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Admission essay: Royal Holloway, University of London.

My decision to choose the University of London’s Royal Holloway campus was fueled by many things. Among the most influential, was its close proximity to London – a major economic, cultural, and political hub in the increasingly dynamic global society. Royal Holloway is situated only 45 minutes from London by train meaning that the student is in close proximity to good examples and illustrations of the concepts garnered from academic activity at school. In addition, the chances of getting opportunities to apply what one has learnt are vast thanks to the close proximity to one of the world’s most influential cities.

Royal Holloway’s placement in close proximity to London also offers other advantages. The good infrastructural facilitation should assist prospective students in their studies given that London is home to one of the world’s most advanced rail, road, air, and telecommunications network. The ability to commute during research and academic tours as well as access sources of information, either remotely or physically, are greatly enhanced by this infrastructure.

The University of London is home to hundreds of thousands of students from varying religious, cultural, and social backgrounds. Coupled with its Royal Holloway campus positioning in close proximity to London – a city of more than 5 million inhabitants, this provides students with the opportunity to interact and learn from the different individuals. It also offers them with a sound appreciation of the diversity the world offers and prepares them for placement in different part of the fast-integrating, financial, academic, and professional world.

The University of London’s Royal Holloway campus provides superb facilities in term of student counseling, tutoring, mentorship and support. Accommodation advices are offered to enable new students settle quickly and integrate themselves into the academic lifestyle of their continuing counterparts. In addition, the teaching staff comprises of experienced professors, some of whom are world renown in their fields of expertise.

After completion of my high school studies in my country, I achieved the highest marks in my region and joined the local university for a Management course. After completing my undergraduate course and obtaining a first class honors degree in International Business, I joined an international corporation’s branch in the country for an 18 month management trainee program. However, soon after, I got an invite from the Royal Holloway to join their International Business MBA program a few weeks to the completion of my second year at the firm, where I had risen to the capacity of junior manager. I believe that the University of London’s Royal Holloway course augers well with my ambition of rising to the position of global vice president in charge of Africa at the firm I work for. It offers the best opportunity for me to develop a good set of competencies and skills necessary to propel me through my professional life, and achieve my vision.

As part of the African operations of an international organization, I have learnt the importance of cultural appreciation for multinationals in promoting organizational success. I would infuse the experience and concepts already picked from professional experience and marry them with the existing academic work in a manner that reflects the African cultural disposition. Africans are known as resilient people all over the world and their ability to thrive in the face of adversity, be it political or economic, is what I seek to project to my European counterparts at the school.

I am motivated by the current continental growth characterized by social, economic, and political growth in Africa. The rate at which the less privileged are being financially empowered motivates me to play my role as an aspiring head of a large international corporation – a good example of opportunity – to enhance the empowerment and facilitation of the same people. In addition, I participate in various charitable organizations aimed at providing education for orphans and the poor. This is my way of giving back to the community after having succeeded as part of the same people I seek to assist. I intend to return after completing my studies in the United Kingdom to resume my position in the multinational as well as charity work.

Most Famous Wine in France

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Introduction PAGEREF _Toc380782382 h 1Famous Wine Producing Regions in France PAGEREF _Toc380782383 h 1The Loire Region PAGEREF _Toc380782384 h 2The Bordeaux PAGEREF _Toc380782385 h 2Why France is important wine producing country in the world for many centuries PAGEREF _Toc380782386 h 4Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc380782387 h 5

IntroductionFrance is the name that comes to mind of many people who like wine. It has a deep history as the leader of wine production in the world. Practically all the classic varieties of grapes in existence today originated from France. The country wine continues to act as the prototype against which the standard of wines from different parts of the world is evaluated today. For instance, a California Cab is gauged against the standard set by Cabernet Sauvignon produced in Bordeaux. Wines in France are usually named depending on the region of production, as opposed to variety of grape they are made from. The aim of this paper is to review different regions where wine is produced in France and the factors making its wine exceptional from those of other regions in the world.

Famous Wine Producing Regions in FranceThere are seven regions in France specializing in wine production. These include Alsace, Burgundy, Bordeaux, Provence, Loire, and the Rhone Valley. However some of its most famous ones are the Loire valley and Boudreaux region. Each of these regions is popular for production of a particular variety of grape due to unique indigenous terroir. This described as the combination of climate, location and soil characteristics. It is a legal requirement all wine in the country should indicate the location of production as opposed to variety of grapes. The aim is to guarantee style, originality and quality. In this section some of the popular regions are described as well as variety of grapes available and characteristics of the wines (Sevier Wines, 2006).

The Loire RegionThis is one of the largest producers of wine in France. It is a vast distance stretching more than 500 Kilometers. It is subdivided into four main sub-regions. These include Pays Nantais, Anjou, and Centre. Each of these regions has a distinct combination of climate and soil. The largest production takes place in Anjou-Saumur, which accounts for 34% production, this is followed by Nantes at 32%, Tourraine with 25% and the Center accounts for 9 %. These regions produce about 2885 million hectoliters. The finest wine from Loire valley comes from the smallest sub-region or the center. Largest proportion of its wine is marketed as export. It is popular for the production of White wines, which comprises of 55% of vines. Nantes produces Melon, which is the principal ingredient for production of Muscadet and accounts for 37% of white grapes from the region (Gamble & Taddei, 2007). The Cabernet wine, Sauvignon and Chenin are also produced in this region.

Grapes produced in the Loire valley ripens slowly as compared to those of other region. The result of the slower ripening of grapes combined with breezes from Atlantic on the wine made in the region is a high concentration of acid, which makes them more refreshing (Sevier Wines, 2006).

The BordeauxFor many years the Bordeaux region in France has enjoyed recognition in the world as the best region for quality winemaking. The region is the second largest across the world in production of wines with acreage of 290,000 acres under vines. It accounts for almost a quarter of the country’s AOC production (Henderson & Rex, 2011). It is also one of the most famous regions in production of wines of different tastes, but very popular for the red wines. It is located in Atlantic Coastline, with three key rivers cutting across the land and giving it a good microclimate. In addition, the region has suitable soil conditions which combine with the good microclimate to form an appropriate environment suitable for production of the fine wines. This region has distinct local soils ranging from the gravels, which covers part of Garonne and spread to Libourne region comprising of some part of Saint Emilion and Pomerol. The grave soil is suitable for production of vines because it support deep root penetration and it is also easy for water to percolate. In other sites like Saint Emilion, Cotes, and Sauternes soils like clay and limestone are present. In other regions soil like alluvial and molasse sandstone are present.

The diversity in the soils of this region and climate fosters diversity in grapes produced, which in turn explains why the region is famous for a wide variety of wines. The Cabernet Sauvignon grapes do well in the gravel soil. Wine from such region take more time to mature and can take long to age. The Merlot grapes on the other hand require less time to mature and do well in the clay soils. The region is famous for production of different tastes of wines such as white, red, sweet and white, clairet, rose and sparkling wines and the fine Bordeaux. The region is most famous for red wines. The most common grapes are Merlot accounting for 50% followed by cabernet Sauvignon at 26%. The white grapes only account for twenty percent of total production in Bordeaux, but they produce the most expensive wines in the world. The merlot contributes to roundness and flexibility of Bordeaux wine. The Cabernet Sauvignon on the other hand is adored because of its composition of tannins which improves the structure of Bordeaux wine and is a very important ingredient in the process of ageing. Cabernet Franc is another important grape variety in the region and does well in arid conditions and poor soil quality. Bordeaux sweet wines like Sauternes are made from Semillon. Saugnon Blanc adds unique aroma to the white wine in the region.

