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The Impact of Technological Advancement on Writing Skills

Introduction:

The advancements in technology have substituted writing skills with typing and texting skills. Texting a message has substituted writing letters among friends. Similarly, smart phones have become a common device among students. Students are handing in typed papers for assignments rather than hand written assignments. This has a great impact on the development of writing skills among scholars and students. This leaves the question: Has technology hindered the development of writing skills among scholars and students?

Research problem and purpose statement:

Advancements in technology are reflective in that when students are doing assignments, they have a spell checker and a synonym finder. The same luxury is not afforded if I am to write the paper rather than type, in writing I have to know or use a dictionary for the spelling, meaning and any synonyms. Texting has made messaging quicker and easier. The efficiency with which communication is done nowadays has led to reluctance in the development of writing skills (Ferris 1). Many children are introduced to texting and typing at a very young age. Combining this with the fact that; in learning institutions, assignments have taken a technological perspective, there has been a deterioration of writing skills. Purcell, Buchannan and Friedrich (1) observe that the use of digital materials has created a hard ground for the development of writing skills among the students. There is the need thus to look deeply into the negative impact of technological advancement on the development of writing skills. In lieu of this, this research paper aims at establishing the negative impacts of technological development on the development of writing skills. A number of materials concerning the topic will be reviewed and analyzed.

Conclusion:

The research aims to find a definitive or conclusive answer to the question. It will be based on experiences and academic scholarly material. The duration of the research will be 3 days in which materials will be reviewed and analyzed to provide a solution to the research question.

Annotated Bibliography:

Purcell Kristen, Buchannan Judy, Friedrich Linda. The impact of digital tools on student writing and how writing is taught in schools. Pew Research Internet Project, 16th July. 2013. Web. 18th Feb, 2014.

This article addresses the impact of digital technology on the development of writing skills. The authors agree that the digital age has come up with benefits in the teaching of languages and writing skills. At the same time, many challenges have come up in the teaching of formal writing skills, as a result of digital advancement. The authors argue that the digital technology favors informal writing style rather than formal. However, many teachers of languages still emphasize formal style, and it poses a challenge for them. The authors surveyed a total of 2462 teachers, a good number, thus raising the credibility index of this article. The authors have written several articles on this area, so they don’t raise any doubts on the credibility of data. It is a resourceful article for any student of this subject.

Ferris, Sharmila, P. Writing electronically: The effects of computers on traditional writing. The Journal of Electronic Publishing, 8.1 (2002). Print.

The article by Ferris addresses the effect of the growth of the use of computer on writing. Ferris examines the history of literary writing and addresses the transition from literary to orality. The author argues that computers have their roots in print, and this has made people all over the world to adopt the notion that in the present day, writing should be through a computer. This has greatly impacted on the traditional form of writing. The author addresses both the elite and the laymen in this article. The article has referenced many other articles in the same field, raising its credibility index. It is a very resourceful article on the subject matter, and will be very helpful in this research.

Goldberg Amie, Russell, Michael, Cook Abigael. The effects of computers on student writing: A meta-analysis of studies from 1992 to 2002. Journal of Technology, Language and Assessment, 2.1 (2003). Print

This article is a meta-analysis of twenty six studies that concerned the impact of computers on writing skills. Although the article highlights some negative impacts of using computers, it takes the perspective that computers have contributed greatly to improve writing skills among students. The authors argue that the results of the evaluation of the articles that met their criteria and those that did not, reveal that typing and texting improves writing skills. However, the results ranged around average for negative and positive impacts. Going by this, the article will be very helpful for this research. A different view by this article will help in the testing of the hypothesis. The authors also agree on the challenge that befalls tutors in teaching formal skills to the students. The article has referenced many other researches increasing its credibility index. It addresses the scholars though laymen can also benefit from it. This is a resourceful article and will be very beneficial for this study.

Racial profiling

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Racial discrimination represents a situation when an individual is mistreated because of their color of skin, ethnic or racial origin. Individuals can discriminate against members of a particular group by declining to conduct business with, associate with, or share resources with them. Racial discrimination has become a chief virtue in the current society. Racism has a lengthy history in human history. This has been manifested through genocide, enslavement, and the colonialism of indigenous peoples at its most extreme. Even though we now quickly detect and reject overt acts of racially charged hatred, racism continues to thrive in our culture. It is not just visible through individually mediated acts, but it is also ingrained in our structures, hidden in our everyday encounters, and carved into our subconscious. Racism is indeed a trauma that impacts everyone, especially young people of color who have been oppressed in the past. Given the recent tides of chauvinism, tribalism, xenophobia, and overt displays of racism, combating racism is crucial for those who care about humanity and peaceful coexistence. The story of Brent Staples represents a classic example of how racial profiling remains deeply rooted within our society; most of the times, individuals, especially of color, undergo instances of racial profiling perpetrated either consciously or subconsciously by different people. The sheer fact that Staples was huge and of black American decent formed the basis for his continued discrimination, even though he had no control over his appearance. The article will discuss different instances where I witnessed different forms of racial profiling in society.

Children are always considered a blessing in every community globally. The arrival of a new child is usually accompanied by celebrations, families, and communities coming together to celebrate a new life. A child depends on the family and the society for virtually everything provisions and security included. It is the duty of a family or a community to bring up a child properly to ensure their safety and wellbeing. However, society at times is a cruel and dangerous place for any child. For example, growing up, we mainly visited the community playing ground where we would interact with other children through play. It was a safe and fun place for children from different backgrounds, at least that is what my parents used to say until one day, as we were playing soccer, we were supposed to have two teams to play against each other. The coach’s responsibility was to select the teams and balance them in terms of abilities and strength. Amongst us was a boy of African American descent, who was huge compared to us. As the coach was selecting the teams, he continuously overlooked him and made him stay out of play without any explanation. On this particular day, the boy was accompanied by his father and elder siblings, who continued to interact with other parents as we were playing. From a distance, the father noticed that the coach overlooked their son. As the boy was crossing the field and making his way toward the pitchside bench, he became emotional and cried, which prompted his father to run towards him. The boy looked sad and deflated as opposed to when they arrived in the field. A conversation ensued between the child and his father, after which the father requested to talk to the coach who was at the moment refereeing the game. This prompted the coach to stop the game to answer the request of the father, who at the same looked irritated and disturbed. I could not hear their conversation, but from a distance, you could see the anger in the face of the father. Within no time, the two gentlemen did not seem to come to an agreement, and their voices rose high and higher after every word. This prompted the other parents to walk in the field to offer a solution and prevent a physical fight between the coach and the boy’s father. The two men were separated, and one of the parents asked them to give the side of the story so that the other parents could understand what was going on.

