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Interview

Administration strategies in Etisalat company questionnaire.

The following interview is designed for research purpose alone. The collected information will be kept confidential. For this interview, you will respond with either agree (A), strongly agree (SA), disagree (D), strongly disagree (SD), not sure.

Personal Interviews

Your sex?

Male

Female

What is your age bracket?

18-30 (1)

31-44 (2)

45 and above (3)

Highest academic qualification obtained.

Diploma/certificate (1)

Bachelor (2)

Masters/PhD (3)

How long have you worked in this organization?

Less than two years (1)

More than two years (2)

More than five years (3)

How long have you worked in your department?

Less than two years (1)

More than two years (2)

More than five years (3)

Self Administered Survey

Agree (A) Not sure (N) Disagree (D)

Are you satisfied with Administration strategies in Etisalat company? Are you satisfied with your job position? Are you satisfied with the present working hours? Are you happy with my work responsibilities? Do you feel comfortable in carrying out your responsibilities? Are you satisfied with work relationships with the people around you? Are you satisfied with various activities in the company and love participating in them? Are you happy with the overall Administration strategies? Do you feel the organization employs suitable strategies in its administration? Do you think current Administration strategies have been successful? Are you satisfied with the present performance of other administration departments? Are you happy with the recognition and rewards for your outstanding works and contributions to this organization? Are you satisfied and think you’ve been awarded right set of duties, as per your ability? Is Fulfilling your responsibilities giving you a feeling of satisfaction and personal achievement? Have there been useful reforms in administration in the recent past? Analysis

In coding in excel, Agree (A) was coded 1; Not sure was represented by 0; Disagree was represented by 2. Based on the result, though might not be reflective due to limitation on number of respondents, the study revealed that 67% of the administrative positives are occupied by men. The analysis also revealed that majority of the administrative officers are experienced with over five years in their stations. Based on the experience of the respondents, data is considered consistent as the officers have stayed in their work stations for more than five years and so well conversant with company operational strategies. On the analysis whether Administration strategies in Etisalat company are suitable, the analysis revealed that the strategies are effective and the three respondents agreed to this. The first respondent had an average of 1.2 meaning he agreed to majority of the issues since the results learns towards 1, which was agree. The second and third respondents had averages of 1.3 which is less than 1.5 and so closer to 1 than 2 and so they both agreed to majority of the issues. It can be therefore, based on experience of respondent and their responses that Administration strategies in Etisalat company has been effective.

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Admission Essay- LLB Programme at The University Of Pretoria

I hereby apply for admittance to pursue a law degree in the LLB Programme at the University of Pretoria. I believe that the LLB Programme at the University of Pretoria is designed for persons like me who have the impetus and potential to do extremely well in their careers. It is in my judgment that, this program is intended for persons who hold the background and, analytical skills necessary in administrative and managerial inclined decision-making. This is in order to produce law graduates who hold a systematic as well as, sound body of knowledge, and understanding of pertinent principles, and, concepts. I believe that the LLB Programme at the University of Pretoria is designed to provide some insight into law in practice, as well as to impart skills, which would enable, its graduates work effectively and co-operatively as members of a team. I believe that this program would equip me with an extensive technical competency, and an appreciation of the function of the law in practice.

In this admission essay, I have provided a synopsis of my scholarly and social attributes. I have as well provided a synopsis of my career goals, and inspiration to pursue the LLB Programme at the University of Pretoria. I am presently completing my matric year at the Cornwall Hill College. I have been an active student in several spheres of high school education. This can be attested by my diverse achievements in scholarly, community, as well as extra-curricular spheres. I have enrolled twice in the South African team for performing arts prior to participating in the World championships (AMTC) in Florida. I attained a level 3 first aid but found it appropriate to engage in community service through volunteering at the Pediatric Oncology ward in Unitas Hospital. I actively participated in the environmental club at my school, as well as in the college hockey and swimming teams. I am currently completing the President’s award bronze level, as part of my numerous efforts to pursue Nobel causes, which would assist me in interacting with new people, as well as, getting involved in bringing constructive change in humanity.

I hold immense admiration for The University of Pretoria’s national moot court competition which facilitates novices to experience elements of the law industry. I hold high esteem towards debating and expressing my opinion and, therefore, I enrolled in the Afrikaans redenaars team. The faculty has exceptional lecturers and grants learners with excellent practical as well as theory courses. The University of Pretoria has a homely feel that draws my heart to be closer to it. In light of this, I find the LLB Programme at the University of Pretoria the most suitable channel to prepare for a flourishing career, since it initiates scholars to progressive research across the field as well as trains them to become dynamic global citizens. I draw immense inspiration to pursue the LLB program at the University of Pretoria from my family. A few years ago, my family was drawn in with a couple of legal tussles, and having been affected, albeit indirectly, by the repercussions it increasingly fuelled my resolve to pursue the LLB programme. This is because I desire to that person that would assist people in successfully pursuing their legal battles. I consider it as a privilege to secure admittance to pursue an LLB Programme at the University of Pretoria. For that reason, I am determined to match the excellence standards stipulated by the University of Pretoria.

Most Dangerous Species

As long as humans have existed, we have posed a threat to our own environment. During Neolithic times, agriculture was born. This was just the beginning of the destruction of Earth. The Neolithic people would farm one area of land and then, once the soil was completely used up, they would move to a new area. Now we have evolved so much that we have the capability to destroy hundreds of miles of nature with one bomb. Who knows what might be next? One thing is for sure though… we are the most dangerous species.

In the beginning of the 1700’s a new revolution began. It was called the Industrial Revolution. Humans had dawned on the very start of a New World. During this revolution we went from using horse and carriage to jets and space shuttles. Technology had reached a new high. And yet, the most important creation of all may soon be able to do all human jobs: computers. However, they can’t fix the problems that we’ve created. That’s up to us.

The U.S. census shows that in 1993, 5,772 babies were born and 3,246 people died. That’s almost a 2:1 ratio…almost. So what’s going on? More people are being produced than there are dying. According to the “Overpopulation of Earth” website, the human population will double or even triple very rapidly if nothing is done. So why isn’t this really obvious to us? Actually, it is. If you’ve noticed there are housing developments being built in almost every suburban city there is. This is becoming a large threat to our environment; it can only handle so much.

In the housing developments being built, there are several problems arising. A few of the problems include: the run-off from all the pesticides being used on lawns has nowhere to go (people that live in suburban areas use three to six times more pesticides that farmers use one their land), the trees being cut down are not being replaced, the wildlife that once lived there now does not have any habitat to live in. Animals that were once plentiful are now rarely seen.

Farmland is also vastly being developed on. Since 1967, so much land has been paved over that it equals the area of Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and New Jersey combined.

With population growth, another thing grows and that’s pollution. The more people there are then the more use of cars and the more carbon dioxide there is being exhaled into the air and the more factories there are being built to give all these people jobs and…well, you get the point. Our little planet can only take so much. But what happens when all humans do is take and take from the environment and never gives anything back? Whatever we do to the planet is going to effect us.

