2009). Affective commitment to change and innovation implementation behavior: The role of charismatic leadership and employees’ trust in top management. Journal of Change Management, 9(4), 399-417.

Qantas.com (2021). About Us. Available at https://www.qantas.com/au/en/about-us.html

Rajan, R., & Ganesan, R. (2017). A critical analysis of John P. Kotter’s change management framework. Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, 7(7), 181-203.

Teixeira, B., Gregory, P. A., & Austin, Z. (2017). How are pharmacists in Ontario adapting to practice change? Results of a qualitative analysis using Kotter’s change management model. Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada, 150(3), 198-205.

Movie Critique 13th Amendment

Movie Critique: 13th Amendment

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African Americans have never been absolutely free even after the emancipation. The ratification of the 13th Amendment was a chance for slave owners and supporters to draft a law that had loopholes to keep African Americans in chains, literally and figuratively. It was a clause that shifted the definition of slavery from a ‘legitimate” business to a legal method of punishment for lawbreakers. African Americans are suffering from the legacy of slavery a century almost two centuries after 1867. The institutionalization of slavery and the wide racial and partisan disparities and the position of African Americans in American society has been nothing short of slavery. America boasts of these lofty ideals, but on the other hand, it has subjected Negroes to a second class status with the political elite selecting the nobility of their civic creed at the expense of social arrangements that have been in existence for many years.

The black race in America is subjected to extreme stereotyping, economic inequality, and stigmatization for their way of life and isolated by the society. Their purported criminality has resulted in racial profiling by law enforcement to the extent that black people are arrested, and many of their rights are violated in the process. There have been documented and undocumented cases of black people being physically beaten by the police during arrest and held at police stations beyond the requirements of the law.

The 13th is a documentary by Ava DuVernay, which focuses on the Thirteenth Amendment very significant legislation that resulted in mass incarceration in the United States. Besides covering this epic event in history, the film is gorgeous, reminiscent, and infuriating exploration powers, roots, and permanence. The film showcases the account of those wielded power and those made to kneel by this power, their roots, and their permanence. From history, the economy of the Southern state was decimated. The primary sources of income for the South, slaves, were no longer obliged up and serve as free labor for their fields. There was, however, an exception was made for criminals who, according to the law, were eligible for enlistment as slaves as part of their punishment. In the first restatement of a strategy by the South, hundreds of slaves who had started enjoying their freedom were enslaved again courtesy of trivial mistakes and minor charges. This informed the beginning of Duvernay’s examination of the evolving iterations.

The cycle was such that when one method of subservience-based injustice and terror subsided, another rose in its place. The list used by Duvernay in this documentary included the Jim Crow era, lynching if black people, Nixon’s race for the presidency, Reagans War on Drugs, President Clinton’s three strikes, and the compulsory sentencing rulings and the cash-for-prisoners in effect today. The cash for prisoners is a model that bail and incarceration firms use to generate millions of dollars.

The 13th, however, concentrates a bit more on the cash-for-prisoners model and even portrays the tally of the prisoners to go through the system on-screen. The use of context, in this case, is very important because although history still has significance, it is necessary to create awareness of the situation of black people today. The other does a perfect job to remind the world and black people that they are still not considered nothing more than just that, African Americans. America does not see beyond their color. The use of the 13th Amendment as the thesis for this film is appropriate and creates a path that allows the film director to exhaust the evolution of prejudice against black people over the years.

Bibliography

Harris-Perry, Melissa V. Sister citizen: Shame, stereotypes, and Black women in America. Yale University Press, 2011.

Luxe. “Thirteenth Amendment Documentary.” YouTube. Video file. October 16, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WU608Z2678.

Pope, James Gray. “Mass Incarceration, Convict Leasing, and the Thirteenth Amendment: A Revisionist Account.” New York University Law Review 94, no. 6 (2019): 1465-1554.

Advantages and disadvantages of a computer ERIC and other databases, as compared to other search methods

Critical Thinking Questions

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Critical Thinking Questions

Advantages and disadvantages of a computer ERIC and other databases, as compared to other search methods

ERIC (Education Resources Information Centre) is the world’s largest educational database used by researchers, educational professionals and policy makers around the world.

