Category: Uncategorized

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Race, Ethnicity, and Power

Elaine Pinderhughes’s concept of power offers a great understanding explaining the multilevel, bidirectional, and recursive operation of power, its impacts, and the thinking necessary for effective intervention. In her writing, Pinderhughes emphasizes the role of power in the dynamic of cross-cultural communication and scrutinizes how power and lack of power, which happen to be essential in the roles of clients and clinicians and their cultural group statuses, can impact the clinical processes and aftermath. Her concept provides an opportunity to create a meta-view from which to address how power functions when it is impartial and discover its capability for healing and helping individuals discover, find, reclaim, and enhance their own power. Having an understanding of the concept of Race, Ethnicity, and power increases cross-cultural conspicuousness by examining the impact of racial and ethnic identity upon the social and psychological dynamics of interaction among people from different backgrounds (Pinderhughes, 1989). Pinderhughes provides help to individual practitioners to elucidate the denotation and principles understood in their own feelings, behaviors, and attitudes and demonstrates how to integrate these understandings in everyday clinical practice to improved control, and even transform, their prejudices. She does this through examples drawn from her clinical practice and the many cultural sensitivity training workshops.

According to my personal concept of power and helping relationships, with specific stress on the personal, social, and cultural impacts which have helped shape my ideas, current contexts, such as anti-oppressive doings, might be insufficient in being capable to recognize the complexity and range of power relationships that might be passed within a social situation. Power entails the capacity of a person to influence the beliefs, actions, or behavior of other individuals. It is the likelihood that one player within a social relation will be in a position to carry out his will notwithstanding resistance irrespective of the foundation on which this probability rests. We are committed to a culturally affirming stance, identified together from the nuanced cultural understandings and frameworks we exemplify as a heterogeneous group and the power dynamics that arise among us due to our particular multiple, intersecting social locations (Tervalon & Murray-Garcia, 1998). From my understanding, I think that understanding Race, Ethnicity, and Power is an essential resource for all practitioners and learners pursuing to deepen cultural sensitivity in clinical practice and a lasting donation to a better understanding of our pluralistic society. Understandings associated with cultural differences can result in persons developing undesirable, undecided, or negative beliefs, perceptions, and attitudes about others and themselves.

According to my personal experiences, I have been at some times in situations of power and other times in situations of powerlessness as I had in relations with other individuals in my life. During my time as a student, I have been able to be chosen as a student representative in class, whereby I used to exercise my possession of power. Back then, when I was in high school, other students had chosen me to their school captain. In these two instances where I was in power, I was able to develop the way to interact with others to the extent that also assisted me to mature into a better person. The position that I had in power helped me grow into a better thinker and consider what others have to say. I have also experienced a lot being in a powerless position. From companies to public health facilities and law enforcement agencies, I have severally been powerless. I realized in my position being powerless that people who are strong never give in to abusive powers. Not all individuals know how to exercise their power. Some can use their position to take advantage of others. I learned to give respect to people who are in power but not abusive.

My experiences being in power and the experience of not being in power inform me how I should develop relationships as a professional social worker. It helps me establish rapport or a harmonious relationship in which there is mutual understanding and connection with individuals. I realized that in someone being in a social worker position, one way to establish rapport is through empathy or the ability to grasp entirely, experience, and share in another person’s emotional state. These personal experiences are essential in upholding key boundaries to protect myself in the social worker profession, the clients, and the organization I will work for. Social services have to promote and safeguard the welfare of vulnerable adults and children and also to offer a wide range of services to children and their parents.

My concept of power and helping has many similarities with those described with Pinderhughes. Both my concept of power and that of Pinderhughes support the fact that the quality of the relationship between the worker and the client has been axiomatically accepted as the cornerstone of effective practice. However, her concept emphasizes the role of power in the dynamics of cross-cultural communication primarily and examines how power and lack of power can affect clinical processes and outcomes. Both or concepts of power highlight that power is common to mostly helping professions for the empowerment of the clients and ourselves.

The NASW Code of Ethics sets forth the standards, principles, and values that offer guidance to the conduct of the social worker profession. It gives a summary of the wide-ranging ethical values that reflect social worker’s core standards and creates a set of precise moral values that ought to be used to guide social work practice. The six core values of social work are advantageous in generating helpful relations in which clients are empowered, and power is not abused.

Reference

Pinderhughes, E. (1989). Understanding race, ethnicity, and power: The key to efficacy in clinical practice. Simon and Schuster.

Tervalon, M., & Murray-Garcia, J. (1998). Cultural humility versus cultural competence: A critical distinction in defining physician training outcomes in multicultural education. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved, 9(2), 117-125.

The Impact of Multi- Tasking on Performance

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I have always held the belief that I produce the worst results when I have been engaged in more than three or four projects all going on at the same period of time. I believe this is usually the case because I do not have enough time to plan adequately what I am supposed to do early. Additionally, I have found out that following to the startup of a technical project, I usually move right to the next project without spending some time to collect enough information and analyze what areas need to be improved of the finished project. In this paper, I will take up the task of finding out how multitasking can affect negatively the overall performance of a project and the learning experience quality at the end of the project. The research question in this case, therefore, is whether there is a relationship that exists between the overall performance of a project manager and the number of technical projects undertaken.

Several studies have been carried out to determine whether the brains of human beings can effectively multi- task and learn. One such study found out that distraction by multi- tasking causes distractions that can significantly reduce the ability of an individual to retain new knowledge effectively (Walus, 2008). Other studies indicated that multi- tasking projects can be extremely demanding that can lead to deteriorated performance (Adcock et al., 2008).

Other researchers have suggested that multi- tasking usually leads to the spawning of projects. They argue that individuals usually are faced with challenges in completing tasks that have been multi- threaded. The end result usually is that efforts and projects do not get completed as times gets limited and demands increase (Gasser & Palfrey, 2009).

With the support of these studies, our research question can be answered that there is a relationship between performance and multi- tasking technical projects. It can, therefore, be concluded that multitasking leads to decreased performance and learning.

References

Adcock, R. et al. (2008). Functional neuroanatomy of executive processes involved in dual-task performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97(7), 3568-3570.

Gasser, U. & Palfrey, J. (2009). Mastering multitasking. Educational Leadership, 66(6), 14-19.

Walus, Y. (2008). Is multitasking bad for your business? New Zealand Business. 22(7), 30-31.

Race, Ethnicity, and the United States

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Race, Ethnicity, and the United States

Pastor McPherson’s perspective on color is that human beings are all the same irrespective of their skin color. McPherson posits that there is no difference between white, black, and brown people as their genetic makeup is 99% identical. He puts forth that ethnicity is a social construct and that only one ethnicity exists; the human race. McPherson says that it is human beings that came up with the concept of color and that we are more alike than we are different. He insists that to overcome the racial divide that exists in our culture, we should first understand the potential for unity and the nature of the division. McPherson’s perspective on color ties to the story of the Jesus being fed water by the well by a Samaritan woman. McPherson recognizes that while humans are the same, there are some aspects about our division that we cannot ignore. Like Jesus, McPherson’s sees the varying color of human beings, but that does not change his perspective about our interaction as humans. Jesus was a Jew, but he went ahead to request for water from a Samaritan. The Samaritan woman was surprised and even asked how is that he asked for a drink, as Jews were known to have no dealings with Samaritans. These two groups had a longstanding, fierce and pervasive hatred between them that dated back to the patriarchy within the Christian faith. The hatred ensued after 43, 000 Israelites were taken into captivity in Babylon and later allowed to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the land which had been occupied by Samaritans. The Samaritans refused repatriation of land against their will, and in turn the Jews detested the religion and culture of Samaritans, referring to them as half-breeds and dogs.

There is no doubt that I have encountered racist expressions in my life. While interacting with different people of different races, I have come across comments and phrases that come off as offensive. One of the expressions is eenie meenie miney moe. The expression emanates from a longer version of the children’s play song and is considered offensive. The shortened version comes from a similar phrase that is a bit older; where nigger replaces tiger which is a counting song. Basically, the expression is used as a way to eliminate each other in a game of dice. Growing up, I got used to hearing this phrase especially when playing as kids. Another expression that is common is the term nigger. I have grown up hearing people use this word in their dialect despite it being deemed an offensive racial slur. Another expression that I have encountered in my personal life is the phrase black don’t crack. While the phrase is used as a positive expression of pride for people of color, it is still considered racist when white people use it. I favor my racial in-group in numerous ways. For instance, I feel it is okay for people of color to call each other the n-word, while I find it offensive for a white person to call a black person the same. Similarly, I find it offensive for white people to use the phrase black do not crack as opposed to when a black person uses it. Also, another way in favor of my racial group is that I do not feel very much offended when a black person tells me I am not good enough as opposed to when the remark comes from a white person.

