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Challenges Resulting from Effects of Globalization in China

Today, I will be discussing the challenges resulting from effects of globalization in China. Having seen how it has developed since 1954, joining the World Trade organization, and gaining footing on the international market, the effects of globalization have been steady from that period to date.

From the period shown above, the global economy shifted significantly with the focus on China showing great political, economic, and social changes. New opportunities for enterprises to enter the Chinese market emerged (Sharif et al., 2020). The impact of globalization on the Chinese economy are the most significant. The economy of China rose, and continues to rise, to levels equal to some of the developed nations in the world. While globalization brought about development tin China, it also created a heap of problems. In this report, environmental issues resulting from globalization will be discussed.

Issues Resulting from Globalization

Some of the major causes of challenges include environmental issues, pressure to achieve the SDG’s in line with the UN’s projections, change of culture, human rights issues, and the rights of workers.

Environmental Problems

China is currently the largest global source of greenhouse gas emissions (Zhang & Chiu, 2020). Recent years have seen China suffer from poor air quality as a result of pollution. The poor quality of air and the ongoing pollution are attributed to the carbon-intensive industries within the country, noted by Umar et al. (2020) to be the hallmarks of Chinese development and a direct result of globalization. The carbon intensive industries have caused other environmental issues including soil contamination and scarcity of water.

China’s Environment Challenge

The increased flow of products, people, ideas, capital, services, and goods across international borders have affected the Chinese environment with noticeable force. In China, increased emissions are only the beginning of the problem. As Chinese products travel further to other countries across the globe, the nation consumes more fuel and more greenhouse gas emissions are yielded. As a direct result, pollution, ocean acidification, and climate change are observed (Zhang & Chiu, 2020).

Due to the land-based transportation of materials and ready products from and to other countries, China has witnessed habitat destruction due to the need to expand its infrastructure including bridges and roads.

Image 1: China’s transport infrastructure development 1978-2015

(Source: Lee, Lee, & Chang, 2015)

Image 1 above shows how the country has invested heavily on the development of a transport infrastructure to cater for the increased need to transport people and products in and out of regions in China. The graph shows that the transport development system was very low in 1978, rising steadily from then to 2005. From there, the growth of the transport network was significantly stable and very high until 2012. In 2013 to 2015, fewer highways have been constructed in China.

Habitat loss and pollution have been the main challenges that have resulted due to the expansive nature of development tin the Chinese transport sector. Even as more Chinese vessels use the sea, the risks of accidents and oil spills is significantly high. The marine environment has also been in danger due to the adverse effects of globalization.

Honorable Mentions

It is important to consider that the UN SDG’s have also been a challenge because of the pressure to attain certain development agendas. Ideally, western countries and the developed world have piled pressure on China to ensure that it has reduced its contribution to environment pollution, yet also stipulated a need to raise the country’s GDP per capita. Another major challenge has been the rights of workers in China. Low wages and poor work conditions, compared to the developed world, have been noted to be a key challenge as China continues to develop in line with globalization and other causes (Wan, Lu, & Chen, 2007). This issue is tied to human rights as pressure is mounted on China to provide better work environment for its industries.

Conclusion

China’s environmental issues have been the focus of this presentation. Globalization has, undoubtedly, led to a need to expand and grow industries in China. This has led to a need to create more road networks, increase its presence in the sea, and orchestrated a rise in the industries within the country, all leading to environmental degradation.

Thank you for your time. I will take all the questions that you may have regarding my presentation.

References

Lee, C. C., Lee, C. C., & Chang, C. P. (2015). Globalization, economic growth and institutional

development in China. Global Economic Review, 44(1), 31-63.

Sharif, A., Godil, D. I., Xu, B., Sinha, A., Khan, S. A. R., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020).

Revisiting the role of tourism and globalization in environmental degradation in China: Fresh insights from the quantile ARDL approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 272, 122906.

Umar, M., Ji, X., Kirikkaleli, D., Shahbaz, M., & Zhou, X. (2020). Environmental cost of natural

resources utilization and economic growth: Can China shift some burden through globalization for sustainable development?. Sustainable Development, 28(6), 1678-1688.

Wan, G., Lu, M., & Chen, Z. (2007). Globalization and regional income inequality: empirical

evidence from within China. Review of Income and Wealth, 53(1), 35-59.

Zhang, W., & Chiu, Y. B. (2020). Globalization, Country Risks, and Trade in Tourism Services:

Evidence from China. Sustainability, 12(14), 5869.

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Challenges Facing County Governments

Counties are facing many issues that are becoming more demanding by the day. One such issue is problems with structural finances. Property taxes are going down when the growing cost of services is increasing, and the infrastructure in place is aging. These warrant repairs and maintenance of infrastructure under local governments such as roadways, sidewalks, water and sewer lines as well as municipal facilities. The growth of metropolitan areas is also causing increasing stress on roadways meaning these part of infrastructure requires attention as well. On top of these, counties have to deal with the economic impacts of climate change that bring about water scarcity and extreme weather. Technology is also bringing about regulatory problems to local governments as vocal parties demand that these advanced technologies be bound by regulation in ways that ensure existing industries are protected.

Declining county funding is a very significant problem for county governments. In addition to this, state governments are limiting the counties’ capacity to raise revenue. Forty-five states have put some limitations on the abilities of counties to raise money through property tax. Counties are forced to cut funding from crucial areas such as public safety to cover the deficits. States are increasing mandates for counties to implement without providing the funding required to do so.

To deal with the fragmentation of programs and services, county governments should engage nonprofits an social enterprises to generate a hybrid model of public services and one driven by profit. The need for public trash collection, habilitation of people dependent on drugs, safe housing options, and so forth have been answered by private entities. Citizens are given some degree of power to resolve their own issues that would otherwise burden these governments. Citizen engagement is thus essential, and the use of technology can help further this initiative. Citizen engagement means collaborative work that aides in building on past developments and incorporating new services.

Differences Between Strong-Mayor, Weak-Mayor and Council-Manager

A weak mayor kind of government uses a mayor-council method where he/she is subordinate to the council in terms of the mandate for policymaking and administration powers. The council employs a city manager and appoints the mayor as opposed to being elected. The council-manager is appointed by the council in which the mayor is a member. The mayor is elected by the citizens. A strong mayor or the mayor-council form of government has the mayor as the chief executive officer of the city and does not employ as city manager, maybe an admin to help run daily affairs. The strong-mayor form of government is the most desirable for me because, as a mayor, one would like to do things his way. The issues one promised the electorate deal with once elected will be easily executed without needing approval and without including limitations.