Due to the automated databases they are convenient and time saving. ERIC and other databases are comprehensive in nature in the sense that they allow comprehensive information gathering in all disciplines dealing with education because it contains many viewpoints which may not be contained in a single publication or one author’s perspective. ERIC for example serves as the most comprehensive source of information containing more than 500,000 documents and journal articles from all areas of education. Ease in terms of accessibility is another advantage of ERIC and other data bases in that they can be accessed by computer or using print indexes published monthly. It provides life-long resources that can be used as access materials to term papers, bibliographies and other research assignments. Career development can also be accomplished through comprehensive information on career development. Such information may include international education opportunities, staff development programs and innovative products and techniques. Despite the many advantages of ERIC and under databases there are shortcomings associated with their use in the sense that though researchers can access academic materials online for free, some costs is incurred through the use of databases to acquire information. Research conducted using ERIC and other databases can be compromising especially in the case where the secondary sources used contain information that has been incorrectly copied from the original source. Also not all disciplines are covered by online or CD-ROM databases not forgetting the picky nature of computers when it comes to spellings whereby ones search may not match exactly what is in the database.

The Importance of reading original articles or papers as opposed to relying on the information in the abstracts.

An abstract is an electronic database that indexes books, journals and other information. It is a short summary of the material indexed. Relying on abstracts as opposed to the original article or paper is of discouraged since they give little actual information. For example an abstract can have the sentence,” The relationship between academic performance and delinquency was determined” without telling what the relationship was.

The advantages, valuable traits and limitations of secondary sources of information

Secondary data is information collected for various reasons, the main one being the completion of a research project. It enlightens the researcher on the research problem. Acquisition of information from secondary data sources is fast thus saves time. The secondary research process can be fast since the data can be obtained quickly by a skilful analyst. All that is required of the researcher is identification of the data source after which extracting of information is done. According CITATION Emm08 l 1033 (Smith, 2008) secondary data allows researchers to access data in a scale they could not hope to replicate first hand. Compared to primary research secondary research is less expensive in that it does not employ the use of highly trained and expensive personnel. The founder of the information is the one who incurs the research expenses in secondary research. Nonetheless secondary sources have their own limitations. Secondary information that is related to the topic of study is sometimes not available or if available then it is in insufficient quantities. The reliability and accuracy of secondary data may be questionable since the information can be misleading not to mention that the data can be in different in terms of formatting which may be contrary to that needed by the researcher. Much of the secondary data may be old and thus doesn’t bring out the true picture of the current market trends.

Library holdings constituting primary sources of information

The library holds a considerable amount of unique materials consisting of primary and secondary sources of information. Primary sources that are included in library holdings include diaries, letters, journals, autobiographies, articles containing original research ,data or findings never shared ,Government and public documents and manuscripts both original and hand written.

Strategy for assessing large number of reports

There are many methods used in higher learning education for the purpose of report assessing. Choice is based on the method that best assesses the objective of the unit study. The strategy employed includes assessing and managing of information. This is achieved through researching, investigation, interpreting, organizing of information, reviewing and paraphrasing information, collecting data, searching and managing information sources and observing and interpreting of the report CITATION Nig96 l 1033 (Nightingale, 1996).

Importance of statistical knowledge and concepts in accurate report interpretation

Interpretation is inference drawing based on collected facts after an experimental or analytical study. Knowledge of statistical terms and concepts is of much help to research report interpretation since it enables the researcher to give sound explanations regarding the relations found. The researcher is able to make an interpretation of the lines of relationships based on the underlying processes and find out the sequence of uniformity that lies beneath the surface layer of the research. An understanding of the information collected is vital in interpreting the final results of the research study since it is a key factor to understanding the problem under consideration. Statistical knowledge also helps identify omissions and errors in logical documentation. This results in correct interpretation of research reports and ensures accuracy (Kothari, 2005).

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY C R Kothari, D. (2005). Research methodology : methods & techniques. New Delhi: New

Age International (P) Ltd.Print.

Nightingale, P. T. (1996). Assessing Learning in Universities Professional Development

Centre. University of New South Wales, Australia.Print.

Smith, E. (2008). Using secondary data in educational and social research. Maidenhead ;

New York, NY: Open University Press.Print.

Change Management and Innovation

Change Management and Innovation: A Review of Qantas Airways Ltd.

Full Name

Student ID

Hallo everyone and welcome to my presentation. In this presentation, I will look at the issue of change management and innovation at Qantas Airways Ltd.

First, I will present background information:

Next, let us see what Change Management and Innovation is in the context of Qantas:

John Kotter’s change management theory is presented by Rajan and Ganesan (2017) as a model that can be used by organizations to facilitate successful change and innovation in organizations. It can be used by Qantas Airways to implement change as the organization intends to readjust and realign its business model to fit to the need to conduct its business more internally as opposed to having international flights.