According to Karen Malarkey, science teacher at Haverhill High School, large cities are one of the biggest problems. So many resources are wasted in our cities. For instance, a city with 9 million inhabitants uses 5.6 million tons of water, 18,000 tons of food and 85,500 tons of fuel… every day. That same city produces 4.5 million tons of wastewater, 18,000 tons of solid waste and 8,550 tons of air pollutants every day. U.S. citizens also produce more garbage than anyone in the world does.

Nothing consumes as much raw material as an automobile. The United States consists of only one fifth of the world’s population; however, we use 25 percent of the world’s fuel. Japan doesn’t use even half of what the U.S. uses… not a third…not a fourth… but one eleventh.

An urban heat island is another name for a large city that traps in heat. Large buildings and dark pavement absorb sunlight and transform it to rising, unbearable heat which can not be released from the city until late at night because of the gases released by things such as automobiles that keep it in. Dr. Jeff Luvall, the principal investigator at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, believes that one of the ways to relieve large cities from this problem is to prevent the deforestation of forests surrounding them. For those cities that are no longer surrounded by forests, it is already too late.

Pollution doesn’t just add up to statistics either; it creates problems in the environment. Air pollution has created a problem for humans called global warming. In North America, cars release most of the gasses that are responsible for trapping heat in our atmosphere and creating the greenhouse effect.

The greenhouse effect occurs when certain air pollutants (like carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, methane, and chloroflourocarbons) allow the energy of the sun to pass into the atmosphere but trap most of the heat. In a way this protects us because without the greenhouse effect, the whole Earth would be like Antarctica.

The greenhouse effect is what kept the seasons in balance (along with the rotation of the earth, of course). Now, global warming may be shifting the balance too much one way or the other. The greenhouse gasses building up and holding in more heat and not releasing all of it causes global warming.

Acid precipitation is another one of the effects of pollution. Acid precipitation consists of acid rain, acid snow, and acid fog. Acid rain consists of nitric and sulfuric acids. The burning of fossil fuels puts deadly gasses into the air, which get absorbed into the clouds and come down as precipitation. Even in small amounts, the acid precipitation has done great harm. It is a mysterious killer because it can kill a forest of trees and leave everyone wondering why and how they died.

Soil pollution may not sound serious, but it is. When the soil gets polluted, it can not be easily cleaned. The chemicals we are putting in to our surrounding ground do not decompose easily. The plants growing in the soil then inherit the chemicals and are passed on to the animals that eat them and could eventually land on our dinner table.

Water pollution is one of our biggest problems in every city near a body of water. Most large cities that are located near a river tend to dump waste into the river. This becomes a hazardous problem for the people who live a hundred miles away and that river is their drinking water. Some cities in Latin America have such a large problem with water pollution that they have to depend on purified bottled water. However, the people that can’t afford the bottled water become very ill with diseases such as cholera or dysentery and can not afford hospitalization.

Even though some areas may be very cautious about their drinking water and are sure not to dump waste near it, nature has it’s own way to pollute. Every time it rains, whatever substances may be on the ground get carried away with the water and mixed in with the natural groundwater under the surface. Important aquifers then get polluted and can not be used.

Air is the most vital ingredient for life. Without it, not one person or animal on this earth would survive. In the early 1900’s, the only air pollution we had was from the factories of the industrial revolution burning coal for fuel. Since pre-industrial time, carbon dioxide has increased 65%. Some problems caused by air pollution consist of smog, acid rain, and global warming.

Many serious health problems are linked to pollution. Cancer is one of the biggest because there is no promise it can be cured. Smog in heavily populated cities causes many breathing problems. It smells bad, it makes your eyes itchy and watery, it becomes hard to breathe, it can give you a headache, and it can make you fatigued. All these effects make it very dangerous to drive, especially in a large, heavily populated city. In some areas, the smog can be so dangerous that children must remain inside.

So then why don’t we start realizing what we are doing to the air we breath? Well, in 1970 the Clean Air Act was passed. Ever since then, pollution has decreased tremendously. Lead, one of the most harmful pollutants, has had the greatest decrease. The use of lead is now banned in many objects and substances like paint, gasoline, and pencils.

Pollution in some areas may be very bad; however, it is better than it has been in past years. We can all help the environment we live in by recycling, reducing, and reusing.

Humans are the only species with the capability to wipe out all other species and our own. We must not take our little part of the universe for granted because it is the only one we have and after it’s gone, so are we. We also can not forget that we are the most dangerous species and not let that get out of hand because we have gone far enough as it is.

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CAT App – TRADE – DUE OCT 19, 2020

Background:

If there were any take-away from Unit 2 that I would hope you always remember, it is that trade makes us better off. There was only one legitimate reason to go against comparative advantage, though, and that was due to National Security.

On October 2, 2020, Chinese officials issued a statement while at the World Trade Organization meetings citing that the U.S. efforts to ban downloads for services such as TikTok and WeChat violated WTO rules and agreements. For those not familiar with the situation, the US government claims that the parent organization of TikTok represents a national threat. Our government said that TikTok and similar platforms could continue growing in the US only if the parent company sold the operations of their applications to American businesses.

Prompt:

While hanging out with friends and watching silly videos on TikTok, an acquaintance comments that the app should have been banned in the US. He is one of many people that believe the parent company is collecting data on users from the U.S., and using software to spread propaganda. Although this person acknowledges that all domestic social media companies (and many of the tech companies, in general), are collecting similar information and/or are being used to spread fake information, he contends that the Chinese owned firm is worse.

To what extent do you agree with this person’s assertions? That is, what do we know about the information that is collected during our tech usage, and do you think that information in the hands of foreign countries is innately worse than when the company is owned by Americans? Should we ban the technology if the parent company refuses to sell the operations to US firms?

Are there ways we (the U.S.) could we restrict the importing of services to the US? (After all, that is the root of the Chinese counter claim – that they are providing a service.) Should we restrict such trade, specifically tech programs such as TikTok? What are the economic implications of such restrictions? Provide at least TWO approaches to restricting trade.

Note – this is a little different than previous prompts. Open with two ideas on how to restrict the trade of services / tech programs. Describe each, along with the likely economic consequences.

What are the implications of the current proposal to ban or force the sale of the operations?

Close out with a paragraph on whether or not you think we should restrict this trade.

Suppose you are responsible for making a recommendation to the President. You have several options – ban the Chinese technology, force them to sell to American firms, implement one of the two options you’ve listed, or do nothing at all. Before you make a recommendation, you decide to do a little research. What information (or types of information) would you try to find? (Note that you don’t have to actually find the information, but tell me the types of information you might seek.)

