Cases where the president has taken the U.S. troops without congressional authorization (2)

Cases where the president has taken the U.S. troops without congressional authorizationName:

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Cases where the president has taken the U.S. troops without congressional authorizationUnder the constitution, the president has the power to veto legislations, command the armed forces, convene and adjourn congress, ask for the opinions on cabinet which should be written, grant reprieves and pardons, and receive and dismiss ambassadors. However, in the second paragraph of Article II, Section 2, the constitution provides that the President shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concurs with the negotiations of the treaty in question CITATION Cur14 l 2057 (Bradley & Goldsmith, 2014). Furthermore, the president shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, he shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not included in the mentioned categories above, and which shall be recognized by law. The president basically depends on the senate in making major decisions such as legislations. CITATION Art l 1033 (Article II , n.d.) The president’s power to take the U.S. forces into situations of hostility is limited under the constitution CITATION Cur14 l 2057 (Bradley & Goldsmith, 2014); however, since the founding of the republic, successive presidents have used military force without congressional authorization over two hundred times. This paper will focus on the cases in which the president has taken the U.S. troops into a foreign military situation without congressional Authorization and the legality of the president’s actions for each case presented.

Firstly, is the quasi war between the United States of America and France between 1798 and 1800. John Adams was the president during this war which is viewed to have helped shape the American foreign policy. The American and the French government conflicted over the signing of a supposed peace establishing treaty with England. According to the French, this treaty would violate the 1778 Treaty of Alliance made with the Americans during the American Revolution. Amidst the mayhem, the American government also failed to make debt payments to the French on the basis that the current government was not the government that had signed the treaty. Following this, the French seized Americas merchant ships and upon intervention by the U.S. government the French made so much demands that America could not meet. The U.S. Navy went into war to protect America which was considered to be under attack. The president in this case was obliged to make a decision that favored America. The president’s actions were in line with the best interests of the nation which is legal. CITATION Kat17 l 1033 (Eschner, 2017)Secondly is the Utah Expedition between 1857 and 1858 which was basically an armed confrontation between the United States armed forces and the Mormon settlers in the Utah territory. This confrontation occurred during the time of President James Buchanan who attempted to use force with the Mormons in the Utah territory and ended up stirring a rebellion. American government was particular against the polygamy nature of the Mormons and considered it un-American like. Troops were sent in to install the typical American government and establish law and order. The president’s action was aimed at uphold law and order throughout its jurisdictions and the president was just doing his job which is substantially legal because that is what a ruler is expected to do. CITATION Bla18 l 1033 (Stilwell, 2018)Thirdly are the Indian wars which basically broke out because Indians acquired Christianity and civilization and thus became a threat to the Native Americans. The war was based on racism and religious backgrounds that disguised Indians as barbarians and child killers in the eyes of the Native Americans. The Indians on the other viewed George Washington as a town wrecker because the attack had been through his orders. The last war between the Indians and the American government happened in 1812 under the leadership of Andrew Jackson. In the Indian wars, the president had mobilized the troops to fight for the rights of the Native Americans which were then considered the right thing to do. A people of a different race could not have possible been allowed to take away what belonged to the Native Americans. Legally, the president is obliged to protect the citizens from any kind of invasion within his jurisdiction. CITATION And09 l 1033 (Gardner, 2009)The other war is patriotic war of 1837 with Canada. The patriots who consisted of the Irish and United States citizens in the upper part of Canada and the United States were determined to detach the peninsula lying between the Michigan frontier and the Niagara frontier in Canada and append it to the United States. The patriots marched to make their demands which led to a plot to capture of the United States Arsenal at Dearborn and seizure of its arms. To contain this situation, the Michigan Militia was assigned to watch over Arsenal. More defenses were expended later since the frontier troubles increased. The president in this case acted to fulfill the law of maintaining order within its territories which is a legal thing to do since the patriots were cause unrest and even attacked a militia base in Michigan. CITATION The l 1033 (ThePatriot War, n.d.)Lastly, the naval skirmishes in Sumatra in the 1830s; was about the American expeditions launched against pirates in Indonesia. The American traders who had established their trading links throughout the Far East faced threats which led to the making agreements with the local leaders. This happened during the time of Andrew Jackson and he was so upset upon hearing this news. In reaction, he sent out troops to ensure the American traders were safe during their business operations and this led to the first expedition. The president acted in order to protect its citizens which is utterly the right thing every ruler would do and also legal. CITATION Ant16 l 1033 (Vanner, 2016)In summary, as much as the president acted without authorization from the congress, his actions were utterly for the best to safeguard the interests of the United States. By expending the troops to war, the foreign policy was enhanced particularly in the case of the war with the French.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Akkad, O. E. (2017). American War. ‎Alfred A. Knopf.

Article II . (n.d.). Retrieved from Ineractive Constitution : https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii

Bradley, C. A., & Goldsmith, J. L. (2014). Foreign relations law : cases and materials. New York : Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.

Eschner, K. (2017, July 7). This Unremembered US-France ‘Quasi War’ Shaped Early America’s Foreign Relations. Retrieved from Smithsonian.com: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/unremembered-us-france-quasi-war-shaped-early-americas-foreign-relations-180963862/

Gardner, A. G. (2009). The Indian War. Colonial Williamsberg.

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Pages From – To.

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name: Publisher Name.

Stilwell, B. (2018, September 19). That time Mormons accidentally went to war with the US Army . Retrieved from We Are the Mighty: https://www.wearethemighty.com/history/utah-mormon-war-with-army

ThePatriot War. (n.d.). Retrieved from Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs: https://www.michigan.gov/dmva/0,4569,7-126-2360_3003_3009-16956–,00.html

Vanner, A. (2016, January 26). The US Navy’s Sumatran Expeditions 1832 & 1838 . Retrieved from Dawlish Chronicles: http://dawlishchronicles.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-us-navys-sumatran-expeditions-1832.html

Case Study

Case Study:

Southwestern University: F The recent success of Southwestern University’s football program is causing SWU’s president, Joel Wisner, more problems than he faced during the team’s losing era in the early 1990s. For one thing, increasing game-day attendance is squeezing the town of Stephenville, Texas and the campus. Complaints are arising over parking, seating, concession prices, and even a shortage of programs at some games. Dr. Wisner, once again, turns to his stadium manager, Hank Maddux. This time, he needs a guaranteed revenue stream to help fuel the stadium expansion. One source of income could easily be the high-profit game programs. Selling for $6 each, programs are a tricky business. Under substantial pressure from Wisner, Maddux knows he has to ensure that costs are held to a minimum and contribution to the new expansion maximized. As a result, Maddux wants the programs for each game to be purchased economically. His inquiries have yielded two options. A local Stephenville printer, Sam Taylor of Quality Printing, has offered the following discount schedule for the programs and game inserts: Programs Weekly Game Detail Inserts 10,000 to 30,000 $2.00 each 10,000 to 30,000 $1.00 30,000 to 60,000 $1.90 each 30,000 to 60,000 $0.95 60,000 to 250,000 $1.80 each 60,000 to 250,000 $0.90 250,000 and up $1.50 each 250,000 and up $0.85 As a second option, however, First Printing, owned by Michael Shader, an S.W.U. alumnus in Ft. Worth, will do the job for 10% less as a favor to help the athletic department. This option will mean sending a truck to Ft. Worth to pick up each order. Maddux estimates that the cost of each trip to Ft. Worth will be $250. Maddux’s other major problem is he is never sure what the demand for programs will be. Sales vary from opponent to opponent and how well the team is doing that year. However, he does know that running out is a very bad idea. This football team is not only expected to make money for SWU, but it is also entertainment. This means programs for all who want them. With the new facility, attendance could be 60,000 for each of the five home games. And two of every three people buy a program. In addition to the programs, Maddux must purchase the inserts for each game. The inserts have information about the opposing team, photos of the expected starters, and recent game statistics. The purchasing issue is the same for inserts, except inserts will be purchased separately for each game and are a total loss after the game. The carrying cost, because inserts are to be delivered just as they are needed, should be nominal; he estimates 5%. The other costs and the same discount schedule apply, but the inserts only cost half as much because they are much smaller. First Printing will give the same 10% discount on the inserts. Givens: Annual demand is 300,000 (60,000 per game times 5 games) Set-up cost for programs is $1,000.00 Holding cost is 40%