To deeper understand change, we need to look at the issues at the organization:

The issue of change management and innovation at Qantas Airways highlights the need for organizations to identify and develop strategies to manage shifts in the market including reduced or increased demand. The Kotter’s change management theory presents several steps where urgency is created as a way to alert and motivate employees, establishing need for innovation and change, building a change team, defining the vision, communicating with stakeholders, identification of roadblocks, establishment of goals, and retaining momentum to ensure change is managed (Teixeira, Gregory, & Austin, 2017).

Based on the foregoing, the following are the recommendations:

In terms of change management and innovation, Qantas Airways must make use of a change management model that pays attention to the changes, its effect on both external and internal stakeholders, the vision, the consequences in the market, and device ways to retain the momentum to ensure that change and innovation go hand in hand to ensure success.

To conclude …

Thank you for your time and attentiveness. I will take any questions you may have.

Reference List

Qantas.com (2021). About Us. Available at https://www.qantas.com/au/en/about-us.html

Rajan, R., & Ganesan, R. (2017). A critical analysis of John P. Kotter’s change management framework. Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management, 7(7), 181-203.

Champagne-Langabeer

Champagne-Langabeer, T., Langabeer, J. R., Roberts, K. E., Gross, J. S., Gleisberg, G. R., Gonzalez, M. G., & Persse, D. (2019). Telehealth impact on primary care related ambulance transports. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(5), 712-717.

I got this peer reviewed source from google scholar. The database is reliable and it provides article from all fields. I can propose this to anyone looking for journal articles on telehealth. This database would be useful to my colleagues since it provides a wide range of articles in the least time possible. But the one problem with google scholar is that it gives majority of journal from US, UK and Australia. Hence to find articles from other countries I need to search in different databases. Like for an article on India, I will search in PubMed or Science Direct and for Journal of Brazilian Medicine I will search in SciELO. Yes, I would recommend this database.

I got an article on Telehealth from Google Scholar database. This database is specifically for Latin American journals on science and technology. While I was searching the databases, I found articles from all the countries of Latin American. Here are some of the countries listed in the database: Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Guyana Haiti Honduras Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Puerto Rico Suriname Uruguay Venezuela. Isn’t that great? Now I won’t have to worry about finding articles for my research.

Advantages and disadvantages of binding precedent

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Introduction

The concept of binding precedent may seem absolute. The notion of binding precedent goes hand in hand with the rule of stare decisis which assigns binding force to a number of precedents. In practice however, stare decisis is a flexible concept. Since a judicial opinion may be interpreted in different ways, judges have significant latitude even when dealing with binding precedent (Scanlon, 2004). Differing interpretations results from internal tension between the facts and holding of a case to narrow factual categories, but such interpretations give the case relatively little importance. Binding precedents are not only reasons to decide new cases in a particular way, but also reasons to disregard other potential relevant reasons (Brown and Kennedy, 2000). Due to their exclusionary force binding precedents need normally not to be balanced against competing contributive reasons. If they are applicable, they normally determine the outcome of the cases in which they are applicable (Rodger, 2005). The strong force of binding precedents means that their operation in guided by a number of rules which determine which precedents have biding force for whom, and which parts of the precedents have this binding force. This paper therefore discusses the advantages and disadvantages of binding precedent.

Advantages of binding precedent

Practicality and fair judgments

One of the greatest advantages of binding precedent is that the rules are evolved from real-life cases and are, therefore, essentially practical. Again, the binding feature of the system makes it reasonably certain. The binding precedent is meant to make the law fair to everyone and judges in their rulings are to follow the past decisions made by other judges, in similar cases. This creates a fair judgment and provides certainty in law. Suppose judges frequently make a new law in every case, there would be no democracy (Scanlon, 2004). Laws that could lead to dictatorship would result in a free environment where every judge makes a ruling.

Obiter dictum

According to Harris 2002 Binding precedent or stare decisis is a statement of law based on truth and does not form the basis of a decision. Therefore, suppose a judge considers it necessary to give his or her opinion on some point during the proceedings not necessary for the case, the opinion does not count or have binding authority on a different court (Harris, 2002). However, the opinion of a judge may have a persuasive effect on another case (Hondius, 2007). Since binding precedents provide reasons which are even more formal than persuasive precedents, a legal system is the more formal, the more binding precedent are recognized.

Dissenting judgment

In majority of the courts, as stated by Scanlon 2004, one case is given a hearing by more than one judge and so there are full assenting judgments and dissenting judgements in one case. The cases are determined by majority and so biasness and unfair judgments cases are reduced (Scanlon, 2004). A dissenting judgment is an opinion that is contrary to another court’s ruling on a given case. The judgment may not be binding but, may have a persuasive effect on other cases (Steiner et al. 2009). With binding precedent, there is only one speech, which is a combination of more than three judges’ rulings.