I believe I do not have any racial blind spots when it comes to race. Even the results of the IAT implicit test support this assertion. The results describe me as “having an automatic preference for African Americans over European Americans,” which informs my position on racial blind spots. I think my childhood best friend is best placed to tell whether I have any racial blind spots because she has been with me for majority of my life. Having grown up together and attending the same schools meant that we were always around each other. She knows me more than anybody else, and if there is any person who can reveal my blind spots it would be me.

The time racial blind spots hurt me was a time at a social gathering when someone commented that I was not black enough because I am mixed and hence I am not alive to the full struggles of people of color. This was not the first time to go through the experience and it is nothing out of the ordinary. It is absurd that there are classifications of color and people think that when one is brown, white people will see them as less black, which is far from the truth. One of the nine blind spots I have encountered is the second one in the text; I claim all people are equal, but in my heart, I believe that my ethnicity is superior to others. I have lived the reality depicted in this statement countless times particularly with white people. While some of them will claim to believe in equality of all races, their actions say something else. They act as if they are the superior race just because they are white.

The people whose opinions are different from mine when it comes to matters of race are conservatives and particularly white people. I say this because, in most cases, I have never encountered unequal treatment from black people. It is always the people that are not liberated that will have lots of negative things to say. I cannot say I harbor negative feelings toward them. I try not to hold it against them, but I am shocked by their viewpoints and barbaric mentality in this day and age. The one thing that needs to be communicated so as to bring our hearts closer is that we are more alike than we are different. Just like McPherson’s put it, DNA shows that the races that we think we belong to go deeper than we think. Only one race exists, and that is the human race.

My thoughts about race and ethnicity have always been clear; that all human beings are the same. It does not matter where we come from or what our DNA might say, we are all human beings. I have always maintained that race is a social construct hell-bent on keeping people divided along racial lines. I am alive of the fact that some people, particularly conservative racists, might have a different opinion from mine. While this stance might offend them, it does not change the fact that it is my truth. In my quest to learn more about varying viewpoints concerning race, I would like to have a dialogue with Asian Americans so that I can get their perspective on the race factor in society.

One practice that I have that can hinder me from honoring or knowing the people that are different from me is generalizing and making assumptions. I will admit that I have this bias particularly when dealing with conservatives that they are racists. I used to think that conservatives particularly from the south are the same; racists. But with time, I have let go of this mentality as a result of interacting with them and knowing that there is more to what meets the eye than what I see. Nowadays, I try as much as possible to avoid making generalizations, as I know that not all people are the same. I have learned the culture of appreciating all groups of people regardless of their ethnicity and background. I now realize that people have different abilities and are unique in their own way, and this has nothing to do with race. I can say that my perspective has shifted a lot after interacting with people of various ethnic backgrounds, including Latinos, Hispanics, and Asians. I understand cultures are diverse and so are people and that above all, human beings are the same.

I carried a lot of lessons from Miles McPherson’s book The Third Option. To start with, I have learned to be more appreciative of people of all races. I have learned that race is a social construct that society came up with by themselves. Before any race, we are human beings first. I have also learned about the biases that exist in matters of racial blind spots. I have learned about the issues that brown skin people experience in society. On the one hand, their black counterparts consider them as advantaged and assume they receive better treatment from white people because they are not as black. On the other hand, white people rarely view them as white because according to them they are still white irrespective of being brown skin. This just paints a picture of the extent of racism in society. I have also learned we are all mixed races to some degree as a result of living in a society with immigrants, which makes it rare to find an American that is ethically pure.

The Impact of Pandemic Covid-19 on Global Tourism Industry

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The Impact of Pandemic Covid-19 on Global Tourism Industry

Introduction

Covid-19 is a global pandemic that has had a devastating effect on the tourism industry globally. Tourism is among the industries that has been hit the hardest by the structures that governments and international organizations have imposed thanks to the pandemic (Uğur & Akbıyık, 2020). Consequently, restrictions on travel and movements were imposed affecting both local and international tourism. Despite the recent developments and improvements in recovering normal operations across the globe, the pandemic is still taking a toll on every aspect of life and the global economy. Due to this economic crisis, the world witnessed a significant decrease in incomes of a significant percentage of the population (Uğur & Akbıyık, 2020). Firstly, the incomes of local residents who form the basis of local tourism was affected. Secondly, the tourist business owners experienced economic downturns and will have a hard time restoring their normal enterprise operations. As a result, they may attempt to inflate their prices for foreign tourists. This paper discusses and analyzes the impacts that the pandemic has had on the tourism industry on a global scale and provides some suggestions and recommendations that can help the issues encountered by the industry due to the pandemic.

The Travel and Tourism Industry

Within the past decade, the industry of tourism has seen a continuous growth and was considered to be among the fastest growing sectors globally (Horaira, 2021). The tourism industry witnessed a growth of 59% in global arrival of tourists from 2009 to 2019 that is about 880 million in 2009 to about 1.5 billion in 2019. Globally, the industry contributed about $9 trillion to the world GDP in the year 2019 which equaled to a 10.3% contribution. It should also be noted that one in ten jobs across the globe was in the tourism sector in 2019 which equaled 330 million jobs (Pashkus, Pashkus, & Asadulaev, 2021). But all of this changed when the pandemic hit in 2020 and the growth within the industry was halted. With hotels closed, airplanes on the ground, and the implementation of travel restrictions across the world, the tourism industry became the most affected sector in the world economy. The COVID-19 pandemic cut all the international arrivals in the first and second quarters of 2020. In one year of the pandemic’s outbreak, there was an unprecedented damage to the tourism sector globally (Pashkus, Pashkus, & Asadulaev, 2021). Urgent measures were therefore taken to prevent the rapid spread of the virus like social distancing, territorial blockade, school closures, working from home, among other measures.

According to a study conducted by (Harchandani & Shome, 2021), the damage that the COVID-19 pandemic caused is much higher compared to the previous pandemics. The precise estimate of the total loss cannot be conducted the virus is still spreading. The losses faced by the international tourism is through severe declines of global tourists, revenues, and number of closed destinations and interrupted businesses. The adverse effects of COVID-19 on the global tourism is analyzed through the aspects below:

Impact on Destination Performance

Thanks to the pandemic, travel restrictions were implemented in every destination across the globe. This perspective represented a major challenge on international travel because all the destinations across the world had to limit the number of tourists coming in in order to prevent the spread of the disease (Abbas et al., 2021). To combat the dangers of the virus, many countries prioritized community health and that is why travel was restricted entirely or partly between destinations. Still, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 are increasing as well as deaths related to the virus and that is why for a while, many countries chose to totally implement travel restrictions in order to solve this health crisis. Therefore, all tourism activities were suspended in all areas across the globe.

Number of COVID-19 infections in the top-ten tourist destinations across the globe (Source: Tung, 2021)

According to the statistics above, it shows how the pandemic was high and is affecting tourism in almost all the leading international travel markets. There are eight countries in the top-ten tourist destinations in 2019 that are in the list of twenty countries with the highest number of cases (Tung, 2021). In particular, the top-ten tourist destinations had about 61.8 million infections as of May, 2020 which was approximately 35.9% of the COVID-19 cases worldwide (Tung, 2021). Even though the latest statistics indicate that almost all destinations globally have now reduced the restrictions implemented on global tourism, the COVID-19 pandemic is still causing significant damages to the tourism sector not only in the top ten tourism markets, but in all tourism destinations across the globe.

Impact on international tourism revenue tourists

Since the outbreak of the pandemic, the international tourism system has been facing a risk of collapse as a result of a sharp decline in the number of both local and international tourists.

Figure 1: The decline rate of global tourists in sub regions in 2020 (Source: (Kaushal & Srivastava, 2021)

According to the statistics on the figure above, there was a decline in the number of global tourists in every territory and country across the globe (Kaushal & Srivastava, 2021). At the end of 2020, the Asia-Pacific region saw the highest decline with -80% relative to the same time period in the year 2019. Other counties also witnessed a sharp decrease; Middle-East (-75%), Europe (-70%), Americas (-70%), and Africa (-63%). On average, the number of international tourists decreased by approximately -73% relative to the same time period the previous year (Tung, 2021). This percentage is equivalent to over one billion visitors.

Impact on Employment in the Tourism Industry

The tourism industry is regarded as a leading sector in the economy of many countries. The tourism sector generates not only revenue for the economy but it also employs a significant number of people (Tung, 2021). The International Labor Organization provides that international tourism provided over 319 million both directly and indirectly which accounts for approximately 10% of the international workforce. Because the tourism industry was the hardest hit sector amid the pandemic, approximately 144 million employees working in the tourism sector encountered a major reversal on income and some lost their jobs (Tung, 2021). For instance, 45% of the population in Portuguese island of Madeira lost their jobs and 41,500 people lost their jobs in Hungary. In addition, after lockdowns were enacted in the Caribbean region, approximately 300,000 people were rendered jobless in the tourism sector of Jamaica (Altuntas & Gok, 021).