Case-Study-Amazon. Com-One E-Store to Rule Them All

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Case-Study-Amazon. Com-One E-Store to Rule Them All

The move by Jeff Bezos to develop and deliver the Kindle, Amazon Prime and Amazon web demonstrates systematic thinking in numerous ways. Bezo’s decision demonstrates the consideration of more than one possibility and also questions his instincts. Bezos is reportedly the wealthiest man alive and has been known to be constantly involved in the betterment of his company. His business approach is unique, making his brand, Amazon, the go-to online shop. He has not gotten where he is by sheer chance; rather he has been strategic. Systematic thinking is demonstrated in how he targets his competitors and comes up with a strategy to kick them off the market. This shows that he does his research well and considers all the possibilities of the decision that he is about to make. He is strategic and thinks to step ahead while making decisions in his company. Above all, Bezos places the customer at the center of each decision to ensure a unique and affordable shopping experience. For instance, Bezos was aware of potential competition when introducing Amazon Prime, so he incorporated a two-day free shipping deal. The move was genius as it pushed all other online retailers to give out promotions and free-shipping options. This shows that Bezos has studied the market and discovered that their competitors do not give promotions and free-shipping deals to their customers. Bezos saw it as an opportunity, and he seized it well. Similarly, Bezos incorporated Amazon Prime to allow customers to subscribe to borrow books on Kindle’s lending library. The move demonstrates intuitive thinking as Bezos found a way to kill two birds with one stone, attracting more clients.

I would describe Amazon as having a positive competitive risk. Even with other online retailers like Apple and Walmart making moves to strengthen their offers, Amazon has vantage as it is renowned as a pioneer brand globally. The fact that Amazon was the first to venture into the e-commerce business gives the company a competitive edge because it already has established a client portfolio. In my viewpoint, we are all creatures of habit, which makes it difficult for them to break their habits unless a need arises. Amazon is always taking a huge risk by venturing into new markets, such as venturing into brick and mortar industry; the upscale grocery sector by purchasing While Foods. While it is a risk, it is a calculated move that if well executed, stands to bring the company billions of dollars in profits. It is a positive risk because Amazon already has an already established clientele from the e-commerce docket that would easily purchase any other product that the company is selling.

One of the traps or errors Bezos is likely to make in his bid to boost Amazon Prime, a movie TV show streaming site, is failing to incorporate promotions. Promotions are one of the most effective ways to draw traffic to Amazon Prime and an opportunity to boost the company’s brand. Bezos is targeting the young generations in his bid to boost Amazon’s online presence and giving discounts is a great way to drive traffic for the streaming services. If Bezos could incorporate a discount such as a 50% discount off for first-time applicants and an extra 20% off for every person referred, the service would drive a lot of traffic among young people. This group of people is technology-driven, and giving them affordable rates for streaming video services would only attract them even further.

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Admission essay: Royal Holloway, University of London.

My decision to choose the University of London’s Royal Holloway campus was fueled by many things. Among the most influential, was its close proximity to London – a major economic, cultural, and political hub in the increasingly dynamic global society. Royal Holloway is situated only 45 minutes from London by train meaning that the student is in close proximity to good examples and illustrations of the concepts garnered from academic activity at school. In addition, the chances of getting opportunities to apply what one has learnt are vast thanks to the close proximity to one of the world’s most influential cities.

Royal Holloway’s placement in close proximity to London also offers other advantages. The good infrastructural facilitation should assist prospective students in their studies given that London is home to one of the world’s most advanced rail, road, air, and telecommunications network. The ability to commute during research and academic tours as well as access sources of information, either remotely or physically, are greatly enhanced by this infrastructure.

The University of London is home to hundreds of thousands of students from varying religious, cultural, and social backgrounds. Coupled with its Royal Holloway campus positioning in close proximity to London – a city of more than 5 million inhabitants, this provides students with the opportunity to interact and learn from the different individuals. It also offers them with a sound appreciation of the diversity the world offers and prepares them for placement in different part of the fast-integrating, financial, academic, and professional world.

The University of London’s Royal Holloway campus provides superb facilities in term of student counseling, tutoring, mentorship and support. Accommodation advices are offered to enable new students settle quickly and integrate themselves into the academic lifestyle of their continuing counterparts. In addition, the teaching staff comprises of experienced professors, some of whom are world renown in their fields of expertise.

After completion of my high school studies in my country, I achieved the highest marks in my region and joined the local university for a Management course. After completing my undergraduate course and obtaining a first class honors degree in International Business, I joined an international corporation’s branch in the country for an 18 month management trainee program. However, soon after, I got an invite from the Royal Holloway to join their International Business MBA program a few weeks to the completion of my second year at the firm, where I had risen to the capacity of junior manager. I believe that the University of London’s Royal Holloway course augers well with my ambition of rising to the position of global vice president in charge of Africa at the firm I work for. It offers the best opportunity for me to develop a good set of competencies and skills necessary to propel me through my professional life, and achieve my vision.

As part of the African operations of an international organization, I have learnt the importance of cultural appreciation for multinationals in promoting organizational success. I would infuse the experience and concepts already picked from professional experience and marry them with the existing academic work in a manner that reflects the African cultural disposition. Africans are known as resilient people all over the world and their ability to thrive in the face of adversity, be it political or economic, is what I seek to project to my European counterparts at the school.

I am motivated by the current continental growth characterized by social, economic, and political growth in Africa. The rate at which the less privileged are being financially empowered motivates me to play my role as an aspiring head of a large international corporation – a good example of opportunity – to enhance the empowerment and facilitation of the same people. In addition, I participate in various charitable organizations aimed at providing education for orphans and the poor. This is my way of giving back to the community after having succeeded as part of the same people I seek to assist. I intend to return after completing my studies in the United Kingdom to resume my position in the multinational as well as charity work.

Most Famous Wine in France

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc380782382 h 1Famous Wine Producing Regions in France PAGEREF _Toc380782383 h 1The Loire Region PAGEREF _Toc380782384 h 2The Bordeaux PAGEREF _Toc380782385 h 2Why France is important wine producing country in the world for many centuries PAGEREF _Toc380782386 h 4Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc380782387 h 5

IntroductionFrance is the name that comes to mind of many people who like wine. It has a deep history as the leader of wine production in the world. Practically all the classic varieties of grapes in existence today originated from France. The country wine continues to act as the prototype against which the standard of wines from different parts of the world is evaluated today. For instance, a California Cab is gauged against the standard set by Cabernet Sauvignon produced in Bordeaux. Wines in France are usually named depending on the region of production, as opposed to variety of grape they are made from. The aim of this paper is to review different regions where wine is produced in France and the factors making its wine exceptional from those of other regions in the world.

Famous Wine Producing Regions in FranceThere are seven regions in France specializing in wine production. These include Alsace, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Provence, Loire, and the Rhone Valley. However some of its most famous ones are the Loire valley and Boudreaux region. Each of these regions is popular for production of a particular variety of grape due to unique indigenous terroir. This described as the combination of climate, location and soil characteristics. It is a legal requirement all wine in the country should indicate the location of production as opposed to variety of grapes. The aim is to guarantee style, originality and quality. In this section some of the popular regions are described as well as variety of grapes available and characteristics of the wines (Sevier Wines, 2006).

The Loire RegionThis is one of the largest producers of wine in France. It is a vast distance stretching more than 500 Kilometers. It is subdivided into four main sub-regions. These include Pays Nantais, Anjou, and Centre. Each of these regions has a distinct combination of climate and soil. The largest production takes place in Anjou-Saumur, which accounts for 34% production, this is followed by Nantes at 32%, Tourraine with 25% and the Center accounts for 9 %. These regions produce about 2885 million hectoliters. The finest wine from Loire valley comes from the smallest sub-region or the center. Largest proportion of its wine is marketed as export. It is popular for the production of White wines, which comprises of 55% of vines. Nantes produces Melon, which is the principal ingredient for production of Muscadet and accounts for 37% of white grapes from the region (Gamble & Taddei, 2007). The Cabernet wine, Sauvignon and Chenin are also produced in this region.