Why Texas Democrats Trust the Supreme Court more than Other Government Branches

Despite the Supreme Court being the least understood branch of government, it is the most trusted. Democrats in Texas believe that supreme court judges follow the law and not political ideas when rendering their decisions on issues. Texas Democrats believe that Supreme Court judges base their decision solely on the law. There have been partisan battles recently over the highest court in the land. However, a majority of people, including Texas Democrats, believe that the court holds a moderate position in this liberal-conservative continuum. This opinion about the supreme court by Texas Democrats increases with more knowledge on the court and the decision of judges. In essence, the Supreme Court is specially capable of commanding respect, especially when compared against other government branches, and most of all, those citizens that are aware of the roles of justices under the constitution.

Why Republicans and Independents in Texas Trust Trump more than the Supreme Court

Trust in the executive, particularly Trump, is strongly related to party support. Almost all Republicans have trust in the president because he is, of course, conservative as they are. Republicans trust the Supreme court more than they distrust it but not as much as they trust the president. Some believe that the Supreme Court sometimes leans to the liberal side. A good example is a decision made by the supreme court in the last few terms. The decision to stop President Trump’s addition of work as an eligibility requirement for Medicaid is one that may be considered by liberals as to lean towards the liberal direction because it was President Obama who expanded this program. Independents do not support the Supreme court as much as they do the president because they believe that the Supreme Court may be leaning to one side of this partisan continuum. Unlike the president who has the right to have biased ideas, the Supreme Court should be strictly unbiased, and when a little biasness is perceived, independents would rather side with the side that is not selling out. Independents in Texas might have supported Trump despite them being on no side, which means they have trust in him.

Effects of voter ID laws on Turnout in Texas

The Texas voter ID laws require voters to have with them a government-issued ID such as an identification certificate, a driver’s license, a US passport or a military ID. Such requirements disenfranchise minority voters who face significant limitations when applying for these IDS. The laws accept a license to carry a gun but decline a government or school-issued ID, which is just absurd. It is known that white people in Texas are the minority with licenses to carry handguns. Minorities face huge barriers to obtain a gun license; that is why these laws can be perceived to be discriminatory. Other states permit various forms of ID that are excluded from Texas laws, which keep a lot of people from voting. These laws, according to Judge Nelva Gonzales Ramos from the US District Court of Southern District of Texas, had a discriminatory effect. These laws affect voter turn out by targeting particular races and enacting restrictions that most certainly appear to keep them away from the ballot. These patterns of requirements under these laws cannot be explained by grounds other than race.

Barriers should not accompany the right to vote. The voter ID laws keep many away from the ballot, deprive them of their constitutional right to vote, and directly oppose the country’s progress towards including more Americans in the democratic process. Many Americans do not have access to the forms of identification included in these laws. These voters are disproportionally low-income, from racial minority groups, and other vulnerable demographics. These voters have a hard time obtaining ID because either they cannot afford to obtain the documents required to obtain a photo ID card issued by the government. A study by GAO indicates that voter ID laws reduce voter turn out by about 2 to 3 percentage points, which means tens of thousands of Texas residents cannot vote.

Why I oppose these laws

I oppose these laws because almost 11 percent of Americans do not have a government-issued photo ID (ACLU). Again, obtaining this ID requires money, an expense that low-income Americans cannot foot. This includes the combined cost of document fees, waiting time, and the cost incurred during travel. When these costs are combined, they come to between $75 to $175. The elderly and people with disabilities cannot be able to travel as well as those people coming from rural areas. People from Rural Texas travel up to 170 miles to the next ID office.

The discriminatory aspect of these laws mostly influences my stand against this law. Minority voters do not have the IDs required for voting as compared to white people. A quarter of African-Americans across the nation of voting age do not have photo IDs from the government in which is quite disproportional, considering only 8 percent of whites lack these photo IDs. Besides, allowing permits for handguns to vote and disallowing other forms of ID such as student IDs is straight-up discriminatory. Again, the majority of minorities do not have handgun permits, which are also hard to obtain when one is from either of these groups.

The Role of the Media in elections

The media is central to the proper function of a democratic nation. The media usually plays a watchful role. They conduct autonomous scrutiny and discuss the strengths and shortcomings of candidates, bodies that oversee elections, the government, and informs the public of the extent these agencies have carried out their mandate as required and join them in holding them accountable. The media also ensure public participation in elections by educating them on how to exercise this democratic right. They also provide reports on how the election is progressing. The media give candidates as well as their affiliated parties a platform to communicate with the electorate. It also allows the public to communicate their ideas, concerns and needs to the authorities and to people seeking to join the administration and provide a platform for them to interact on these issues.

The media so far has played most of its part as the backbone of this democratic nation. It has informed, criticized, and stimulated debate on various crucial occasions. The credibility of the media has, however, been in question. Its effectiveness is based on its responsibility to get its facts right, which I believe it has done. The media has dug deep, collected opinions from different people, and countercheck their facts thoroughly. It has not held back in rooting out deception and exposing liars, hypocrites, and the corrupt using counterchecked facts.

Where the media does not show much merit is avoiding to cause panic by exaggerating facts. It appears that the media these days is reliant on the information that cause havoc in order to draw public attention. The press is yet to lose the respect of the people and the nation at large, but there have been instances of irresponsibility, exaggeration, and mongering to influence sales.

Challenges that hinder minor party candidates from succeeding in statewide

Minority party candidates are a long way from ousting the Republican and Democratic hegemony that has characterized American politics for way over 150 years. Republicans and Democrats still reinforce archaic laws that ensure voters have only two choices at the ballot. When these two parties came to power during the early years, each with its turn, they created restrictions that bar outsiders from participating fully in the state as well as national elections.

In Arizona, for instance, Republicans and Democrats need to collect 6,000 valid signatures in order to be included in the ballot. However, this number is six times higher for independents who are required to bring them in the form of valid petitions. In reality, an independent would need to collect around 50,000 signature to make sure that they have 37,000 that are valid (Galen). Only candidates that are able to fund themselves or have independent notoriety can be able to make these targets. It is clear that these two dominant parties have no interest in entertaining further competition. Even if independents join the Green or Libertarian parties, which are considered traditional failures, they solve the ballot problem, but still, they suffer from the wasted-vote theory where voters see them as fringe groups with no likelihood of winning.

Works Cited

ACLU. “Oppose Voter ID Legislation – Fact Sheet.” American Civil Liberties Union, 2017, www.aclu.org/other/oppose-voter-id-legislation-fact-sheet.