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. With whom should Maddux place the order for the programs, and how many should he order each time? 2. With whom should Maddux place the order for the inserts, and how many should he order each time? 3. What is Maddux’s total cost for programs with inserts for the season? 4. What other program management opportunities might Maddux pursue?

Solution:

1. With whom should Maddux place the order for the programs and how many should he order each time?

Answer:

D = 60000 * 5 * 2/3= 200000

H = 0.5 * unit price

S quality printing = 100

S first printing = 100 + .9*(200) = 280

For quality printing

Q = √2DS / IP

Q1 = √2(200000)(100) / 0.5*5 = 4000

Q 2 = √2(200000)(100) / 0.5*1.80 = 6667

Q3 = √2(200000)(100) / 0.5*1.70 = 6860

Q4 = √2(200000)(100) / 0.5*1.60 = 7071

Q4 = √2(200000)(100) / 0.5*1.40 = 7559

Q1 = 6928

Q2 = 11547

Q3 = 30000

Q4 = 60000

Q5 = 250000

Annual Product cost = Demand * unit price

Annual order cost = Demand* setup cost/order quantity

Annual holding cost = Order quantity * holding cost / 2

Number Unit Price Order quantity Annual Product cost Annual order cost Annual holding cost Total

1 5.00 4000 1000000 5000 5000 5000

2 1.80 10000 360000 2000 4500 366500

3 1.70 30000 340000 666.67 12750 353416.67

4 1.60 60000 320000 333.33 24000 344333.33

5 1.40 250000 280000 80 875000 367580

Order quantity of 60000 will minimize total cost to 344333.33

For first printing, Q = √2(200000)(280) / 0.5*5 = 6693

Total cost = Setup cost + holding cost + product cost

= 200000/6693 * 280 + 6693 / 2 * (0.5*5.00) + 6693*5

= 50198.20

So the order for the programs should be placed at quality printing as ordering quantity of 60000 each time

2. With whom should Maddux place the order for the inserts and how many should he order each time?

D = 60000

H = 0.5 * unit price

S quality printing = .5*100 = 50

S first printing = 0.5(100 + .9(200)) = 140

For quality printing

Q = √2DS / IP

Q1 = √2(60000)(50) / 0.5*2.5 = 12649

Q 2 = √2(60000)(50) / 0.5*.90 = 21082

Q3 = √2(60000)(500) / 0.5*.85 = 21693

Q4 = √2(60000)(50) / 0.5*.80 = 22361

Q4 = √2(60000)(50) / 0.5*.70 = 23905

Q1 = 6928

Q2 = 11547

Q3 = 30000

Q4 = 60000

Q5 = 250000

Annual Product cost = Demand * unit price

Annual order cost = Demand* setup cost/order quantity

Annual holding cost = Order quantity * holding cost / 2

Number Unit Price Order quantity Annual Product cost Annual order cost Annual holding cost Total

1 2.50 6928 150000 433.03 433 150866.03

2 0.90 11547 54000 259.81 259.81 54519.62

3 0.85 30000 51000 100 637.50 51737.50

4 0.80 60000 48000 50.00 1200.00 49250

5 0.70 250000 42000 12.00 4357 46387

Order quantity of 250000 will minimize total cost to 46387

For first printing, Q = √2(60000)(140) / 0.5*2.50 = 11593

Total cost = Setup cost + holding cost + product cost

= 60000/11593 * 140 + 11593 / 2 * (.05*2.50) + (11593 * 2.50)

= 30431.64

3.What is Maddux’s total cost for programs with inserts for the season?

The total cost for the program for the inserts for this season will be about $ 374764.97

4. What other program management opportunities might Maddux pursue?

Answer:

Maddux focuses on purchasing the game economically with a strong focus on quality printing, there are different program that maddux can pursue different programs, 10000 to 30000, 30000 to 60000, withna strong focus on first printing, Maddux. Muddux has high carrying cost because he lacks a good place to store the programs. He can’t put them in the office, or store them down in the maintenance department, where they may get dirty and damaged. So, the compnay needs to focus on reducing the carrying cost so as to have profits. Maddux needs to focus on inserts as well for the programs, so as to increase its revenue and sales.

Most Abortions Are Moral

Most Abortions Are Moral?

Are abortions moral? This question has been stirring up debate between those who favor abortion (liberals / Pro-Choice) and those against it (conservatives / Pro-Life). Liberals believe that the woman should not only be able to choose matters that concern her body, but that a fetus is not a person. The conservatives argue that the fetus is a person from conception. However, when it comes down to legality, the Constitution states that a woman is able to make the choice for herself without government intervention on the basis of the right of privacy.

In Jane English’s article she shows that there are exceptions to every rule concerning why and when abortion is moral or immoral. For example, conservatives say abortion is immoral because it kills potential life but there are justifiable killings. Liberals think since a fetus is not a person it is a justifiable act to kill it. But during the final stages of pregnancy the fetus closely resembles a person.

What if a fetus is a person? Conservatives will consider abortion to be infanticide. If Judith Jarvis Thompson is able to prove that killing is always wrong, she can conclude whether or not abortion is immoral. However, there are justifiable killings. She uses self-defense as an example along with some scenarios. The defense may only equal the threatened injury in severity and should only be the minimum necessary to deter the attacker. Therefore, if the birth of a child poses threat to the mother, abortion may be considered as self-defense. A second scenario says to avoid an attack all together, suggesting to practice abstinence. A third scenario says use protection against the attacker, implying to use birth control. A fourth scenario says you may kill the attacker only if there is certainty he will kill you. Therefore, abortion is “acceptable” if it will save the woman’s life.

What if a fetus is not a person? Since a fetus is considered not to be a full-fledged person, conservatives fear liberals will treat the fetus any way desired hence the debate on abortion. However, when comparing a fetus to an animal, for example, the mistreatment of an animal can result to harsh punishment. Because animals don’t have the same rights as people do, that doesn’t suggest we tolerate the abuse.