The first one to give the side of his story was the boy’s father. He painfully questioned the community coach credentials and his ability to foster diversity among kids growing up. He lamented that his son would always come home angry due to the lack of playing time in the field and how the father would always encourage the son to go to the field even when he had completely lost interest in it. He said that he feels his son was racially being profiled for some reasons not known to both of them and when the coach was told to explain the side of his story. He began by justifying why he did not find it fit the boy playing with us. He said that the boy was physically more significant than another child in the field, and he feels the boy is older than us, so he did not want him to play with us. The father refuted the claims and furnished his son’s birth certificate, which indicated that indeed the boy was among the youngest children amongst us. At this moment, I was also shocked and realized that the playing ground was not safe or equal for all of us.

RACIAL THINKING ON MODERN WORLD CONSTRUCTION

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The modern world is a conglomeration of many tenets. The racial battle and thinking have always affected so many individuals and institutions not only in the past but also in the present. Race forms the sociology of any society whereby people of different colors exist and therefore it is very important to look deeply into the issue of race and how its history has impacted society with time. Therefore this paper illustrates the place of race in the socialization of different people in the world of the past as well as today and what race means for the different people in the society.

Social construction is the categorization of different people according to their different characteristics and one of these characteristics is the division of individuals according to their skin color. America is seen as one of the continents with the most varied nature of race as the blacks and the whites are in the same numbers. Therefore this presents us with the question of how this came into place and what this means not only for the American society but also for the worldview. Before race came into place or even the current forms of leadership the world was divided in terms of ethnic groups. Ethnic groups are defined as people of a common origin, ancestry, dialect, and language. In Europe, most ethnic groups were fully organized and able to run on their world. Therefore to some extent, it was considered that a nation is only those people who belonged to the same ethnicity and therefore they were grouped as one.

The race is seen as a political construction created by people and not a concrete concept therefore it does not have a scientific notion in it. The race is therefore seen as to have been created to give power to the white people and legitimize black people as inferior and not worthy of getting their rights as normal human beings. In the 16th century, there was a reformation in the Christian world and one of the major concerns of the reformation was whether black people and Asians had souls. However, the catholic church was the first one to recognize black people as having a soul and they are human beings. This meant therefore it was illegal to kill a black person at any time without a good reason. This is because then the church was very much intertwined with society and therefore it was part and parcel of it.

In the 19th century, Darwin published his theory on the origin of species. Even though his theory was not racist at all social scientists and philosophers used this theory in pseudo-scientific ways to justify racism and genocide. They advanced this through their twisting of this theory to favor their desires and ideas of genocide and racism towards the black people. therefore the racial thinking has been in existence from this time on especially among the white people and what they think is best for them is to use the blacks as their vessels of making sure that they attain what they want to attain. Therefore it is this racial thinking from this time of reformation that has been carried forward and it forms and makes the current society into what it is. Even though there have been many efforts in making sure that the thinking is erased from most of the people and especially the whites who have this type of thinking it is still a problem that might take longer to deal with in the current society. Therefore racial thinking creates a racial distance between those individuals of different races.

It is the racial thinking that led to the creation of the other notion whereby the blacks are referred to as the other. This makes them left out and always feeling that they do not belong especially when it is something to deal with the whites. However, with the growing rate of population growth, there has been a challenge because the notion of the other even though held so firmly by some groups of white supremacists like the Ku Klax Klub is reducing and fading away with the continued efforts to change people’s mind about what it means to be black and to be beautiful in the black color. Therefore even though bitter that they cannot continue with their behaviors in making sure that they discriminate against the blacks they still feel a feel the need to retain their thinking.

Even though during the period of president Barrack Obama the issue of “the other” was thought to have ended there later there came a demonstration so massive that it changed so much about racial thinking after George Floyd was murdered by a police officer. This brought in a new wave of demonstrations and therefore it was a display that it is a complex thing to heal or to heal at all. This is because race is a very well-considered and important aspect of society even though there is always a need to change and make sure that race is no longer an issue in society.

Imperialism which was a very highly important aspect of the society and which Europe practiced to a very big extent also tells us of the place of race. Even though the race was never the main focus of imperialism it was still important in that the Europeans were very much concerned about controlling other powers or taking advantage of them. Europeans even though colonized so many parts of the world they went and colonized Africa in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Therefore imperialism even though not related to the race so much still has a role to play when it comes to how easy the decision to colonize Africa was and other countries considered inferior. For example, if great Britain would have wanted to colonize America during the same time they colonized Africa it could not have been successful since America was already very much developed and it wanted to have its freedom and therefore if such a thing happened there could have been a different kind of war.

Nationalism on the other hand is advocates for segregation and separation of the group which is inferior in the society towards making sure that they do not mix with the other group of people who consider themselves pure and clean. This was majorly applied in South Africa during the period of apartheid rule. Therefore it is always important to view nationalism as a good thing as well as a bad thing. This is because healthy nationalism is supposed to help a country and make sure that everything in that country is perfectly okay. On the other side, it becomes very difficult for healthy nationalism to exist if they desire to use nationalism to segregate people exists and if the situations force those considered of low class and who in most of the times are the blacks and Asians to find their niches to live on after being segregated. This concept of using nationalism for segregation is called racial nationalism.