Grapes produced in the Loire valley ripens slowly as compared to those of other region. The result of the slower ripening of grapes combined with breezes from Atlantic on the wine made in the region is a high concentration of acid, which makes them more refreshing (Sevier Wines, 2006).

The BordeauxFor many years the Bordeaux region in France has enjoyed recognition in the world as the best region for quality winemaking. The region is the second largest across the world in production of wines with acreage of 290,000 acres under vines. It accounts for almost a quarter of the country’s AOC production (Henderson & Rex, 2011). It is also one of the most famous regions in production of wines of different tastes, but very popular for the red wines. It is located in Atlantic Coastline, with three key rivers cutting across the land and giving it a good microclimate. In addition, the region has suitable soil conditions which combine with the good microclimate to form an appropriate environment suitable for production of the fine wines. This region has distinct local soils ranging from the gravels, which covers part of Garonne and spread to Libourne region comprising of some part of Saint Emilion and Pomerol. The grave soil is suitable for production of vines because it support deep root penetration and it is also easy for water to percolate. In other sites like Saint Emilion, Cotes, and Sauternes soils like clay and limestone are present. In other regions soil like alluvial and molasse sandstone are present.

The diversity in the soils of this region and climate fosters diversity in grapes produced, which in turn explains why the region is famous for a wide variety of wines. The Cabernet Sauvignon grapes do well in the gravel soil. Wine from such region take more time to mature and can take long to age. The Merlot grapes on the other hand require less time to mature and do well in the clay soils. The region is famous for production of different tastes of wines such as white, red, sweet and white, clairet, rose and sparkling wines and the fine Bordeaux. The region is most famous for red wines. The most common grapes are Merlot accounting for 50% followed by cabernet Sauvignon at 26%. The white grapes only account for twenty percent of total production in Bordeaux, but they produce the most expensive wines in the world. The merlot contributes to roundness and flexibility of Bordeaux wine. The Cabernet Sauvignon on the other hand is adored because of its composition of tannins which improves the structure of Bordeaux wine and is a very important ingredient in the process of ageing. Cabernet Franc is another important grape variety in the region and does well in arid conditions and poor soil quality. Bordeaux sweet wines like Sauternes are made from Semillon. Saugnon Blanc adds unique aroma to the white wine in the region.

Why France is important wine producing country in the world for many centuriesThe quality of wine produced in the seven different regions of France is attributed to the unique weather condition of each region. The geographic features and the climate of these regions have been attributed to the high quality of wine from France. The soil characteristics such as gravel with its ease in water penetration and mineral composition like calcium is linked to the fineness wine. The country ability to produce fine wine is thus attributed to terroir.

Terroir is a term that has been developed in France and can have many different meaning. It has been associated with landscape of the region that is producing wine. It is also linked with the natural endowments like subsoil, slops, soil, climate, and exposure of vineyards. It is also associated with human factors like local traditions and know-how. The type of soil is one major factor that influence the quality of wine produced. Some soil types are more suitable than others with deep grave beds being considered to be the best. Region like the Bordeaux are rich in the gravel soils. The slope exposure is another major factor that determines whether or not a region would produce quality wine. The slope exposure determines light reflection which prevents rotting of grapes as the sun dries the dew on them (Gergaud. & Ginsburgh, 2008).

The soil and climate or the Terroir is a major factor contributing to fineness of Bordeaux wine. It is located in the coastline of Atlantic Ocean. The region is sandwiched between the equator and the North Pole. It is spared from extreme temperatures. A thick forest separates the vineyards from the coast protecting the vines from cold ocean breezes. It also has a great soil variation, which supports different types of grapes. Composition of soil is a major determinant in deciding the type of vine shoot to plant. Additionally, different wine style that is produced in particular appellation depends on the variety planted. Because Bordeaux produces different varieties of wine, winemakers are able to blend the different varieties to generate the best combination. French wines are thus blends of different varieties. In contrast, wines produced from cooler areas tend to be of single varieties.

ConclusionFrance is very famous for production of quality wine in the world. There are seven regions specializing in grape cultivation and wine production. The most famous of these are the Loire valley and Bordeaux region. Each of these regions is popular for production of a particular type of wine with the former being famous for white wines and the latter red wines. The two regions are endowed with unique terroir or soil and climate, which enable them to produce variety of grapes giving winemaker option to blend and make the best wine combination as compared to other regions that only produces a particular specialty.

References

Gamble, P. R. & Taddei, J. (2007). Restructuring the French wine Industry: the case of the Loire. Journal of Wine Research, 18.3: 125-145.

Gergaud, O. & Ginsburgh, V. (2008). Natural Endowments, Production Technologies and the Quality of Wines in Bodeaux, Does Terroir matter? The Economic Journal, 118: 142-157.

Henderson, J. P. & Rex, D. (2011). About Wine. Famingtons Hills MI: Cengage Learning.

Sevier Winess LLC. (2006). French Wine Regions – An Overview. Retrieved on 31 Dec 2013 from: http://www.sevierwines.com/FrenchWineRegions.htm

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Introduction

Most of the current research shows that, in the whole world, there are more than estimated one billion Christians. Most of them belong to different denominations and independent churches, talking different languages. With such vast number of followers of Jesus Christ, and possibly much more, with various level of understanding of whom he was and what he wanted and advocated for.

It is in this context that Ken Kesey relates some of his work with Christianity, in the work one Flew over the Cuckoos Nest. He inserts some spiritual representation. Various opinions have been put forward for Kesey’s insertion of Christianity in the works, with some saying it was for Kesey’s own choice and a hint of personal thoughts and experience with Christ. However, it is not surprising that the spiritual model has brought an extra ordinary association between the readers and the novel. The similarity between the novel and Christ is enhanced as every person reading the novel finds an event, which they can relate to their lives. The similarity of character between Christ and Murphy is analyzed, and the outcome used in helping understand the themes.

Even for persons with little knowledge about Christianity, after reading the novel, it is remarkably easy to see the religious content in the novel. This connection is seen when McMurphy takes his patients to a fishing trip, as Chief Bromden says the twelve of them were led towards the ocean (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). This brings to mind Jesus Christ and the twelve disciples, even more astounding is that they have gone fishing. Just like in the bible Christ encouraged his disciples to be fishers of other men. Another obvious reference to the Bible is when McMurphy looses consciousness and ESP had to be administered. It is said his body is latched on the ground like a cross which is how Christ was crucified on the cross. Another reference to Christianity is noticed when McMurphy asks if he will get the thorn crown (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). This can be related to Christ when he was being crucified a crown made of thorns was put on his head. These last events can be related to Jesus Christ’s last days on earth; in Christianity Jesus Christ is betrayed by a disciple named Judas, and subsequently crucified. In Kesey’s novel, Billy Bibbit is the traitor by saying that McMurphy is the one responsible for the events of the previous night. As a result, McMurphy is sentenced to lobotomy, right after Billy Bibbit tells this to Nurse Ratched he cuts his throat and dies just like Judas from the Gospel who commits suicide by strangling himself.