The adverse effects of the pandemic on employment on the tourism sector is evident. Because of the losses suffered by the industry, it may take a number of years or even decades to regain the growth enjoyed between 2009 and 2019 and recapture the opportunities that were missed (Rahman et al. 2021). Due to the territorial blockade policies imposed in destinations, if specific countries fail to put efforts, it would be extremely hard to overcome the problems that the global tourism industry is facing today. This situation is serious and urgent because there are approximately 120 million tourism employees that can lose their jobs due to this pandemic. This is about 35% of the total number of employees in the tourism sector globally (Rahman et al. 2021). This risk is very huge for both the international tourism sector and the host countries’ social issues.

Impact on Tourism Transportation

The global air travel demand had sharply decreased in the year 2020 relative to 2019. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) stated that the data showed an unmatched decrease of about 75% in the number of flights globally as compared to the previous year (Singh, ET AL., 2021). This indicates an adverse impact of the pandemic on the international tourism sector. Generally, aviation is the number one choice of travelling means globally. But even so, cruise-based tourism has seen a rapid growth in recent years (Rahman et al. 2021). Consequently, this form of tourism has led to an increase in revenue due to the increased number of tourists over the years. But after the pandemic hit, the large- yacht travels were suspended to contain the spread of the coronavirus. This form of tourism was nearly stopping its operations because of the risk of the virus spreading across the world. In addition, bus transport companies also saw an unmatched decline in tourism transportation demands. The instant decline in both domestic and international tourism demands was a shocking for local transport companies that focuses on the transportation of tourists locally (Rahman et al. 2021). Some solutions have been proposed in order to recover the global tourism transportation like the coronavirus vaccine passport but the outbreak of the pandemic in some regions tends to slow these plans.

Impact on the Tourism Industry’s Supply Chain

On normal conditions, units in the supply chain of tourism like airline companies, travel firms, excursion points, and accommodation service providers will smoothly liaise with each other to serve visitors and share profits and revenues (Pham et al., 2021). But after the strong drop in the number of both domestic and foreign tourists, a good financial flow is affected. Moreover, informal businesses within the industry were also affected due to the pandemic. The supply chain units have tried to keep deposit money and prioritized settling their issues. Evidently, the pandemic has led to cracks and disruptions in the global tourism system’s supply chain. Most facilities like hotels, restaurants, entertainment spots, and local tourism destinations are either closed because of sharply reduced wattage or blockade policies (Pham et al., 2021). These situations have resulted in disruptions of the industry’s supply chain and recovering from these disruptions can take a lot of time. If the pandemic prolongs and the decline of international visitors continues over the years, the tourism supply chain units will continue to face issues such as bankruptcies and can also be broken seriously.

Suggestions and Recommendations

The pandemic’s outbreak has obviously led to countries taking unprecedented solutions and has caused tremendous damages to the tourism industry globally. This serious crisis has not ended and the rate of recovery cannot be predicted (Tung, 2021). Even though the coronavirus vaccine campaigns continue to be performed across many countries worldwide, the COVID-19 outbreak is still a very serious issue. This therefore means that international tourism needs not only effective solutions but also huge cooperation from every country globally (Pashkus, Pashkus, & Asadulaev, 2021). Thus, it is necessary that the tourism industry develops effective strategies to develop and reinforce their brand and the countries’ territories in order to influence the attractiveness of the cities for the tourists despite the pandemic. Furthermore, it is necessary to take multiple state regulation’s measures and the industry’s support to avoid overpricing and unreasonable requirements for international tourists. These measures will help avoid subsequent crises in the global tourism industry possibly transform the trends of global tourism in favor of their territories.

Conclusion

The pandemic has had serious effects on the global tourism sector and has caused multiple social and economic losses. Measures put in place to combat this pandemic like closure of national borders, lockdown of economies, mandatory testing especially for travelers, and quarantine has changed the industry’s functioning significantly (Pashkus, Pashkus, & Asadulaev, 2021). The recurrent nature of the pandemic’s wave every now and then has forced the international authorities to continuously modify the regulations that concern sanitary restrictions and security measures which aggravates further the adverse effects of the pandemic on the industry of tourism. As demonstrated in the discussion above, every form of tourism activity has been harmed thanks to the pandemic. Although local tourism has not been affected as much as the international tourism, it has also suffered losses. But from previous experiences with other pandemics, there is hope that international tourism will eventually overcome this difficult situation successfully and a growth period will start (Bouarar, Mouloudj, & Mouloudj, 2020). Furthermore, the crisis brought by the pandemic can be regarded as an opportunity for the restructure of international tourism with regards to the new growth period. Experts have introduced policy implications to help in the process of recovery within the industry. The roll out of the corona virus vaccine also boosts hopes for the industry’s recovery despite the constant challenges experienced. In most regions, the global tourism industry is expected to survive and local tourism in many countries across the world has resumed operations and business and jobs have been restored in some destinations.

References

Abbas, J., Mubeen, R., Iorember, P. T., Raza, S., & Mamirkulova, G. (2021). Exploring the

impact of COVID-19 on tourism: transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 2, 100033. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100033Altuntas, F., & Gok, M. S. (2021). The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on domestic tourism: A

DEMATEL method analysis on quarantine decisions. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102719. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102719Bouarar, A. C., Mouloudj, K., & Mouloudj, S. (2020). The impact of coronavirus on tourism sector-an analytical study.

Harchandani, P., & Shome, S. (2021). The effects of COVID-19 on global tourism. AseanJournal on Hospitality and Tourism, 63-82. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.5614/ajht.2021.19.1.06Horaira, M. A. (2021) Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourism Industry: Possible

Reconciliation Strategy for Bangladeshi Tourism Industry. http://dx.doi.org/10.37227/ITHJ-2021-03-108Kaushal, V., & Srivastava, S. (2021). Hospitality and tourism industry amid COVID-19

pandemic: Perspectives on challenges and learnings from India. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 92, 102707. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102707Pashkus, V., Pashkus, N., & Asadulaev, A. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Tourism Industry and Ways to Ensure High Competitiveness of the Territory in the Global Tourism Market after the Pandemic. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 92). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219201041

Pham, T. D., Dwyer, L., Su, J. J., & Ngo, T. (2021). COVID-19 impacts of inbound tourism on

Australian economy. Annals of Tourism Research, 88, 103179. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103179Rahman, M. K., Gazi, M. A. I., Bhuiyan, M. A., & Rahaman, M. A. (2021). Effect of Covid-19 pandemic on tourist travel risk and management perceptions. Plos one, 16(9), e0256486.

Singh, A. L., Jamal, S., & Ahmad, W. S. (2021). Impact assessment of Lockdown amid covid-19

pandemic on tourism industry of Kashmir Valley, India. Research in Globalization, 100053. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100053Tung, L. T. (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Tourism: A Synthetic Analysis. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 727-741. https://doi.org/10.46222/ajhtl.19770720-129

Uğur, N. G., & Akbıyık, A. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on global tourism industry: A cross

regional comparison. Tourism Management Perspectives, 36, 100744. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100744” http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100744

Race, How it Functions, and its Effects

Introduction

Race has been a major issue in the history of human kind. The concept of race, regardless of whether it has a biological or scientific support, is a profound and influential concept (Hall, 2017). Throughout history, human civilizations have used race to build and legitimize power structures, privilege, marginalization, and repression against minorities and women. The definition, in the dictionary, of the word of race is insufficient because it fails to represent the intricacies of race’s effect on people’s daily lives in its most basic forms. Important to remember is that race is a social construct that was created to categorize humans according to arbitrary criteria such as skin color and other physical characteristics such as height (Hage, 2009). In order to comprehend anything, it is important to first acknowledge the effects of race on the identities and experiences of people in order to craft a definition that is comprehensive and real. In this paper, the main purpose is to define race and to expound on how it functions. The paper also addresses its effects in society.

Race and Racism

Race is a notion that does not have a universally accepted definition in the scientific community. The term “race” may be described as a group of individuals who share certain physical characteristics with one another on the one hand, and as a group of people who share certain physical characteristics with one another on the other (Pithouse, 2016). It might also refer to individuals from a certain location or heritage who have common qualities, such as geography, according to another interpretation. In most cases, race is related with biology and physical features such as skin color and hair texture, among other things. Racism is a vague notion that is used to categorize persons based on a variety of factors, including their genetic origin and social identity, among others.

The concept of race leads to other social constructs such as racism. According to Banton (2009), racism refers to the classification of people as belonging to the same race based on their physical qualities such as their skin color and facial characteristics. Contrary to popular belief, despite the fact that genes have an impact on these apparent qualities, the great majority of genetic diversity occurs within ethnic groups rather than between them. Race, as per the assertions of Gordon (2000), should be viewed as a social construct rather than as a biological construct, because race is an idea. Since ancient times, race has been employed to build social hierarchies and to exert dominion over the remaining human population. However, despite the fact that there are no clearly defined borders between racial groups (Wright, 2004), there is an indistinct and unresolved link between racial groupings and human genetic diversity (Goldberg, 2002), as well as demographic groups, throughout the world (Yudell, 2014). In general, race may be described as a culturally organized, systematic manner of perceiving, understanding, and looking at reality that is divided into groups based on their cultural background.