When is a fetus actually considered a person? Mary Anne Warner says in order to be labeled a “person” he/she should have the capacities for reasoning, self-awareness, and complex communication skills. Baruch Brody argues brain waves, Paul Ramsey claims a certain gene structure, and Michael Tooley suggests having the concept-of-self distinguishes a fetus from a person. Biological, psychological, rationality, social, and legal factors are also considered to make a distinction between a fetus and a person.

When does a fetus go from a non-person to a person? A fetus’ similarities to a newborn is quite significant during the ending weeks of pregnancy, thus any careless treatment would be immoral. In the early weeks of pregnancy, right after conception, a fetus does not resemble a person enough for abortion to be considered infanticide or immoral.

In conclusion, English says “whether a fetus is a person or not, abortion is justifiable early in pregnancy to avoid modest harms and seldom justifiable late in pregnancy except to avoid significant injury or death” (449 C/D).

Upon reading this article, I was never completely certain about how I felt about abortion. After analyzing English’s views, alongside Thompson, Warner, Brody, Tooley, and Ramsey, I was easily able to come to my own conclusion.

Because I never knew the facts and technicalities of abortion, I was always hesitant to have a distinctive “yes” or “no” answer to whether abortion is immoral. In addition, I was lazy enough to ignore that this was ever even an issue. But somehow I hastily just “decided” that abortion was wrong. Before I read English’s article I read the following statistics that further implemented my decision that abortion is, indeed, immoral:

In Brazil, forty thousand women die each year because of blotched abortions. (449 D)

The United States have three times as many abortions per group as does England, Sweden, or the Netherlands.

Forty-two percent of pregnant women have an abortion in the United States. The average Russian woman has seven abortions during her lifetime. (450 A)

The structure of English’s article was designed well enough for me to focus on the important points of the topic. Agreeing with English that this will forever be an unsettled issue, important details and suggestions were addressed that made the decision that more difficult.

For instance, I never considered the fact that there are justifiable killings. I never even considered the feelings of the lives involved. My sole focus was that not only having a child was a blessing, but the pregnancy was as well. I ignorantly overlooked that all women don’t want to have children, and that the process could potentially be harmful or life threatening to the woman. Therefore, abortion was looking “less immoral.” After reading the self-defense comparisons, however, I was even more confused. If the woman did not want to have a child, she should have used birth control. Practicing abstinence was a good alternative for her as well.

The turning point came when biological factors were addressed. With that, I was finally able to make a decision wisely. Discussed were the stages during pregnancy and the condition of the fetus during each stage. I knew that a fetus least resembled a person during the early weeks of pregnancy apposed to the ending weeks, but that obvious knowledge slipped my mind completely. Once supporting the conservative side without any sensible understanding or reasoning, I can proudly say I have done some research and made a decision. I am neither a liberal nor conservative. Agreeing with English, there are appropriate times and reasons to abort and to not. Abortion is permissible during the early weeks of pregnancy if it is in the best interest of the woman or people around her. During the middle stages of pregnancy, abortion is only permissible when the continuing pregnancy or labor will cause threat to the woman’s well being. During the final stages of pregnancy abortion is immoral unless to save the woman from severe injury or death.

“A newly fertilized ovum, a newly implanted clump of cells, is no more a person than an acorn is an oak tree…opponents of abortion commonly spend most of their time establishing that the fetus is a person, and hardly any time explaining the step from there to the impermissibility of abortion.”Jane English (450 D/E)

Bibliography:

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Adhesive Bonding in the aircraft and automotive industry

Adhesive Bonding in the aircraft and automotive industry

Adhesive bounding of aluminum components in the aircraft and automotive industry are rapidly replacing many conventional methods of joining two parts togheter. Adhesives bonding is a process where a monomer compound is applied in between joints and is chemically allowed to transform into complex long chained polymers which interlock the mating parts by inter-atomic bounding and diffusion of the adhesive into the adherents. In most common uses, bonds are permanent, such as the thermosetting adhesives, and require machining in order to separate the mating parts. In other cases, the adhesive bond might be directly related to the operating temperature, as in thermoplastic adhesives, or may contain natural resins and form an elastic bond such as elastomeric adhesives. Adhesives are mostly limited to shear stress applications due to their relatively low peel and creep capabilities and require far more surface area to form a joint then conventional methods, however, their benefits in weight reduction and enhancing ergonomics, as well as their still fairly inexpensive and ability to function in a wide range of environments, are attractive traits which may influence a designer to select such a process.

Adhesives have been long known as the oldest means of joining two parts togheter. In fact, archeological evidences has been found showing the use of natural resins by early man to fasten arrows and spear heads to shafts (3, 170). They also found there first structural use well over three thousand years ago in the construction of the Tower of Babel ( 9, 3). However, it wasn’t until the second World War where great advances where made in structural adhesive bonding which applied to metal to metal structures. Redux, an adhesive conceived in England, was the first ever adhesive used in considerable proportion on the lightest fighter plane of that time, the Mosquito. Following in it’s allied foot steps, the Americans also adopted this process to produce the most effective aircraft of the war, the De Havilland Hornet which used the adhesive to bond the aluminum extrusions to the capped wing spars (4, 41).

Adhesives have since grown considerably and since no one universal adhesive exists up to date, the boundaries are limitless. They can be found in mostly all types of industries, from high tech aerospace to dishwashing machines, and are more and more, replacing conventional ways of fastening joints, namely mechanical fasteners and welding process.

In most cases, monomers are applied to it’s adherent (part to be jointed) and are turned into polymers, which are long chain type molecules, by means of diverse catalyst ranging from heat, pressure or some other chemical compound all depending on the type of adhesive used.

The reason why the bond takes place between the mating surfaces however has taken different theories over the past years. The three most common, principle of diffusion, principle of mechanical adherence and the principal of inter-atomic bonding have been well more developed than other explanations of why adhesive bonds occur.

The diffusion principle states that at polymerization, some of the molecules diffuse in the adherent and consequently, some molecules of the adherent diffuse into the adhesive in order to form a solid joint. The mechanical principal states that, the imperfections on the wetted surface of the adherent serve as to grip the adhesive when it turns into it’s solid polymer state and takes advantage of these imperfections to establish a solid bond. However, this might not help in explaining why perfectly strong bonds are also possible on highly polished surfaces. The third and most generally accepted theory attributes the bonding forces to the fact of the sharing of valence electrons between the newly formed polymer and the adhered material. Some may like to contribute all three factors working togheter as the proper definition of the bonding process( 3, 170) .

Adhesives may be categorized in three groups, thermosets, thermoplasts or elastomers.

Thermosets such as phenolics, epoxies and ureas are adhesives capable of withstanding high shear stresses and are capable of maintaining their properties for a wide range of temperatures. Once cured, machining or extremely high temperatures are required in order to break the formed bond and are irreversible processes. Contrarily, thermoplasts adhesives such as polyvinyls, acetates or acrylics have bond strength variation which is directly temperature dependent and for which at low temperatures, the bond gets stiff and brittle, but at high temperatures, ductile and elastic bonds occur. The third and last classification are elastomers which are generally made of natural or synthetic rubbers and latexes which are highly ductile and deformable adhesives at temperatures ranging close to room temperature ( 1, 402).