Even though Billy Bibbit death caused uproar, Ratched goes ahead, and orders McMurphy to be lobotomized which is death in itself as McMurphy is not able to do anything. The numerous events in the novel, which imitate how Christ himself laid his own life for the sake of Christians, has connected people even more to the novel, as it reminds them of Christ’s life. The similarity between the life of Christ and McMurphy have attracted more readers, who want to know more about the implication of similarity and the outcome it has on Murphy’s character. He is so much like Christ (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). The various qualities that McMurphy Shares with Christ include, his capability to use his intelligence to ask questions, which could demoralize, and defy Nurse Ratched power. Christ was also ever asking questions which in themselves were defying the authority of his time, to prove to them every now and then that their actions were not right. McMurphy is the same, as it comes out in the whole novel where he questions everything he thinks is not being fair to him. Such as the reasons why the patients are not allowed to watch the world sports series, why the music should be played on a high volume, as if they all had hearing problems, and the reason why the toothpaste that they are supposed to use must be locked in the cabinets every morning. They were all adults who knew how they were supposed to use the tooth paste.

McMurphy was extraordinarily active in defying the authority by using witty questions, and it is not a surprise that he gained popularity, and the support of so many people further enhances this fact. McMurphy was exceedingly experienced at, weakening the authority of those who he thought were unfair like Ratched. The same way Christ was in weakening the authority of the time, McMurphy has authority inside him. He is brave, no matter whom he is talking to, and always says what is in his mind. This trait is seen the first time he walks into the ward, and demands to know who was responsible in the daily running of the place (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). In the room which is occupied by hardened criminals, he displays no fear by asking for the leader of the ward. This is the same power that Christ wielded whenever he was confronting those who went against Gods wish.

While McMurphy and Christ shares various qualities. The characteristic that stands out from the rest is, they both dedicated their lives to helping those people who surrounds them. Even if they were not his family, despite the fact, that McMurphy was no sincere and a schemer, especially while playing poker with the fellow patients. Deep down he always wanted the best for his fellow patients, He was a source of encouragement, to the other patients. He always told him they were not acutely sick as people thought (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). He was there to give the other patients hope, even when they were destined to fail. Just the same way Christ came to give hope to mankind and deliver them from the eternal fire. McMurphy was a person who was willing to help other patients who were in need without expecting to be paid in return. Christ in the gospel teachings agreed to be crucified, not that because he expected to be paid but, he did it in order to save mankind.

An incident, where McMurphy tries to teach the other patients is when they were in the tub having their bath; He talks of escaping from the ward, despite the other patients doubts he tries for along time to break free and fails, even so he tell the other patients after all he has tried (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). With that, he shows all other patients that no matter what the situation one is faced with, self belief and never ever giving up one can achieve anything. Another trait of McMurphy is portrayed is self sacrifice; there is a high possibility that McMurphy intentionally stayed behind rather than escaping with the prostitutes. Even though at the in his mind, he knew that he would be punished, McMurphy knew by not running away, he was sending a clear message to the other patients that they were strong enough to fight back. Eventually, he is lobotomized, and that enhanced his message to the other patients (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). McMurphy dies a truly happy man knowing that he has accomplished his duty. Just as Christ who died happily knowing that his death had saved mankind. McMurphy portrayed as Christ like person. The readers are allowed a deeper view of his character and his importance in the novel. Like Christ, he dies but, not in vain as his death brings redemption to those who he leaves behind.

As have been brought out above from the explanations, McMurphy and Christ are alike, although in their own unique way. Kesey brings out Murphy as a character whose traits, and life history is extremely much familiar to that of Christ does not suggest that the views are similar to Jesus view. Kenny is trying to bring out the picture that just like Jesus, Murphy is also radical, and it does not go down well with all people just as many people were not happy with Jesus. Many attacked the opinion and beliefs of Christ. The nurse was not happy with McMurphy not because he was wrong but, it is because he always took the decision that were radial, and was never afraid to tell what he felt like saying.

McMurphy frequently faulted the ostensibly subjective systems, and the astringent rules in the ward where he stayed. This habit of being defiant annoyed the nurse in charge. He tells of the nurse after he is not given the time to watch an ongoing world series. His constant challenging of the authority in charge brings out the theme that one can fight oppression. Both Murphy and Christ were brave enough to do things that were not regular the society. The fact that Murphy had an extremely difficult life at times; he always had his own way to counter his personal problems. Christ also had his own share of problems that he dealt with by praying, and ,on the other hand, McMurphy would laugh, and the magnificent humor helped him counter his problem as McMurphy was not as religious as Christ who would pray to his father to give him strength to help him overcome the many obstacles. This trait of McMurphy is witnessed while they were on fishing, and Bromden hurts his thumb, McMurphy laughs so loud, to help Bromden understand that at times laughing at something that hurts someone helps to keep one keep in balance (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). By using a character like McMurphy who shares more similar traits like that of Christ, the readers can see the reflection of Christ in McMurphy, and this draws them more to this Character.

Conclusion

The best works at times are like rock for one to get the minerals; it holds one has to dig through the rock. In Kesey’s work, he brings out Christ as the diamond that people have mistaken for a rock with no value, a few traits of Christ can be seen, although some few people can see the significance of Christ and how his presence changes the novels general outcome. But after cutting the tough surface and looking keenly at the text to see the various events of Christ life, the similarity of the character traits between McMurphy and Christ is evident, and it is this similarity that brings out the themes in the book. In that the jewel, which is the message, which Kesey is trying to bring out is found.

Work cited

Dodd, David G., and Diana Spaulding. The Grateful Dead reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print.

Admissibility of DNA and other Biological Evidence in Court

Student’s Name

Institution of Affiliation

Date

Context and Importance of the Problem

The purpose of the criminal justice system in the United States is to provide justice and fairness to all people by allowing them a fair hearing in a court of law in accordance with due process (Meusch, 2019). The Constitution of the United States guarantees individuals the right to the due process of the law, being perceived innocent until proven guilty. However, there have for decades existed impediments to justice in the United States’ criminal justice system, resulting in the perception of individuals as guilty without proving their innocence. According to the reports by the Innocence Project which seeks to use DNA and other biological evidence to exonerate wrongly convicted individuals, the rate of wrongful convictions is about 6% in the general state prison population, with the variations ranging from 2%-10% (Ware, 2019).