Galen, R. “Opinion | Reed Galen: Here’s How to End America’s Ballot Box Duopoly.” NBC News, 17 Apr. 2018, www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/how-republicans-democrats-prevent-independent-candidates-getting-ballot-ncna866466.

Advances in Technology

Introduction

Technological advancement is the order of the day in the 21st century. This comes along with plenty of positive value addition to the human life. An advance in technology is brought about by the rapid expansion of research and development sector in the multi-national companies. A perfect example of a company that invests in research and development is; Samsung technologies. This is one of the revolutionary companies that work day and night towards investing in new technologies. The rapid discovery of electrical appliances such as; microwave LED television, iPod, 7D technology, computers, cable internet and health technologies are enough evidence to support the rapid evolution of technological advancements.

Investing in health technology is one of my strategic investment areas. Developing a machine that helps HIV patients to reduce the number of viruses in the body by only exposing oneself to rays, without necessarily swallowing the anti-retroviral drugs is among my key investment plans in technology. Out of 9 billion of the planet’s population, 973 million people suffer from HIV. This exposes better side of the remaining earth’s people to contracting this disease. Therefore, to contain this menace, a machine that kills 95% of HIV virus inside the body of the victim is my technological investment goal.

Across the globe, HIV virus is a menace to every living population. This virus affects both the victims and the people close to the victim. This health technology reduces the number of deaths from the HIV patients. Thus, it works closely to saving more and more lives that are lost day-to-day from this dangerous disease. It also cuts on the budget of the victims in buying the drugs. Constant use of the drugs means a negative effect on one’s budget. This technology cuts on the victim’s expenditure by 300%. A victim needs to go for this type of treatment only twice a year, as a result, a significant reduction of budget expenditure is a notable thing to the society.

In conclusion, advancements in technology are the key strategic goals of any individual in the 21st century. This is due to its efficiency and simplicity. It doesn’t have plenty of negative impacts to the population using it.

Works Cited;

“Health Care Technology Today.” PT In Motion 5.5 (2013): 36-45.

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Mount Kilimanjaro

Mount Kilimanjaro for an extended period, has been termed as “The Shining Mountain.” A number of scientists articulate Kilimanjaro’s crest might soon stand out no more. In line with Professor Lonnie who is a lecturer at Ohio State University, the mountain’s ice fields could vanish by 2020. In his article published on October 18, in the years 2002 in the journal Science, Lonnie and his cowriters depict that the ice on the peak that formed over 11,000 years before has declined by 82 percent greater than the preceding century. The writers establish that the current, theatrical decline in the mountain’s ice top is predominantly remarkable given its diligence through numerous earlier shifts in ambiance, including a relentless 300-year-long dearth that effected human inhabitants living in the expanse approximately 4,000 years ago.

The images depict two angle views of the mountain on the month of February in 1993, as well as on the month of February in 2000. These representations were obtained by the Landsat 5 along with Landsat 7 satellites, correspondingly. The pictures illustrate extremely vegetated topography (green colors) just about the bottom of Kilimanjaro, whilst the foliage is comparatively sparred up the boundaries of the 19,335-foot stratovolcano. The light tans at elevated elevations illustrate rock, and naked land facade, exposing the crisscrossing drainage terrains stamped into Kilimanjaro’s countenance over the times by precipitation and snowmelt. At this point, the pictures have been swathed over a digital height model to provide a better intellect of the mountain’s 3D outline. It must be depicted that the disparities in the summit’s manifestation, in these prospects, are outstanding in large part to cyclic disparities in snow cover. It is never feasible to differentiate cyclic snow from frost in these representations; thus they cannot be employed as a sign of the velocity of the ice loss.

The initial well-certified atlas of the ice spheres atop Kilimanjaro was done in 1912. As a minimum, four surveys done from 1912 disclose, there has existed a continuing decline in the amount of the frost. Mount Kilimanjaro was instigated well-known in the western humankind by the highly praised essayist Ernest Hemingway who inscribed the small story “The Snows of Kilimanjaro” in periods of 1930’s. When one reflects on Africa, snow is typically one of the final aspects that come to mentality, other than Mount Kilimanjaro located in the region of Tanzania had a significant snow and ice topped peak for more than 11,000 years. The use of “had” is because the snow is speedily fading. It is yet an additional illustration of how an aspect so enduring has fallen casualty to man’s disparaging ways.

Mt Kilimanjaro’s significance far surpasses a pleasant photo chance or insight for a work of fiction. The ice ceiling was extremely significant to the adjacent area and was as well the basis of the Nile River. Numerous villages bank on the snow and frost liquefied water. Living things on the plains neighboring Kilimanjaro are presently vanishing and numerous plants are as well at jeopardy. Despite the reality that there is still several disputes amid the scientific society as to what is the basis of the diminishing ice; the universal consensus is global warming associated climate alteration. It is a strange characteristic this creation and the next creation have been onlookers to a number of the utmost global ecological mayhems for millions of years; along with maybe a “benefit” that people would wish not to encompass. No person would have contemplated that a creature, man, could precise such a duty so rapidly across the whole globe; even in locales that no person has hardly visited.

Summary

The decline of Kilimanjaro’s ice top has turned out to be the placard infant for the outcomes of universal warming. A number of scientists, elected officials and Media have been spiritual in censuring human actions. Nevertheless, fresh research depicts that the origins of Mt. Kilimanjaro’s well-established glacier decline is far extra multifaceted, probably effecting from a normal climate change that happened over 120 years that passed. This is lengthily before extensive use of fossil power. Therefore, scientific proof notifies us that the reduction of Kilimanjaro’s ice ceiling is merely an element of the recede and gush of the never-ending sequence of nature. This symbolizes an ideal instance of why methodical “accord” does not match scientific reality. This is the motive why people ought not act in rush, centering their deeds on methodical closes that have not been methodically scrutinized and analyzed regardless of being extensively quoted.

Analysis

The decline of Kilimanjaro’s ice top (not be puzzled with the “snows” of the mountain, which still change with the weather conditions) has grown to be the placard child for the outcomes of human-centered universal warming. The account is easy to enlighten – particularly with an associated series of snaps depicting the decrease of the mountain’s ice top. Any person can perceive the theatrical changes. Judgments of contemporary inspections with momentous photographs and journalism accounts merely seem to endorse the story (The Center for Science and Public Policy, 2). Melting ice appears to be an ideal symbol for universal warming; certainly, famous scientists, chief media outlets, in addition to, affiliates of the U.S. governing body have all associated melting ice with people-stimulated climate change.