Why France is important wine producing country in the world for many centuriesThe quality of wine produced in the seven different regions of France is attributed to the unique weather condition of each region. The geographic features and the climate of these regions have been attributed to the high quality of wine from France. The soil characteristics such as gravel with its ease in water penetration and mineral composition like calcium is linked to the fineness wine. The country ability to produce fine wine is thus attributed to terroir.

Terroir is a term that has been developed in France and can have many different meaning. It has been associated with landscape of the region that is producing wine. It is also linked with the natural endowments like subsoil, slops, soil, climate, and exposure of vineyards. It is also associated with human factors like local traditions and know-how. The type of soil is one major factor that influence the quality of wine produced. Some soil types are more suitable than others with deep grave beds being considered to be the best. Region like the Bordeaux are rich in the gravel soils. The slope exposure is another major factor that determines whether or not a region would produce quality wine. The slope exposure determines light reflection which prevents rotting of grapes as the sun dries the dew on them (Gergaud. & Ginsburgh, 2008).

The soil and climate or the Terroir is a major factor contributing to fineness of Bordeaux wine. It is located in the coastline of Atlantic Ocean. The region is sandwiched between the equator and the North Pole. It is spared from extreme temperatures. A thick forest separates the vineyards from the coast protecting the vines from cold ocean breezes. It also has a great soil variation, which supports different types of grapes. Composition of soil is a major determinant in deciding the type of vine shoot to plant. Additionally, different wine style that is produced in particular appellation depends on the variety planted. Because Bordeaux produces different varieties of wine, winemakers are able to blend the different varieties to generate the best combination. French wines are thus blends of different varieties. In contrast, wines produced from cooler areas tend to be of single varieties.

ConclusionFrance is very famous for production of quality wine in the world. There are seven regions specializing in grape cultivation and wine production. The most famous of these are the Loire valley and Bordeaux region. Each of these regions is popular for production of a particular type of wine with the former being famous for white wines and the latter red wines. The two regions are endowed with unique terroir or soil and climate, which enable them to produce variety of grapes giving winemaker option to blend and make the best wine combination as compared to other regions that only produces a particular specialty.

References

Gamble, P. R. & Taddei, J. (2007). Restructuring the French wine Industry: the case of the Loire. Journal of Wine Research, 18.3: 125-145.

Gergaud, O. & Ginsburgh, V. (2008). Natural Endowments, Production Technologies and the Quality of Wines in Bodeaux, Does Terroir matter? The Economic Journal, 118: 142-157.

Henderson, J. P. & Rex, D. (2011). About Wine. Famingtons Hills MI: Cengage Learning.

Sevier Winess LLC. (2006). French Wine Regions – An Overview. Retrieved on 31 Dec 2013 from: http://www.sevierwines.com/FrenchWineRegions.htm

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Introduction

Most of the current research shows that, in the whole world, there are more than estimated one billion Christians. Most of them belong to different denominations and independent churches, talking different languages. With such vast number of followers of Jesus Christ, and possibly much more, with various level of understanding of whom he was and what he wanted and advocated for.

It is in this context that Ken Kesey relates some of his work with Christianity, in the work one Flew over the Cuckoos Nest. He inserts some spiritual representation. Various opinions have been put forward for Kesey’s insertion of Christianity in the works, with some saying it was for Kesey’s own choice and a hint of personal thoughts and experience with Christ. However, it is not surprising that the spiritual model has brought an extra ordinary association between the readers and the novel. The similarity between the novel and Christ is enhanced as every person reading the novel finds an event, which they can relate to their lives. The similarity of character between Christ and Murphy is analyzed, and the outcome used in helping understand the themes.

Even for persons with little knowledge about Christianity, after reading the novel, it is remarkably easy to see the religious content in the novel. This connection is seen when McMurphy takes his patients to a fishing trip, as Chief Bromden says the twelve of them were led towards the ocean (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). This brings to mind Jesus Christ and the twelve disciples, even more astounding is that they have gone fishing. Just like in the bible Christ encouraged his disciples to be fishers of other men. Another obvious reference to the Bible is when McMurphy looses consciousness and ESP had to be administered. It is said his body is latched on the ground like a cross which is how Christ was crucified on the cross. Another reference to Christianity is noticed when McMurphy asks if he will get the thorn crown (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). This can be related to Christ when he was being crucified a crown made of thorns was put on his head. These last events can be related to Jesus Christ’s last days on earth; in Christianity Jesus Christ is betrayed by a disciple named Judas, and subsequently crucified. In Kesey’s novel, Billy Bibbit is the traitor by saying that McMurphy is the one responsible for the events of the previous night. As a result, McMurphy is sentenced to lobotomy, right after Billy Bibbit tells this to Nurse Ratched he cuts his throat and dies just like Judas from the Gospel who commits suicide by strangling himself.

Even though Billy Bibbit death caused uproar, Ratched goes ahead, and orders McMurphy to be lobotomized which is death in itself as McMurphy is not able to do anything. The numerous events in the novel, which imitate how Christ himself laid his own life for the sake of Christians, has connected people even more to the novel, as it reminds them of Christ’s life. The similarity between the life of Christ and McMurphy have attracted more readers, who want to know more about the implication of similarity and the outcome it has on Murphy’s character. He is so much like Christ (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). The various qualities that McMurphy Shares with Christ include, his capability to use his intelligence to ask questions, which could demoralize, and defy Nurse Ratched power. Christ was also ever asking questions which in themselves were defying the authority of his time, to prove to them every now and then that their actions were not right. McMurphy is the same, as it comes out in the whole novel where he questions everything he thinks is not being fair to him. Such as the reasons why the patients are not allowed to watch the world sports series, why the music should be played on a high volume, as if they all had hearing problems, and the reason why the toothpaste that they are supposed to use must be locked in the cabinets every morning. They were all adults who knew how they were supposed to use the tooth paste.

McMurphy was extraordinarily active in defying the authority by using witty questions, and it is not a surprise that he gained popularity, and the support of so many people further enhances this fact. McMurphy was exceedingly experienced at, weakening the authority of those who he thought were unfair like Ratched. The same way Christ was in weakening the authority of the time, McMurphy has authority inside him. He is brave, no matter whom he is talking to, and always says what is in his mind. This trait is seen the first time he walks into the ward, and demands to know who was responsible in the daily running of the place (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). In the room which is occupied by hardened criminals, he displays no fear by asking for the leader of the ward. This is the same power that Christ wielded whenever he was confronting those who went against Gods wish.

While McMurphy and Christ shares various qualities. The characteristic that stands out from the rest is, they both dedicated their lives to helping those people who surrounds them. Even if they were not his family, despite the fact, that McMurphy was no sincere and a schemer, especially while playing poker with the fellow patients. Deep down he always wanted the best for his fellow patients, He was a source of encouragement, to the other patients. He always told him they were not acutely sick as people thought (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). He was there to give the other patients hope, even when they were destined to fail. Just the same way Christ came to give hope to mankind and deliver them from the eternal fire. McMurphy was a person who was willing to help other patients who were in need without expecting to be paid in return. Christ in the gospel teachings agreed to be crucified, not that because he expected to be paid but, he did it in order to save mankind.

An incident, where McMurphy tries to teach the other patients is when they were in the tub having their bath; He talks of escaping from the ward, despite the other patients doubts he tries for along time to break free and fails, even so he tell the other patients after all he has tried (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). With that, he shows all other patients that no matter what the situation one is faced with, self belief and never ever giving up one can achieve anything. Another trait of McMurphy is portrayed is self sacrifice; there is a high possibility that McMurphy intentionally stayed behind rather than escaping with the prostitutes. Even though at the in his mind, he knew that he would be punished, McMurphy knew by not running away, he was sending a clear message to the other patients that they were strong enough to fight back. Eventually, he is lobotomized, and that enhanced his message to the other patients (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). McMurphy dies a truly happy man knowing that he has accomplished his duty. Just as Christ who died happily knowing that his death had saved mankind. McMurphy portrayed as Christ like person. The readers are allowed a deeper view of his character and his importance in the novel. Like Christ, he dies but, not in vain as his death brings redemption to those who he leaves behind.