Disadvantages of binding precedent

Lack of flexibility

Scanlon, 2004 states that binding precedent is only set, and suppose the material facts in a given case is similar to another which follows it. This does not give it enough flexibility in handling complex cases. Suppose any two cases have distinguishable facts, then the ruling does not apply in the second case (Scanlon, 2004). Each case must have a distinct feature compared to other and assumption that some cases are similar seem to lose sense (Steiner et al. 2009). Crimes are committed differently and to different degrees and so their lack of similarity. The binding precedent can also be used by judgments to avoid consequences of a former inconvenient decision that might otherwise be binding (Brown and Kennedy, 2000).

Unfair Overruling

A lower court’s decisions may be overruled by a higher court, for instance, the High Court’s decision can be overruled by the Court of Appeal. In some cases even if the inferior’s ruling is correct, it can be overruled by superior court. According to Rodgers 2005, apart from overruling resulting from improper law application, or because court considers the ruling obtained in the former is no longer desirable, there may exist unfair overruling based on personal opinions (Rodger, 2005).

Per Incurium

This is a decision reached by mistake or carelessness. Some of the judges waiting to clear a case make unlawful judgments on given cases. Every case is different and so demands a deferent ruling which is not the case with some rulings (Buxton, 2009). A decision of a court is not considered binding precedent suppose given per incuriam. Though majority of the decisions made carelessly are identified, few cases go through. This also happens when many judgements do not participant in making a decision (Hondius, 2007).

Conclusion

In a nut shell, there are numerous advantages of binding precedent compared to the negative effects. Binding precedent is fair as every individual are subjected to similar judgment in any crime committed. This also prevents judges from under or overruling in a given case. Therefore, binding precedent is highly practical and acceptable. When making a decision on a case, it is vital to understand the gravity and possible binding effects of the made decision of a given court. Considering the past similar cases can give an insight of how to handle a given case. However, it is essential to emphasize that the lower court’s decision are not binding on senior court, the higher court is free to give a different decision in any case. Considering cases that are presented before the court, they should ensure that the case ruling takes into account the binding decisions of the superior courts. Binding precedent tends to dwell in the hand of few and imaginative ideas rather practice and so do not apply in some cases. It is therefore important for judges to give a deferent ruling in each case. To avoid biasness however, three or four rulings should be applicable on a single case.

Bibliography Brown, L.N., and Kennedy, T. (2000), Brown and Jacobs: @ e Court of Justice of the European Communities (5th edn, London: Sweet & Maxwell).

Buxton, R. (2009) ‘How the Common Law Gets Made: Hedley Byrne and other Cautionary Tales’, 125 Law Quarterly Review, 60.

Harris, B.V. (2002), ‘Final Appellate Courts Overruling their Own “Wrong” Precedents: (e Ongoing Search for a Principle’, 118 Law Quarterly Review, 408.

Hondius, E. (2007) ‘Precedent and the Law’, Electronic Journal of Comparative Law (at www.ejcl.org/113/article113–3.pdf)

Rodger, A., (2005), ‘A Time for Everything under the Law: Some Reactions on Retrospectively’, Law Quarterly Review, (121), 57.

Scanlon, G. (2004), ‘Stare Decisis and the Court of Appeal: Judicial Confusion and Judicial Reform, 23 (JUL), 212.

Steiner, J., Woods, L., and Twigg-Flesner, C. (2009), EU Law (10th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Movements of Management

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“Movements of Management”

There is need to know the movements of management in a firm in order to have well analyzed and synthesized workflows that will increase efficiency while improving the investor portfolios with increased transparency, accountability and labor productivity. It introduces sequences and scientific processes to management improving the output of the firm through best practices by the insiders (Gershon, 2).

To achieve such competence, the process of management is streamlined through a number of managerial impetuses that positively affect the processes within the firm hence impacting positively on the investors. To achieve such, the management has to take note of different weaknesses and strengths in SWOT analysis to arrive at a number of best practices that can be used to create a functional system within the management movement to increase efficiency (Scheiber, 14). The standardization of best practices aims at elimination of wastage of resources like time and money through synthesis and analysis of work ethics. This is complemented by empiricism, logic and rationality of the insiders to help raise the firm’s position hence increasing the investors’ portfolios.

Knowing the movements of management within the firm helps in realizing the loose points within the system that are often embodied within traditions and cultures of the firm that are preserved for the sake in protection social statuses of certain workers or given stereotypes( Gershon, 12). When these areas are identified, personal production is transformed into mass production with personal competences and skills pooled to create one holistic production unit.

When cultures and traditions are broken, there is creation of an atmosphere that allows knowledge transfer among the workers and this is then relayed to the processes, tools and documentation hence increasing efficiency while reducing costs in time and resources.