Work Cited

The Center for Science and Public Policy. White Paper: The Consensus on Kilimanjaro is

Wrong (2003). Web. 15 Jun. 2012. Available at

<http://www.ff.org/centers/csspp/pdf/Kiliman-MAC-4-8-04.pdf>

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Movements and Muscles involved in Spiking a Volleyball

Volleyball is one of the many sports that are played using a simple technique; the capability to deliver a ball to a net against all efforts of the opposing team. A volleyball spike refers o the strong attacking action carried out by a person to score against the opposing team. Both muscular and skeletal systems are critical to the performance of body movements. A volleyball spike occurs in four key phases, namely the approach, arm cocking, arm acceleration, and follow-up. There are various movements that take place in the shoulder complex when spiking a volleyball. Both the glenohumeral and shoulder joints become elated, horizontally abducted, and externally rotated in preparation for the spike. The joints also go through scapular posterior tilt, trunk extension and right rotation, upward and external rotation and side flexion. The shoulder is classified as a diarthrosis, and its structure type is ball and socket. The main shoulder movements that take place are abduction, rotation, and extension at three degrees of freedom.

Some of the muscles involved in a volleyball spike include hamstrings, quadriceps femoris, gastrocnemius, and biceps brachii. Hamstrings have their origin in ischial tuberosity and insertion is the medial tibial condyle. Because the hamstrings are often activated during spiking, they are deemed eccentric. The quadriceps femoris originates from the femur and ilium. The femus is the thighbone while the ilium is the upper pelvis. The two come together at the kneecap and insert at the tibia. Quadriceps femoris functions concentrically. The gastrocnemius originates in the lateral head, which is the posterolateral aspect of the femure media head condyle. The gastrocnemius is both concentric and eccentric. The biceps brachii originated at the scapula and its insertion of the radial tuberosity of its radius. As regards its functioning, the biceps brachii is concentric.

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‘Advanced’, ‘Writing’ and ‘Discipline’

This assignment requires all the students taking the advanced writing course to post something about the meanings of the words advanced writing and discipline. The post is supposed to include some definitions from the dictionary and then show how we understand the meaning of these three words. As it follows, I will first define the words as they are discussed in two different dictionaries, and then offer a definition that reflects my own understanding of the terms. In addition to this, I will also demonstrate some of my expectations of this particular course. I will also show what I expect to be covered or taught in the class and how we can our past knowledge and skills in communication and writing in advancing this course.

The Merriam- Webster dictionary has a number of definitions of the word advanced, a few of which only apply to this particular class. One of the most relevant definition of advanced in this dictionary is the one that describes advanced as being more than or being beyond introduction or elementary. Another essential definition describes advanced as much developed beyond or more than the initial stage. A third essential definition from this dictionary is the one that defines advanced as being further away from others when it comes to ideas or progress. One can, therefore, use this word in different circumstances. For instance, one can say advanced biology, chemistry or English class. One can also use the word to form a sentence like, advanced methods of science.

The online Dictionary.com also offers a number of definitions for the word advanced. One of the definitions offered in the dictionary defines advanced as being placed forward or ahead. Another crucial definition derived from this dictionary defines advanced as far or ahead or further along in complexity, progress, skill or even knowledge. Advanced is also shown or defined as embodying or pertaining to ideas, attitudes, and practices. In this case, the word advanced can be used to mean that one is taken or seen as being more liberal or enlightened when compared to the established, standardized or traditional. As it follows, these definitions can be used differently in sentences. One, for instance, can use the second definition of advanced in such sentences as, an advanced class in English, or taking a course in advanced Spanish. I understand the term advanced as any skills, knowledge, ideas, practices or attitudes that have developed more than the normal or usual stages. I understand that one has to learn more and acquire more skills and knowledge about a particular discipline to become advanced in that discipline.

The other word of interest in this post is writing. The term has numerous definitions according to Merriam- Webster dictionary. The dictionary defines writing as the process or act of one who writes or the art or act of forming characters or letter that are visible. The dictionary also defines writing as the practice or act of musical or literary composition. Writing can also be understood as the form or style of composition, or the profession or occupation of a writer. Dictionary.com defines writing as the act of a thing or person who writes. It also defines writing as putting or committing one’s ideas or thoughts into writing. I also have my own understanding of the term writing. I think that writing is not just the ability to put words together or the ability to draw characters or words that are presentable. To me, writing is the ability for one to put characters and syllables together so that they are able to make sense, communicate the intended message and show the level of expertise of that particular individual or writer. As it follows, I do not see someone who is able to take notes in class as a writer; neither can I take the notes the take down as writing. However, if that student is able to answer questions from the same class in the form of writing that show the understanding of the course material, and do it comprehensively and presentably, then I can take him as a writer, because he displays ideas, knowledge and skill.

Discipline is an extremely common word, and it has a number of meanings as presented by a number of dictionaries. The Merriam- Webster dictionary, for instance, offers a number for definitions for the term. It is essential to note that the word holds a number of meanings. For instance, it can be used to mean discipline, it can also be used to stand for a field of study, or training that molds, corrects or perfects moral character and mental faculties. The dictionary also describes discipline as the control obtained from enforcing order and obedience. Dictionary.com also has numerous definitions of the term. Some of these include training or molding to act according to rules. It is also defined as exercise, activity or a regimen that improves or develops a skill. It also defines discipline as punishment inflicted by way of training or correction. All these definitions are applicable in different cases. I understand discipline as a field of study that one chooses to specialize in above others.

These three words can be used together to come up with the term advanced writing discipline. This term can be used to mean a writing course in a certain discipline that is advanced. This writing course could have been covered in several other uncomplicated stages before one becomes qualified to undertake the advanced class. In such a course, it expected that the students would learn ideas; practices, knowledge and skills that will enable them become competent in writing or expressing their ideas through writing. It expected that by the end of the course, all students would have learned or refined their writing skills.

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Challenges Facing National Parks’ Management

Management of national parks and the areas related to them provide not only opportunities but also challenges. The opportunities that it presents are protecting the values of the national parks and provision of people’s enjoyment and appreciation. Challenges include ensuring these places are well protected and that the activities going on in the national parks benefit them and balancing them. National parks’ management also deals with controlling the capacity of visitors visiting the parks in a given time and the population of the wildlife in that given park (Manning, p1).Effective management of national parks is important for preservation and conservation of the wildlife. This essay will look at the various challenges facing the management of national parks and the approaches addressing the challenges.