As have been brought out above from the explanations, McMurphy and Christ are alike, although in their own unique way. Kesey brings out Murphy as a character whose traits, and life history is extremely much familiar to that of Christ does not suggest that the views are similar to Jesus view. Kenny is trying to bring out the picture that just like Jesus, Murphy is also radical, and it does not go down well with all people just as many people were not happy with Jesus. Many attacked the opinion and beliefs of Christ. The nurse was not happy with McMurphy not because he was wrong but, it is because he always took the decision that were radial, and was never afraid to tell what he felt like saying.

McMurphy frequently faulted the ostensibly subjective systems, and the astringent rules in the ward where he stayed. This habit of being defiant annoyed the nurse in charge. He tells of the nurse after he is not given the time to watch an ongoing world series. His constant challenging of the authority in charge brings out the theme that one can fight oppression. Both Murphy and Christ were brave enough to do things that were not regular the society. The fact that Murphy had an extremely difficult life at times; he always had his own way to counter his personal problems. Christ also had his own share of problems that he dealt with by praying, and ,on the other hand, McMurphy would laugh, and the magnificent humor helped him counter his problem as McMurphy was not as religious as Christ who would pray to his father to give him strength to help him overcome the many obstacles. This trait of McMurphy is witnessed while they were on fishing, and Bromden hurts his thumb, McMurphy laughs so loud, to help Bromden understand that at times laughing at something that hurts someone helps to keep one keep in balance (Dodd & Spaulding 2000). By using a character like McMurphy who shares more similar traits like that of Christ, the readers can see the reflection of Christ in McMurphy, and this draws them more to this Character.

Conclusion

The best works at times are like rock for one to get the minerals; it holds one has to dig through the rock. In Kesey’s work, he brings out Christ as the diamond that people have mistaken for a rock with no value, a few traits of Christ can be seen, although some few people can see the significance of Christ and how his presence changes the novels general outcome. But after cutting the tough surface and looking keenly at the text to see the various events of Christ life, the similarity of the character traits between McMurphy and Christ is evident, and it is this similarity that brings out the themes in the book. In that the jewel, which is the message, which Kesey is trying to bring out is found.

Work cited

Dodd, David G., and Diana Spaulding. The Grateful Dead reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print.

Admissibility of DNA and other Biological Evidence in Court

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Context and Importance of the Problem

The purpose of the criminal justice system in the United States is to provide justice and fairness to all people by allowing them a fair hearing in a court of law in accordance with due process (Meusch, 2019). The Constitution of the United States guarantees individuals the right to the due process of the law, being perceived innocent until proven guilty. However, there have for decades existed impediments to justice in the United States’ criminal justice system, resulting in the perception of individuals as guilty without proving their innocence. According to the reports by the Innocence Project which seeks to use DNA and other biological evidence to exonerate wrongly convicted individuals, the rate of wrongful convictions is about 6% in the general state prison population, with the variations ranging from 2%-10% (Ware, 2019).

There are various common causes that result in wrongful convictions. Eyewitness misinterpretation is one of the major reasons for wrongful convictions as the eyewitnesses can make a lot of errors because the suspect may stand out more in a lineup or photo, making the witness pick them as the perpetrator of a crime (Berkowitz et al., 2020). There are times in which the witnesses become overconfident in believing that the person they choose is the perpetrator of the crime. Also, the police may unintentionally direct the witness to choose a suspect, which is not always the right person. Incorrect forensics is another major reason for wrongful convictions. Flawed assumptions by the forensic scientist may lead to wrong conclusions about the evidence provided including gunshot residue, arson and abrasive head trauma. False confessions have also been used to convict individuals wrongly, as the evidence may seem credible since it is coming from the suspect. Mentally ill, juveniles and mentally disabled are some of the persons who are more likely to confess for a crime they did not commit as they are subject to manipulations, and thus, can be pushed by police officers to confess (Lackey, 2020). Finally, inadequate defense can also lead to wrongful convictions. Lawyers need to be well-trained, passionate and require sufficient resources including time to conduct a proper investigation. People from low socioeconomic status find it difficult to hire a lawyer, and this leaves the courts with no option but appoints a public attorney to represent them in court. While these lawyers handle a huge number of cases at a time and are underpaid, they are more likely to lose a case since they are undermotivated. Each case requires experience, diligence and funds, and public attorneys are not a guarantee to provide these basics.

Wrongful convictions have a tremendous impact on the parties involved including affecting a person’s mental health status, negative impacts to the families and as well tainting the criminal justice system as incapable of handling evidence. One of the major effects is the impact on a person’s mental state as wrongful convictions has a psychological impact including severe mental health problems such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), persistent personality changes, depression and adjustment difficulties, feelings of chronic estrangement and isolation, relationship impairments, as well as developing complex feelings of loss (Norris and Kevin, 2020). Depression and betrayal by country is a major impact as the person have been observant of the law, but the system has proved them wrong. In regard to the family, those close to individuals who are wrongly convicted may as well experience stigma and psychological difficulties. No person who likes their loved ones to face any challenges especially against the law, and the pain intensifies especially if the family members are aware that their loved one is suffering due to a flawed justice system. Finally, the criminal justice system can also be negatively affected as the society may deem it incompetent to handle cases or provide a fair hearing as guaranteed by the United States Constitution. Based on this, it is in the best interest of the criminal justice system to show its competence and gain trust and approval from the public.

DNA and other biological evidence have been used to prove the innocence of the wrongly convicted (McGlynn, 2019). The first DNA exoneration took place in 1989, and according to the Innocence Project, there have been 375 DNA exonerees to date. According to statistics, 69% of the exonerees involved eyewitness misidentification, 43% involved misapplication of forensic science, while 29% involved false confessions (Webb, Dennis and Aimee, 2020). Despite the success, there have been questions on whether DNA evidence should be admissible in a court of law considering the flaws associated with DNA evidence collection, analysis and interpretation. Also, planting evidence to wrongly accuse another person, and dependency on the police trustworthiness impede the recognition of DNA and other biological evidence from being admissible in a court of law (Goldstein, 2019).

Pre-existing Policies, Policy Options, and Research on DNA and other Biological Evidence

DNA and other biological evidence have been successful in determining cases in the United States criminal justice system, and this has led to the perception that DNA should be incorporated in every criminal case to determine who is guilty and who is not. However, there have existed various ethical questions regarding the collection and use of DNA and other biological evidence especially when there is fabricated evidence leading to the incarceration of the wrong person. Also, those collecting biological samples such as blood, hair, stool and even fingerprint samples are subject to trustworthiness that the evidence collected is not manipulated as it is taken from the source (Gallagher & Thornton, 2011). Due to huge cases of evidence fabrications that have led to many innocent people being convicted for crimes they did not commit, the federal and state governments have developed policies and procedures to govern the collection and analysis of DNA and other biological evidence, guiding collection and analysis through an ethical approach. Some of the major policies regarding DNA and other biological evidence include the DNA Identification Act of 1994, the Justice for All Act of 2004, the DNA Fingerprint Act of 2005, the Rapid DNA Act of 2017 among others.