The conceptual encounter of race in the world can be seen as a reflection or the refinement of what existed before. this means that race has always existed. However, in the olden times, it existed in ways so different from our current times. Therefore the state of the world because of racial thinking is still being formed with the efforts to accommodate everyone however it is not an easy task to make sure that everyone believes that equality and equity can be attained. It is also not easy to identify and tell the people that there is a life aside from racial thinking and therefore if there were embracing each other there could be better times for the world. Some individuals also tend to firmly believe that whites and blacks can never be the same and therefore this means that blacks and whites are viewed so differently by this group of people and therefore it the faith that change is possible may be diminished by the thought that blacks, Asians and whites can never be the same.

The enlightenment involved such concepts as the pursuit of happiness, the sovereignty of reason, ideals such as toleration, liberty, progress, constitutional government, etc. racism can be seen as a product of the period of enlightenment and this is true to a great extent. Therefore even though racism is a product of enlightenment most people still disagree with it. However, this is true since the combination of different groups and countries into one and being able to think of ways to pursuit happiness, tolerance, and a lot of other aspects of the current, as well as concepts of that time, were a big issue. This period, therefore, suggested the putting down of metaphysical and theological schemes and realizing that a human being can be beautifully explained without those concepts. Therefore according to the enlightenment period, the reason why there is racial discrimination is biological inferiority. This means that blacks and Asians were considered not full human beings.

Racial discrimination is an issue that has affected African American people for decades now. It traces its origin back to the era where black people were forced to work on farms as slaves for white people. They were considered inferior and worthless hence being bought and sold like commodities and as slaves. It manifests itself in many ways and places in the current world, from workplaces, shopping centers, schools, hospitals, and even neighborhoods. Racial discrimination affects black people both physically and mentally, and it needs to be eliminated.

Racial discrimination is an issue that affects people worldwide, and our efforts to stop it may seem little with no impact on society. Usually, the government is the body to make a meaningful impact in society concerning racial discrimination. They, however, choose to be quiet and not support the matter. If it’s anything, the law enforcers are the ones who contribute to racial discrimination by using excessive force when handling black people. This characteristic of the government prompts me to take the initiative and support the black community despite knowing my efforts are negligible. It still counts for something, and I believe the little we offer for the course goes a long way. It may seem meaningless since efforts don’t match the many cases of racial discrimination. Regardless, it should not stop us from doing the right thing.

I am applying the Broome argument in favor of climate change. I will argue that we have a moral obligation to end Racial discrimination in our society. I believe the principles of equality and human rights go hand in hand. Therefore, it is a requirement that one adheres to the laws established for the sake of the country and its people as a law-abiding citizen. Human rights are part of the law, and they are meant to protect citizens from any kind of discrimination either by other citizens or by the state itself. I find it interesting how individuals in society choose to give a blind eye to racial discrimination issues and still claim to be state law abiders. The laws are quite clear concerning the definition of racial discrimination and how it may be practiced in society. The roles of other society members are also laid out. It comes down to our willingness to take part in the racial eradication stoppage initiative.

Freiman, on Why It’s Okay to Ignore Politics, argues that instead of voting, one should focus on other charitable activities because the chances are that one vote will not change the outcome of the elections. Racial discrimination is an issue experienced in nearly all states in America and all over the world. This fact can explain why people would not want to participate and contribute to eliminating racial discrimination. The fact that it is happening worldwide belittles the efforts of an individual who wishes to be part of the initiative. It discourages them by making their contribution look inferior. I find his style of the argument relevant in this case because individuals fail to rebuke racial discrimination because they feel their efforts will not amount to a tangible outcome.

Broome’s argument in Climate matters talks about how many minuscule imperceptible harms lead to serious harm. According to Broome, individuals fail to recognize emissions they release into the air because it is small compared to the size of the world. He warns that small emissions made by individuals daily amount to large harmful emissions that cause global warming. As much as we feel our efforts don’t count, we should also think about doing the right thing as individuals, following our conscience, and living free from its guilt. The thought that many people can share in this thought and that the number of supporters can grow is motivation enough. People should derive their motivation to stop racial discrimination from their own conscience. What does your heart tell you to do? Are you at peace knowing you have done nothing concerning the issue? These are some of the questions individuals should ask themselves to evaluate where they stand. Despite knowing that my efforts are negligible, I still advocate for the black community whenever possible. People should choose to do the same because there is nothing to lose if you look at it. Creating awareness as one of the initiatives also brings more people to the initiative, and we know there is power in numbers. I use Broome’s style of argument that small efforts put together amount to something substantial and impactful. An individual effort may not prove substantial, but large masses can easily lead to a change anticipated.

Maskivker argues that citizens are not obliged to vote, and if they do, it is very strict. He states that many citizens choose not to vote for this reason. The argument style in this context relates well with Dominant races views. Dominant races might argue that the issue doesn’t concern them as they are not directly affected and refuse to participate. However, this might not be the case because we have long-term effects of racial discrimination that affect the community at large. When African American people are denied jobs in the country, it means that they have no source of income hence reduced purchasing power. As a result, there will be a surplus in the market now that consumers have no money to spend. There is, therefore, an economic imbalance that hinders economic growth. Economic growth is a matter that affects all citizens regardless of their race. It becomes a cycle that impacts society negatively. We need to take the initiative and support the black community because their contribution to the economy and community matters.

In the Immorality of Having Children, Rachel argues that it is okay to take an action if it contributes positively to the world and does not interfere with another person’s personal space. Her argument style proves relevant because I feel choosing not to do something about racial discrimination is far worse. It will be a constant bother to know that one has the capacity and capability to do something about racial discrimination but still choose to be silent. It is better to contribute to the issue, however little it may be. I might not reach all the black people facing discrimination worldwide but might change people around me, my neighbors, friends, or even classmates. That meaningful impact on an individual is very important and cannot be compared to not taking the initiative to spearhead racial discrimination in society.

Racial/Ethnic Identity, Religious Commitment, and Well-Being in African Americans

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Racial/Ethnic Identity, Religious Commitment, and Well-Being in African Americans

In recent years, positive psychology linked to an empirical examination of constructs has dramatically expanded. It has shifted the focus from problematic character to assessing strengths and virtues that facilitate the best ideal of human functionality and flourish. Constructs such as mindfulness, the meaning of life, forgiveness, subjective well-being, and optimism all play a significant role in African Americans’ racial/ethnic identity, religion, and well-being. This paper looks to re-examine and summarize the evidence on the relationship between racial identity, religious commitment, and psychological well-being.