To achieve such milestones, it is imperative that the movements of management within a firm are scrutinized and interrogated in order to establish, reject and correct traditional tendencies and beliefs within the chains of production (Scheiber, 22). The changes effected should be considerate of the factors of production and should aim at quality instead of quantity, for instance, while it is obvious that workers working longer shifts produce more, workers who have breaks or shorter shifts produce better quality. Their relative production in quantity also surpasses that of the former group.

The empirical methodologies used in determination and establishment of efficient procedures help firms to avoid perpetuation of the established traditional methods through application of operations research and management, logistics and business process management. The application of these practices leads to high managerial control over processes and the factors of production (Gershon, 15). Closer monitoring of the workers and the production process in the detail-oriented management leads to desirable traits and practices from the insiders.

The practices of the insiders directly impact on the investor through a cause and effect reaction in the chained production models that are widely used. If there is lack of efficiency in the production processes, the cost of production rises as the quantity and quality of production falls. This leads to loss of revenue for the investors. Similarly, when the insiders use considerably better methods and practices, the process of production becomes cheaper with a rise in revenue for the investors (Gershon, 13).

Workers conduct both in duties and personal conduct also impact on the firm through implications on the brand. Negative implications affect the investors due to the negative PR generated. The movements of management therefore need to streamline worker conduct too through introduction of codes of conduct and professional ethics that should be closely observed. The close monitoring should however be considered to avoid creation of tension and reduction of self expression since it decreases the innovation and motivation of the workers (Scheiber, 19).

Works Cited

Gershon, Richard. Telecommunications Management: Industry Structures and Planning

Strategies, Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2001

Scheiber, Lukas. Next Taylorism: A Calculus of Knowledge Work, Frankfurt am Main, BRD:

Peter Lang. 2012

Movie critique of the film smoke signal

Name:

Course:

Tutor:

19th March, 2011

Movie critique of the film smoke signal

Introduction

It is from what is conveyed daily by the media be it newspapers or television in form of news or movies that whites get the idea of negativity towards blacks and in extreme cases result into racism. In the same way that they react differently to the different messages they get from the various sources, they express their feelings differently towards what is portrayed. These may be prototypes which are habitual ways of thinking often influenced by data where reality assessment is based on experience and from which people make sense of the complicated and uncertain world. At times these decisions are driven by convenience and emotion with the larger part played by culture and the psychology of an individual. Prototypes aid in assessment of others which is stimulated by categories thought to be marking category membership like skin color which is enough to stimulate the expectations of stereotypic behavior (Leigh, White, Inglis, & Stewart, pp. 60-77).

Subsequently they act as a restraint for people to interpret behavior that is incompatible with their stereotypes. This is what may make a white assume that a black person in a white dominated high status setting is a waiter since they expect blacks to belong to the serving class if not criminal. In turn a black might view a white’s reaction as racist even in the event that it was not meant that way due to the prototype that whites are racists. This thinking normally diminishes racial unity and is passed on ferociously (Leigh, White, Inglis, & Stewart, pp. 60-77).

Its main ideas are those of forgiveness shown by Victor even after he discovers that his father causes Thomas’ parents death and his mother. In addition it advocates for harmonious living as is portrayed in the first scene where Thomas’ parents and friends were celebrating White Independence Day. the film provides a set up that convey the Indian culture where they are supposed to be firm and arrogance as reflected in Victor’s words to Thomas that “I have to teach you how to be a real Indian like a warrior. White people will walk over you if you don’t look it” (Smoke Signals, Sc. 4) and “I said it’s a foul it’s a foul “during basketball practice by Victor (Smoke Signals, Sc. 1). They are also supposed to be proud as Arnold who even had to lie to Suzie (Smoke Signals, Sc. 5) about Victor’s win in the basketball game to make him look good. Victor does not accept his offer for money dismissing him to go find a woman since he does not want him to accompany him to phoenix. This would provide a phonotypic idea to any viewer that Indians are arrogant (Leigh, White, Inglis, & Stewart, pp. 60-77).

The first scene begins with a house on fire that swallowed the first narrator’s parents on 4th July 1976. He was saved by Arnold Joseph alongside his own son Victor and handed to his grandmother There are situations however where some people possess a different trait from those portrayed in stereotypes like when Thomas tells the two white ladies to make love not war making her appreciate the good example of their traditions.