The DNA Identification Act of 1994 is one of the major laws and policies concerning the use of DNA and other biological evidence in the United States. The Act authorized the establishment of a national index of DNA identification records of persons convicted of crimes, analysis of DNA samples recovered from the crime scenes as well as the analysis of the DNA samples recovered from unidentified human remains (Budowle et al., 2020). The Act also specified various standards for laboratories that contribute DNA profiles to the national index system including proficiency testing requirements for DNA analysts and privacy protection standards that are related to the information in the national index system. The DNA Identification Act of 1994 also established criminal penalties for persons who intentionally violated the privacy protection standards. It also stipulated that if the quality control and privacy requirements were not met, access to the national index system was subject to cancellation.

Based on the above stipulations, the DNA Identification Act of 1994 can be termed to regulate participation in the National DNA Index System (NDIS) by providing specific requirements (Crider, 2019). Furthermore, the Act seeks to regulate the data that can be maintained in the national index system which includes convicted offenders, unidentified human remains, arrestees, forensic casework, legal detainees, missing persons and their relatives. Based on the requirements of the DNA Identification Act of 1994, laboratories working with the NDIS are required to comply with the quality Assurance Standards that are issued by the director of the FBI. Laboratories working with the National DNA Index System must be approved by a non-profit professional association of persons actively engaged in forensic science which is nationally recognized within the forensic science community. In addition, these laboratories submitting DNA evidence should undergo an external audit after every two years as required by the FBI’s director of Quality Assurance Standards and this is to make sure that the laboratories are at the right standards such that their DNA results will not be questioned in a court of law (Ortyl, 2019). Therefore, the DNA Identification Act of 1994 is set to make sure that quality in DNA and other biological evidence is maintained, creating integrity in the criminal justice system that only convicts and sentence the guilty while exonerating the innocent.

The Justice for All Act of 2004 (JFAA) was an Act enacted on October 30, 2004. The Act includes the Debbie Smith Act, the Crime Victims’ Right Act, the DNA Sexual Assault Justice Act and the Innocence Protection Act (Jarrell & Ozymy, 2012). The Debbie Smith Act expands the categories of state DNA profiles to include the Federal DNA database, indefinitely tolls the statute of limitations for federal crimes other than a sexual assault that implicate an individual by DNA testing. The Debbie Smith Act also provides funding for the local or state governments to help eliminate the DNA backlogs that has been a major issue in the United States. The DNA Sexual Assault Justice Act is also involved in the funding of the local and state government through the provision of grants to state or local governments (Davis & Wells, 2019); which are used in training and technical assistance of the law enforcement, forensic science, courts and medical personnel, bringing crime labs into compliance with the federal standards, tribal domestic violence and sexual assault groups, identification of missing persons through DNA as well as the elimination of backlogs in forensic evidence. Title IV of the Justice for All Act contains original parts of the Innocence Protection Act that is involved in the provision of post-conviction DNA testing for federal prisoners, funding to train lawyers to help in defending and prosecute death penalty cases as well as more compensation for the wrongfully convicted individuals in the United States (Davis & Wells, 2019). Based on this, the Justice for All Act 2004 was enacted to help protect crime victims’ rights, improve and expand the DNA testing capacity of the federal, state, and local crime laboratories through funding and provision of grants, as well as the elimination of the substantial backlog of DNA samples collected from the scenes of crime and convicted offenders.

Title IV of the justice for All Act stipulates three major objectives which align with the goal of making DNA and other biological evidence admissible in a court of law. In the first instance, the Act provides for post-conviction DNA testing for federal prisoners, which means that it provides an opportunity for the wrongfully convicted with a chance to prove their innocence. There are many people behind bars with most of them being innocent (Davis & Wells, 2019). However, DNA evidence has proved great to be efficient in proving offenders guilty of a crime they have committed and this has been made successful through the analysis of DNA material evidence recovered from the crime scenes. In the same case, DNA and other biological evidence have been used to exonerate convicted persons from behind bars for crimes that they did not commit, and this has been the foundation of DNA evidence in the criminal justice system, proving the perpetrators of crimes guilty and proving the wrongfully convicted innocent. Another critical part of the provisions of Title IV of the Justice for All Act is that it provides for the compensation of those wrongfully convicted with more compensation as damages for the time spent in prison as well as defamation for being prosecuted for crimes they were never involved. Finally, Title Iv of the Justice for All Act provides funding that is used to train lawyers to help in defending and prosecuting death penalty cases. The United States is one of the countries across the globe which have legalized capital punishment (Davis & Wells, 2019). Putting an offender to death is not a simple task and the judge has to consider various circumstances before coming to such conclusions. Equipping judges and lawyers with such knowledge require funding, thanks to Title IV of the Justice for All Act in providing funding to train lawyers and judges, reducing the probability of putting the innocent to prison.

The DNA Fingerprint Act 2005 is another major policy regarding DNA and other biological evidence in the criminal justice system. The Act amends the DNA Identification Act of 1994 to repeal the provisions that prohibit the DNA profiles from the offenders that have not been charged in an indictment or information with a crime, and the DNA samples that are voluntarily submitted for elimination purposes from inclusion in the National Index System (Haines, 2006). The DNA Fingerprint Act 2005 requires the complete removal of n individual’s DNA analysis from the System of DNA analysis by the state for an individual who has not been convicted of an offense. According to the Act, such a person whose evidence needs to be removed from the system should be acquitted or their case be dismissed. In addition, the DNA Fingerprint Act 2005 appeals for the provision that grants authority for an authorized person to search and access the system. The Act also permits the local and state governments to use one-time grant funds to include the DNA samples collected under applicable legal authority within the system including DNA samples of an individual convicted of a state offense. Furthermore, DNA Fingerprint Act 2005 helps in amending the DNA Analysis Background Elimination Act 2000 to authorize the Attorney General to collect DNA samples from persons arrested or detained under the United States authority and authorize any other federal agency involved in the arrest, detention or supervision of offenders to collect DNA samples for analysis (Haines, 2006). Finally, DNA Fingerprint Act 2005 helps in eliminating the exception for sexual abuse offenses to the tolling of the statute of limitations especially in cases where DNA testing tends to implicate an individual in the commission of a felony.

Finally, the Rapid DNA Act of 2017 is another major policy regarding the use of DNA and other biological evidence. The Act amends the DNA Identification Act of 1994, requiring the FBI to issue standards and procedures for using the Rapid DNA instruments to help in the analysis of DNA samples collected from criminal offenders (Shrivastava et al., 2020). The Rapid DNA instruments are used in the generation of DNA analysis through a fully automated process and are required to be compliant with the FBI-issued standards and procedures for the evidence to be included in the Combined DNA Index System. In addition, the Rapid DNA Act of 2017 amends the DNA Analysis Backlog Act of 2000 allowing the FBI to waive certain existing requirements if a DNA sample is analyzed using the Rapid DNA Instruments and the results included in the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS).

As mentioned earlier, DNA and other biological evidence have proven to be successful in solving cases that have proven challenging to solve. When Congress passed the DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000, it aimed in helping clear the backlog of DNA samples. The new law also approved the collection, analysis and indexing of the DNA evidence collected from individuals convicted of committing federal crimes. Currently, all states in the United States have passed laws and statutes that necessitate certain offenders to provide DNA samples to be included in the various government databases after they get convicted. While many states began with the collection of DNA samples from victims of sexual assault, in modern times, all states collect DNA from sex offenders, with certain states such as Virginia requiring the collection of DNA samples from all convicted felons. Through the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, Congress passed CODIS in 1994 (Berson, 2009); which combine DNA databases from the local, state and national levels. CODIS allows laboratories across the United States to compare DNA profiles and thus help in the identification of offenders with ease. With the number of crimes increasing in the United States, many states have established laws that require the mandatory collection of DNA evidence from all offenders for some misdemeanor offense except for Idaho, Nebraska, and New Hampshire that do not provide for the collection of DNA evidence from all felony convictions.