National parks are tourist attraction sites. Tourists can’t be attracted by the national parks if there are no features of interest. It becomes a challenge to the management of the national parks to ensure the national parks have the necessary resources that would invite tourists to the park. The challenge is when it comes to making the decision on what to put up and what to improve in the national parks. The management is required to ensure that the improvements that they make are unique to the features of other tourist attraction sites. Approaches addressing this challenge have been raised such as providing luxury equipment and hotels within the parks. The approach ensures that tourists stay in the park and enjoy their stay as long as they would wish (Davis et al., p12)

The management looks forward to expanding the national parks to increase the volume of visitation as already discussed. The will to expand the national parks is met by one challenge that has troubled the management so much. People living around the national parks tend to encroach on the land holding the national park (James et al., p 162). Cultivation is the main purpose of this behavior of the people. Land encroachment makes it difficult for the management to expand the parks. It instead reduces the size of the land occupied by the park hence reducing the natural habitat. Appropriate measures have been taken to solve this problem. The management has pushed for fencing the area that should be occupied by the national park to avoid invasion by the residents.

National parks’ management aims at protecting the wildlife in the national parks. Protecting wildlife ensures that the national parks stay for as long as possible, and the benefits accrued to the existence of national parks are long term. Poaching has become a threat to this goal of the management. Wild animals such as elephants, leopards, buffaloes and many others are a main area of tourists’ attraction. Residents have made poaching an option to their living (James et al., p163). Elephants in national parks have become extinct due to their valuable tasks. Extinction of elephants and other animals would slowly fade the national parks. Approaches have been raised to address this matter. The wild services have increased the number of trained security to protect the wildlife. There are laws that have been passed to protect the wildlife. It means that if one is accused of poaching can face imprisonment or other charges. Villagers around the parks have also been offered well-defined hunting quotas. These quotas have reduced poaching since the villagers sell the quotas to companies or organizations (James et al., p168).

Training and education are an important aspect in that they install skills and knowledge to individuals. Lack or minimal skills in the management board of national parks has become a challenge lately (Decker et al., p13).Without the required training, it becomes difficult for one to determine certain variables in the national parks. A good example would be determining the wildlife population or evaluate the situation of a habitat (Decker et al., p13).Possession of skills, also helps the management board in making decisions on what should be done. Mostly, when a problem arises the level of skills possessed by the management determines how fast the situation will be handled. The government has offered training facilities and organized training programs to the management. The untrained personnel are taken through training to improve the level of skills in them.

Political pressure is another challenge that faces the management of national parks. As much as the management would like to expand the parks, there exists scarcity in development funds (James et al., p172).This problem is usually as a result of arguments in the political systems on the amount of money to be issued for the national park development. With this, the management and control functions of the park management cannot be met. It happens that the national income earned from tourism activities goes easily to the government. It becomes hard for the funds to be allocated back to the national parks for expansion, hence, delaying the expansion projects that the management has suggested. Pressure is mounted on the management sector instead. The solution to this problem is being worked on where the funding for the parks will be done in a way that it won’t be affected by politics. Through external fund and whenever the park’s wildlife capital has been restored. Park management activities would be financed by tourists and fees from safari hunting (James et al., 173).

Expansion of national parks has led to relocation of many people. It turns the population against the management of the parks. At times, there is a very high population living below living standards. These conditions and the anger in people about the relocation encourage people to practice poaching and at times attack the management directly. The people may also set up forest fires as a revenge mechanism. These extensive forest fires have led to environmental destruction (James et al., p174).Wildlife is destroyed where animals die, and vegetation burn down. Whenever it happens, the management tries as much as it can to put off these fires. It becomes a threat to the management. Extra cost that had not been budgeted for is required to finance for the extinguishing .The management has started an initiative where people are compensated after relocation to avoid this scenario (James et al., 174).

Wildlife damage has become a threat not only to the people around the national parks but also to the management. Wildlife damage is any act by the animals in the park that causes destruction to the property of the households living around the parks (Conover, p7).It happens due to poor protective boundaries between the national parks and the society living near the parks. When the animals break the walls, they cause damages to the crops, cause injuries to the people and some extent deaths. The management is hence faced with the challenge of compensating for the damages. Finances that had not been budgeted for are used. The management is also faced by the challenge of tracing the animals and taking them back to the parks. The activity of tracing the animals back to the park becomes very tiresome and sometimes dangerous. In order to avoid this, construction of strong electric fence round the national parks has been implemented.

In conclusion, the challenges facing the management of national parks are the same from one national park to the other. The management personnel across the national parks should hence, be skilled and with the ability to withstand the challenges. They should also have the ability to bring forward measurements that can address the challenges. Poaching has become the biggest threat to national parks’ management as discussed. It is facilitated by many factors, among them being poor management. In general, the management should enhance its relationship with those that border the parks. A good relationship between them improves the understanding between them, which would reduce such activities. For better handling of challenges to the management, the government considers employing skilled personnel. The management should also be corruption free to enable good utilization of the funds allocated to the national parks.

Works Cited

Manning, Robert. Parks and People: Managing Outdoor Recreation at Acadia National Park: University of Vermont Press, 2009.Print.

Davis E. Davis., Halvorson, Willian. Science and Ecosystem Management in the National Parks: University of Arizona Press, 1996.Print.

Anderson, Terry. James, Alexander. The Politics and Economics of Park Management: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, USA, 2001.Print.

Decker, Daniel. Riley, Shawn. Siemer, William. Human Dimension of Wildlife Management: JHU Press, 2012.Print.

Conover, Michael. The Science of Wildlife Damage Management: CRC Press LLC, USA, 2002.Print.

(Name)

(Instructors’ name)

(Course)

(Date)

‘Advanced’, ‘Writing’ and ‘Discipline’

This assignment requires all the students taking the advanced writing course to post something about the meanings of the words advanced writing and discipline. The post is supposed to include some definitions from the dictionary and then show how we understand the meaning of these three words. As it follows, I will first define the words as they are discussed in two different dictionaries, and then offer a definition that reflects my own understanding of the terms. In addition to this, I will also demonstrate some of my expectations of this particular course. I will also show what I expect to be covered or taught in the class and how we can our past knowledge and skills in communication and writing in advancing this course.

The Merriam- Webster dictionary has a number of definitions of the word advanced, a few of which only apply to this particular class. One of the most relevant definition of advanced in this dictionary is the one that describes advanced as being more than or being beyond introduction or elementary. Another essential definition describes advanced as much developed beyond or more than the initial stage. A third essential definition from this dictionary is the one that defines advanced as being further away from others when it comes to ideas or progress. One can, therefore, use this word in different circumstances. For instance, one can say advanced biology, chemistry or English class. One can also use the word to form a sentence like, advanced methods of science.