Over the years, there has been criticism in the positive psychology levels of multicultural awareness because of the absence of study considering the cultural factors paramount to human virtue and optimal functioning. According to Ajibade et al. (2016), something like forgiveness as a positive psychology constructs has been researched based on White Americans’ perspective, with little to no emphasis being put on certain understandings and definitions on culture. The lack of racial/ethnic diversity in the research samples presents the second critique of the positive psychology movement. As such, the vast majority of the research conducted was only conclusive based on white participants, with few pieces of research exploring positive psychology constructs, more especially, on African Americans. Additionally, few studies have tried to draw some relationships by comparing positive psychological constructs in a cross-cultural manner. However, there is relatively small literature concerning these specific cultural groups’ constructs. The gap is somewhat significant to focus on, based on the fact that optimal functioning understanding not to mention relative ordering of values, is one way that cultures vary.

To address the need, it is vitally important to elaborate on the elements that may lead to optimal functioning in African Americans. Varied cultural values among African Americans may heighten their human functioning relative to white people. Such values include family, community, ethnic pride, religion, collectivism, the interconnectedness of mind, racial, among others. Additionally, facing discrimination may bring about some extraordinary strengths to black folks compared to their white counterparts. Often includes bicultural flexibility, nonverbal understanding, heightened perceptual wisdom, and contextual meanings. According to the article, racial identity is strongly associated with welfare and prosperity. Racial/ ethnic identity means taking part, dedication, and social integration into the cultural practices and traditions of your racial/ethnic group, and holding the right thoughts and attitude about your racial/ethnic group. Ajibade et al. (2016) maintain that when people actively embrace their racial/ethnic identity, it greatly helps to buffer against the racism harmful effects, at the same time, encouraging the creation of a sense of worthiness, and psychological well-being. People who often display heightened racial/ethnic identity have low psychological distress, and usually, their mental health is better than those with a weak racial/ethnic identity.

Religiosity is one of the key mechanisms for African Americans concerning why racial/ethnic identity is strongly linked to psychological well-being. Religiosity is viewed as sticking and following the prescribed beliefs and ceremonial procedures tied to worshipping God or a panoply of diety. Many kinds of research conducted before also concluded that religiosity plays a great role concerning psychological well-being. Although the three (religiosity, psychological well-being, and racial/ethnic identity) have been strongly associated with each other, there is also room to give light a more precise knowledge of how these constructs often relate with one another. In their argument, Ajibade et al. (2016) stated that people of color portraying a heightened sense of racial/ethnic identity stand a higher chance of becoming more socially embedded with other having the same essence. The article further suggest that a massive 89% of people of color are religious, 78% go to church, and 90% get involved in religious vows such as praying, meditation, among others.

The article further gives insight on different measures of religiosity, at the same time, taking great cautiousness at looking at how racial/ethnic identity can influence religious commitment. Religious commitment means the magnitude to which an individual stick to religious doctrines and practices and reference their in their day-to-day lives. Ajibade et al. (2016), put forward that religious commitment gives a significant background for strengthening racial/ethnic identity among people of color. Firstly, people’s ideas and values are always involved on matters relating to beliefs about God. Secondly, consensual validation of views is cemented by strong religious communities. On such, increasing religious commitment among African Americans may serve as a weakling to the prominence of alternative narratives of the dominating culture. Thirdly, varied personal and social characters are influenced by religious communities in alignment with these beliefs, and adhering one’s understanding of moral principles is theorized to encourage meaning and psychological well-being. Ajibade et al. (2016) cement the idea by stating that religiosity positively correlates with the behavior of sharing or rather helping not to mention the satisfaction level felt following the helping act. It was based on research conducted on 140 African American adults. Additionally, religious groups provides a framework for people committed to the same values to assemble, and share their encounters, and can receive help and validation from others holding the same worldview.

To summarize, the research would be more interesting if the researchers could put much emphasis on how some atheist African Americans thinks about religiosity, racial/ethnic identity and psychological well-being. The study only focused on fact-finding on religious individuals than all individuals, both spiritual and non-religious. In my view, I do not need religion to have a stronger racial/ethnic uplift. My psychology well-being is dependent on the thing I value in life.

Reference

Ajibade, A., Hook, J. N., Utsey, S. O., Davis, D. E., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2016). Racial/ethnic identity, religious commitment, and well-being in African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 42(3), 244-258.

The Impact of Shortage of Nurses on Quality of Care among CCU patients

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Introduction

The current nursing shortage is an alarming situation in most of the hospitals. Registered nurses are the most affected, as many of them have reached the retirement age and left the profession. Delivery of quality care in the clinical area is greatly affected by the number of nurses, in relation to the population of patients (Stechmiller, 2002). The situation is worse in the critical care settings due to understaffing. According to Stechmiller (2002), the shortage of critical care nurses results from a shortage of skilled nurses who may attend the patients in the critical care setting, as well as, the other areas of clinical practice. The shortage leads to compromised delivery of care in the Critical Care Unit. Also, there are not enough nurses to conduct research, which can be used to improve patient outcomes. According to Petterson (2010), many of the nurses in the clinical setting are under-educated; as they have been requested to provide their services, as a measure of addressing the shortage. Since the critical care set-up requires specialized professionals, it remains the most hit department in the provision of quality nursing care. As a result of the shortage, Petterson (2010) asserts that, nurses in the critical care unit are overworked, fatigued and work for long hours. This leads to undesirable patient outcomes in the critical care settings. Addressin,g this area of clinical practice will lead to an improvement in the quality of critical care, and eventually patient outcomes.