Conclusion

The numerous laws and statutes established both at the state and federal levels aimed at increasing the quality of DNA and other biological evidence in order to make it reliable in a court of law. These laws and statutes emphasize quality in the collection, analysis and indexing of DNA samples as collected from the scene of a crime. The collection of DNA samples is one of the most important issues in determining the quality of DNA and other biological evidence. The reason behind this is because the scene of a crime is always the point of high interest to the law enforcement as it gives inferences as to what could have transpired during the crime. At the crime scene, biological evidence such as hair strands, blood samples, mucus and semen may be collected to help determine the perpetrator. While the collection of evidence is of great significance, it needs to be maintained at high levels, avoiding contamination at any point. The crime scene is involved with different kinds of officers from the dog sniffers to the FBI, and in the process, the biological evidence may be trashed or contaminated, proving it difficult to determine the DNA of the perpetrator, an indication that wrong accusations can be a possibility.

Far from the collection of evidence, analysis of the DNA to help identify the perpetrator is another major issue in determining the quality of DNA evidence (Murphy, 2018). Laboratories are often involved in the analysis of biological samples collected in crime scenes. Based on this, laboratories need to be closely monitored to make sure that the quality has not been compromised. It is in the laboratory as well that the results of the DNA and other biological evidence can be manipulated as they have the power to do as they wish. However, these laboratories are guided by specific ethical guidelines that prohibit the employees from manipulating the evidence. In addition, the government, whether federal or state spends a lot of resources in training the laboratory staff to make them competent enough such that they can be trusted in making the analysis without compromising its quality. When all these standards and regulations are followed, there are minimal chances of convicting the wrong people for crimes they have not committed as the margin for error will be greatly reduced. Another advantage of the set standards and regulations is that it increases the quality of DNA and other biological evidence from collection, analysis and indexing, and this is one of the major considerations of judges as to whether DNA and other biological evidence can be admissible in a court of law.

Policy Recommendations

The question of improving the quality of DNA and other biological evidence in collection, analysis and indexing has already been answered by the various laws and statutes established by the federal or state governments. However, the question regarding the admissibility of the DNA and other biological evidence still remains debatable. The courts only allow the use of evidence that is not tempered with including in collection, analysis and indexing, proving to the judges that the laboratories involved in the analysis are up to the required standards, and those involved in the collection of DNA evidence including hair strands, blood, urine, and semen are professionals. The government have established statutes and laws that provide for funding that is used to train laboratory technicians and law enforcement officers in dealing with DNA evidence. With such many laws established to regulate the quality of DNA and other biological evidence, the funding provided to training staff in the criminal justice to become professionals as well as the success rate of the DNA and other biological evidence in solving cases including paternity and sexual assault, there is no doubt that DNA and other biological evidence should be admissible in a court of law. However, to eliminate incidences of tempered evidence, the DNA and other biological evidence should be used in light of other forms of evidence including eye-witness accounts to build a strong case against the offender.

References

Berkowitz, S. R., Garrett, B. L., Fenn, K. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2020). Convicting with confidence? Why we should not over-rely on eyewitness confidence. Memory, 1-6.

Berson, S. B. (2009). Debating DNA collection. NIJ Journal, 264, 9-13.

Budowle, B., Bus, M. M., Josserand, M. A., & Peters, D. L. (2020). A standalone humanitarian DNA identification database system to increase identification of human remains of foreign nationals. International journal of legal medicine, 134(6), 2039-2044.

Crider, M. (2019). Corporate Genealogists: The New Homicide Detectives. SMU Sci. & Tech. L. Rev., 22, 153.

Davis, R. C., & Wells, W. (2019). DNA testing in sexual assault cases: When do the benefits outweigh the costs?. Forensic science international, 299, 44-48.

Gallagher, M. B., & Thornton, J. I. (2011). Trace evidence in crime reconstruction. In Crime Reconstruction (pp. 247-297). Academic Press, San Diego.

Goldstein, J. (2019). Guilty Until Proven Innocent: The Failure Of DNA Evidence. Drexel L. Rev., 12, 597.

Haines, P. (2006). Embracing the DNA Fingerprint Act. J. on Telecomm. & High Tech. L., 5, 629.

Jarrell, M. L., & Ozymy, J. (2012). Real crime, real victims: environmental crime victims and the Crime Victims’ Rights Act (CVRA). Crime, law and social change, 58(4), 373-389.

Lackey, J. (2020). False Confessions and Testimonial Injstice. J. Crim. L. & Criminology, 110, 43.

McGlynn, K. E. (2019). Remedying Wrongful Convictions though DNA Testing: Expanding Post-Conviction Litigants’ Access to DNA Database Searches to Prove Innocence. BCL Rev., 60, 709.

Meusch, J. E. (2019). A” Judicial” System in the Executive Branch: Ortiz v. United States and the Due Process Implications for Congress and Convening Authorities. JL & Pol., 35, 19.

Murphy, E. (2018). Forensic DNA typing. Annual Review of Criminology, 1, 497-515.

Norris, R. J., & Mullinix, K. J. (2020). Framing innocence: An experimental test of the effects of wrongful convictions on public opinion. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 16(2), 311-334.

Ortyl, E. (2019). DNA and the Fourth Amendment: would a defendant succeed on a challenge to a familial DNA search?. American journal of law & medicine, 45(4), 421-442.

Shrivastava, P., Mishra, A., Kumar, A., Chaudhary, S. K., Kakkar, S., & Kumawat, R. K. (2020). Rapid DNA Typing. In Forensic DNA Typing: Principles, Applications and Advancements (pp. 561-570). Springer, Singapore.

Ware, M. (2019). Innocence Project of Texas. S. Tex. L. Rev., 60, 453.

Webb, P., Savard, D., & Delaney, A. (2020). The color of confinement: examining youth exoneration decisions and the critical race theory. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 18(3), 206-237.

Case Study Scenario Paper

PSYCH/627

Case Study Scenario Paper

Stress, within the world we live in today, has become as common as a breath one may take. However, stress may not only affect you mentally but physically and emotionally as well. These signs of stress could have symptoms that may affect a person’s eating, daily activities, social interactions, along with sleep. It has been reported in many psychological studies that stress has influenced other health problems, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular imperfections, depression, and insomnia. The purpose of the case study is to evaluate Suzette’s case, explain her stressors illustrated within the study, describe the effects of these stressors on her mind and body, describe methods that I would utilize to assess her stress levels, and explain the biological and psychological mechanisms that describe the effects of stress on her sleep. Also an assessment of the effects of Suzette’s ongoing stress and insomnia on her health would also be discussed, possible signs of sleep deprivation, follow up questions will be provided, a diagnosis, and recommendation strategies to aid in improving her health.

Suzette’s Specific Stressors

Suzette is a typical Caucasian women who has been married for 24 years and has three teenage children (University of Phoenix, 2013). However, a day in her life is not all that ordinary. Suzette has many things going on in her life that may potentially affect her mentally and psychically. The first stressor that is mention in this case study describes her spouse’s recent lay off from his job of 15 years. This stressor is serious because it affects their family’s source of income that they use to take care of themselves and their children. This also resulted in Suzette having to seek part time employment to help out the family financially. However, the limited income has caused them to fall way behind in their mortgage payments for the home they own (University of Phoenix, 2013). She also has to deal with her husband’s despondent ways since he lost his job. He also has been more of a burden than help since then, spending most days at home, eliminating job opportunities due to his own personal opinion of he being too good for them. Her husband’s alcohol consumption also increased just as his employment opportunities decreased. Luckily, through all these stressors affecting Suzette, her children seem to be still on track, fairly well adjusted (University of Phoenix, 2013). Suzette also has irregular sleep patterns that has caused a concern to her. According to the University of Phoenix (2013) case study, ” She falls asleep within 15 minutes but frequently wakes up “at 2 or 3 a.m.” and is unable to fall back to sleep” (para. 2). This issue, according to her has gotten worse and its beginning to be a problem more often than not. Her only complaint is that her sleeping patterns is posing a problem on her physically and mentally, since she could never fully get a nights sleep.