The online Dictionary.com also offers a number of definitions for the word advanced. One of the definitions offered in the dictionary defines advanced as being placed forward or ahead. Another crucial definition derived from this dictionary defines advanced as far or ahead or further along in complexity, progress, skill or even knowledge. Advanced is also shown or defined as embodying or pertaining to ideas, attitudes, and practices. In this case, the word advanced can be used to mean that one is taken or seen as being more liberal or enlightened when compared to the established, standardized or traditional. As it follows, these definitions can be used differently in sentences. One, for instance, can use the second definition of advanced in such sentences as, an advanced class in English, or taking a course in advanced Spanish. I understand the term advanced as any skills, knowledge, ideas, practices or attitudes that have developed more than the normal or usual stages. I understand that one has to learn more and acquire more skills and knowledge about a particular discipline to become advanced in that discipline.

The other word of interest in this post is writing. The term has numerous definitions according to Merriam- Webster dictionary. The dictionary defines writing as the process or act of one who writes or the art or act of forming characters or letter that are visible. The dictionary also defines writing as the practice or act of musical or literary composition. Writing can also be understood as the form or style of composition, or the profession or occupation of a writer. Dictionary.com defines writing as the act of a thing or person who writes. It also defines writing as putting or committing one’s ideas or thoughts into writing. I also have my own understanding of the term writing. I think that writing is not just the ability to put words together or the ability to draw characters or words that are presentable. To me, writing is the ability for one to put characters and syllables together so that they are able to make sense, communicate the intended message and show the level of expertise of that particular individual or writer. As it follows, I do not see someone who is able to take notes in class as a writer; neither can I take the notes the take down as writing. However, if that student is able to answer questions from the same class in the form of writing that show the understanding of the course material, and do it comprehensively and presentably, then I can take him as a writer, because he displays ideas, knowledge and skill.

Discipline is an extremely common word, and it has a number of meanings as presented by a number of dictionaries. The Merriam- Webster dictionary, for instance, offers a number for definitions for the term. It is essential to note that the word holds a number of meanings. For instance, it can be used to mean discipline, it can also be used to stand for a field of study, or training that molds, corrects or perfects moral character and mental faculties. The dictionary also describes discipline as the control obtained from enforcing order and obedience. Dictionary.com also has numerous definitions of the term. Some of these include training or molding to act according to rules. It is also defined as exercise, activity or a regimen that improves or develops a skill. It also defines discipline as punishment inflicted by way of training or correction. All these definitions are applicable in different cases. I understand discipline as a field of study that one chooses to specialize in above others.

These three words can be used together to come up with the term advanced writing discipline. This term can be used to mean a writing course in a certain discipline that is advanced. This writing course could have been covered in several other uncomplicated stages before one becomes qualified to undertake the advanced class. In such a course, it expected that the students would learn ideas; practices, knowledge and skills that will enable them become competent in writing or expressing their ideas through writing. It expected that by the end of the course, all students would have learned or refined their writing skills.

Mount St. Helens

On May 18, 1980, after lying dormant 123 years Mount St. Helens erupted powerfully and had a profound impact on the Pacific Northwest. On that summer day in 1980 Mount St. Helens produced a huge debris avalanche, an explosive lateral blast, lahars and an eruption column. In an instant the countryside and lakes surrounding a great distance around became victims of devastation.

Located in the state of Washington, St. Helens is considered to be the youngest and most active volcano in the Cascade Range. Although only 12th in height among the major Cascade volcanoes, scientists predict a significant increase in size in the future because the mountain is still in its cone building stage. Mount St. Helens stands atop an older volcano which historically, was probably one of the most explosive peaks in the Pacific Northwest. This assumption is evident through the amount of debris that is scattered for miles over the countryside. The oldest recognized products of the ancestral cone are a pumice layer which is dated at 37,600 years and a weathered mudflow deposit dated at approximately 36,000 years (Harris 1980). Evidence of glacial sediments containing fragments of the earlier mountain are dated at approximately 18,000 years and indicate that Mount St. Helens experienced at least one episode of glaciation. Present day lava content of St. Helens is composed of olivine basalt, dacite, and pyroxene andesite. The ancestral St. Helens, although almost buried beneath the recent core, has left behind much evidence of its previous eruptions. Pumiceous ash blankets the land for hundreds of miles and many valleys are filled with accumulations of explosive rubble. Modern day Mount St. Helens is a result of avalanche debris, explosion rubble and mudflow deposits erupted by its predecessor.

Modern day St. Helens also grew “through the extrusion of at least two large dacite domes and the production of glowing avalanches similar to those erupted by the ancestral volcano” (Harris 1980:171). The famous Spirit Lake surrounding Mount St. Helens is also a result of violent activity. The lake formed when mudflows form the volcano blocked the headwaters of a fork of the Toutle River and the lake was raised over 60feet by mudflows.

Prior to 1980, after over one hundred years of lying dormant, St. Helens had the opportunity to recuperate from its previous eruptions and develop its beautiful shape, rising approximately 3000 meters above sea level. (Sanders 2002) The landscape surrounding the mountain consisted of dense, temperate and coniferous rain forests.

Large areas had been partially modified by timber harvest activity and sparse alpine vegetation occurred at high elevations. Lakes and streams were also common to the area. However, by 1949 endless miles of roads covered the previously solitude mountain. By 1975 there were few roadless areas for hikers and wildlife and most of the trails had been converted to logging road (Williams 1988). According to the U.S Forest Service, timber harvesting had been “quite extensive, primarily on the south and east sides” (Williams 1988:32). The timber industry claimed that clearcutting was an economic necessity essential for providing timber and jobs. Clearcutting moved up Mount. St. Helen streams and efforts to replant the timberline clearcuts failed and once the vegetation was destroyed, the pumice became a desert, and few plants were able to grow. Only the north side of the mountain prior to the 1980 eruption remained in a semi-natural state, although fisheries were damaged by dams and erosion from logging (Williams 1988).