Functioning of Race

Racial discrimination is well-known in most cultures, with race frequently being used to construct and legitimize power structures, as well as to oppress, marginalize, and suppress minorities and other minorities. If racial and ethnic disparities have survived for as long as they have, they must have played a significant role in society, according to the functionalism theory of race and ethnicity (Moreton-Robinson, 2015). Racial discrimination has always been and will continue to be the most important obligation of racism, and this has been and will continue to be the case. For example, slaveholders in the American South justified slavery by claiming that black people were essentially inferior to white people and that, in the long run, enslavement was better to liberty. When we take a functionalist perspective to racism, we can also analyze the ways in which racism may benefit the operation of society in a good way by building relationships between in-group members and ostracizing members of other groups (Hickey, 2016). The unwillingness to accept strangers into a community, for example, may contribute to the strengthening of the bonds that exist amongst members of the community.

Racism and ethnicity serve as important symbols of identification and sources of belonging for individuals of all races and ethnicities, according to the standpoint of symbolic interactionists (Paradies, 2016). The majority of people inside the dominant group would not even hold racist sentiments if they did not come into contact with these individuals on a regular basis. As such, the building of an idealized picture of the minority assists the dominant group in defending their own interpretation of the inferior group, so aiding in the preservation of the status quo as it is now defined (Yudell, 2014). For example, a person whose ideas of a given group are based on pictures communicated through popular culture and who maintains those beliefs despite the fact that the individual has never met someone from that group in person may exemplify this.

Effects of Race in a Society

Racism refers to a social construction that is used to categorize and assign social rank to individuals. In socioeconomic, social, legal, political, economic, and sociocultural context, racism may be defined as a network of institutions and ideas that organize and sustain an uneven distribution of advantages, wealth, and influence in benefit of the dominant racial group(s) at the expense of other racial groups. Racism is defined as an uneven distribution of advantage, wealth, and control that advantages the dominant racial groups at the expense of other racial groups (Banton, 2009). Three separate but connected features of prejudice toward social groups are encompassed by the term racism: predisposition (emotional bias), stereotyping (cognitive bias), and discriminating (legal discrimination) (Hall, 2017). According to the dictionary, prejudice is defined as an emotional response to another person or group based on one’s previously held beliefs about that person or group. When someone projects their own thoughts, beliefs, and expectations onto another person without first acquiring knowledge about that person, this is referred to as projectionism. Discrimination is the denial of equal rights on the basis of preconceived assumptions and prejudices about a person or group of people.

Race and the related concepts of racism develop into other concepts that redefine how a society relates. For example, structural or institutional racism, personal mediated discrimination, and internalized racism emerge in societies where race plays an important role. It is referred to as structural racism when there is an unequal distribution of commodities, services, and opportunities based on race (also known as institutional racism). The development of hereditary disadvantage occurs as a result of organizations embracing discriminatory practices. When it comes to racism, it can be either structural or institutional. Racism refers to the processes, attitudes, and actions that lead to discrimination against minority ethnic groups as a consequence of unconscious prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racial stereotyping (Molina and James, 2016). Racism can also be referred to as institutional or systemic racism, depending on who you ask. Historically, racism has been indissolubly related to both institutionalized and structural racism. Institutional racism has a negative impact on educational institutions, the criminal justice system, and the health-care system, among other things. Racism among institutions such as the police or the criminal justice system in a certain country is exemplified by the actions (or inaction) of individuals within those institutions. Economically wealthy nations with high rates of COVID-19 mortality among Black persons are considered to be suffering from structural racism. It is referred to as structural racism when a society’s more major political and economic disadvantages, such as higher poverty rates among Black people and people of Asian descent, are manifested. For lack of a better term, institutional racism has a daily impact on the lives, well-being, and future possibilities of minority groups in a majority of countries in the world. White supremacy is normalized when historical, cultural, and institutional actions that favor white people at the cost of minorities are accepted as standard behavior, especially in institutions and structures of society.

Personally mediated racism is the case of prejudice leading to discrimination. Racist acts can be premeditated, unintentional, committed by commission or omission, and they can be intentional or accidental. In the context of personally mediated racism, prejudice and discrimination are two aspects that must be distinguished. Prejudice refers to differing assessments of others’ abilities and motivations that are based on their race, while discrimination refers to differing acts against others that are based on their race (Graham et al., 2016). People’s actions of racism can be intentional or unintentional, and they can take the form of either commissions or omissions of acts of racism. Poor or non-existent service, failure to clearly explain choices, and distrust are all manifestations of a lack of respect.

Internalized racism is a term used to describe the process through which members of a stigmatized group internalize negative messages about their own abilities and intrinsic value. No one, not even people who look like them, could persuade them to see from a different perspective. A component of this process is accepting limitations on one’s complete humanity, which includes one’s range of ambitions, right to personal determination, and range of allowed self-expression (Sosoo, Bernard, and Neblett, 2020). Racial insults as identifiers, rejection of ancestral culture, and severe violence are all indications of social minority’ feelings of self-devaluation, despair, impotence, and hopelessness, as well as their feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness.

Conclusion

The definition of race today is insufficient because it fails to represent the intricacies of race’s effect on people’s daily lives in its most basic forms. In this discussion, the main purpose was to define race and to expound on how it functions while also addressing its effects in society. It has been defined as a group of individuals who share certain physical characteristics with one another on the one hand, and as a group of people who share certain physical characteristics with one another on the other. On the other hand, racism is the classification of people as belonging to the same race based on their physical qualities such as their skin color and facial characteristics. The most important effect is that racism leads to structural or institutional racism, personal mediated discrimination, and internalized racism emerge in societies.

Reference List

David Theo Goldberg (2002) “Chapter 5: Racial States,” The Racial State. London: Wiley.

Graham, J.R., West, L.M., Martinez, J. and Roemer, L., 2016. The mediating role of internalized racism in the relationship between racist experiences and anxiety symptoms in a Black American sample. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22(3), p.369.

Ghassan Hage (2009) “Is Australia Racist?”

Hickey, S.D., (2016). ‘They say I’m not a typical Blackfella’: Experiences of racism and ontological insecurity in urban Australia. Journal of Sociology, 52(4), pp.725-740.

Gordon, R., (2000). Critical Race Theory and International Law: Convergence and Divergence. Vill. L. Rev., 45, p.827.

Michael Banton (2009) “The Idiom of Race,” in Les Back and John Solomon (eds.) Theories of Race and Racism: A Reader. New York: Routledge, pp. 55-67.

Michael Yudell (2014) “Biology and the Problem of the Color Line,” in Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in the Twentieth Century. NY: Columbia University Press.

Michelle M. Wright (2004) “The European and American Invention of the Black Other” in Becoming Black: Creating Identity in the African Diaspora. Durham: Duke University Press.

Molina, K.M. and James, D., (2016). Discrimination, internalized racism, and depression: A comparative study of African American and Afro-Caribbean adults in the US. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(4), pp.439-461.

Moreton-Robinson, A. (2015). ‘Imagining the Good Indigenous Citizen: Race War and the Pathology of White Sovereignty’. In The White Possessive: Power, Property, and Indigenous Sovereignty (Chapter 11, pp. 153-172).

Paradies, Y., (2016). Colonisation, racism and indigenous health. Journal of Population Research, 33(1), pp.83-96.

Richard Pithouse (2016) “Being Human After 1492.” The Con, 16 November 2016. http://www.theconmag.co.za/2016/11/16/being-human-after-1492/Stuart Hall (2017) The Fateful Triangle: Race, Ethnicity, Nation (Chapter 1, “Race—The Sliding Signifier”). Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 31-79.

Sosoo, E.E., Bernard, D.L. and Neblett Jr, E.W., (2020). The influence of internalized racism on the relationship between discrimination and anxiety. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 26(4), p.570.

The impact of Parenting styles to child’s behavior

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Some of the parenting styles are more effective compared to others. These parenting styles are different from one family to another and can even vary each day within a family. All parents take strict and indulgent decisions at some occasions. According to Baumrind, there are four important dimensions of parenting (Baumrind, 1978).These dimensions are disciplinary strategies, communication styles, warmth and nurturance and expectations of control and maturity. These dimensions are what were used to come up with the parenting styles. Many articles give information of the four types of parenting styles.

Authoritative parenting style

In this type of parenting, there are rules and guidelines that are established for the child to follow. Despite it having rules and guidelines, this parenting style is very democratic. If a child fails to follow the rules that have been set, they end up being punished (Leslie, 1988).Parent who use this parenting style end up being more responsive to their children and are always ready to answer their questions. In case a child does not meet their expectations, the parents act in a nurturing and forgiving way as opposed to punishing the children (Hotelling, 2008).Besides monitoring their children, parents who use this style usually impart distinct standards for their children’s conduct.