Their Present and Potential Effects on Her Mind and Body

Suzette has a lot of things going on in her life that influences her stress and as a result its beginning to weigh down heavy on her physically and mentally. However, the affect that bothered Suzette the most was her insomnia. According to the National Sleep Foundation (2014), “Stress causes insomnia by making it difficult to fall asleep and to stay asleep, and by affecting the quality of your sleep” (para. 1). Stress causes hyperarousal and as a result the balance of sleepiness and wakefulness has shifted. Physically, she appears to be healthy. Suzette visits the doctor regularly, her blood pressure is normal, and does not consume any drugs or drink alcohol (University of Phoenix, 2013). However, due to her family financial set back s she has not been able to keep up on her gym membership and as a result she rarely exercises anymore. Overall, Suzette’s stress is beginning to take a toll on her mind and body, so proper assessments should be taken to determine her stress levels.

Methods Used to Assess Suzette’s Stress Levels

Feeling overwhelmed and stress is a fact of life. But stress and stressors are often unique to the individual. How Suzette views her situation could determine the amount of stress she may be consumed with on a daily basis. How one would measure her stress levels begins with a psychological approach, such as a questionnaire that determines what characteristics in her life causes her to be stressed. For example, are there problems in your family, are you finding it difficult to connect with your spouse, financial problem questions, or job environment could be some of the questioned asked to determine daily stress. According to Goulston (2010), “Stress develops when you have more pressure on you than you are able to handle”(para. 5).

Reference

Goulston, M. (2010). Are You Stressed Out? Take the Quiz. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/just-listen/201010/are-you-stressed-out-take-the-quiz

National Sleep Foundation. (2014). Stress and Insomnia. Retrieved from http://Stress and Insomnia

Straub, R. O. (2012). Health psychology: A biopsychosocial approach (3rd ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

University of Phoenix. (2013). Week one assignment scenario. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, PSYCH627 website.

Admission Acceptance Letter into Stritch School of Medicine at Loyola University

Name:

Professor:

Course:

Date:

LOYOLA University Chicago

Stritch School of Medicine

Admission letter

Name-Kranthi Reddy

Date of birth-

Nationality-

Course-Medical Faculty

This is to confirm the admission of the above name student in the course mentioned above for the academic year 2013/2014. The choice of the above named student was based on merit. The Members of the Committee of Admissions, who include faculty, residents and students, were satisfied by the capability of Kranthi Reddy and have decided to give him a chance to pursue his career dream in medicine. The decision was based on a careful analysis of the student’s personality, interests and abilities, as a well as his academic accomplishments. His remarkable performance in the Medical College admission Test (MCAT) demonstrate that the above named student is multi-talented and has the ability to excel in the medical field. The discipline will give him a chance to work together with like-minded students and hence come out as a physician who cares about standard of service, excellence, and dedicated patient care.

The following is a list of expenses required for study in the above course.

Tuition fees $ 48,200 per year

Other expenses which include living expenses, books, supplies, and transportation cost an average of $ 22, 794 per year.

For students who feel that they cannot meet the above requisite fees and expenses can seek help from the Office of Financial Aid. This is done through the creation of a package of funding sources. Students can also seek loans from outside firms, scholarships, and grants by browsing the Web or visiting our local library. Preferable Web sites for our students include: www.fastweb.com (for scholarships), www.finaid.org (for scholarships and terms of available loan programs), and www.ed.gov (for terms of available loan programs).

Students admitted to the Stritch School of Medicine can submit5 a financial aid application starting January before matriculation. Complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) online at www.fafsa.ed.gov no later than March 1 prior to matriculation. The school code is 00171.

The financial aid office strictly assesses each application and gives funding according to the financial needs of the student, his or her spouse, and parents. Medical students must reapply for financial assistance every January. Personal counseling and financial assistance seminars get offered during the four years of medical school so as to assist students in managing their education debt.

 Note: validity of this admission letter is for 21 days. Failing to submit before or at the end of the above period will lead to an automatic cancellation of your faculty.

The fooling is a list of documents the student must bring along with him:

Original invitation letter

Full payment of first year tuition fees

10 passport size photos

A general medical fitness certificate

HIV medical check-up certificate

A Photostat copy of your passport and a visa given by the US embassy

Original school certificates

Birth certificate

Flight ticket should be returned

Please make sure that before leaving your area of residence, the above said documents are along with you. The immigration officials will have to check the above documents before they allow you in. if you don’t have any of the above documents, you will no get entry permission.

For more details, please keep in touch with our contact department through http://www.stritch.luc.edu/admissionSchool address and signature of concerned personnel

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Most governments especially in the developing world are moving to e-government, this is to enhance better service delivery to the citizens of their respective countries. But most of the time the change to e-government end up being partially successful or failing completely. The success or failure of the move is always attributed to some various issues.

Un named government from southern Africa decided to come up with a single personnel information system. Currently the office of the civil service has been given the responsibility of employing all employees for the different ministries, but it is the responsibility of the ministries to keep their own records.

After the implementation of the system it was found that the Design-Reality gap totaled to 42. This was attributed to a variety of factors. In terms of information, the data was not accurate and also incomplete. As the director of the office, I would assess the ITPOSMO acronym, as it the only way to be able to understand the difference or the gap.

In terms of the information perspective I would make use of prototyping. This will be done through giving the users a chance to test the application then provide a feedback on what they really want. The gap in the processes can be solved by doing things as they were done before, which in this case in manual entry. Initially clerks were given the duty of amending records except those that were considered as confidential. The gap in Objectives and values can be solved by calling a meeting of all the top management so as to compel those who are withholding any information that is worth sharing to do so.

On staffing and skills, the best way to deal with the situation will be outsourcing of people with know how and have them operate the system. Some staff that were earlier taken for the training and did not take that seriously should be fired and other skilled workers employed.

Evaluation

The issue whether the project was a failure or a success can be determined after a period of about two years after the system is fully implemented. As it stands the system cannot be referred to as a failure or a success. The overall rating of 42 is a warning that the system might fail if something appropriate is not done to reduce the gap. And if nothing is done then the project will be a partial failure. The system is only experiencing some difficulties in certain areas but most of the vital parts are a success. The project was completed within the allocated budget and time frame; employees were also taken for training in time.

Conclusion

The project was an all inclusive one as all the major stake holders participated, thus ensuring that the project becomes a success. The project was guided by experts in various fields such as information system analysts. Even though the project did not perform well in terms of the Design-Reality gap there is still time to work on certain issues that are contributing to the widening gap. Moving from manual to e government is not an easy task; many African countries are trying to switch to the new system so as to be able to offer better services to their citizens. Challenges might be there but with time they will surely overcome them.