The Cascade Mountains, St. Helen’s being one of them, represent a volcanic arc that is created where the Juan the Fuca tectonic plate is moving eastward and subsiding beneath North America. The plate originated as magma, through rifts in the Juan de Fuca Ridge. The Juan de Fuca Ridge is the remaining northern segment of a larger oceanic feature called the Farallon Ridge. Most of this ridge has been over ridden by the westward drifting North American Plate. The rock that makes up the Juan de Fuca plate is heated to a degree that hot fluids are driven out. These hot fluids, which are mainly composed of water, then penetrate into the overlying wedge of mantle rock and cause chemical interactions that lower melting temperatures in the wedge. This causes blobs of magma to rise through the fractures in the crust and accumulate in chambers beneath the volcanic peaks of the Cascade Range and results in eruptions (Sanders et al. 2002).

Studies by members of the U.S Geological Survey were conducted and the results were published in 1978 by authors Crandell and Mullineaux. Based on the eruptive history and frequency of St. Helens eruptions the authors warned of the likelihood of future eruptions.

In the future, Mount St. Helens probably will erupt violently and intermittently just as it has in the recent geologic past, and these future eruptions will affect human life and healthy, property, agriculture and general economic welfare over a broad area…an eruption is… likely to occur within the next hundred years, and perhaps even before the end of the century” (Sanders et al. 2002:232)

These warnings however, did not reach a wide audience and were not taken very seriously by a majority of the public.

The issue was clouded by misunderstandings by the media, government officials, and even geologists. Two years after the publication by Crandell and Mullineaux Mount St. Helens erupted.

The first sign of activity at Mount St. Helens began On March 16, 1980. A series of small earthquakes were detected and on March 27, after hundreds of earthquakes had been detected, steam explosions blasted a crater through the volcano’s summit ice cap. The crater was estimated to have grown about 1,300 feet in diameter within a week (Brantley et al. nd). Two enormous crack systems had also crossed the entire summit area. 10,000 earthquakes had shaken the volcano by May 17, and the north flank had grown outward to form a noticeable bulge. This indicated to geologists that magma had risen high into the volcano. On the morning of May 18, 1980 and earthquake of magnitude 5.1, shook the volcano and within 20 seconds, the volcano’s bulge and summit slid away in the largest landslide in recorded history. The landslide was about 2.5km^3 (Pringle 1990). Powerful explosions were triggered because the landslide depressurized the volcano’s magma system. “Rocks, ash, volcanic ash and steam were blasted upward and outward to the north. This lateral blast of hot material accelerated to at least 300 miles per hour, the slowed as the rocks and ash fell to the ground and spread away from the volcano.” (Brantley et al. nd) The blast cloud is reported to have traveled as far as 17 miles northward from the volcano. An eruptive column was a result of the blast and rose more than 15 miles in about 15 minutes. The destruction continued as magma erupted from the new crater and a second eruption column was formed.

Just after 12:00pm pyroclastic flows consisting of ash, pumice and gas poured out of the crater, reaching speeds as fast as 80 miles per hour (Brantley et al. nd). The scorching ash quickly mixed with existing ice and snow and began to flow down all sides of the mountain. Debris was picked up on the way and included boulders reaching sizes of up to 20 feet in diameter (Volcano World nd). Strong winds then proceeded to blow the 520 million tons of ash eastward across the United States. 250 miles from the volcano, the city of Spokane, was enclosed in darkness (Brantley et al. nd).

Effects of the 1980 eruption were disastrous. There were 57 human fatalities, mostly due to suffocation from ash inhalation, and thousands of animals were killed including, 7000 big game animals and 12 million salmon. Hundreds of houses in the valley were destroyed, bridges were wrecked and vehicles were demolished. Deposits of mud and debris in the upper reaches of the North Fork Toutle Rive valley were so great that its floor was raised as much as 180 meters and debris dams formed lakes where none had existed before. A flood of water filled with mud, poured into the Cowlitz River and enormous amounts of sediment were dumped into the Columbia River and clogged the shipping channel. “Upstream in the Columbia, more than twenty oceangoing ships were trapped at Portland and Vancouver until the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers deepened the channel with dredges working around the clock” (Sanders et al. 2002:239) Ash clouds were seen drifting across three states, Washington, Idaho and Montana, and the volumes of rock, ice, mud, ash and debris were estimated in the billions of cubic yards.

Ash fall of up to 8cm in Washington and Idaho caused harmful problems clogged air filters that disabled vehicles and short-circuited electrical transformers, resulting in power outages. Breathing was so difficult in some areas that many had to wear masks. Needless to say much of the wildlife in the surrounding area was destroyed. Few trees and plants survived the eruption. “The volcano blew out a large portion of the mountainside and baked several hundred square kilometers of adjacent countryside to 400600 oC. The result was a lifeless moonscape punctuated by the ash-gray, leafless trunks of thousands of blown-down trees” (Life erupts at Mount St. Helens 1997:400)

Following the eruption, thousands of people were evacuated, some by helicopter. Emergency responses that included salvaging lives and property were the first priority. Work crews worked for weeks removing tons of ash from roofs, streets, sidewalks and parking lots. The U.S Army Crops of Engineers worked around the clock, deepening the channel of the Columbia River so that ships could be freed. People sought immediate need for information regarding volcanic events and hazards. As a result an Emergency Coordination Center (ECC) was established in Washington. The ECC consisted of experienced emergency response personal and was staffed 24 hours a day. Information was also provided through public meetings, press conferences, and briefings with government agencies and private businesses. Updates on the status of the volcano were also provided through “volcanic and seismic activity reports.”

Despite all the effort, the destruction and loss resulting from the volcano caused many to experience emotional problems and psychological problems.

“Some people made a scapegoat of Mount St. Helens, blaming the volcano for personal problems unrelated to the eruption” (Sanders et al. 2002:242-243)

Bibliography:

Zeilinga de Boer, Jelle and Donald Theodore Sanders. 2002. Volcanoes in Human History. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Harris, Stephen L. 1980. Fire & Ice The Cascade Volcanoes. Revised Edition. Seattle:

The Mountaineers.

Williams, Chuck. 1988. Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument. Seattle: The Mountaineers.

Pringle, Patrick. Mount St Helens: A Ten-Year Summary. Washington Geologic Newsletter. Vol. 18, No. 2, May 1990.

Brantley, Steve and Bobbie Myers. Mount St. Helens-From the 1980 Eruption to 2000.

Challenges Facing Students in Public Schools

Student’s Name

Institution

Date

Challenges Facing Working-Class Students in Public School System

America has the most diversified education system in the world comprising of both public and private schools at all levels of education. However, public schools at all standards have the most significant percentage of students as compared to private institutions. Over centuries, public schools have always occupied a crucial space in the excitable American imagination. Americans regardless of the age have limitless desires for education and self-improvement through learning. In the last decades, there has been spreading debate over the declining standards as well as low achievements of students who have undergone the American education system more so when compared to students in other well-developed nations such as Germany. This might be as a result of challenges facing the education system in America. Over the years, public schools in America are faced with some problems which affect the expected outcome from the institutions. The students themselves are affected by the system of education used by most of the public schools in America. This essay will majorly consider some of the challenges faced by students in public schools which significantly affects their performance and some of how they can be solved.