These parents are very assertive but not restrictive or intrusive. Parents use disciplinary methods that are supportive and not punitive. These disciplinary methods normally promote self-regulation, assertiveness, responsible behavior and cooperation. Right from an early stage, parents have expectations which they clearly define and also have limits which they enforce. Children have limited choices that assist them in learning and get an experience of the choices they make. With these choices, parents are able to balance their children’s freedom and responsibilities. Children with some control and ownership in life have a high self-esteem and end up being more cooperative. In this style, parents focus mainly on encouraging and acknowledging good behavior. They are also keen on discipline that teaches and is not intimidating with punishment (Bornstein, &Putnick, 2012)

Authoritarian parenting style

According to Baumrind, parents who use this parenting style focus on obedience and they are status oriented and expect children to follow their orders without giving any explanation. In this parenting style, parents fail to give an explanation to their reasoning behind the set rules and guidelines (Baumrind, 1978).These parents have high standards in place but they end up not being responsive to children.

Some of the practices used in the authoritarian style are linked to evangelical effort that stresses domination over a child or breaking their will. The parents do not allow their children to give feedback which leaves the children being unhappy and quiet. In this parenting style there is use of forceful and punitive measures to enforce good behavior in children that leads to resentment, anger and deceit. Children who chose to go along with their parents wishes end up having a difficulty to think for themselves. On the other hand, children might decide to rebel against these controlling methods their parents are using (Hotelling, 2008).

Permissive parenting style

In this type of parenting, parents are indulgent and they demand very little from their children. In many cases, these parents do not discipline their children since they have low expectations when it comes to self-control and maturity. They normally encourage their children and have no limits set for them. Permissive parents are more responsive and less demanding. They are termed as non-traditional due to their leniency, they allow self-regulation, and often avoid any confrontations. The parents are communicative and nurturing towards their children and are more of friends compared to parents. It is not fair to raise a child without any limits or often changing the set limits. A child does not want or need to live a life without limits (Fan, & Zhan, 2010).

Uninvolved parenting style

In this parenting style, the parents show low responsiveness, low communication and have few demands. They are not demanding and neither are they responsive when it comes to their children. Furthermore, they have no interest in any feedback from their children. They normally provide the basic needs to their children but detach themselves from their lives. There are extreme cases whereby parents end up neglecting the basic needs of their children. In short, there is no parenting involved in this case.

Impact of parenting styles

The different parenting styles have an impact on the development outcomes of children. In authoritarian parenting style, the children end up becoming obedient and proficient. However, they have a poor ranking in self-esteem, social competence and happiness. Children brought up using the authoritative parenting style end up being capable, successful and happy in life (Fan, & Zhan, 2010).

In permissive parenting, children end up having a low rank in self-regulation and happiness. These children end up having problems with authority and have poor performance in school. Parents who use this parenting style end up having children who are not independent and selfish since they are not taught the effect of their actions on other people. The children end up being aggressive, impulsive and are low when it comes to taking responsibility. Since these children are raised without limits they end up having no sense of responsibility, have difficulties in relationships and find the world to be a difficult place to live (Bornstein, &Putnick, 2012)

Children brought up using uninvolved parenting style have the lowest ranking in all the domains in life. They have low self-esteem, lack self-control and are less competent as compared to their peers. The children have few rules and are often ignored or they live in hostility and end up being aggressive and noncompliant. They have low self-esteem and show anger towards other people. Most of them show antisocial behavior and eventually become criminals (Hotelling, 2008).

The authoritative parenting style is more advantageous compared to other styles. When a child perceives the requests from their parents as being fair and reasonable, they are likely to comply with the requests. Children have a high chance of internalizing the reason as to why they are behaving in a particular way and hence attain a greater self-control (Bornstein, &Putnick, 2012).

Discussion

Articles on different parenting styles give detailed explanations of what these styles entail. They define the different parenting styles and give adequate information that makes one understand these styles. These articles also show how the different parenting styles impact the behavior of children. They illustrate how these parenting styles impact behaviors and give the outcomes of each parenting style. A weakness in these articles is that they fail to give adequate support to the reasons behind the conclusions made. They do not have concrete examples of scenarios where the parenting styles have been used and resulted to the particular behavior of a child. These articles have also failed to put into consideration other factors that impact behavior of children. The behavior of a child does not solely depend on the parenting style used and hence the articles ought to have put this into consideration.

These articles support each other in all ways. The explanations given on parenting styles in these articles is same the only difference is the language that is used in the articles. These articles do not differ in any way and they all have similar information on parenting styles. In fact, in most of these articles the sequence of how the parenting styles have been discussed is same. The evidence in the articles tells us that a child’s behavior is greatly influenced by the parenting styles used by parents. It proves that there is an existing relationship between parenting styles and children behavior.

Besides parenting styles, there are other factors that influence the behavior of children. Researchers have to look further into the other factors that influence behavior and not base their conclusion on one thing. Based on the information from the articles, it can be concluded that parents play a significant role in the development of the behavior of their children. Parents have to be keen on the parenting style they use in order for their children to develop good behavior. From the findings, it is possible to refine the topic further and have it as “parenting styles have an impact on a child’s behavior”. It suggests that parenting styles have an influence on the behavior of a child (Krause, 2009).

Conclusion

The different parenting styles have an impact on the development of behavior in children. Authoritative parenting style is associated with positive behaviors such as self-competence and high self-esteem. However, other factors besides parenting style like children’s perceptions, culture and social influences can impact the behavior of a child.

References

Baumrind, D. (1978). Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children. Youth and Society, 9, 238-276.

Bornstein, M. &Putnick, D. (2012). Cognitive and Socioemotional Caregiving in Developing Countries. Child Development, 83(1), 46-61

Fan, J., & Zhang, L. (2010). The role of perceived parenting styles in thinking styles. Learning and Individual Differences.

Top of FormBottom of FormHotelling, B. (2008). Styles of Parenting. Journal of Perinatal Education, 42-44.

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Krause, P. (2009). Handbook of parenting styles, stresses and strategies. New York: Nova Science.Top of Form

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Leslie, P. (1988). The influence of parenting styles and attitudes on the self-concept of the preschool child. S.l.: S.n.].

Owen, P. (1983). Seven styles of parenting. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale House. Top of Form

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Sheh, N. (2013). Parenting styles and early childhood behavioural functioning a comparison between self-reported and observed parenting styles.

Warash, Bobbie. (2007). “Are Middle Class Parents Authoritative with a Touch of Permissiveness?” Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin 74. 2 28-31.

Race, Power and American Sports

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Politics and sports have been intertwined for decades, starting from the era of the civil rights movement in the United States. Since then, athletes have used their position and influence to speak out on politics and issues of social injustice. African-American athletes played a significant role in the fight for racial inequality during the times of slavery to the current times. Some argue that athletes should confine their opinions to the field and refrain from social causes, but this cannot be the case since they too experience a lot of injustice in their communities. They have a responsibility to speak up. Stereotypes and prejudices continue to rear their ugly heads in sports even with enough information to demystify them, and it is the collective responsibility of all people to respect the dignity of their fellow humans and do away with judgments based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or any other factor.

Sport is a unifying factor that brings people from all kinds of different backgrounds together, be they religious, racial, ethnic, or political backgrounds. Today, sports figures have become important voices in politics and other important areas of life, such as racial and religious discrimination, education, healthcare, among others. However, things were not always like this in the sports world, neither do all people accept the increasingly influential voices of sports personalities. During the late nineteenth century and a significant part of the early twentieth century, race and color defined sports. People of color could not play with white athletes, as was the norm in almost all areas of life at the time. Since those early days, notable athletes playing different sports have come out to speak against discrimination and fight for equality. The voices of these influential individuals have become even more powerful in today’s social issues.

Question 1

Muhammad Ali is a world-renowned figure in boxing, and he used his fame and success to fight for the rights and equal treatment of the black community. Born Cassius Clay in 1942, Ali had a long and illustrious career with many boxing titles as well as achievements in other areas of his life, such as music. Muhammad Ali won his first major title at the age of 18 at the 1960 Summer Olympics. Outside the boxing ring, he grew to become a significant activist on social issues. His first notable achievement in this front came when he refused to be drafted to the Vietnam War in the year 1966, explaining that the war went against his religious and personal convictions. He famously defended his stance, saying, “I’m not going 10,000 miles from home […] to continue the domination of white slave masters of the darker people the world over.” (Zirin & Jhally 2013) This act of defiance sparked a movement amongst black people to fight for their freedom; the Civil Rights Movement. Ali became a symbol of pride in the black community and inspired them to fight for what was right. After 9/11, Ali also spoke out against Islamophobia. Ali’s fight for social, religious, and political equality spanned decades, and many remember him for his fearlessness, standing up to racism and oppression at a time when his community needed it the most.