Most adhesives are furthermore classified under its ability to cover the entire surface of the mating parts, termed wetting ability ( 8,5). The Washburn equation is generally applied in order to classify the wetting property of the adhesive and is given by:

t = (2h/gcosq) * x2/rwhere

t : rate of filling irregularities

x : length of irregularity

r : capillary radius

h,g : viscosity and surface tension

q : contact angle between adhesive and substrate

Although the basic application are quite commonly simple, where most adhesives today are still spatula applied, automation is quite common and not such a daunting task to perform. The challenge lies in the preparation of the surfaces to be bonded as well as the study of the optimal curing times and temperatures required to obtain the required bonding strengths.

All parts require extensive cleaning with the use of solvents to eliminate any dust or grease deposit, which may interfere with the bonding process. Metals with oxide films are usually grounded and aluminum alloys pickled in alkali baths at temperatures of 170oF up until 10 minutes in order to clean and roughen the surface for the adhesive. Bare hands should never come into contact with the surfaces to be bonded as they will re-introduce grease to the surfaces to be mated (1, 417). As for curing temperatures and times, each vary depending on the type of adhesive used and the required bond strength sought ( 6, 1054). The most common use of adhesives is in shear bearing applications due to their poor resistance to peel, cleavage and tensile stresses (6, 1056).

This is where the challenges arise for the engineer who must design or modify an existing joint in order to maximize the load in a shear plane direction. Although they are limited to these applications, a well-designed joint may sustain an impressive amount of stress. However, most load bearing structural adhesives may have quoted performances rated as high as 50% of their ultimate tensile strength, but as a general rule of thumb, these materials should never be loaded more than 10% of the rated capabilities, which make designers skeptical in using adhesives for long term use applications ( 7, 5 ).

Another problem arises at selection of the adhesive since no universal adhesive exist, each adhesive has its own characteristics for which it may perform at better operating conditions then others and therefor, a quite profound knowledge of the different types of adhesives available is required. Furthermore, design must require high surface finish and quality control performed very closely. And in most instances, the conversion from a mechanical fastener to an adhesive usually requires a considerable larger surface area of jointing ( 9 ,10-13).

So why use adhesives one might ask? Some adhesives today are now capable to cover temperature ranges from -55oC to 350oC with service life of 60 000 hours or 20 years (4, 42). Furthermore, there are several beneficial reasons why adhesives may be preferred over conventional joining processes. For instance, when comparing to welding, adhesive joints do not distort the part close to the bonding area and does not leave any surface discoloration’s, which in turn may require further grinding and then painting. The most notable advantage is the possibility to join dissimilar metals, which is impossible in welding due to a high variation in melting temperatures.

As for mechanical fasteners, the replacement with adhesives induces a reduction in overall weight and serves as a corrosion barrier between a joint made of two different materials. Since adhesives are also less stiff then most fasteners, they also serve as vibration dampers and can easily accommodate thermal expansion of the adhering joints. By replacing rivets with adhesives in structural components, it is also possible to eliminate the stress concentrations formed near rivet holes and therefor prevent unforeseeable stress cracks, which may lead to disastrous failures. In an ergonomic point of view, adhesives do not protrude from their assemblies and go virtually unnoticeable and offer great characteristics in aerodynamic applications ( 9, 9).

Although the alternative of opting for an adhesive joint might be appealing in some circumstances, the economics involved can be quite complex. In general, adhesives are less expensive than a welding or fastening procedure. However, the implementation of adhesives in a mass production might prove to be quite expensive when taking for account the surface preparation requirements, the curing times and temperatures and the expertise needed to evaluate and control these processes. However, many companies have established major savings by using adhesives instead of other methods. The Northrop Aircraft Company stated that their conventional riveting operation of fabricating trailing wing sections cost them closely to1312$ where as obtaining similar strengths by using adhesives cost them 149$ per wing (3, 171).

In addition, the use of adhesives permitted the use of 0.020in thick aluminum sheets instead of the 0.051in sheets minimum requirements for rivets. Hence savings in money and weight ( 9, 5).

Adhesives most important contribution to the automotive industry came in the early 50’s when it replaced the rivets used to hold the brake linings to the shoe. This allowed for a far greater life of the brakes as they could know be run down all the way down to the show, instead of at the rivet heads. Also, created no distortion in the lining due to riveting, created better heat dissipation and reduced the risk of brake failure.

Although many new applications have arisen, they do not contribute an important saving to the automobile producer. Welds are still very present and so are mechanical fasteners due to the requirements of mass production, which can not permit itself of stopping the production line in order to let the structural adhesives cure. However, most of the final assemblies such as the trimmings, the side panel guards, the window rims and other sealed surfaces are joined by adhesion just prior to painting such that when the automobile must be put in an oven for the paint to cure, the adhesives cure also. Some manufacturers do use adhesives to fix the top gears of the transmission due to their low torque capabilities, namely Renault, and the arrival of vehicles made of composite material panels have created the need for an increase in adhesive joints (5, 63-65)

The reason why adhesive technology has developed so much is surely due to this industry in which adhesives plays a crucial role. A typical Boeing 747 is composed of over 1300m2 of adhesive material. The entire fuselage is covered by an adhesive film, which helps in the aerodynamics and the acoustic dampening of the vehicle. Furthermore, apart from the hundreds of sealed joints where adhesives can be found, critical structures such as wing sections, thrust reversers, walking panels, elevators, doors and flaps to name some, are all composed of high resistance, light weight, good fatigue and high acoustics dampening honeycomb structures which can only be assembled with high strength adhesives (8, 258). Up until date, not one adhesive failure has ever been directly linked to a fallen airplane (9, 5) .Helicopter blades consist of plate-to-plate type adhesive bonds which make for a better, more aerodynamic and certainly safer joint then with rivets, which where know to fracture off (4, 44)

As for space travel, no mission in space would have ever been possible without the use of high strength and temperature ranging adhesives which are required to mount the heat shields on the shuttles under side which protect it from flaming up on re-entry into the atmosphere ( 9, 7).

As the cost of life increasingly becomes more expensive, especially when considering the high fuel prices of today, it is no wonder why manufacturers of transportation vehicles try to optimize their product in order to somehow turn out a profit. Some factors, such as weight and drag reduction, may help in turning in some savings, without compromising the overall safety of the consumer. Adhesives have helped alleviate the problem and this can be seen on such a wide scale that the adhesive industry has grown considerably over the years, an estimated 20% increase in production annually (3, 1). And as more composite materials make their appearance and become economically more feasible, so will the appearance of vehicles which will entirely be made of these plastics and will most certainly contain numerous bonded joints which can only be achieved threw adhesives. These days are certainly not far out of reach.

Bibliography:

1.Dr. Jack W. Chaplin, Metal Manufacturing Technology, 1976, McKnight Publishing Company, Bloomington, Illinois, TS 205 C45, Concordia University Librairy.

2.Lawrence E. Doyle, Manufacturing Processes and Materials for Engineers, 3rd edition, 1985, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englwood Cliff, New Jersey, TS205 D64, Concordia University Librairy.

3.Roy A. Lindberg, Norman R. Braton, Welding and Other Joining Processes, 1976, Allyn and Byron Inc., Boston, TS 227 L58, Concordia University Librairy.