Research Problem and Purpose Statement

Nurse-patient ratios are a critical part of nursing practice. This is extremely important in areas that are very demanding, in regard to nursing care, like the critical care unit. The number of nurses in a hospital unit, in relation to patient population, affects the quality of care provided to the patients. According to Stechmiller (2002), the nurse-patient ratio directly affects the quality of care that is provided in the CCU. In addition, the delivery of care in the CCU has been compromised as a result of the shortage of skilled staff, which is affecting the whole world. Critically ill patients, who make the highest population of the patients in ICU, require total nursing care. If this care is not provided, the results will not be desirable (Stechmiller, 2002). Ewart et al. (2004) agree that the shortage of qualified nurses in the US is posing a great challenge to the availability of quality care for the critically ill patients. According to Ewart et al. (2007) critical care delivered by nurses who are trained in critical care delivery has been effective in realizing patient outcomes than care delivered by unskilled nurses. Addressing this issue is a matter of utmost importance in clinical practice. The stakeholders need appreciate the effects that shortage of skilled nurses has on the delivery of patient care. This can be accomplished through research. In lieu of this, the current study aims at looking at the effects of the shortage of nurses on the delivery of critical care services, at the critical care setting.

Research Questions

What is are the effects of shortage of nurses on the quality of care among CCU patients

What is the impact of improved quality of care?

Does shortage of nurses affect quality of care?

In what ways does the shortage of nurses affect quality of care?

What are the outcomes of improved quality of care?

While analyzing the feasibility of the five questions, the elements of a satisfactory research question were considered. The aim was to identify the question that could be empirically tested. Questions 2, 3, 4 and 5 were found not to be empirically testable, because they lacked some variables that would be necessary for the study. For example, question 2 does not indicate to whom the impact of improved quality of care applies. This also applies to questions 3, 4 and 5. They do not identify the population under study. However, question 1 indicates the problem under study, the variables under study, and the expected outcomes. Looking at the questions through the PICO perspective, question 1 meets the criteria.

Preliminary PICO question

What are the effects of the shortage of nurses on the quality of care among CCU patients?

The PICO variables relevant to this question are explained as follows:

P in the question (the population or patient) is represented by ‘critically ill patients’. The study’s population is the critically ill patients in the Critical Care Unit. The intervention is represented by ‘quality care’, which is realized through having enough number of skilled staff. To accomplish the ‘C’ part of PICO, the study compares the outcomes of care provided by few nurses in relation to high patient population, and the care provided by enough number of nurses in relation to patient population. In regard to ‘O (outcome),’ the study will consider the effects that shortage of nurses has on the delivery of quality care in the CCU.

Keywords

Critical care nursing

Shortage of nursing

Nurses shortage in acute care settings

Under-staffing in Critical Care Unit

Under-staffing in Intensive Care Unit

Quality of care in Critical Care Unit.

Impact of Shortage of nurses on quality of care

Effect of shortage of nurses on critical care delivery

Acute care settings crisis

Quality of care in acute settings

While developing the key-words, the rationale focused on the variables. Some of them are “shortage of nurses”, “quality of care’ and “Critical Care Unit”. In order to develop many keywords for effective literature search, the synonyms of the variables were considered. For example, ‘acute’ was substituted with ‘critical’. Additionally, alternative terminologies were used. For example, ‘Critical Care Unit” was substituted with ‘Intensive Care Unit’. Finally, related words were used. For example, ‘effects’ was used in place of ‘impact’.

References

Petterson, J. (2010). The effect of high patient-nurse ratios. Nursing Times, 107(2), 1-4.

Stechmiller, K. J. (2002). The nursing shortage in acute and critical care settings. AACN Clinical Issues, 13(4), 577-584.

Ewart, W. G., Marcus, L., Gaba, M. M., Bradner, H. R., Medina, L., & Chandler, B. E. (2004). The critical care medicine crisis, a call for federal action: A white paper from the critical care professional society. CHEST, 125(4), 1518-1521.

Racial/Ethnic Identity, Religious Commitment, and Well-Being in African Americans

In recent years, positive psychology linked to an empirical examination of constructs has dramatically expanded. It has shifted the focus from problematic character to assessing strengths and virtues that facilitate the best ideal of human functionality and flourish. Constructs such as mindfulness, the meaning of life, forgiveness, subjective well-being, and optimism all play a significant role in African Americans’ racial/ethnic identity, religion, and well-being. This paper looks to re-examine and summarize the evidence on the relationship between racial identity, religious commitment, and psychological well-being.

Over the years, there has been criticism in the positive psychology levels of multicultural awareness because of the absence of study considering the cultural factors paramount to human virtue and optimal functioning. According to Ajibade et al. (2016), something like forgiveness as a positive psychology constructs has been researched based on White Americans’ perspective, with little to no emphasis concentrating on certain understandings and definitions on culture. The lack of racial/ethnic diversity in the research samples presents the second critique of the positive psychology movement. On such, the vast majority of the research conducted was only conclusive based on white participants, with few pieces of research exploring positive psychology constructs more, especially on African Americans. Additionally, few studies have tried to draw some relationships by comparing positive psychological constructs in a cross-cultural manner. However, there is relatively small literature concerning these specific cultural groups’ constructs.

The impact of slave trade in Africa

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The impact of slave trade in Africa

From the mid of the 15th century, Africa go into into a distinctive relationship with Europe that headed to the desolation and depopulation of Africa, but backed to the prosperity and development of Europe. Since then until the end of the 19th century, Europeans initiated to inaugurate a trade for African detainees.

At first this swapping only enhanced a trade in persons that already were within Europe, in which Europeans had enslaved each other. Some enslaved Africans had also reached Europe, the Middle East and other parts of the world before the mid-15th century, as a result of a trade in human beings that had also long existed in Africa. It was in this period of time when the transatlantic slave trade was started, when Portugal, and subsequently other European kingdoms, were finally able to expand overseas and reach Africa. The Portuguese first began to kidnap people from the west coast of Africa and to take those they enslaved back to Europe. It was estimated that, by early 16th century, 10% of the labor population in Europe was made of Africans. This slave trade led to a huge change in political, economic and social structures in Africa and forced the Africans to resist and engage in enslavement as discussed in this essay below.