Jackie Robinson is another prominent sports personality who fought against racial barriers and made a mark in history. Robinson was the first black player to play in the Major Leagues, at a time when many whites were opposed to integration. This historical game happened on the 15th of April, 1947, at the height of segregation and racial discrimination in and out of the sports field. Robinson began his fight against inequality and racial discrimination during his high school years when he demanded the release of his African-American friend held unlawfully by the police. He also faced racial discrimination in his professional capacity; for example, his application to the Officer’s Candidate School, alongside that of many other black applicants, were rejected based on race. He was later drafted into the army, but in 1945 he went back to professional football. He endured racial abuse from fans as well as other teams, but he was always calm and poised in the face of such difficulties. He inspired other athletes such as Colin Kaepernick to fight for equality. Robinson expressed his awareness of institutionalized racism in his autobiography, “I cannot stand and sing the anthem. I cannot salute the flag; I know that I am a black man in a white world.”

In the documentary, ‘Race, Power and American Sports,’ Dave Zirin speaks or the contributions that various African-American athletes brought to social and political change. One such athlete is Bill Russell, a famous basketballer as well as a prominent civil rights hero (Zirin & Jhally 2013). He has received multiple awards, including the Arthur Ashe Courage Award for those who stand up for what they believe, no matter what it costs. Russell played in the 1960s but famously refused to sign autographs, and instead actively spoke out against discrimination. He supported Muhammad Ali during his speech against being drafted into the army, joined the NAACP and spoke out in support of the 1965 Voting Rights Act as well as another landmark piece of legislation, the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Russell also visited several African countries to conduct basketball clinics. Before a basketball in Kentucky in 1961, a restaurant refused to serve Russell and other black members of his team, and this made them boycott the game. Russell suffered through many instances of racism, and he fought for the recognition of the black community as individuals, not just by the color of their skin. AS a result of his outspokenness, vandals invaded his home, defecated on his furniture and walls, writing racist terms. Despite all the abuse he endured, Russell remained strong and inspired many people to stand up for their rights as well. Now 85 years old, he remains a celebrated icon, a fighter against racism and inequality to date.

Question 2

Today more than ever, athletes are speaking out against social injustices, and many people find this to be very uncomfortable. Some have argued that athletes should do their job on the field, and not interfere with other issues. However, this is a problematic stance. Every person has the right to speak out on any issue, and athletes have taken advantage of their power and influence to speak on behalf of the oppressed whose voice is unlikely to be heard in the country and around the world. Despite the progress made on issues of racial, religious, and other forms of discrimination, many people are still oppressed. Denying the existence of these issues is a form of oppression in itself. Silence on the challenges faced by many amounts to support of the institutionalized discrimination perpetrated against minorities, especially in the United States. The idea that players should simply ‘shut up and dribble’ is an unpalatable, reprehensive idea that should be eliminated.

One of the reasons why athletes should keep speaking up on issues of social injustice is because of the critical contribution that athletes have made on social justice throughout history. As Dave Zirin explains in the documentary, sports can be used to analyze almost every issue in society, including education, health, war, economics, and politics, among others. Athletes have been important voices throughout historical events in the fight for equality and human rights, such as the civil rights movement. Without their influence and contribution, it might have taken much longer for people to integrate and get fair and equal treatment in society. Athletes such as Muhammad Ali and Bill Russell inspired change during their time.

Athletes should also speak out on issues of social justice because of the significant influence they wield in and out of the field. Today, sports have become a big part of popular culture. Sports stars have become celebrities in their own rights, with millions of fans across the world. Colin Kaepernick is a modern-day athlete speaking out against racism, and because of his influence, there is a lot of awareness on the issue. His story has been covered by major news channels, newspapers as well as online articles. Nike capitalized on the controversy surrounding Kaepernick’s activism and earned millions from their collaboration with him. Kaepernick’s stance of taking a knee during major games earned him support and hate in equal measure (Martin 2018). This shows that he is an influential figure, and people listen to him and value his opinion. His activism has also encouraged many other athletes to speak out on causes close to their hearts. More athletes should use their influence and popularity to advocate for fairness and against inequality and discrimination of any kind.

Athletes also have a responsibility to lend their voice to important causes as they are role models for many, especially young people in society. Because of their star power, many people are likely to listen to popular athletes. Every individual in society has the responsibility to speak out against wrongdoing, and those who have more power and influence bear their responsibility even more than others. Many of the socially-conscious athletes come from minority groups, and they realize that they are in a better position to speak about the challenges that their communities face. An example of this is Raheem Sterling, a soccer player for the British team, Chelsea, who spoke against the racist treatment of soccer players. There have been many incidents where soccer players have been the subject of racist slurs from their fans, and football associations, as well as clubs, have done very little to protect their players. Renowned basketball icon LeBron James has also been the victim of racism as the gate to his home was defaced with racist slurs in 2018 (Coombs & Cassilo 2017). This shows that no one is safe from racism, and athletes have to come out, share their own experiences, and hopefully inspire change and a demand for fair treatment of all people.

Question 3

There are many stereotypes in sports, most based on race and ethnicity. One of them is that black athletes are better at sports because of their biology, rather than any mental or physical training. It is no secret that many African-American athletes are the best in their field in sports, especially in areas such as basketball. People present the theory that persons of African descent must have some unique capability attributed to their genes. This is a false narrative for several reasons. Dave Zirin addresses this controversial stereotype in the documentary. He explains that if this assumption is valid, then African teams should do perform perfectly in basketball games during international competitions such as the Olympics. Additionally, he explains that Spain is a basketball powerhouse despite the fact that many of its players are European (Zirin & Jhally 2013). Another persisting myth is that African and athletes of Africa descent to better than others in track events. Long-distance races have long been dominated by runners from Kenya and Ethiopia, and many have dismissed these athletes as having special abilities based on their country of origin. Famous names in this field include Mo Farah and Haile Gebrselassie from Ethiopia, and Eliud Kipchoge and Paul Tergat from Kenya. These athletes have many world records under their belts and have cemented their place in athletics history. However, some of the greatest long-distance runners of all time come from other countries outside Africa. These include Emil Zátopek, a Czech national, and Finnish national, Paavo Nurmi, who won an astounding 453 races in his career and remains the most decorated runner of all time (Van Sterkenburg et al. 2010). Many factors contribute to the success of an athlete on the field, including training, hours of practice, facilities, talent, and many others. A person’s skin color or background does not predispose them to success.

Another stereotype is that sports do not require any intellectual input; it is merely a matter of muscles (Kobach & Potter 2013). This assumption could not be less accurate. Dave Zirin explains that sports require a high level of intellectual capability. Players have to use strategy in the field to achieve any level of excellence and good performance. To ensure this, players have to muster a lot of material, and Zirin says that doctorate students might find such amounts of material daunting. Players also have to work together with their teammates, and this requires them to think ahead. A player on the filed knows that his or her move will influence what happens next, and ultimately hos their team fares in the competition. The enduring stereotypes and prejudice in sports is a refusal to acknowledge the hard work and effort that athletes put into their work, which eventually catapults them into success.

Question 4

Race continues to be an issue in sports because, more often than not, we tend to identify and judge people first by the color of their skin, and then later for the person they are. Race is a central issue in all other areas of life, such as health, education, employment, and sports is no different. Athletes want to be identified and acknowledged based on the hard work that led to their success (Bimper & Harrison 2013), but this is usually not the case. For example, when a person sees a basketball team with a majority of black players, they assume that it is because black people have a natural ability for basketball. Most people do not stop to think of the endless hours of practice and training that goes into becoming a successful athlete, regardless of skin color. This has led to a lack of respect for athletes’ efforts and achievements. Race also continues to be an issue in sports because many players of color have been subjected to racial attacks and discrimination, and they have come out to speak about their experiences. Despite their efforts to fight for equal treatment, players continue to face racial stereotypes and discrimination. Players in all kinds of sports experiences either overt or subtle forms of racism which has become a common issue in American society. Athletes have come out to demand equality for themselves and for their communities, and this is why race has become a longstanding issue in sporting circles. In the past, players might have been afraid to speak on racial issues for fear of repercussions. However, in today’s world, they are increasingly becoming aware of the star power they wield, and the crucial contributions they stand to make.

As a society, we have a responsibility to how we treat athletes, especially when it comes to race and ethnicity. Most of the time, people tend to attribute athletes’ success to their racial and ethnic backgrounds, and this is wrong. Stereotypes and prejudices remain rife in sports and this remains a significant challenge. For example, a person may look at an athlete and think of how tall or muscular they are, and decide that these characteristics are the reason why they are successful. For one to succeed in any area of life, they have to spend time putting in the effort and also take advantage of all the opportunities available to them. This is exactly true for sports personalities as well. A boxer might be quite muscular, but this is the result of hundreds or even thousands of hours of intense workouts. They built up the muscle they need to fight in the boxing ring, but it is not all about the muscle. They also need a lot of intellectual effort both in and outside the ring to win. Attributing athletes’ success to race or ethnicity undermines, belittles, and devalues the work they put into their craft.