To prove the point that Indians are poor and discriminated against they do not have passports, have to use a lot of money boarding the bus and have to walk some distance to their final destination. They meet Kent from Mississippi whom Victor expects to be of a higher class and thinks she is a liar having been a gymnastic and on a bus despite the fact that Thomas considers her nice (Smoke Signals, Sc. 3). They engage in a debate as to whether cowboys always win or not as a result of their experience with them in the bus. This is reflected when they cannot retain their seats from the Americans. Due to the thought that an Indian can only work as junior professionals (Leigh, White, Inglis, & Stewart, pp. 60-77), Victor thinks Suzie works as a nurse in the hospital. However she clarifies that she is the hospital administrator (Smoke Signals, Sc. 5).

On their way back they engage in an argument about Victor’s father which eventually leads to a car wreck and an accident where a girl is knocked down by their vehicle (Smoke Signals, Sc. 7). They get into trouble with the police who think that they were under the influence of drugs (Smoke Signals, Sc. 8). The victim’s parents; Mr. and Mrs. Heinsisseror had framed them up due to the notion that they could only be criminals. Finally, as they reach their destinations Victor meditates about all the events and remembering his father has a change of attitude and is no longer arrogant. He even shares some of his father’s ashes with Thomas.

In conclusion, Thomas as the lead actor plays an important role in removing the stereotypes placed on most Indians by displaying positivity towards people of other races. Suzie helps Victor and Arnold to reflect leading to the final forgiveness attitude.

Works Cited

Leigh, D., White, L., Inglis, R., and Stewart, M. A free and Responsible press. Chicago: London.

The University of Chicago Press. Pp. 60-77.1947.

Smoke Signals. Dir. Chris Eyre. Perf. Adam Beach, Irene Bedard, Gary Farmer and Tantoo

Cardinal. Miramax, 1976.Film. Sc. 1-9.

Advancing Sustainable Development through Human Rights

Advancing Sustainable Development through Human Rights: How reimagining foreign policy creates a new approach to the global political agenda and SDGs

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Summary

I share research insights from a project I conducted with the Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Libya, playing a key role in rebuilding the post-conflict society of Libya. I share my perspective on how foreign policy and public diplomacy are central to sustainability.

Foreign Policy Relevance to SDGs: the Foundation for Human Rights

Human rights create conditions essential to the advancement of sustainable development. The United Nations’ 2030 Agenda recognizes that inclusive and participative economies and societies for which the government is accountable, achieving better outcomes for all people while leaving no one behind. The Declaration on the Right to Development emphasizes the right of all individuals and peoples to free, active, and meaningful participation. And the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) set out the duty of States and private companies to ensure that business activities do not abuse people’s rights.

Fundamental among the human rights available to people worldwide includes the right to enjoy a clean and safe environment that developing countries can achieve by adopting sustainable measures. The aspects of human rights in sustainability are related to governments and corporations ensuring that the measures adopted will promote the enjoyment of an individual’s economic, social, cultural, and political rights. On the other hand, tenets of the SDGs, for example, reducing poverty and promoting gender equality, serve to guarantee that individuals can access resources to advance social progress and equality.

Despite this, economic policies in many countries have curtailed social protection and concentrated wealth and political power in fewer and fewer hands. Unsustainable, wasteful growth patterns increase environmental degradation and accelerate climate change, generating effects that harm health, access to water and sanitation, food, housing, and land rights, and endanger life. The poorest, who contribute least to climate change, pay the highest price.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are unprecedented in their scope and ambition for human progress. By diminishing grievances that fuel conflict, progress on the SDGs can be a critical lever to build and sustain peace and stability worldwide. The transformative change they aim to produce can also affect geopolitical dynamics, balances of power, and interdependencies. Thus, progress on the SDGs has significant implications for foreign policy. Despite these critical stakes, the foreign policy dimensions of the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda have not been sufficiently broached by foreign ministries to date.

This agenda resonates with fundamental foreign policy objectives such as improving international security, stability, and prosperity. Simply put, because not achieving the SDGs implies severe risks for these priorities, foreign policymakers have high stakes in the SDGs’ outcomes. With the constant shift in international power relations and dependencies in mind, foreign policy must anticipate and help steer the geopolitical implications of a sustainable transformation to minimize the risk of human rights infringements. More than ever, it is time for governments worldwide, especially those of vulnerable nations, to re-appraise their public diplomacy strategies to become more intersectional with cross-cutting political issues, such as human rights, and to re-align foreign policy objectives of conflict prevention and stabilization, with the Sustainable Development Goals.

Implementing the “S” in ESG: Human Rights’ due diligence in Environmental, Social, and Governance Sustainability

Implementing the SDGs will inevitably transform what natural resources are needed, how they will be procured, and how these questions are governed, redrawing the global map of political influence. The foreign policy ensures these changes do not create new threats to stability, or namely, human rights. As such, remodeling the SDGs into being a necessary investment in crisis prevention proves to be critical in unlocking proper governance models for reducing humanitarian issues.