Between 1400 and 1900, the African continent encountered four concurrent slave trades. The major and most well-known is the trans-Atlantic slave trade where, beginning in the 15th century, slaves shifted from West Africa, West Central Africa, and Eastern Africa to the European colonies in the New World. The three other slave trades — the trans-Saharan, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean slave trades — are much older and predate the trans-Atlantic slave trade. During the trans-Saharan slave trade, slaves were taken from south of the Saharan desert and shipped to Northern Africa. In the Red Sea slave trade, slaves were taken from inland of the Red Sea and shipped to the Middle East and India. In the Indian Ocean slave trade, slaves were taken from Eastern Africa and shipped either to the Middle East, India or to plantation islands in the Indian Ocean.

The slave trade brought about a negative impact on African societies and led to the long-term insolvency of West Africa. This increased effects that were initially present among its leaders, affinities, monarchies and in society. It greatly impacted on the politics of African countries. The great impact was on the evolution of political Authority in Western part of African. The Absolutism was raised by the Trans-Atlantic slave trade in the pre-colonial West Africa by approximately 17% to 35%. At the same time, it led to reduction of democracy and tolerance. In the same period of time, there was introduction of slavery-induced absolutism which greatly influenced the structure of African political institutions in the colonial era and thereafter. The British colonies exported more slaves in the same era of slave trade that were ruled more indirectly by colonial commissioners. This indirect rule of ruling relied mostly on sub-national absolutisms that controlled population and extracted surplus. In process the converted absolutist administrative civilizations into rule of law. The post-colonial state power, like the colonial authority before it, lacked the governmental tool and political thump to assimilate these local specialists, even at the times when they required to. From this viewpoint, state-failure in West Africa may be entrenched in a political and economic history that is unique to Africa in several reverences, a past that dates slightest as far back as the time of the transatlantic slave trade.

The slave trade produced chances for wealth creation for any person who could manage to rally societies to attack other townships and communities or start up captures, making substantial political resistance in the process, which even resulted to the breaking up of administrative entities. For example, it has been argued that the slave trade was partly responsible for the wars that led to the break-up of the Yoruba state (Bowen 2006). Truly, scholars have also found numerical proof that areas that had higher slave-trading intensity tend to have a greater percentage of different groups in the present day.

In this report, I postulate that the same case of political friction triggered by the slave trade would also have swayed political organizations on both the village and town levels. Although states could break up as a consequence of political friction, such a break-up is unreasonable in the case of villages or townships as, excluding in very occasional circumstances, their residents are geographically bounded together.  I debate, then, that, villages and towns have a habit of forming various political crowds in response to political friction. These political groups function to guard their own members and take benefit of members of other groups.

The slave trade had shocking effects in Africa. Economic inducements for generals and societies to participate in the slave trade supported an atmosphere of lawlessness and fierceness. Depopulation and a persistent panic of detention made economic and agricultural growth nearly difficult all over much of West African countries. Most of the people who were taken captive in African countries were women in their childbearing years and young men who would have been starting families (Leonard, 2017, p 27). The European slavers generally left behind the people who were aged, people with disabilities, or otherwise dependent individuals who were not able to contribute to the economic sector of their societies. This greatly impacted negatively on the economic growth.

The transatlantic slave trade generated great wealth for many individuals, companies, and countries, but the brutal trafficking in human beings and the large numbers of deaths that resulted eventually sparked well-organized opposition to the trade. This resulted in stunted economic growth since trade is one of the major promoters of economic growth. Although slavery was highly profitable, it had a negative impact on the economy in the southern parts of Africa. It hindered the growth and the expansion of industry and cities and subsidized to high arrears, soil exhaustion, and a lack of technological innovation.

Another factor that suggests that the Atlantic trade had negative impacts onAfrica’s economy was the occurrence of European and African attacking, capture, andtorture of Africans from the coastal regions and the hinterlands. These disturbances preventedAfricans who were not involved in the trade from doing business in peace and securitydeprived of the danger of being captured and sold to Europeans. ‘In Africa, the trading groups could make no contribution to technological improvement because their role and preoccupation took their minds and energies away from production. In contrast, the trade helped the west by emerging its technology with the importation of skilled Africans of all ages. This introduction marked the commencement of Africa’s brain drain that continues to hamper development in the continent resulting in reduced economic growth.

Social impact of the slave trade also affected Africa continent greatly. It is here that powerful reactions and the weight of collective memory press most heavily. Current Africans are regularly told that the present state of their societies derives from their ‘‘ugly’’ and ‘‘savage’’ participation in the slave trade.

Nevertheless, the grief of detached families and the practices of enslavement all through the trans-Atlantic trade were collectively demoralizing for victims of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Through the trade, the Africans who were enslaved or in danger with craving constantly resisted the brutalizing restrains of this tradition. Communities and townships built fortifications and warning organizations to inhibit attacks from traders or enemy groups. If captured and forced onto ships for the Middle Passage, enslaved Africans resisted by organizing hunger strikes, forming rebellions, and even committing suicide by leaping overboard rather than living in slavery. These rebellions were costly for European traders, and led them to avoid certain regions known for this resistance strategy, such as Upper Guinea, except during periods of high slave trade market demand (lecture 8). This eventually resulted in having decreased numbers of Africans entering the trans-Atlantic slave trade from these regions with resistance strategies, and this suggested that African resistance approaches could be helpful.

In conclusion, the African continent experienced difficult time during the times of slave trade by the Europeans between the 15th and 19th centuries. The people lived with fear of being captured and could not run their daily activities with peace and harmony. The trans-Atlantic slave trade being the major, negatively impacted the Africa greatly on the political, social and economic growth. .

The roots of the predicament facing Africa are in the structural, economic, and political disruptions that the continent inherited from the European slavers and colonizers. African societies have a big challenge in advancing their economic development since they inherited constitutions from European powers and they do not reflect the structural realisms of their societies. However, there is no uncertainty that the slave trade generated remarkable social problems in Africa, and that these problems have severe effects on its current realities. Surely, the demography of Africa was greatly affected by the exceptional shipping of African populations to foreign lands.