In conclusion, issues of sports, power, and race are intertwined, especially in the United States. Sports and athletes have been at the center of many revolutionary events, uniting people from different backgrounds. African-American athletes have been at the forefront of the fight against racism and racial discrimination since the twentieth century. Notable personalities such as Muhammad Ali, Bill Russell, and more recently, Colin Kaepernick and LeBron James have been the advocates of equality, having experienced racism despite their privilege. Athletes put a lot of effort into their work, and people should recognize them for the dynamic human beings they are, and not just for their physical capabilities. Athletes should continue to use their voices to speak on social justice, especially in current times where there is still a lot of discrimination and disparities, based mainly on race. We should use sports as an avenue of unity and advocacy for positive change rather than as a means to throw punches at each other.

References

Bimper, A. Y., & Harrison, L. (2011). Meet me at the crossroads: African American athletic and racial identity. Quest, 63(3), 275-288.

Coombs, D. S., & Cassilo, D. (2017). Athletes and/or activists: LeBron James and Black lives matter. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 41(5), 425-444.

Kobach, M. J., & Potter, R. F. (2013). The role of mediated sports programming on implicit racial stereotypes. Sport in Society, 16(10), 1414-1428.

Martin, L. L. (2018). The politics of sports and protest: Colin Kaepernick and the practice of leadership.

Van Sterkenburg, J., Knoppers, A., & De Leeuw, S. (2010). Race, ethnicity, and content analysis of the sports media: A critical reflection. Media, Culture & Society, 32(5), 819-839.

Zirin, D., & Jhally, S. (2013). Race, Power & American Sports.

The impact of PPACA

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), normally called ObamaCare is a United States central law signed into regulation by President Barack Obama in 2010. Organized with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, it signifies the most important administration development and governing renovation of the U.S. healthcare arrangement since the passage of Medicare and Medicaid. The PPACA is meant to aggregate the affordability and number of health insurance reportage for Americans, and decreasing the general costs of wellbeing maintenance for individuals and the administration. It offers several instruments comprising orders, grants, and tax recognitions to companies and persons to increase the treatment rate and health insurance affordability. The ACA needs insurance businesses to cover all candidates within new smallest ethics, and offer the same amounts notwithstanding of pre-existing settings or gender. Supplementary restructurings aim to develop healthcare results and simplify the supply of health care. The Congressional Budget Office expected that the ACA will lower both upcoming shortfalls and Medicare expenditure.

The influence of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on small crowd and independently bought (non-group) health insurance will hinge on upon several issues. These comprise the features of the health insurance markets above-mentioned to progress, whether strategies are old or are recently shaped under reform, the fitness position and rights knowledge of the protected group or individual, separate reporting choices, policy choices that will be made at the state level, and achievement of price inhibition efforts. Thus, numerous issues will intermingle and touch payments, creating it difficult, if not unbearable, to make comprehensive declarations of the result of the new commandment on rewards. Here, we current the essential issues that will effect payments for reporting of dissimilar types, classify the course of that effect, but do not effort to enumerate the end consequence of the numerous connections. While the greatest noteworthy variations to isolated health insurance marketplaces under PPACA will not occur until January 2014, there are a amount of supplies that take consequence in 2010. These variations affect both collection and non-group tactics and comprises: embargoes on era benefit restrictions and irrational annual limits, postponement of reliant exposure to mature families up to age 26, exclusions on rescissions, removal of pre-existing disorder eliminations for progenies, and abolition of to come periods of more than 90 days.

The influence of these supplies on the bonuses of current rule holders is a purpose of the kind of attention presently held. Federal guidelines comprise estimations of the quality. In adding to it, we amount some coarse estimations of these supplies that were providing privately by a private health actuary upon our appeal. The estimations from both foundations are usually reliable, but both recognize the trouble in producing such approximations and the indecision around them.

If the PPACA stands, uninsured personalities, who have been disbursing for healthcare facilities individually- the lowermost form of repayment for hospitals and EDs — will have admission to cover concluded Medicaid and state conversations. At the very least, EDs could imagine Medicaid-level repayment from abundant of the before uninsured populace.

However, EDs may also see some descending heaviness in compensation due to vicissitudes in profitable rates. If formerly enclosed personalities move to state connections since of the PPACA, repayment amounts could alteration for some EDs. Profitable charges are usually the best for earners, followed by Medicare and then Medicaid. If persons move from owner founded, profitable assurance to profitable state interactions, there may be a alteration in repayments for the ED. Nevertheless, the intensification in assured patients would most likely overshadow the descending burden of losing habitually high profitable compensations.

If the Supreme Court upholds the PPACA, hospital EDs will most probable see capacities upsurge for two details. The meager fact that additional persons will be enclosed by cover will transport more patients to the ED, particularly since the uninsured population has healthcare needs on replacement. In addition, there is not a principal repair repetition surplus in the nation. The chances are that recently assured personalities will not be talented to see primary care physicians and in its place will visit an emergency room.

The patients with the pre-existing disorder were not allowable to contribute in the medicinal cover package since of the excessive cost or clear cut refusal of the request. Now the previous patients can also avail the ability of the medical insurance which means there will be a pool of patients which will be much viler than the comparable patients who need the similar excellence of the upkeep over the steady period of time. The bearing of this improvement is enormous on the nurses. In order to provide effective treatment to this group of patients, the nurse will be required to have much more in-depth knowledge of the existing conditions like HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, obesity and asthma along with many more disorders. The population of more sick patients at the hospitals will require the nurses to have right amount of education and knowledge about the patients with greater need for management knowledge. (Friedel, 2012)

The addition of 34 million people to the pool of insured patients will lead to the change in the role of the nurse practitioners and play an integral role in the area of health care. The fact that there are more than 28 state legislatures which are based on the expansion of the role of the nurse practitioner is a testimony that this provision will have a huge impact on them. The provision will help the RN to seek the opportunity for additional education and licensing requirements to go for the profession of Nurse. The federal funds and grants are to be injected into the nursing education so that there is time to backfill the nursing supply and reach the saturation point for the educated and graduated nurses.

Less Uncompensated Care

Augmented insurance reporting is probable to decrease the level of uncompensated maintenance, partly offset by a reduction in disproportionate share hospital (DSH) Medicare and Medicaid expenditures. Previous approximations from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) specify the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) would intensify the quantity of young Americans with health insurance by 32 million in 2016 and 34 million in 2021. Furthermore, Medicaid or Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) and secluded insurance are to both increase by 17 million. Notwithstanding a 100 per cent Federal funding during 2014-2016, which then dropped to 90 percent, a number of states, including Florida, Ohio, Texas, Mississippi and Missouri, are dubious to enlarge Medicaid registration. The precise number of new enrollees is unidentified, but given the scale of the grant, the amount could be important. In 2009, unpaid care totaled $39.1 billion, signifying six percent of entire hospital expenditures. The influence is utmost in big, urban medical centers situated in underprivileged parts, which are also the main recipients of DSH expenditures.

Costs to Accelerate

Extended insurance reportage, collective with the probability of surpassing impractical CBO Medicare spending predictions, highlights the prospective for rising prices. The Federal administration has dedicated to pay 90-100 percent of the incremental Medicaid prices related with the greater FPL and to deliver tax credits to Americans making 133-400 percent of the FPL, equal to a domestic revenue range of $29,327 to $89,400 for a household of four. The stated earnings range applies to around one-half of U.S. families or 58.8 million in full. Supposing a usual health insurance premium of $15,073 suggests a tax funding of $14,181 (94 percent) for those with the lowermost domestic income, to $7,642 (51 percent) for those with the uppermost. Those uninsured with already-existing circumstances are more probable to use health interactions than a young and fit population.

Moreover, the CBO guesses a weakening in the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of Medicare from 8.9 % in past decade to 5.8% in next decade, notwithstanding the occurrence of an aging Baby Boomer population. 14 million Americans will turn 65 during this time period, as compared to 5.2 million in the earlier age bracket. Also, another 3.9 million individuals are becoming 75 and older in 2020.

The PPACA does not disturb mature and restricted Medicaid beneficiaries, who denote 25 percent of registered individuals and 69 percent of total costs. Provided the ten-year past of Congressional indecision with respect to the Maintainable Development Speed related with Medicare physician repayment, the hospital marketplace basket apprise discount of 0.75 percent for 2018 may not ever be applied. Discounts of $196 billion over ten years have been projected by the CBO.

References

Linda Friedel, 2012, ANA president reflects on healthcare reform impact, The Kansas city Nursing News. Retrieved from: http://www.kcnursingnews.com/features/article_df09b942-a196-548e-b137-5bc133c30fb8.htmlWallace, Gregory (2012). “‘Obamacare’: The word that defined the health care debate”. CNN.James Vicini and Jonathan Stempel (June 28, 2012). “US top court upholds healthcare law in Obama triumph”. Reuters.