By definition, sustainability is the act of meeting our needs while ensuring that future generation’s ability to meet their needs is not compromised. It is pertinent to note that while there are different definitions of sustainability, the effects brought about because of environmental and social problems facing nations around the world have paved the way to a consensus on the usage of the term. Currently, it is used to refer to the processes that human beings employ to ensure that not only are natural resources depleted, but their utility is not in a manner that sustains balance to allow the continuous enjoyment of quality life.

Sustainability relies on three foundational pillars: the economy, society, and environment. The scope of the pillars is moot among the ranks of state and international actors. However, the effect has been a requirement for corporations to redesign their businesses and the economy. Therefore, there is a need to highlight the impending risks that could arise in failing to follow these aspects for corporations to achieve sustainability. Indeed, following years of long-term damages resulting from the governments and corporations focusing on short-term profits, the public has turned the issue of sustainability into a mainstream concept. Subject to this, there arises a risk of irreparable damage to profits and reputation for corporations that do not align their operations to sustainability.

On the other hand, Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint used to achieve a sustainable future for all. Countries can measure the success of these goals through the 5Ps, which are the foundational aspects of the SDGs, including People, Plan, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnerships. Notably, SDGs are related to sustainability since the SDGs serve as a call to every state, regardless of the level of development, to initiate plans that will ensure the prosperity of people in today’s world and the future. Subsequently, countries worldwide have rolled out plans to end poverty, limit inequality in health and education, and push for economic growth, which, when coupled with efforts to combat climate change, promise the ability to sustain current resources to serve the needs of the future generations.

Whether sustainability is possible in developing countries has been a subject of debate mainly because elements such as poverty and unplanned urbanization pose a risk to sustainable development. These impediments to sustainable development in developing countries include instability due to civil wars or international conflict and whether implementation will factor in programs related to the local context. Additionally, due to the lack of political consensus in a number of these countries, there is also a lack of political will among the people in power to push the proposed development programs into sustainable long-term practices. However, the need to ensure sustainable development is imperative considering that it borders the delivery of human rights.

Following the adoption of the SDGs, the international community evidenced a new commitment towards ensuring sustainable development. The motivation behind this was that the global consensus on a set of SDGs was a sign of a tremendous diplomatic achievement considering that diplomacy has been an Achilles heel when seeking sustainable growth. This challenge is a result of incessantly changing diplomatic processes, which impede connection between relevant actors and states. However, countries such as the United States can use numerous interventions to address the diplomatic issues impeding sustainability growth in a developing country such as Libya. These issues include civil war and the continuous disregard for human rights by both the government of Libya and the rebel group.

International Cooperation in Third World Countries and Their Relationship with Sustainability/Human Rights: Libya Case Study

Achieving sustainability in countries affected by conflict and extremism demands livelihood security and strengthened governance: core dimensions of sustainable development. Libya’s Government of National Accord (GNA) has been in constant war with a rebel group, Libyan Arab Armed Forces (LAAF) based in eastern Libya. The conflict has exacerbated an already worse situation by further limiting the access to essentials such as health and electricity due to an increased destroying of vital infrastructure. Furthermore, armed groups in Libya have persistently abducted people based on their actual or perceived political or religious affiliation.

The government of Libya limits the freedom of speech through the actions of the police. For example, police have used heavy weapons and live-fire to disperse street protests against corruption and poor living conditions. This limits international cooperation as well as the action of international actors in advancing sustainable growth in Libya. This impasse makes it difficult for individuals to achieve specific SDG goals such as poverty eradication, education, and reduction of inequality in such a country. The state of war places certain groups at risk, including women, children, migrants, and refugees who face challenges such as torture, sexual abuse, and murder in addition to limited access to health and basic essential services. The conflict in Libya, therefore, necessitates the need for solutions to adopt a design that advances diplomacy efforts.

Proposed Solutions from World’s First Youth-Led and Government-Backed Policy Innovation Lab in Africa: CollatEd Lab

CollatEd, a global research NGO operating in over 100 countries, conducted policy research in developing nations, one being Libya, through multi-paradigm quantitative research methods, with ministers and partners across the world, including the United Nations. The objective of the research was 1) to determine the appropriate policy solutions for Libya concerning effective human rights policies 2) to identify key political steps in accelerating the UN global sustainability agenda by providing a better understanding of the foreign policy implications of the SDGs to inform each nation’s respective diplomatic strategy. One of the key solutions identified is that the government of Libya should take necessary steps to define human rights based on national interest and the representation of the people.