Reference

Beckmann, F. v. (2009). Rules of law and laws of ruling on the governance of law. London: Ashgate Pub..Belanger, F., & Carter, L. (2008). Trust And Risk In E-government Adoption. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,17(2), 165-176.Design-Reality gap . (n.d.). Design-Reality gap . Retrieved November 11, 2013, from http://www.catedras.fsoc.uba.ar/rusailh/Unidad%202/Silcock%202001,%20What%20is%20E-gov.pdfKjær, A. M. (2004). Governance. London: Polity Press.Ho, A. T. (2002). Reinventing Local Governments And The E-Government Initiative. Public Administration Review,62(4), 434-444.Williams, C. (2008). Effective management (3rd ed.). New York: Thomson/South-Western

To: weim@osint.comSubject: Adjustment of the Project’s Working Timeline and Schedule

Dear Mr. Wei,

I am writing to brief you of the current progress of the project and to also inform you of a regrettable and unprecedented delay in the Deep Learning Model Project. Accordingly, we have adjusted the timeline to fit the new scenario.

The project is facing some difficulties at the moment. The trained YOLO deep learning classification model works with 95% accuracy on the most common fish that were first tested but has only 37% accuracy on rare fish, camouflaged fish, and three species of fish with similar colouring. As a result, detection and classification of these groups is not consistent. Due to the need to provide accurate results, we have had to apply a combination of techniques including generating augmented data for the rare fish specifies and to modify the deep learning model for the camouflaged fish. We are also preparing to label more training examples for the three similar species of fish. As you are well aware, each of the aforementioned techniques has been used before to solve other problems but we will need to adapt them for our data.

Therefore, the current problem is on providing consistent results for the project to be used for purposes of our project. The scope of the project has expanded due to the unforeseen need to conduct more research and to apply more techniques to cover the base of the project. Consequently, the time needed to complete this phase of the project has had to be adjusted. We are not in a position to provide a working deadline or timeframe for the remaining parts of the project, but we will furnish you with this information in the course of the week.

We are very confident that we will solve the delay and come up with solutions toward a reliable technique that can be used during the course of the project. All our attention is focused on the completion of this project, including the provision of accurate data and information for purposes of our cooperation.

Our team expresses much appreciation for your understanding and flexibility as we endeavor to tackle this unforeseen issue. We know that you understand the need for us to provide accurate information in every step of the way.

Thank you. Please feel free to contact me in case you have any questions regarding the time extension, the pending schedule, or the expansion of the scope of the project.

Sincerely,

Enter Name

Cases of news journals or article that do not seem to give complete information has been on the rise in the 21st century. Getting the right and accurate information out there is no longer a big deal as getting a news piece or article that will get more reading and clicks which translates to more money is far much important. The press has often been seen as a corrupt entity just as much as how the government is corrupt. News press accept bribes not a physical way but in a systematic sense. The news should often report the truth as they owe the public however we see that the government and the media are entwined in a circle of mythmaking and manipulation. Certain news articles are often written to propagate certain agendas or to pass a misleading information out there. This essay will look at three news stories that have non truth telling context.

In 2016 during the Presidential campaign, a term Pizzagate theory emerged. This was a fake story that had been created on Hillary Clinton Presidential campaign. According to the story, John Podesra who was Hillary Clinton campaign manager had his email hacked. There were speculations that he among other top Democratic officials ran a human trafficking ring. Although this information was not founded there were several mainstream medias that took up the story. According to them two restaurants Pizzagate and DC, Comet Ping Pong pizzeria were where the meetings were held. This story did quickly spread to all social media platforms and even top officials most from the Republican party were engaging in it. With a lot of engagements, it was getting it quickly did spread although every single accusation was false. This false story caused a lot of damage to the two restaurants and while the news stories were running they were losing profits because were avoiding the place. There was also a shooting as a man walked into Comet Pizzeria with an assault rifle and fired shots because of the non-truth telling news that were being spread.

Mainstream medias have fallen victims of reporting half-baked news that seem to have little lies. Recently Fox news offered an apology on their fake news that was targeting Cal Poly. There was a news headline after they interviewed a conservative student on the plight of conservative that said “CAL POLY PLOTS TO REDUCE WHITE ENROLLMENT” (Sheeler, 2018). This was actually untrue as it was claiming that Cal Poly was using a race-based admission process v which was against Proposition 209 passed by Californian voters in 1996 that prohibited the public universities from using race to increase either the number of Latinos, African American or other underrepresented students. This caused a lot of anger that Fox eventually had to apologize for this mistake. When one got to read the article, the headline might have been misleading but the content gave a little bit of an understanding of what they were saying. With the lie on their headline, they were more likely to get the clicks and more people were likely to read the article as opposed to if they actually used the correct news headline.

CNN in 2017 reported a story that linked Antony Scaramucci to a Russian investment firm. The story reported that the Congress was investigating a Russian investment fund that had ties with Trump officials. According to the reporter, the information came from an anonymous single source. The story was not really wrong but it did lack enough facts for it to be published. The article reported that a meeting had taken place between Antony Scaramucci and Kirill Dmitriev. This news led to resignation of three CNN journalist who were part of an investigative team that had been created in CNN to look into investigative stories that will be run by the news network. As news network it is important to get the facts right on a story before publishing especially if it involves hefty matters that are likely to get the attention of many. Many news sources know that any link between Trump and Russia is likely to get a huge reading thus there was need to get all the facts right before publishing the story. The fact that a reputable news network would publish a news article based on a single anonymous source without proof is quite saddening and goes against the ethics of journalism.

Plato and Aristotle have often been seen as post-truth philosophers. Plato in terms of truth and governance he talks of how to set up a just society and one way of setting it up is having a divided view on what one should let people know. Plato in his argument believes that the kind of knowledge a society needs is the one that is necessary for their lives. When Martha Stewart was linked to the crime of Insider trading at Imclone. IN2001, she sold her shares of the company and just two days later the stock values dropped. By selling her shares before the value dropped she had saved $45,673. However, she was not the only one that had benefitted as the CEO had also sold his shares thus they were faced with the case of illegal insider trading. From Stewart’s case, prosecutors worked hard to try and prove that Steward had sold her shares from nonpublic information.

Administering Competency Screening Tests

Name

Institution Affiliation

Date

Administering Competency Screening Tests on a Minor

Abstract

Balancing between Competency Screening Test (CST) expectations and demands of a given situations is normally an uphill task for CST administrators. A CST tool administers tests on juvenile or mentally challenged individuals. The process is tedious since there are several situation of communication breakdown, and this endangers the processes. For this reason, the administering official should displays proper and higher degree of professionalism by using of tests or face-to-face communication with the juvenile. This analysis will appoint Dr. Roberts defense of a 17-year-old individual who has been accused of sexual assault and battery. The juvenile is a linguistically challenged immigrant from Chile. The individual can only communicate Mapudungun and Spanish; however, he can speak and communicate rudimentary English, and this is not positive to the court. The commencing research will prove that Dr. Robert should apply a professional approach to determine the case’s course. The report will further clarify it is appropriate to encourage CST as compared to direct judicial test to minors who are linguistically challenged.

How should Dr. Roberts proceed with the evaluation?

Determining the eligibility of the case is normally an uphill task if the defendant is linguistically challenged. However, this does not deter clinicians from providing a valid assessment of whether the case is in a position to defend himself through language. The male defendant in Dr. Robert case is rather complicated. Accordingly, the young male defendant is not only linguistically challenged but also has a lower I.Q and is paranoid of ideas. Dr. Robert is expected by the judiciary to provide appropriate assessment. For this reason, the evaluation should ascertain judiciary expectations that the defendant is in a position to comply with the appropriate judicial process.

Since Dr. Robert is authorized by the court to conduct an evaluation, it will only be necessary to have the paperwork intact. Dr. Robert should clarify whether the evaluation is appropriately sought and assess possibility of psycho-legal questions is also at hand. Preliminary information seeks to clarify issues that elicit CST concern. This reflects the subject’s background information. The young man can communicate using rudimentary English. Dr. Robert should be able to understand this English when assessing the young man.