Hearst, Steven R. (2012). “Supreme Court Upholds Heart of Obama Health Care Law Seeking to Cover 30 Million Uninsured”. The Gazette.

Elmendorf, Douglas W. (2011). “CBO’s Analysis of the Major Health Care Legislation Enacted in March 2010” (PDF). Congressional Budget Office.

Barrett, Paul M. (2012). “Supreme Court Supports Obamacare, Bolsters Obama”. Bloomberg BusinessweekJonathan Cohn (2009). “Ben Nelson, Still a Big Problem (Updated)”. The New Republic

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Racial Conflict and Violence

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Racial Conflict and Violence

In a society that constitutes white and black people, the topic of racism is inevitable. Racism is the discrimination suffered by a group or individuals for belonging to a specific ethnic inferior community. Over the years, blacks have faced racism against their white counterparts. In the book entitled A Few Red Drops, written by Claire Hartfield, there are several incidences where racial differences result in conflict and violence. In the book, there are incidences that prove that treating different races unequally may result in conflict and violence.

The first act of racism is clearly shown at the beginning of the book when a young black man, John Turner Harris, and his friends were swimming at the beach of Lake Michigan (Hartfield, 2018). A white man was unhappy since the young men seemed to be swimming too near the beach’s white part. The man was very agitated because there was no official border separating the white part of the beach from the blacks. He started throwing stones at the young boys and ended up killing one of the young men. This was the beginning of all the conflict and violence in the book. The black people became so angry that they started riots all over Chicago (Hartfield, 2018). The white man threw stones mainly because the young men were blacks. If the young men could have been whites, the white man would not have thrown stones at them. Throwing stones at a person is violence since it can cause harm. In this case, one of the young men lost his life.

The author writes of how the white man who threw the stones was not arrested. However, black men who took in riots and demonstrations that followed the young man’s death at the beach were arrested. This proves that racism is evident. Murder, whether committed by a black or white person, is an offense (Hartfield, 2018). The black people also had the right to riot since one of them had been killed for an insignificant offense. The different parts of the beach were not under official laws, and the beach was public property, so it cannot be termed trespassing. The black men arrested for being involved in riots were not supposed to be arrested unless they caused harm.

Hartfield goes ahead to illustrate the history of black people in urban Chicago. Black people had faced racism and discrimination for years before. The Union Stock was responsible for ensuring that black people and other white immigrants got appropriate jobs. However, many politics took place in the union administration, causing racial tension as much as it tried to keep everything equal (Hartfield, 2018). The less fortunate people of the society were most affected. The differences between the black people and the white people had begun during this time. There is a possibility that the two races had stored their anger and passed it from generation to generation, later blowing up, leading to conflict and violence.

The book also talks about the journey the black people had to take from the South to the North. During the journey, black workers faced several challenges which still manifested themselves in urban Chicago. Among the challenges was housing (Hartfield, 2018). Most black workers could not afford lavish apartments for their families; hence they had to live in poor houses. Being poor and black is double trouble. This created much tension among the two races since white people have always felt more entitled than their white counterparts. Black people, since the migration, have always tried to find better lifestyles to avoid being discriminated against based on poverty other than race.

Following the incident at the beach, which led to the death of a young black man, Black people felt that the act was unfair and that someone had to pay. The blacks and the whites had had previous issues in their history, so violence was inevitable. Each race found the other guilty of the murder (Hartfield, 2018). The blacks argued that the young man was not wise enough to find out the difference in beach sides and that the violence was started by the white man who threw stones. The whites blamed the blacks for not staying at the part of the beach. The young man had, however, not even crossed to the white part of the beach. It is likely that the blacks felt tired of being discriminated against and wanted to avoid future deaths based on race discrimination. They, therefore, decided to have riots (Hartfield, 2018). There were also gang violence and mob demonstrations. Much political incapability made the situation worse.

The last chapters followed the progression of violence and its eventual end when the wave of extreme feelings subsided and the harm was assessed. Multiple of the casualties of the rioters in Chicago were black, while only a few of the criminals who were convicted were white. Hartfield highlights this disparity in the justice process in Chicago after the rioting. Mainly ending allows the author to elaborate on the knowledge gained from the Chicago racial riots, which she feels is essential in today’s similarly turbulent moment in America (2018). Hartfield also finds both apparent injustices holding back part of America occupied by blacks and the ample power in black societies based on the author, who cites the civil rights era accompanying these 1919 occurrences (2018).

In conclusion, the author showed that racism has always been a factor that can contribute to conflict and violence. The history of racism in urban Chicago was evident many years before the beach tragedy when black workers moved from the South to the North. It is also clear that governance’s political administrations impact the racial discrimination that occurs. Racism history has been passed on from generation to generation, causing conflict and violence in case blacks and whites have differences.

Reference

Hartfield, C. (2018). A Few Red Drops: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919. Clarion Books.

Written: May 20, 2015 6:38 AM – May 20, 2015 6:40 AM

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Which of the following is defined as the ability of customers to drive down the price of goods and services?

A)  supplier power

B)  buyer power or the bargaining power of customers

C)  rivalry among competitors

D)  threat of price reduction

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Are there any direct variables that have no effect on a business’ competitive position?

A)  yes

B)  No

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Which of the following are components of an information system?  (select all that apply)

A)  data

B)  hardware

C)  people

D)  process

E)  software

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According to the Five Forces Model developed by Harvard Business professor Michael Porter, all of the following are major factors that determine a company’s standing in an industry, except for which one?

A)  Threat of entry of new competitors

B)  Political and/or economic factors

C)  Bargaining power of suppliers

D)  Threat of substitute products/services

View FeedbackQuestion 5 1 / 1 point

True or false:  Early research could not draw any connections between IT and profitability, but later research has shown that the impact can be positive.

True

False

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Web 2.0 is exemplified by which of the following?  (select all that apply)

A)  blogging

B)  online purchasing

C)  social networking

D)  interactive comments

View FeedbackQuestion 7 1 / 1 point

In a business like Walmart, which of the following groups of variables has the most impact on their competitive position?

A)  customers, suppliers, government regulations, location

 

B)  suppliers, customers, location, employees

C)  location, environmental concerns, suppliers, technology

D)  suppliers, location, technology, competition

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Which use of the Internet could have a negative impact on a company’s competitive position?

A)  allowing potential customers to learn about the company’s products and services

B)  providing an easy method to facilitate product orders to flow to the suppliers

C)  allowing potential customers to find possible substitute products

D)  allowing a company to monitor patent infringement by other companies

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Of the following, which factor is least crucial to the ability of a company to maintain its competitive position?

A)  emerging new technologies that create new products or create efficiencies

B)  patent infringements

C)  employees’ benefits

D)  new international markets

View FeedbackQuestion 10 1 / 1 point

Which of the following is defined as a series of activities undertaken by the company to produce a product or service?

business processes

value chain

strategic direction

competitive advantage

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Which of the following statements are true of Decision Support Systems (DSS)?  (select all that apply)

A)  A decision support system (DSS) is an information system built to help an organization make a specific decision or set of decisions.

B)  DSSs are used only at the executive level and are used to make all strategic decisions.

C)  DSSs are designed to take inputs regarding a known (or partially-known) decision-making process and provide the information necessary to make a decision.

D)  DSSs can exist at different levels of decision-making with the organization, from the CEO to the first-level managers.

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Which of the following groups of variables are all direct variables?

A)  customers, suppliers, government regulations, technology

B)  suppliers, time, politics, owners.

C)  supplier, customers, employees, location

D)  employees, location, technology, organizational components

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Strategic issues related to business processes and the value chain are addressed at which organizational level?

corporate level

business unit level

functional level

strategic level

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Which of the following are the two primary methods for obtaining competitive advantage described by Michael Porter? (select the two that apply)

A)  advantage of bringing new products to market

B)  cost advantage

C)  differentiation advantage

D)  value chain creation

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Highly qualified vendors, consultants, and ITdepartments are the most important elements for the successful implementation of enterprisetechnologies.

True

False

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Which of the following are Porter’s three generic strategies?  (select all that apply)

A)  cost leadership

B)  differentiation

C)  focus

D)  competitive advantage

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Which of the following is exemplified by customers finding a different way to get the product or service?

A)  customer disloyalty

B)  threat of substitute product or services

C)  rivalry among competitors

D)  barriers to entry

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True or False:  According to Michael Porter, the Internet has the effect of lowering overall profitability.

True

False

View FeedbackQuestion 19 1 / 1 point

A strategic information system is one that attempts to do one or more of the following: (select all that apply)

A)  help an organization focus on a specific market segment

B)  deliver a product or a service at a lower cost

C)  enable innovation

D)  deliver a product or service that is differentiated

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True or False:  The data show that IT has reduced the differences among companies.

True

False