The impact of technology in hospitality

SHENHAO WEI

316146

H621

BBA6001 Business Development and Strategy

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

“I confirm that this work is my own. Additionally, I confirm that no part of this coursework, except where clearly quoted and referenced, has been copied from material belonging to any other person e.g. from a book, handout, another student. I am aware that it is a breach of GIHE regulations to copy the work of another without clear acknowledgment and that attempting to do so renders me liable to disciplinary procedures. To this effect, I have uploaded my work onto Turnitin and have ensured that I have made any relevant corrections to my work prior to submission. ”

Introduction

Technology is one of the critical components in the world today. It is worth noting that technology has tremendously affected the various aspects of life, especially the economic and social sectors. The Internet economy has tremendously been affected by technology. Technology is dynamic because of continuous invention and innovation. The modern way of life has influenced the service industry. People in the world today cannot be separated from their wireless networks and mobile phones. It is because most people have linked modern technology to improved standard of living and quality of life. Through such perspectives, the hospitality industry has changed. Several stakeholders in the service industry believe that those online reviews will directly lead to in-store sales. Nonetheless, the development of science and technology in the hotel industry has led to the development in the hotel industry. Guests use several technological applications to access hotel services, which include booking rooms or checking in online.

Current Literature

Nowadays, the new era of technological advancement and the growth of the internet has led to earth-shaking changes in the hotel industry. First of all, there are new ways of staying in China. The individual in need of hotel services can use the hotel’s exclusive app or use some travel apps to enter their personal information. Through the inquiry of the system, a self-check-in process is realized using a QR code. The customer will show the QR code at the front desk, and the front desk staff will prepare the room card for the customer. Undoubtedly, this saves time waiting for check-in and protects the privacy of customers to a certain extent. These are factors that customers consider when choosing hotel services.

According to my internship experience, every time some celebrities or successful entrepreneurs check into a hotel, the front desk staff will unconsciously discuss these celebrities in the office. This spontaneous behavior is inevitable and difficult to contain, yet it might adversely affect the privacy of the customer. At the same time, this new model is also a signal. If such a model can be recognized and supported by the public, it will also assist the hotel industry management in implementing reforms that will change the hotel industry. The approach can reduce the pressure on front desk colleagues. Can you save some expenses from the front desk and reduce the pressure on the hotel? Moreover, it reduces the time for customers to wait for check-in, and can also improve customer satisfaction. It means that the level of customer privacy will also be improved. I found on the Canary Technologies website that “According to a survey by Skift and Oracle, 71% of the interviewed guests prefer the self-check-in process.” Just in 2018, I found “unmanned “hotels” in my hometown of Hangzhou-Alibaba’s future hotels. It was a sensation in Hangzhou at that time. The services and facilities inside were all machines. I could not find the service personnel. Only technological equipment was there to provide services. A staff member could only be been when there is a malfunction in the equipment. You can check-in by yourself. The Artificial Intelligence robot will take you to the room. At the same time, a delivery robot will deliver all ordered items to the doorstep of your room. It means that a customer has no reason to go downstairs to pick the items. The face recognition technology is applied in automatically opening the door, which is much relevant in the hotel industry. Innovation is a critical tool for entrepreneurs because it is used to change the industry through the creation of service opportunities and different dimensions of business.

Jack Ma is one of the excellent entrepreneurs who entered the hotel industry and successfully opened a new path. In recent years, with the advent of the self-media era, people have begun to pay more and more attention to the comments of food bloggers. It means that bloggers are playing a role in the hotel industry. Their vlogs and articles were forwarded and commented-on on major social platforms, and the decoration styles and signature dishes of many restaurants were uploaded to the Internet. These aspects have a huge response from social media users. In this environment, a new profession has emerged, and they are called KOLs (key opinion leaders) in communication. In China, “Food is the paramount necessity of the people. People regard food as their prime want.” is an ordinary but true proverb. Some KOL commented on the food and expressed exclusive opinions on the audience’s food and restaurants on the self-media platform. They make an impact since their comments are streamlined towards the needs of the people. Their fans may be distributed all over the world. Whenever these KOLs publish recommended videos or articles about local restaurants, these fans will have a mentality of trying to consume.

The recommendation made by KOLs tends to influence consumer behaviour. This is undoubtedly a very good marketing tool. In the follow-up development, restaurant owners will actively invite them, to try out for free, and then ask them to write a video or article about their restaurant. “They post reviews about restaurants and street food around the city. The reviews convey information that will help the customer to make the best choices. Some of the shared information includes Dishes information, and specify defects, tastes, and each ingredient. “The catering industry is now more challenging than ever. People’s impressions of restaurants are no longer limited to those in newspapers and magazines. The customers have several sources of information, which include food photos sent by friends on social media. So before deciding to go to a restaurant for dinner, the first thing people do is to check the restaurant’s menu and food on social media. In addition, some especially well-known bloggers will publish videos or articles to the public, and the boss needs to pay. This has completely evolved into a new profession since it is a marketing strategy that continues to strengthen the hotel industry. The existence of such platforms has suddenly made some restaurants became popular on the Internet. Therefore, the restaurant owner works together with the video bloggers as an advertising tool. Just like the “Yinba” on the Internet before, it relied on iconic actions to rescue its restaurants and even opened branches all over the world.

Nevertheless, online reviews are indeed endless. Some say it is delicious, while others say it is inconspicuous, similar to other steakhouses. At the same time, some bloggers will also comment on some bad comments, such as the food is not tasty, unhealthy, and so on. Such comments will adversely affect the restaurant. It will cause the restaurant to lose a lot of traffic. Some guests looking forward to dinner may not be prepared to be quests to the restaurant after seeing these reports, and some restaurants may close down because of too many bad reviews. Now it is the consumer’s preference to decide what will appear on the menu, rather than the restaurant’s owner. It means that social media and the internet have given the consumer powers to redirect restaurants on their choice and preferences. These videos and articles have raised people’s expectations for restaurant service and new dishes. For many restaurants, this means that they must keep up with the current food trends by meeting consumer needs and preferences. In addition to their high creative requirements, many chefs and restaurants use Instagram accounts and other social media accounts to keep an eye on them. Competitors in the industry, see if they have some of the latest dishes, and monitor the most popular dining styles and trends.