4.J. Hamer, Engineering Applications of Adhesives, 1988, Butterworths, London,UK, TP 968 E53, Concordia University Librairy.

5.E. Lawley, Engineering Applications of Adhesives, 1988, Butterworths, London,UK, TP 968 E53, Concordia University Librairy.

6.E. Paul De Garno, J.T. Black, Ronald A. Koltser, Materials and Processes in Manufacturing, 4th edition, 1997, Prentice-Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River NJ.

7.W.A. Lees, Adhesives in Engineering Design, 1984, Springer-Verlag, London,

TA 455 A 34L 44, Concordia University Librairy.

8.D.M. Brewis, D. Briggs, Industrial Adhesion Problems, 1985, Orbital Press, Oxford,

TP 968 I52, Concordia University Librairy.

9.Charles V. Cagle, Adhesive Bonding Techniques and Applications, 1968, McGraw-

Hill Book Company, South El Monte, California, TP 968 C3, Concordia University Librairy.

10. http://www.loctite.com/literature/design_metal.html” The Loctite Design Guide for Bonding Metals, Loctite Corporation, 2001.

Administration in Healthcare Services HSA 320

Memorial Awaiting

Colorado Technical University

Administration in Healthcare Services HSA 320

Several components go into making an organization run effectively and efficiently. One of the many components requires managers to manage teams during projects or changes within the organization. In the healthcare industry running of teams or employees is even more imperative to running in an effective and efficient manner because they are dealing with the lives and health of patients.

There are times when an employee is not performing to the standards of the organization or facility, and corrective action needs to be taken to get the employee performing at the standards set forth by the facility. Corrective action is used within organizations with the purpose of identifying and eliminating causes of a problem by: correcting, molding, or improving performance or behavior that is job-related CITATION Ind10 l 1033 (Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 2010). A Corrective Action Plan allows facilities to take the necessary steps of action to correct the problem of performance. The goal of the corrective action plan is to discover what is causing the employee to have performance problems and give that employee a chance to correct this performance problem before taking the final step in the termination of the employee. The first step of the corrective action plan will be counseling of the employee. The next step in the corrective action plan would involve a written reprimand. The third step is suspension of the employee without pay. The last step in the corrective action plan is the termination of the employee CITATION Uni07 l 1033 (University of New Hampshire, 2007).

Communication has always been a vital component to an organization running effectively and effectively. Poor communication can be the determining factor that can bring an organization to its knees. Communication is also vital during changes within the facility or organization, so that the change will have minimal negative effective. This change can be in the form of implementing an EHR system. There are different types of communication we use, such as verbal and non-verbal. Using these different types of communication during change can ease the transition of the change. Change is an automatic switch for some people. People in general fear the unknown and this is what change brings; the unknown. Communication before and during an EHR system implementation can help answer employees questions, calm employees fears, and keep them focused and motivated CITATION Cro12 l 1033 (Crosnick, 2012). The key during this implementation is to be patient and supportive. Your employees are trying to deal with this change while fulfilling their job responsibilities. Let them know that you are going to be there to provide support, encouragement, and even gratitude during this stressful time.

Organizational charts provide employees a physical structure of the organization. Employees need to know whom they are reporting to if a problem should arise. Without a formal organizational structure, employees may find it difficult to know whom they officially report to in different situations, and it may become unclear exactly who has the final responsibility for what. In essence, an organizational structure gives guidance to employees by laying out the relationships that essentially govern the organization’s workflow.

Our mission at Memorial Awaiting is to provide and deliver healthcare services of high quality, integrity, and compassion to the members of the community. Our values are to assure a continuous quality of improvement, while providing excellent services to our patients and staff. Our values also include recognizing and valuing the members of the community, recognize a patient’s basic rights to respect, privacy, dignity, understanding, regardless of their spiritual beliefs. We vow to manage all fiscal responsibility with high integrity while meeting our charitable responsibilities as well.

The types of services offered at Memorial Awaiting include Heart and Vascular Services, a Cancer Center, Birthing Center and Maternity Services, Pediatric, and 24-hour Emergency Services. Memorial Awaiting is a licensed facility that has 350 beds and offer services as inpatient or outpatient. Our staff consists of 250, combining clinical staff and non-clinical staff. Our clinical staff consists of physicians, physician’s assistants, nurse, and medical assistants. Our non-clinical staff includes health care managers, health technologists, administrative and administrative support services. We will several departments located within the facility such as, Human Resources, Billing, and an IT team.

Even though each of these services and departments will function differently from one another, communication between these departments and the staff will be heavily relied upon in order to effectively and efficiently deliver health care services that match our mission and values.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Crosnick, M. (2012). EHR Implementation Process Requires Communication. Retrieved from HITECH: http://www.hitechanswers.net/ehr-implementation-process-requires-communication/

First Insight. (2013). Successful EHR Implementation: It’s More About “How You Manage People” . Retrieved from http://www.first-insight.com/downloads/Successful-EHR-Implementation-It’s-About-Managing-People.pdf

Healey, B., & Marhese, M. (2012). Foundations of Health Care Management Principles and Methods. San Francisco: Wiley.

Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis. (2010). Corrective Action: A Supervisor’s Guide to Managing Performance. Retrieved from http://hra.iupui.edu/content/doclib/ProgressiveDisciplineGuide.pdf

University of New Hampshire. (2007). Performance Management Toolkit – Constructive Discipline, Corrective Action & Documentation. Retrieved from http://www.unh.edu/hr/sites/unh.edu.hr/files/pdfs/constructive-discipline-and-corrective-action.pdf

Mores, laws and folkways

Mores, laws and folkways

Societal norms which include mores, laws, taboos and folkways are agreed upon rules and expectations that an individual is supposed to observe and behave according to in a given culture. Norms vary from one culture to another, some thing might be considered as a norm in one culture and in others it is not (Macionis, 2009). For example, shaking hands as a form of greeting in most of the African country shows a lot of respect. Whereas, in Asian countries you are not supposed to shake hands with your elders as a form of greeting

Folkway is said to be socially learned behaviours that are looked upon but which do not necessarily convey any moral significance. These are norms that help individuals interact with the other members of the society towards a harmonious living. Folkways for individual cultures arise from continuous repetition of an act that helps in the shaping of human behaviour. Unlike like is the case with other societal norms, the defiance of folkways carries no serious consequences. A common folkway is the dress codes adopted in different regions and countries (Pauer-Studer, 2008). Muslims dress in Hijabs and long dresses as a folkway but if a Muslim decides to dress in a short dress, no moral rule or laws are broken (except in strict sharia nations maybe).

Mores are significant norms that govern the right or wrong and control the behaviour of an individual. They are not necessarily written set rules to govern an individual but are behaviours that are generally accepted and what society follows in day to day life. Religious rules are example of mores (Macionis, 2009). Catholic clergy are nether expected to break their chastity vows nor are they supposed to get into matrimony and when they behave in a way contrary to this dire consequences are met on them, including excommunication from the society.

Laws are well raid down set of rules that have to be observed and enforced by law officials. Violation of these norms leads to prosecution in law courts. Driving while drunk is an offence which will land you in jail or be fined for violating that law.