Secondly, Dr. Robert should specify the appropriate time, which should be applied during the evaluation process. Time specification reduces redundancy or false information development. For the legal assessment, Dr. Robert should alert the defense counsel to determine how the attorney plans to present the minor. In addition, Dr. Robert should assess whether the attorney understands the defendant situation and whether it is possible to provide reasons for the CST concerns. Thirdly, Dr. Robert should present the situation the minor parents and caregivers (Jackson, Rogers and Sewell, 2005, pp. 201).

Data overview and evaluation is an essential process that should be pursued and demonstrated with proper connection. Empirical demonstration seeks to examine the youth’s behavioral, social, cognitive, and emotional situation. That is, whether the juvenile conducted the act at his right mental status. Dr. Robert should necessitate direct question based on observation, mental status question, interviewing, psychological testing and symptom interviewing. Dr. Robert should adopt the principle of reliability that is, credibility and dependability.

What, if any, testing should be conducted?

As stated, Data overview and evaluation will seek examine test, which will outline possible results. Tests will be necessary to reflect the juvenile situation. Dr. Robert may think it prudent to use a Competency Screening Test (CST) tool. The test will initialize standardized and scoring tools that are presented on a scale of 0-2 with two meant to reflect a higher degree of sentence completion showing a higher degree of legal comprehension and 0 presenting a low level. Test administration time should be over 25 minutes.

Dr. Robert will have to examine the test results presented during the interview. If the defendant scores below 20, this will request for a comprehensive evaluation. Twenty is according to reliable standards established for the tests. Errors are part of the test results, and they happen to indicate false positives; for example, labeling the minor as incompetent whereas he is competent. Dr. Robert should therefore specify room error even though this provision is controlled. False positive rate should sufficiently demonstrate lower instrumental competence, and these will encourage Dr. Robert to initiate a more decisive evaluation. Testing tool will further seek to clarify a false result that is a percentage, which ranges from 14.3% to 28.6% and is maintained and controlled at that point.

Should he use an individual who speaks Spanish to assist with the evaluation?

Using an individual who speaks French is an ideal approach, however for clinical competence, and this not prove a reliable loom. Rosner (2006, pp. 218) argues that translators are very essential at the judicial court level since the magistrate or the clerk may fail to understand the defendant language. However, in a clinical test, dealing with the juvenile directly is essential since this enables communication. Additionally, Dr. Robert test seek to clarify whether the Juvenile is capable of presenting himself in court of law. There are several problems associated with involving a translator at the clinical level. Most of these problems cannot be extinguished by mere counseling, and it is up to practitioners like Dr. Robert to go the last mile.

It is hard to get a competent translator and according to the extract, and the county does not have finances to hire for a translator neither does Dr. Robert. Secondly, translators utilizing a language fluently are hard to get, and the defendant rudimentary English might be much better. A non-professional translator will naturally pose as competent, and this seeks to sabotage the development of the process.

Thirdly, a mental health professional is likely to exit effectual qualities conveyed in a statement, and this are transported directly as opposed to being experienced directly. Quality and accuracy is the key in the clinical health experiences. Further to this, respond patterns might change valiantly. Emotional issues for instance, visual response, remorse and expression may not be experienced yet this communicates much better than the verbal communication based on the nature of the case. Additionally, a translator might be from the Juvenile Spanish background. This is dangerous since the translator might use his fairer better I.Q to alter various sections of the information with intent to help the juvenile.

Moreover, having a translator on board might deter the quality of the case. Assuming the only available translator is feminine; the Juvenile might feel withdrawn from sharing vital information with the translator. Alternatively, the translator might be withdrawn by the case and might present deceitful information with intent to conduct personal judgment. This is true when self-disclosure of an examiner seeks to present evaluations, and that occur in emotionally intense situation. Rosner (2006, pp. 218) argues that issues related to shame and face-savings play a critical role of everyday situation. Dr. Roberts might inquire factors, which create shaming situation, and the examiner fails to get important information regarding the situation. Hence, the quality of information is a serious stake when it comes to translator.

Firstly, it is a prerequisite that the test construct should be observable by the Dr. Roberts and the juvenile in constructing a conceptual framework. This is a measure of agreement between and concept and where it is derived from. For the content of the interview, it is necessary to create a criterion validity, which has different subscales, and all should be convergent. The goal is to determine the degree of detail that should be dealt with at each specific test. Additionally, Dr. Roberts should apply predictive validity evidence to examine the criterion of the performance assessment instrument. Certification screens identify the extent at which individuals are excluded on the pass test results.

Consequential validity is a central interpretation of test scores, and this appraises the social impact of the examination to the juvenile. A close example of these questions is how the juvenile could have acted in normal life situation. Social impact expresses the degree of persistence and the competencies measured in the assessment over a significant lapse of time during the interview. As part of the ethical principles, Dr. Robert should ensure that the amount time he spends on a juvenile should be proportionate on the nature of I.Q.

What are the ethical issues faced by Dr. Roberts?

Dr. Roberts might fail serious ethical issues hurting standards and governing the relationship between him and the juvenile, him and the judiciary and him and the society. Other issues include secret remedies and exclusive methods of location and appearance and presentation. While most of these requirements are primarily met, it is good to note that the there are other professionals standards that Dr. Roberts should maintain, and this are responsive directly based on the nature of the case.

CST faces critical ethical challenges as it enters the twenty-first century. Struggles seek to meet mission of a changing CST system from one, which is not investigative based to that which understanding based. One serious ethical issue is freedom versus control. The juvenile feels that he want to make some choices yet this constrains Dr. Robert, who is supposed to handle the juvenile as convict. Secondly, another issue involved empirical knowledge versus personal belief. The juvenile might begin feeling nervous and needs a responsive restoration of his normal life, which hinders the development of the case. Thirdly, Dr. Robert also faces significant effects of differences between telling the truth. Dr. Robert might attempt to hold some information from the authority since this might sabotage the development of the case at that particular time. Finally, distribution of resources remains a significant problem towards the development of the case. Some of Dr. Robert C.S.T tools might be absence and this endangers the overall professional development of the situation

How should he resolve these ethical dilemmas?

According to the above ethical possible ethical issues, it is notable that much should be done with intent to protect Dr. Robert professionalism. The chief problems of freedom and empirical knowledge should be handled professionalism by making the juvenile understand the fundamentality of the process. Secondly, issues related to deceit should not be Dr. Robert concern. At all stages, Dr Robert should control the juvenile and assume full responsibility of the how the interview enfolds (Hunter, 2007, pp. 241).

In addition, Dr. Robert should ensure that ethical principles required incompetency are not eroded either physical or mental maturation. Changing attitudes, physical maturation and constraints should not be allowed to hijack the process of evaluation. Validation fosters proper ethical principles; a close example is the face-to-face evaluation. Dr. Robert should face a test juvenile at all time on the eyes but with a charming and professional manner. Additionally, Dr. Robert should organize interviews based on protocol of flow and issues should be not overriding each other. Interviews should be based on APA principles and should focus on getting information in a much friendlier professional way and not hurting the juvenile. Finally, documentation of each process is necessarily as far as ethical issues is concerned.

References

Hunter, D. (2007). Proportional ethical review and the identification of ethical issues. Journal of

Medical Ethics, 33(4), 241-245.

Jackson, R. L., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (2005). Forensic Applications of the Miller Forensic

Assessment of Symptoms Test (MFAST): Screening for Feigned Disorders in Competency to Stand Trial Evaluations.. Law and Human Behavior, 29(2), 199-210.

Rosner, F. (2006). Medical Research in Children: Ethical Issues. Cancer Investigation, 24(2),

218-220.