There are various common causes that result in wrongful convictions. Eyewitness misinterpretation is one of the major reasons for wrongful convictions as the eyewitnesses can make a lot of errors because the suspect may stand out more in a lineup or photo, making the witness pick them as the perpetrator of a crime (Berkowitz et al., 2020). There are times in which the witnesses become overconfident in believing that the person they choose is the perpetrator of the crime. Also, the police may unintentionally direct the witness to choose a suspect, which is not always the right person. Incorrect forensics is another major reason for wrongful convictions. Flawed assumptions by the forensic scientist may lead to wrong conclusions about the evidence provided including gunshot residue, arson and abrasive head trauma. False confessions have also been used to convict individuals wrongly, as the evidence may seem credible since it is coming from the suspect. Mentally ill, juveniles and mentally disabled are some of the persons who are more likely to confess for a crime they did not commit as they are subject to manipulations, and thus, can be pushed by police officers to confess (Lackey, 2020). Finally, inadequate defense can also lead to wrongful convictions. Lawyers need to be well-trained, passionate and require sufficient resources including time to conduct a proper investigation. People from low socioeconomic status find it difficult to hire a lawyer, and this leaves the courts with no option but appoints a public attorney to represent them in court. While these lawyers handle a huge number of cases at a time and are underpaid, they are more likely to lose a case since they are undermotivated. Each case requires experience, diligence and funds, and public attorneys are not a guarantee to provide these basics.

Wrongful convictions have a tremendous impact on the parties involved including affecting a person’s mental health status, negative impacts to the families and as well tainting the criminal justice system as incapable of handling evidence. One of the major effects is the impact on a person’s mental state as wrongful convictions has a psychological impact including severe mental health problems such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), persistent personality changes, depression and adjustment difficulties, feelings of chronic estrangement and isolation, relationship impairments, as well as developing complex feelings of loss (Norris and Kevin, 2020). Depression and betrayal by country is a major impact as the person have been observant of the law, but the system has proved them wrong. In regard to the family, those close to individuals who are wrongly convicted may as well experience stigma and psychological difficulties. No person who likes their loved ones to face any challenges especially against the law, and the pain intensifies especially if the family members are aware that their loved one is suffering due to a flawed justice system. Finally, the criminal justice system can also be negatively affected as the society may deem it incompetent to handle cases or provide a fair hearing as guaranteed by the United States Constitution. Based on this, it is in the best interest of the criminal justice system to show its competence and gain trust and approval from the public.

DNA and other biological evidence have been used to prove the innocence of the wrongly convicted (McGlynn, 2019). The first DNA exoneration took place in 1989, and according to the Innocence Project, there have been 375 DNA exonerees to date. According to statistics, 69% of the exonerees involved eyewitness misidentification, 43% involved misapplication of forensic science, while 29% involved false confessions (Webb, Dennis and Aimee, 2020). Despite the success, there have been questions on whether DNA evidence should be admissible in a court of law considering the flaws associated with DNA evidence collection, analysis and interpretation. Also, planting evidence to wrongly accuse another person, and dependency on the police trustworthiness impede the recognition of DNA and other biological evidence from being admissible in a court of law (Goldstein, 2019).

Pre-existing Policies, Policy Options, and Research on DNA and other Biological Evidence

DNA and other biological evidence have been successful in determining cases in the United States criminal justice system, and this has led to the perception that DNA should be incorporated in every criminal case to determine who is guilty and who is not. However, there have existed various ethical questions regarding the collection and use of DNA and other biological evidence especially when there is fabricated evidence leading to the incarceration of the wrong person. Also, those collecting biological samples such as blood, hair, stool and even fingerprint samples are subject to trustworthiness that the evidence collected is not manipulated as it is taken from the source (Gallagher & Thornton, 2011). Due to huge cases of evidence fabrications that have led to many innocent people being convicted for crimes they did not commit, the federal and state governments have developed policies and procedures to govern the collection and analysis of DNA and other biological evidence, guiding collection and analysis through an ethical approach. Some of the major policies regarding DNA and other biological evidence include the DNA Identification Act of 1994, the Justice for All Act of 2004, the DNA Fingerprint Act of 2005, the Rapid DNA Act of 2017 among others.

The DNA Identification Act of 1994 is one of the major laws and policies concerning the use of DNA and other biological evidence in the United States. The Act authorized the establishment of a national index of DNA identification records of persons convicted of crimes, analysis of DNA samples recovered from the crime scenes as well as the analysis of the DNA samples recovered from unidentified human remains (Budowle et al., 2020). The Act also specified various standards for laboratories that contribute DNA profiles to the national index system including proficiency testing requirements for DNA analysts and privacy protection standards that are related to the information in the national index system. The DNA Identification Act of 1994 also established criminal penalties for persons who intentionally violated the privacy protection standards. It also stipulated that if the quality control and privacy requirements were not met, access to the national index system was subject to cancellation.

Based on the above stipulations, the DNA Identification Act of 1994 can be termed to regulate participation in the National DNA Index System (NDIS) by providing specific requirements (Crider, 2019). Furthermore, the Act seeks to regulate the data that can be maintained in the national index system which includes convicted offenders, unidentified human remains, arrestees, forensic casework, legal detainees, missing persons and their relatives. Based on the requirements of the DNA Identification Act of 1994, laboratories working with the NDIS are required to comply with the quality Assurance Standards that are issued by the director of the FBI. Laboratories working with the National DNA Index System must be approved by a non-profit professional association of persons actively engaged in forensic science which is nationally recognized within the forensic science community. In addition, these laboratories submitting DNA evidence should undergo an external audit after every two years as required by the FBI’s director of Quality Assurance Standards and this is to make sure that the laboratories are at the right standards such that their DNA results will not be questioned in a court of law (Ortyl, 2019). Therefore, the DNA Identification Act of 1994 is set to make sure that quality in DNA and other biological evidence is maintained, creating integrity in the criminal justice system that only convicts and sentence the guilty while exonerating the innocent.

The Justice for All Act of 2004 (JFAA) was an Act enacted on October 30, 2004. The Act includes the Debbie Smith Act, the Crime Victims’ Right Act, the DNA Sexual Assault Justice Act and the Innocence Protection Act (Jarrell & Ozymy, 2012). The Debbie Smith Act expands the categories of state DNA profiles to include the Federal DNA database, indefinitely tolls the statute of limitations for federal crimes other than a sexual assault that implicate an individual by DNA testing. The Debbie Smith Act also provides funding for the local or state governments to help eliminate the DNA backlogs that has been a major issue in the United States. The DNA Sexual Assault Justice Act is also involved in the funding of the local and state government through the provision of grants to state or local governments (Davis & Wells, 2019); which are used in training and technical assistance of the law enforcement, forensic science, courts and medical personnel, bringing crime labs into compliance with the federal standards, tribal domestic violence and sexual assault groups, identification of missing persons through DNA as well as the elimination of backlogs in forensic evidence. Title IV of the Justice for All Act contains original parts of the Innocence Protection Act that is involved in the provision of post-conviction DNA testing for federal prisoners, funding to train lawyers to help in defending and prosecute death penalty cases as well as more compensation for the wrongfully convicted individuals in the United States (Davis & Wells, 2019). Based on this, the Justice for All Act 2004 was enacted to help protect crime victims’ rights, improve and expand the DNA testing capacity of the federal, state, and local crime laboratories through funding and provision of grants, as well as the elimination of the substantial backlog of DNA samples collected from the scenes of crime and convicted offenders.