When using your mobile handset in a public place you should not shout, level your voice such that you will not be disturbing the others. Shouting over the phone will be violating the folkway. When you violate that norm you feel you are not conforming to the normality of the society On the other hand the people around you will despise you for your behaviour, some of whom will not tolerate your behaviour and try to stop or tell you to lower your voice.

Normative conduct theory is clearly shown in the above example where by the behaviour of talking loud might have been as result of two conflicting beliefs. This might be because one was thinking he/she is in a noisy surrounding and the person on the other end might not hear them. The surrounding people’s approval of situation about that particular behaviour shows how the individual should behave (Pauer-Studer, 2008). Watching other person talk loud over the phone, a society member might pick up on the norm that they are supposed to talk loud in public places

Control theories exist due to lack of socialization, this leads to lack of self control as expressed in that example of speaking loudly over the phone. Individuals who are always overconfident of themselves will exhibit this behaviour and are more likely to violate folkway norms. Control theory considers the individual decision making being as the reason behind such behaviour (Pauer-Studer, 2008).

In conclusion we can say that society behaviour is directly dictated by the norms that are observed by it. That explains why we have different behaviours between different cultures as the norms are not the same.

References

Macionis, J. J. (2009). Society: The basics. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Pauer-Studer, H. (2008). Norms, values, and society. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Pub.

Cases where the president has taken the U.S. troops without congressional authorization

Cases where the president has taken the U.S. troops without congressional authorizationName:

Course:

Instructor

Date

Cases where the president has taken the U.S. troops without congressional authorizationUnder the constitution, the president has the power to veto legislations, command the armed forces, convene and adjourn congress, ask for the opinions on cabinet which should be written, grant reprieves and pardons, and receive and dismiss ambassadors. However, in the second paragraph of Article II, Section 2, the constitution provides that the President shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concurs with the negotiations of the treaty in question. Furthermore, the president shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, he shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not included in the mentioned categories above, and which shall be recognized by law. The president basically depends on the senate in making major decisions such as legislations. CITATION Art l 1033 (Article II ) The president’s power to take the U.S. forces into situations of hostility is limited under the constitution; however, since the founding of the republic, successive presidents have used military force without congressional authorization over two hundred times. This paper will focus on the cases in which the president has taken the U.S. troops into a foreign military situation without congressional Authorization and the legality of the president’s actions for each case presented.

Firstly is the quasi war between the United States of America and France between 1798 and 1800. John Adams was the president during this war which is viewed to have helped shape the American foreign policy. The American and the French government conflicted over the signing of a supposed peace establishing treaty with England. According to the French, this treaty would violate the 1778 Treaty of Alliance made with the Americans during the American Revolution. Amidst the mayhem, the American government also failed to make debt payments to the French on the basis that the current government was not the government that had signed the treaty. Following this, the French seized Americas merchant ships and upon intervention by the U.S. government the French made so much demands that America could not meet. The U.S. Navy went into war to protect America which was considered to be under attack. The president in this case was obliged to make a decision that favored America. The president’s actions were in line with the best interests of the nation which is legal. CITATION Kat17 l 1033 (Eschner, 2017)Secondly is the Utah Expedition between 1857 and 1858 which was basically an armed confrontation between the United States armed forces and the Mormon settlers in the Utah territory. This confrontation occurred during the time of President James Buchanan who attempted to use force with the Mormons in the Utah territory and ended up stirring a rebellion. American government was particular against the polygamy nature of the Mormons and considered it un-American like. Troops were sent in to install the typical American government and establish law and order. The president’s action was aimed at uphold law and order throughout its jurisdictions and the president was just doing his job which is substantially legal because that is what a ruler is expected to do. CITATION Bla18 l 1033 (Stilwell, 2018)Thirdly are the Indian wars which basically broke out because Indians acquired Christianity and civilization and thus became a threat to the Native Americans. The war was based on racism and religious backgrounds that disguised Indians as barbarians and child killers in the eyes of the Native Americans. The Indians on the other viewed George Washington as a town wrecker because the attack had been through his orders. The last war between the Indians and the American government happened in 1812 under the leadership of Andrew Jackson. In the Indian wars, the president had mobilized the troops to fight for the rights of the Native Americans which were then considered the right thing to do. A people of a different race could not have possible been allowed to take away what belonged to the Native Americans. Legally, the president is obliged to protect the citizens from any kind of invasion within his jurisdiction. CITATION And09 l 1033 (Gardner, 2009)The other war is patriotic war of 1837 with Canada. The patriots who consisted of the Irish and United States citizens in the upper part of Canada and the United States were determined to detach the peninsula lying between the Michigan frontier and the Niagara frontier in Canada and append it to the United States. The patriots marched to make their demands which led to a plot to capture of the United States Arsenal at Dearborn and seizure of its arms. To contain this situation, the Michigan Militia was assigned to watch over Arsenal. More defenses were expended later since the frontier troubles increased. The president in this case acted to fulfill the law of maintaining order within its territories which is a legal thing to do since the patriots were cause unrest and even attacked a militia base in Michigan. CITATION The l 1033 (ThePatriot War)Lastly, the naval skirmishes in Sumatra in the 1830s; was about the American expeditions launched against pirates in Indonesia. The American traders who had established their trading links throughout the Far East faced threats which led to the making agreements with the local leaders. This happened during the time of Andrew Jackson and he was so upset upon hearing this news. In reaction, he sent out troops to ensure the American traders were safe during their business operations and this led to the first expedition. The president acted in order to protect its citizens which is utterly the right thing every ruler would do and also legal. CITATION Ant16 l 1033 (Vanner, 2016)In summary, as much as the president acted without authorization from the congress, his actions were utterly for the best to safeguard the interests of the United States. By expending the troops to war, the foreign policy was enhanced particularly in the case of the war with the French.

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY Akkad, O. E. (2017). American War. ‎Alfred A. Knopf.

Article II . (n.d.). Retrieved from Ineractive Constitution : https://constitutioncenter.org/interactive-constitution/articles/article-ii

Eschner, K. (2017, July 7). This Unremembered US-France ‘Quasi War’ Shaped Early America’s Foreign Relations. Retrieved from Smithsonian.com: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/unremembered-us-france-quasi-war-shaped-early-americas-foreign-relations-180963862/

Gardner, A. G. (2009). The Indian War. Colonial Williamsberg .

Stilwell, B. (2018, September 19). That time Mormons accidentally went to war with the US Army . Retrieved from We Are the Mighty: https://www.wearethemighty.com/history/utah-mormon-war-with-army

ThePatriot War. (n.d.). Retrieved from Michigan Department of Military and Veterans Affairs: https://www.michigan.gov/dmva/0,4569,7-126-2360_3003_3009-16956–,00.html

Vanner, A. (2016, January 26). The US Navy’s Sumatran Expeditions 1832 & 1838 . Retrieved from Dawlish Chronicles: http://dawlishchronicles.blogspot.com/2016/01/the-us-navys-sumatran-expeditions-1832.html

Addison Disease

Addison Disease

Name

Institution

Date

Addison Diseases

Addison disease was named after the person who discovered it Dr. Thomas Addison who was British Surgeon. In 1849, he begun to look at adrenal insufficiency although endocrine function was yet to be explained. He discovered and explained the disease from autopsies that he performed on victims that had died from adrenal insufficiency. At that time there was no cure for the disease and those who suffered from it eventually succumbed as often they contracted tuberculosis as well. From then research into the disease were conducted in order to have better understanding of it including its cause by analyzing molecular basis of the disease. This paper delves into explaining the etiology of the disease including its molecular basis.