The infringement of human rights through violence against women and girls, ill-treatment of detainees through torture, mock executions, sexual violence, and limitation of the freedom of expression highlights the areas where human rights could be applicable. Hence, to achieve the aspects of diplomacy necessary for sustainable growth, it is imperative that the proposed definition of human rights perfectly addresses the issues in the local Libyan context. Furthermore, it was included to support the prevention of conflict, violence, and insecurity, central to improving the state of human rights, public health approaches, including sexual and reproductive health policies, comply with international human rights standards and provide non-discriminatory access, especially to children, adolescents, women, and migrants.

Secondly, International actors should enter into discussions with the Libyan government and the rebels, for example. The extent of international interference should rely on the ill-treatment of refugees, detainees, asylum seekers, and contravention of international customary law. The position of these laws is that if the actions of a state have contravened any law from which no derogation is permitted. Such laws referred to as jus cogens include the prohibition against torture and other inhumane treatment. Several activists have been tortured to death by armed groups affiliated with the LAAF.

International interference is necessary considering that having governments that respect and uphold human rights for their citizens is less likely to threaten international peace and security. Therefore, the responsibility of delivering human rights and sustainability efforts in Libya is dependent on action by international organizations and state actors. Ultimately, State authorities should adopt and implement laws, policies, and strategies on land and housing that increasingly comply with human rights. This includes assisting accountability mechanisms to address forced evictions, homelessness, displacement, land grabs, and other violations of housing, land, and related rights such as food, water, and sanitation; strengthen partnerships to increase awareness of the right to housing and land rights; and develop practical approaches to implement the SDG commitment to ‘leave no one behind’ concerning housing, land and related human rights. In short, governance is the DNA of the 2030 Agenda and needs to be prioritized both for government and non-government actors of the SDGs to see a positive difference in the current state of human rights.

Equally important, there should be a negotiation for a united political will. Currently, there are sectors under government control and others under LAAF control. As identified, one of the main reasons behind governments failing to deliver sustainability is the lack of political collaboration to adopt measures and push for their success. 13 As such, peace negotiation treaties can be constituted to ensure that both the “rebels” and the government are on the same page concerning the mutually beneficial impact of government capacity building: optimizing sustainable development through the promotion of human rights and its effect on ESG sustainability.

Lastly, to further any solutions suggested above, it was concluded, throughout the project, that national and multinational institutions, assisted by communities, systematically collect, disaggregate and use data relevant for advancing human rights when they monitor and implement each of the Sustainable Development Goals.

Bibliography

“Take Action for the Sustainable Development Goals – United Nations Sustainable Development.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed June 24, 2021. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/.

“THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed June 24, 2021. https://sdgs.un.org/goals.

Cohen, Roberta. “Integrating Human Rights in US Foreign Policy: The History, the Challenges, and the Criteria for an Effective Policy.” Brookings, April 9 (2008).

Hendricks, Cheryl, and Annie Chikwanha. “The role of the United Nations in the search for peace in Libya since 2011.” (2019).

Inguila, P. (2019). The Role of the United Nations in the Search for Peace in Libya Since 2011. University of Johannesburg (South Africa).

Kjellén, Bo. “Pathways to the Future: The New Diplomacy for Sustainable Development.” (2004).

Leal Filho, Walter, Shiv K. Tripathi, J. B. S. O. D. Andrade Guerra, Ricard Giné-Garriga, V. Orlovic Lovren, and J. Willats. “Using the sustainable development goals towards a better understanding of sustainability challenges.” International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 26, no. 2 (2019): 179-190.

Moomaw, William R., Rishikesh Ram Bhandary, Laura Kuhl, and Patrick Verkooijen. “Sustainable development diplomacy: Diagnostics for the negotiation and implementation of sustainable development.” Global Policy 8, no. 1 (2017): 73-81.

Purvis, Ben, Yong Mao, and Darren Robinson. “Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins.” Sustainability Science 14, no. 3 (2019): 681-695.

World Report 2021: Rights Trends in Libya.” Human Rights Watch, January 13, 2021. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/libya.

Purvis, Ben, Yong Mao, and Darren Robinson. “Three pillars of sustainability: in search of conceptual origins.” Sustainability Science 14, no. 3 (2019): 681-695.

“THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed June 24, 2021. https://sdgs.un.org/goals.

“Take Action for the Sustainable Development Goals – United Nations Sustainable Development.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed June 24, 2021.

https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development-goals/.

Author Biography:

Sara Ketabi has worked as a foreign policy advisor for 3+ years with the H.E. President of Rwanda and consults in international development policy for the UNDP.