Title IV of the justice for All Act stipulates three major objectives which align with the goal of making DNA and other biological evidence admissible in a court of law. In the first instance, the Act provides for post-conviction DNA testing for federal prisoners, which means that it provides an opportunity for the wrongfully convicted with a chance to prove their innocence. There are many people behind bars with most of them being innocent (Davis & Wells, 2019). However, DNA evidence has proved great to be efficient in proving offenders guilty of a crime they have committed and this has been made successful through the analysis of DNA material evidence recovered from the crime scenes. In the same case, DNA and other biological evidence have been used to exonerate convicted persons from behind bars for crimes that they did not commit, and this has been the foundation of DNA evidence in the criminal justice system, proving the perpetrators of crimes guilty and proving the wrongfully convicted innocent. Another critical part of the provisions of Title IV of the Justice for All Act is that it provides for the compensation of those wrongfully convicted with more compensation as damages for the time spent in prison as well as defamation for being prosecuted for crimes they were never involved. Finally, Title Iv of the Justice for All Act provides funding that is used to train lawyers to help in defending and prosecuting death penalty cases. The United States is one of the countries across the globe which have legalized capital punishment (Davis & Wells, 2019). Putting an offender to death is not a simple task and the judge has to consider various circumstances before coming to such conclusions. Equipping judges and lawyers with such knowledge require funding, thanks to Title IV of the Justice for All Act in providing funding to train lawyers and judges, reducing the probability of putting the innocent to prison.

The DNA Fingerprint Act 2005 is another major policy regarding DNA and other biological evidence in the criminal justice system. The Act amends the DNA Identification Act of 1994 to repeal the provisions that prohibit the DNA profiles from the offenders that have not been charged in an indictment or information with a crime, and the DNA samples that are voluntarily submitted for elimination purposes from inclusion in the National Index System (Haines, 2006). The DNA Fingerprint Act 2005 requires the complete removal of n individual’s DNA analysis from the System of DNA analysis by the state for an individual who has not been convicted of an offense. According to the Act, such a person whose evidence needs to be removed from the system should be acquitted or their case be dismissed. In addition, the DNA Fingerprint Act 2005 appeals for the provision that grants authority for an authorized person to search and access the system. The Act also permits the local and state governments to use one-time grant funds to include the DNA samples collected under applicable legal authority within the system including DNA samples of an individual convicted of a state offense. Furthermore, DNA Fingerprint Act 2005 helps in amending the DNA Analysis Background Elimination Act 2000 to authorize the Attorney General to collect DNA samples from persons arrested or detained under the United States authority and authorize any other federal agency involved in the arrest, detention or supervision of offenders to collect DNA samples for analysis (Haines, 2006). Finally, DNA Fingerprint Act 2005 helps in eliminating the exception for sexual abuse offenses to the tolling of the statute of limitations especially in cases where DNA testing tends to implicate an individual in the commission of a felony.

Finally, the Rapid DNA Act of 2017 is another major policy regarding the use of DNA and other biological evidence. The Act amends the DNA Identification Act of 1994, requiring the FBI to issue standards and procedures for using the Rapid DNA instruments to help in the analysis of DNA samples collected from criminal offenders (Shrivastava et al., 2020). The Rapid DNA instruments are used in the generation of DNA analysis through a fully automated process and are required to be compliant with the FBI-issued standards and procedures for the evidence to be included in the Combined DNA Index System. In addition, the Rapid DNA Act of 2017 amends the DNA Analysis Backlog Act of 2000 allowing the FBI to waive certain existing requirements if a DNA sample is analyzed using the Rapid DNA Instruments and the results included in the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).

As mentioned earlier, DNA and other biological evidence have proven to be successful in solving cases that have proven challenging to solve. When Congress passed the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000, it aimed in helping clear the backlog of DNA samples. The new law also approved the collection, analysis and indexing of the DNA evidence collected from individuals convicted of committing federal crimes. Currently, all states in the United States have passed laws and statutes that necessitate certain offenders to provide DNA samples to be included in the various government databases after they get convicted. While many states began with the collection of DNA samples from victims of sexual assault, in modern times, all states collect DNA from sex offenders, with certain states such as Virginia requiring the collection of DNA samples from all convicted felons. Through the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, Congress passed CODIS in 1994 (Berson, 2009); which combine DNA databases from the local, state and national levels. CODIS allows laboratories across the United States to compare DNA profiles and thus help in the identification of offenders with ease. With the number of crimes increasing in the United States, many states have established laws that require the mandatory collection of DNA evidence from all offenders for some misdemeanor offense except for Idaho, Nebraska, and New Hampshire that do not provide for the collection of DNA evidence from all felony convictions.

Conclusion

The numerous laws and statutes established both at the state and federal levels aimed at increasing the quality of DNA and other biological evidence in order to make it reliable in a court of law. These laws and statutes emphasize quality in the collection, analysis and indexing of DNA samples as collected from the scene of a crime. The collection of DNA samples is one of the most important issues in determining the quality of DNA and other biological evidence. The reason behind this is because the scene of a crime is always the point of high interest to the law enforcement as it gives inferences as to what could have transpired during the crime. At the crime scene, biological evidence such as hair strands, blood samples, mucus and semen may be collected to help determine the perpetrator. While the collection of evidence is of great significance, it needs to be maintained at high levels, avoiding contamination at any point. The crime scene is involved with different kinds of officers from the dog sniffers to the FBI, and in the process, the biological evidence may be trashed or contaminated, proving it difficult to determine the DNA of the perpetrator, an indication that wrong accusations can be a possibility.

Far from the collection of evidence, analysis of the DNA to help identify the perpetrator is another major issue in determining the quality of DNA evidence (Murphy, 2018). Laboratories are often involved in the analysis of biological samples collected in crime scenes. Based on this, laboratories need to be closely monitored to make sure that the quality has not been compromised. It is in the laboratory as well that the results of the DNA and other biological evidence can be manipulated as they have the power to do as they wish. However, these laboratories are guided by specific ethical guidelines that prohibit the employees from manipulating the evidence. In addition, the government, whether federal or state spends a lot of resources in training the laboratory staff to make them competent enough such that they can be trusted in making the analysis without compromising its quality. When all these standards and regulations are followed, there are minimal chances of convicting the wrong people for crimes they have not committed as the margin for error will be greatly reduced. Another advantage of the set standards and regulations is that it increases the quality of DNA and other biological evidence from collection, analysis and indexing, and this is one of the major considerations of judges as to whether DNA and other biological evidence can be admissible in a court of law.

Policy Recommendations

The question of improving the quality of DNA and other biological evidence in collection, analysis and indexing has already been answered by the various laws and statutes established by the federal or state governments. However, the question regarding the admissibility of the DNA and other biological evidence still remains debatable. The courts only allow the use of evidence that is not tempered with including in collection, analysis and indexing, proving to the judges that the laboratories involved in the analysis are up to the required standards, and those involved in the collection of DNA evidence including hair strands, blood, urine, and semen are professionals. The government have established statutes and laws that provide for funding that is used to train laboratory technicians and law enforcement officers in dealing with DNA evidence. With such many laws established to regulate the quality of DNA and other biological evidence, the funding provided to training staff in the criminal justice to become professionals as well as the success rate of the DNA and other biological evidence in solving cases including paternity and sexual assault, there is no doubt that DNA and other biological evidence should be admissible in a court of law. However, to eliminate incidences of tempered evidence, the DNA and other biological evidence should be used in light of other forms of evidence including eye-witness accounts to build a strong case against the offender.