Addison’s disease is a chronic disease that results when the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient or fail to produce the hormones cortisol and aldosterone and for this reason, the disease is at times termed as chronic adrenal insufficiency or hypocortisolisms. The disease symptoms vary from one person to another. Visual development of the disease is elaborate over time and is often non-specific at first. It affects a number of individuals It affects a number of individuals worldwide and it affects both men and women worldwide (Erichsen, 2009). It is illustrated by uncontrolled weight loss, severs muscle weakness fatigue and low blood pressure, and in other cases the skin may darken. In most cases, Addison’s disease is caused by severe destruction on the adrenal cortex the outer part of the adrenal gland. The damage is often caused by the immune system. The Immune system might attack the adrenal gland causing severe damage to the adrenal cortex.

Addison’s disease is likely to occur among Caucasian European adults and has been found to occur in 140 people per million. The auto immune disease is also highly heritable when compared to other autoimmune conditions as researchers have discovered the prevalence rate of the disease to be in the ratio 160-210 among siblings. The rarity of the disease as well as the strong genetic etiology associated with it is an indication that it may have one or two variants that may confer the disease susceptibility in human beings. Common signs and symptoms of AAD may start at any point of the disease but are most likely to occur between the ages of 30 and 50. Common associated with the autoimmune disease includes nausea, fatigue, low blood pressure, weight loss, dizziness especially when one stands up too quickly, the skin may become abnormally dark in some areas a condition referred to as hyperpigmentation, lips as well as lining inside of the mouth tend to be dark. The disease also results in an imbalance of hormones associated with development of sexual characteristics and thus you may find a woman losing their underarm hairs or pubic hair.

90% of the damage caused to the endocrine organ renders the organ ineffective meaning it will not have the capability to produce sufficient steroids hormones, cortisol and aldosterone and once the levels of the three core hormones reduce, the symptoms of Addison’s manifest. Due to the underproduction of the cortisol hormone and aldosterone, Addison’s disease is otherwise known as chronic adrenal insufficiency or hypocortisolism. Some of the main functions of the cortical hormone include maintaining of blood pressure and the important cardiovascular functions, it also plays a critical role in aiding and balancing the work of insulin in ensuring the sugars are broken down to energy as well as ensuring the immune system inflammatory response is regulate. The hormone is also associated with the regulation of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat metabolism. Addison disease is also termed as autoimmune disease because it results from a malfunctioning immune system that produce cells to destroy other glands. The results are the destruction and disruption of other several hormones and hence affecting several other body systems.

Tuberculosis has also been termed as one of the main causes of the Addison’s disease, this is because Tb is a bacterial infection affecting the lungs and may at times affect other organs including the kidneys and in instances where the kidneys are affected then the adrenal glands responsible for important endocrine functions is damaged (Dabrowska, 2012). In many instances the Addison’s disease is also known as Autoimmune Addison’s Disease, it a rare condition and also has high chance of it being hereditary in comparison to other autoimmune conditions. Research demonstrates that the condition has a vivid and strong genetic connection and the characteristic make it possible for the disease to be hereditary. ADD may lead to an adrenal crisis that is often characterized by back pain, leg cramps, vomiting, severe low blood pressure that may lead to shock and abdominal pain. Often the adrenal crisis begins as a result of a stressor such as an infection, a surgery or even any kind of trauma. When the body experience stress, normally the adrenal gland will produce two to three times the amount of cortisol. However, for a person suffering from Addison disease, they have the inability to increase the amount of cortisol produced and thus the body cause to a crisis a condition referred to as addisonian crisis a life-threatening-situation.

Addison disease result when adrenal glands hence the hormone cortisol is not produced in the body as well as aldosterone. Adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system and have a part in production of hormones. Adrenal glands have the outer layer which is the cortex and the inner part which is the medulla. Cortex produce a group of hormones referred to as corticosteroids which include glucocorticoids, androgens and mineralocorticoids (Dalin, 2016). When the cortex becomes damaged it often does not produce adrenocortical hormones and the condition is known as primary adrenal insufficiency. This often leads to the body attacking itself and that is why the Addison disease is referred to as an autoimmune disease. The body begins viewing the adrenal cortex as a foreign object sand starts attacking and destroying it. There is

Adrenal dysgenesis is the development of congenital defects in the adrenal glands. In the normal development of the adrenal cortex, there are multiple genes that are required and if mutation occurs on any of these genes then an adrenal dysgenesis is likely to occur. There are various genes that have been identified to be important in the development of the adrenal cortex and they include nuclear hormone receptor superfamily a good example SF-1, DAX-1 which is the dosage-sensitive sex-reversal hypoplasia gene and ACTH receptor which is the melanocortin-2 receptor gene. When mutations occur in DAX-1, it may result in X-Linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia and hypogonadism (Suntharalingham, 2015). Adrenal hypoplasia is often present in males that have a life threatening adrenal crisis among newborns and hypogonadrophic hypogonadism in adolescent years.

The genetic variants known to lead to Addison’s disease, include those present at particular loci of the chromosomes such as MHC, MICA, CIITA, CTLA4, PTPN22, CYP27B1, NLRP-1 STAT4, GATA3 and CD274. Autoantibodies 21-hydroxylase (21OH-AA) has been identified as a factor that leads to progression of ADD. However, the highest genetic risk has been identified to be on the MHC, Major Histocompatibility region. The formation of 21OH-AA comes the development of Addison’s disease even with the absence of the symptoms and is a marker for the progression of the disease. 210H-AAA has been identified in progression of other autoimmune diseases such as thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes leading to the conclusion that these diseases may have a common pathophysiology.

SF-1 gene is necessary for the development of adrenal cortex the ventro-medial nucleus as well as the gonads and the gene is as a result of fushi turazu factor-1. SF-1 mutation is likely to result in adrenal insufficiency which eventually lead to Addison’s disease. In trying to establish how SF-1 resulted in adrenal agenesis, a mouse in vivo experiment was conducted and the Nr5al deleted. POR deficiency is a disorder of gonad and adrenal steroidogenesis which tends to affect microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes (Suntharalingham, 2015). When partial mutations occur on POR t causes partial deficiencies to 21-hydroxylase, steroid 17a-hydroxylase, 17, and 20. Evidence has been presented of both cell-mediated and humoral mechanism which are often directed to adrenal cortex that destroys it. Antibodies get to react with the steroidogenic enzymes often 21-hydroxylse.