A significant drawback affecting the students in public schools is the lack of motivation from the professors or teachers. Rebecca Cox who is the author of ‘The Student Fear Factor’ carried out interviews where she involved the students and the professors, and she noted that the students themselves were not motivated by their respective professors in their learning institutions. Cox says that the students and professors misunderstand each other and as a result fail each other at the end. Cox believes that there has always been a mismatch between the expectations of the students and those of the professors. Additionally, the students themselves are not familiar with most norms in the classrooms hence furthering the learning gap.

Cox says, “Students can easily arrive at college without understanding what is expected of them and how to meet the expectations” (Cox, 2009). She added that although students fail to follow the instructions from their professors, the professor involved plays a vital role in the failure of the students and the institution at large. Cox added that some instructors might believe a particular group of students lacks the capability of learning as compared to other students. This greatly demotivates the students perceived unable, and as a result, they end up performing poorly in classrooms. Lack of motivation from the instructors makes the students seek little or no further assistance to understand new skills.

Mike Rose, the author of “I Just Wanna be Average” illustrates that when he was admitted to a public vocational program where he met teachers who were unimpressed by their jobs and did not have confidence in the competence of their students. Absence of faith from the teachers makes the students slack off and care less about their school work. Rose in his vocational training met with Mr. MacFarland who motivated Rose and helped him get into college. Rose describes that the relationship which he had with Mr. MacFarland had a positive impact on his life (Rose, 1990). This clearly shows the positive effect of motivation from the instructors involved.

As indicated above, a lack of motivation from the instructors is a major challenge affecting students in public schools; hence there is a need for students to be motivated in learning institutions. One of the ways which the instructors can motivate the students is by letting them know what is expected of them before the education process. Additionally, all students have the capability in the learning process; therefore any form of perception of incapability of a group of students should be avoided in teaching institutions. The instructors should also involve all the students in a classroom as this improves the relationship between the students and the teachers hence the students are motivated.

A division into social classes is another major challenge faced by students in public schools. Social class means the division of the society based on the economic and social status of that community. Jean Anyon who is the author of “The Curriculum of work” clearly narrates about the division which occurs in public schools based on the social classes. She says that the children are taught to learn and comprehend things based on the society which they come from. Moreover, the behavior of students in a particular set of society behaves differently from students in another society.

In America, students are divided based on the economic status where the poor and well-disadvantaged members of the society join public schools of their ‘level.’ In such situations, students from the different humble backgrounds learn together hence their learning manner is very different from other institutions of ‘’well up’’ students. Students from such ‘low level’ sectors are perceived as incapable of doing a particular task as compared to others. The teachers in such institutions also lack faith with their students and receive little or no considerations.

Anyon examined the behavior of every social class which is divided into, the working class, the middle class, and the elite executive class (Anyon, 1980). Anyon says that due to the divisions, the lower perceived students rarely ask the teacher for help and better explanations in class hence contributing to their failure in classrooms. Superman and Me who are the authors of “The Joy of Reading and Writing” explains how education helped him to succeed in life as well as his life as an Indian boy. It’s due to his love for reading that made him propel in the school system and removing himself from the quiet and the poor society and fails in life. Sherman Alexie says, “I refused to fail. I was smart. I was arrogant. I was lucky” (Alexie, 1998). This clearly shows that when everyone is given a chance in the education system without considering the social status, the ability of many students will be manifested.

As portrayed above, division into social classes has an adverse effect on the students in public schools. On the contrary, students from all backgrounds should be allowed to interact with one another in learning institutions as this motivates both. Interaction of students from different backgrounds will embrace working together without any form of discrimination. Alexie who had loved reading and writing but came from a humble Indian family is seen excelling very well in the society despite his social status. Additionally, the ability of students from lower social class is manifested as poverty does not determine what a student is capable of doing.

Another critical challenge affecting students in the public school system is schooling for an extended period. The American system involves participating in a twelve-year curriculum which is viewed as tedious to the learners by John Taylor. The article ‘’Against School’’ by John Taylor Gatto clearly shows that the long schooling periods is designed to produce mediocre intellectuals, to deny the students necessary leadership skills and also restrict their inner life. Gatto says, “Mandatory education serves students only incidentally; its real purpose is to turn them into servants.’’

Gatto articulates that important people in America like George Washington and Abraham Lincoln did not go through the twelve-year schooling system but are successful in life. He says that schooling for too long creates boredom in the students hence losing interest in further education. Interestingly, Gatto points out that not only the students who are bored by the long education system but also the teachers themselves. He says, ’’ I taught for thirty years in some of the worst schools in Manhattan, and some of the best, and during that time, I became an expert in boredom.’’ Gatto also claims that the long schooling curriculum denies the students and the teachers a chance to learn more. He says, ‘’they said teachers didn’t seem to know much about their subjects and weren’t interested in learning more.’’

Gatto stipulates that the twelve-year schooling system have some negative drawbacks to the students and the teachers themselves; hence there is a need to reform the system. This can be done by reducing the schooling system to about eight to ten years. Gatto says that the students claimed that they were taught things which they already knew about; hence such things should be removed from the curriculum thus reducing the number of years spent in school (Gatto, 2003). By doing so, boredom in schools will be eradicated thus motivating the students and making the curriculum interesting to the teachers and the learners.

As discussed above, it is clear that many students in public schools face a lot of challenges. This has in the students lose interest in education hence the result of disappointment to the parents and the instructors. A change should be done so that to motivate and provide an education that is involving to the student. By motivating and involving the students to teachers who know their subjects, they will gain interest and inspiration. Additionally, division based on the social classes should be abandoned and involve all students together irrespective of their backgrounds. By doing so, many students will have the eagerness to learn more and show their full potential in all levels of education.

Reference

Alexie, S. (1998). Superman and me. Los Angeles Times, 19.

Anyon, J. (1980). Social class and the hidden curriculum of work. Journal of education, 162(1), 67-92.

Cox, R. D. (2009). The college fear factor. Harvard University Press.

Gatto, J. T. (2003). Against school. Harper’s Magazine, 307(1840), 33-38.

Rose, M. (1990). I just wanna be average. Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing, 161-172.