References

Berkowitz, S. R., Garrett, B. L., Fenn, K. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2020). Convicting with confidence? Why we should not over-rely on eyewitness confidence. Memory, 1-6.

Berson, S. B. (2009). Debating DNA collection. NIJ Journal, 264, 9-13.

Budowle, B., Bus, M. M., Josserand, M. A., & Peters, D. L. (2020). A standalone humanitarian DNA identification database system to increase identification of human remains of foreign nationals. International journal of legal medicine, 134(6), 2039-2044.

Crider, M. (2019). Corporate Genealogists: The New Homicide Detectives. SMU Sci. & Tech. L. Rev., 22, 153.

Davis, R. C., & Wells, W. (2019). DNA testing in sexual assault cases: When do the benefits outweigh the costs?. Forensic science international, 299, 44-48.

Gallagher, M. B., & Thornton, J. I. (2011). Trace evidence in crime reconstruction. In Crime Reconstruction (pp. 247-297). Academic Press, San Diego.

Goldstein, J. (2019). Guilty Until Proven Innocent: The Failure Of DNA Evidence. Drexel L. Rev., 12, 597.

Haines, P. (2006). Embracing the DNA Fingerprint Act. J. on Telecomm. & High Tech. L., 5, 629.

Jarrell, M. L., & Ozymy, J. (2012). Real crime, real victims: environmental crime victims and the Crime Victims’ Rights Act (CVRA). Crime, law and social change, 58(4), 373-389.

Lackey, J. (2020). False Confessions and Testimonial Injstice. J. Crim. L. & Criminology, 110, 43.

McGlynn, K. E. (2019). Remedying Wrongful Convictions though DNA Testing: Expanding Post-Conviction Litigants’ Access to DNA Database Searches to Prove Innocence. BCL Rev., 60, 709.

Meusch, J. E. (2019). A” Judicial” System in the Executive Branch: Ortiz v. United States and the Due Process Implications for Congress and Convening Authorities. JL & Pol., 35, 19.

Murphy, E. (2018). Forensic DNA typing. Annual Review of Criminology, 1, 497-515.

Norris, R. J., & Mullinix, K. J. (2020). Framing innocence: An experimental test of the effects of wrongful convictions on public opinion. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 16(2), 311-334.

Ortyl, E. (2019). DNA and the Fourth Amendment: would a defendant succeed on a challenge to a familial DNA search?. American journal of law & medicine, 45(4), 421-442.

Shrivastava, P., Mishra, A., Kumar, A., Chaudhary, S. K., Kakkar, S., & Kumawat, R. K. (2020). Rapid DNA Typing. In Forensic DNA Typing: Principles, Applications and Advancements (pp. 561-570). Springer, Singapore.

Ware, M. (2019). Innocence Project of Texas. S. Tex. L. Rev., 60, 453.

Webb, P., Savard, D., & Delaney, A. (2020). The color of confinement: examining youth exoneration decisions and the critical race theory. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 18(3), 206-237.

Case Study Scenario Paper

PSYCH/627

Case Study Scenario Paper

Stress, within the world we live in today, has become as common as a breath one may take. However, stress may not only affect you mentally but physically and emotionally as well. These signs of stress could have symptoms that may affect a person’s eating, daily activities, social interactions, along with sleep. It has been reported in many psychological studies that stress has influenced other health problems, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular imperfections, depression, and insomnia. The purpose of the case study is to evaluate Suzette’s case, explain her stressors illustrated within the study, describe the effects of these stressors on her mind and body, describe methods that I would utilize to assess her stress levels, and explain the biological and psychological mechanisms that describe the effects of stress on her sleep. Also an assessment of the effects of Suzette’s ongoing stress and insomnia on her health would also be discussed, possible signs of sleep deprivation, follow up questions will be provided, a diagnosis, and recommendation strategies to aid in improving her health.

Suzette’s Specific Stressors

Suzette is a typical Caucasian women who has been married for 24 years and has three teenage children (University of Phoenix, 2013). However, a day in her life is not all that ordinary. Suzette has many things going on in her life that may potentially affect her mentally and psychically. The first stressor that is mention in this case study describes her spouse’s recent lay off from his job of 15 years. This stressor is serious because it affects their family’s source of income that they use to take care of themselves and their children. This also resulted in Suzette having to seek part time employment to help out the family financially. However, the limited income has caused them to fall way behind in their mortgage payments for the home they own (University of Phoenix, 2013). She also has to deal with her husband’s despondent ways since he lost his job. He also has been more of a burden than help since then, spending most days at home, eliminating job opportunities due to his own personal opinion of he being too good for them. Her husband’s alcohol consumption also increased just as his employment opportunities decreased. Luckily, through all these stressors affecting Suzette, her children seem to be still on track, fairly well adjusted (University of Phoenix, 2013). Suzette also has irregular sleep patterns that has caused a concern to her. According to the University of Phoenix (2013) case study, ” She falls asleep within 15 minutes but frequently wakes up “at 2 or 3 a.m.” and is unable to fall back to sleep” (para. 2). This issue, according to her has gotten worse and its beginning to be a problem more often than not. Her only complaint is that her sleeping patterns is posing a problem on her physically and mentally, since she could never fully get a nights sleep.

Their Present and Potential Effects on Her Mind and Body

Suzette has a lot of things going on in her life that influences her stress and as a result its beginning to weigh down heavy on her physically and mentally. However, the affect that bothered Suzette the most was her insomnia. According to the National Sleep Foundation (2014), “Stress causes insomnia by making it difficult to fall asleep and to stay asleep, and by affecting the quality of your sleep” (para. 1). Stress causes hyperarousal and as a result the balance of sleepiness and wakefulness has shifted. Physically, she appears to be healthy. Suzette visits the doctor regularly, her blood pressure is normal, and does not consume any drugs or drink alcohol (University of Phoenix, 2013). However, due to her family financial set back s she has not been able to keep up on her gym membership and as a result she rarely exercises anymore. Overall, Suzette’s stress is beginning to take a toll on her mind and body, so proper assessments should be taken to determine her stress levels.

Methods Used to Assess Suzette’s Stress Levels

Feeling overwhelmed and stress is a fact of life. But stress and stressors are often unique to the individual. How Suzette views her situation could determine the amount of stress she may be consumed with on a daily basis. How one would measure her stress levels begins with a psychological approach, such as a questionnaire that determines what characteristics in her life causes her to be stressed. For example, are there problems in your family, are you finding it difficult to connect with your spouse, financial problem questions, or job environment could be some of the questioned asked to determine daily stress. According to Goulston (2010), “Stress develops when you have more pressure on you than you are able to handle”(para. 5).

Reference

Goulston, M. (2010). Are You Stressed Out? Take the Quiz. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/just-listen/201010/are-you-stressed-out-take-the-quiz

National Sleep Foundation. (2014). Stress and Insomnia. Retrieved from http://Stress and Insomnia

Straub, R. O. (2012). Health psychology: A biopsychosocial approach (3rd ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

University of Phoenix. (2013). Week one assignment scenario. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, PSYCH627 website.