Conclusion

As a successful hospitality entrepreneur, continuous technological innovation has a major role to play. Continuous innovation and learning are some of the ways to stay competitive. The emergence of new social media and the emergence of new technologies will certainly make your business more successful to a certain extent. Competition is inevitable, but the best way to achieve a competitive advantage is to align services to new technology and new social media platforms. Companies need to follow the trend of the times, adopt effective ideas and countermeasures, focus on strengthening corporate brand building, and create an industry-leading, user-satisfied, as well as, publicly recognized brand image. Also, use brand advantages to enhance the core competitiveness of the company, and promote the continuous, effective, and harmonious development of the company. The best examples for the future hotel industry are Jack Ma and Steakhouse of “Salt bae”. The former uses advanced technology to make Jack Ma’s hotel a well-known hotel in the industry. Constantly innovating products is needed. It means that all stakeholders in the hotel industry should focus on technology and empress the new social media platforms.

References

Google Demo – Contactless Check-In. (2021). Retrieved 21 June 2021, from https://www.canarytechnologies.com/activation/demo/google-demo-contactless-check-in?utm_source=adword&utm_medium=medium&utm_campaign=contactlesscheckin&gclid=CjwKCAjw8cCGBhB6EiwAgOReywi4qjHOreW7t4QByqgl1uKPfOiOMcs1NMN2jTLxFCWeuB-PyWsD3hoCaToQAvD_BwE

Impact of Food Vlogging on consumers perception. (2021). Retrieved 21 June 2021, from https://www.xajzkjdx.cn/gallery/128-may2020.pdfDrucker, P. Innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business or a different service.

Racial discrimination is an issue that has affected African American people for decades now. It traces its origin back to the era where black people were forced to work on farms as slaves for white people. They were considered inferior and worthless hence being bought and sold like commodities and as slaves. It manifests itself in many ways and places in the current world, from workplaces, shopping centers, schools, hospitals, and even neighborhoods. Racial discrimination affects black people both physically and mentally, and it needs to be eliminated. This paper supports the argument that racial discrimination should be stopped.

Racial discrimination is an issue that affects people worldwide, and our efforts to stop it may seem little with no impact on society. Usually, the government is the body to make a meaningful impact in society concerning racial discrimination. They, however, choose to be quiet and not support the matter. If it’s anything, the law enforcers are the ones who contribute to racial discrimination by using excessive force when handling black people. This characteristic of the government prompts me to take the initiative and support the black community despite knowing my efforts are negligible. It still counts for something, and I believe the little we offer for the course goes a long way. It may seem meaningless since efforts don’t match the many cases of racial discrimination. Regardless, it should not stop us from doing the right thing.

I am applying the Broome argument in favor of climate change. I will argue that we have a moral obligation to end Racial discrimination in our society. I believe the principles of equality and human rights go hand in hand. Therefore, it is a requirement that one adheres to the laws established for the sake of the country and its people as a law-abiding citizen. Human rights are part of the law, and they are meant to protect citizens from any kind of discrimination either by other citizens or by the state itself. I find it interesting how individuals in society choose to give a blind eye to racial discrimination issues and still claim to be state law abiders. The laws are quite clear concerning the definition of racial discrimination and how it may be practiced in society. The roles of other society members are also laid out. It comes down to our willingness to take part in the racial eradication stoppage initiative.

Racial discrimination is an issue experienced by nearly all states in America and all over the world. This fact can explain why people would not want to participate and contribute to eliminating racial discrimination. The fact that it is happening worldwide belittles the efforts of an individual who wishes to be part of the initiative. It discourages them by making their contribution look inferior. This factor explains why people ignore racial discrimination despite being at the forefront of human rights matters in their respective countries or states. It feels like doing zero work because the issue is widespread, and the support system towards the course is too weak.

Broome’s argument in Climate matters talks about how many minuscule imperceptible harms lead to serious harm. According to Broome, individuals fail to recognize emissions they release into the air because it is small compared to the size of the world. He warns that small emissions made by individuals daily amount to large harmful emissions that cause global warming. As much as we feel our efforts don’t count, we should also think about doing the right thing as individuals, following our conscience, and living free from its guilt. The thought that many people can share in this thought and that the number of supporters can grow is motivation enough. People should derive their motivation to stop racial discrimination from their own conscience. What does your heart tell you to do? Are you at peace knowing you have done nothing concerning the issue? These are some of the questions individuals should ask themselves to evaluate where they stand. Despite knowing that my efforts are negligible, I still advocate for the black community whenever possible. People should choose to do the same because there is nothing to lose if you look at it. Creating awareness as one of the initiatives also brings more people to the initiative, and we know there is power in numbers. I use Broome’s style of argument that small efforts put together amount to something substantial and impactful. An individual effort may not prove substantial, but large masses can easily lead to a change anticipated.

Dominant races might argue that the issue doesn’t concern them as they are not directly affected and refuse to participate. However, this might not be the case because we have long-term effects of racial discrimination that affect the community at large. When African American people are denied jobs in the country, it means that they have no source of income hence reduced purchasing power. As a result, there will be a surplus in the market now that consumers have no money to spend. There is, therefore, an economic imbalance that hinders economic growth. Economic growth is a matter that affects all citizens regardless of their race. It becomes a cycle that impacts society negatively. We need to take the initiative and support the black community because their contribution to the economy and community matters.

My final argument in support of racial discrimination stoppage, regardless of it being an issue beyond my control, is that choosing not to do something about it is far worse. It will be a constant bother to know that one has the capacity and capability to do something about racial discrimination but still choose to be silent. Sitting and watching from the sidelines will not be a sensible thing to do. However, it is better to contribute to the issue, however little it may be. one might not reach all the black people facing discrimination worldwide, but might change people around them, their neighbors, friends, or even classmates. That meaningful impact on an individual is very important and cannot be compared to not taking the initiative to be helpful and spearhead racial discrimination in society.