ACTH deficiency has been linked to be another cause of the Addison’s disease. ACTH deficiency arises from a decrease in the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone produced by the pituitary gland. ACTH has been classified as a secondary adrenal insufficiency. Symptoms associated with ACTH include lack of appetite thus the patient is likely to be anorexic, weakness of muscles, nausea, low blood pressure and vomiting. Often concentration of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids that are produced by the adrenal cortex is often low. The congenital defect at birth characterized by the mutation of T-box 19 (TBX19) gene located on chromosome one and mutation also of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) gene that is located on chromosome eight (Skinningsrud, 2008). When someone has ACTH, later in life they are likely to develop the Addison’s disease. This due to the chronic depletion of the adrenocortical function that results in deficiencies of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. There are other factors that may result in secondary adrenal insufficiency including tumors in the central nervous system affecting release of hormones and necrosis of the pituitary gland after giving birth a condition referred to as Sheehan syndrome.

Addison disease has been found to have quite a strong genetic component but due to the fact that it is rare the recurrence rate in the family has been said to be at 2%. There are quite a number of disease-susceptibility alleles that have been pointed out that includes three loci linked with organ-specific autoimmunity and they include PTPN22, CTLA4 and MHC. Genetic variation in AIRE locus has also been pin pointed as a predisposing factor to ADD even when protein alteration does not occur (Su, 2008). MHC region on the chromosome 6 has proved to be an important factor for Addison disease in determining the risk of polygenic autoimmune disease. Most researchers have often pinpointed how AAD risk loci tend to vary between different populations and thus more research on the various risk loci needs to be conducted among various populations.

The treatment of Addison disease includes use of medication where one is given hormone replacement therapy thus replacing the levels of the steroid hormones that the body is unable to produce. In treatment of the disease, it involves the replacement of the cortisol which is at times administered in terms of tablets referred to as hydrocortisone or the prednisone. The dosing regimen has to be administered in such a way that it gets to mimic the natural concentration of the hormone cortisol. The quarter amount of a prednisolone may be used for the equal effects of glucocorticoid hormone same as the hydrocortisone. The treatment of the disease is lifelong which means a person with the condition is likely to be on the medication for the rest of their lives. An additional medicine referred to as fludrocortisone may be prescribed as it may be a replacement for the aldosterone that is missing (Bjornsdottir, 2013). On the prognosis, if well managed and one gets to take their medication as prescribed most people with the disease get to live a relatively normal life.

Thanks to research, Addison disease is no longer life threatening as it used to be. There have been drugs and therapies that have been developed that can help a person leave just a normal life. Individuals with ADD do not have to get TB as it used to be. The study of the molecular basis the researchers are trying to look into ways on how genes that resulted in the disease can be suppressed or how they can deal with the mutation hat result in adrenal failure are being modulated for example manipulation of the endogenous adrenocortical stem cell thus enhancing steroidogenesis. These kind of research is what has led to the development of medicines that mimic the hormones produced by the adrenal gland. Although Addison disease is among the rarest form of autoimmune disorders, researchers are putting work into it to look for ways to counter it.

References

Björnsdottir, S., Sundström, A., Ludvigsson, J. F., Blomqvist, P., Kämpe, O., & Bensing, S. (2013). Drug prescription patterns in patients with Addison’s disease: a Swedish population-based cohort study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(5), 2009-2018.

Dalin, F., Nordling Eriksson, G., Dahlqvist, P., Hallgren, Å., Wahlberg, J., Ekwall, O., … & Catrina, S. B. (2016). Clinical and immunological characteristics of autoimmune addison disease: a nationwide swedish multicenter study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 102(2), 379-389.

Dąbrowska, Anna Maria, Jerzy S. Tarach, and Maria Kurowska. “Addison’s disease due to tuberculosis of the adrenal glands–case report and review of the literature.” Medical and Biological Sciences 26.4 (2012): 55-60.

Erichsen, M. M., Løvås, K., Skinningsrud, B., Wolff, A. B., Undlien, D. E., Svartberg, J., … & Carlson, J. A. (2009). Clinical, immunological, and genetic features of autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency: observations from a Norwegian registry. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94(12), 4882-4890.

Skinningsrud, B., Husebye, E. S., Pearce, S. H., McDonald, D. O., Brandal, K., Wolff, A. B., … & Undlien, D. E. (2008). Polymorphisms in CLEC16A and CIITA at 16p13 are associated with primary adrenal insufficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 93(9), 3310-3317.

Su, M. A., Giang, K., Žumer, K., Jiang, H., Oven, I., Rinn, J. L., … & Chang, A. (2008). Mechanisms of an autoimmunity syndrome in mice caused by a dominant mutation in Aire. The Journal of clinical investigation, 118(5), 1712-1726.

Suntharalingham, J. P., Buonocore, F., Duncan, A. J., & Achermann, J. C. (2015). DAX-1 (NR0B1) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1, NR5A1) in human disease. Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 29(4), 607-619.

Mrs. Dutta Writes

“Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter”

HYPERLINK “http://www.theatlantic.com/author/chitra-divakaruni/” o “Chitra B. Divakaruni” Chitra B. Divakaruni

HYPERLINK “http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/toc/1998/04/” April 1998 Issue

Atlantic Monthly

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1998/04/mrs-dutta-writes-a-letter/377092/

Plot Summary: When Mrs. Dutta decided to give up her home of forty-five years to go to America, her relatives were less surprised than she had expected. Everyone knows, they said, that a wife’s place is with her husband, and a widow’s is with her son.

Biographical Sketch: Chitra B. Divakaruni (1957-) lived in her birthplace, Calcutta, India, until the age of nineteen when she came to Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, to continue her education in the field of English. She received her Ph. D. from the University of California, Berkeley, holding many odd jobs along the way. She is the author of Sister of My Heart, The Mistress of Spices, and Vine of Desire, a book of short stories, The Unknown Errors of Our Lives, and several books of poems. Her work has been included in over thirty anthologies, including Best American Short Stories and the Pushcart Prize anthology. Her first book of stories, Arranged Marriage, was the winner of several prestigious awards for fiction. She now lives in San Francisco with her husband and two children.

WHEN the alarm goes off at 5:00 A.M., buzzing like a trapped wasp, Mrs. Dutta has been lying awake for quite a while. She still has difficulty sleeping on the Perma Rest mattress that Sagar and Shyamoli, her son and daughter-in-law, have bought specially for her, though she has had it now for two months. It is too American-soft, unlike the reassuringly solid copra ticking she used at home. But this is home now, she reminds herself. She reaches hurriedly to turn off the alarm, but in the dark her fingers get confused among the knobs, and the electric clock falls with a thud to the floor. Its angry metallic call vibrates through the walls of her room, and she is sure it will wake everyone.

She yanks frantically at the wire until she feels it give, and in the abrupt silence that follows she hears herself breathing, a sound harsh and uneven and full of guilt.

Mrs. Dutta knows, of course, that this ruckus is her own fault. She should just not set the alarm. She does not need to get up early here in California, in her son’s house. But the habit, taught her by her mother-in-law when she was a bride of seventeen, A good wife wakes before the rest of the household, is one she finds impossible to break. How hard it was then to pull her unwilling body away from the sleep-warm clasp of her husband, Sagar’s father, whom she had just learned to love; to stumble to the kitchen that smelled of stale garam masala and light the coal stove so that she could make morning tea for them all — her parents- in- law, her husband, his two younger brothers, and the widowed aunt who lived with them.

After dinner, when the family sits in front of the TV, she tries to tell her grandchildren about those days. “I was never good at starting that stove — the smoke stung my eyes, making me cough and cough. Breakfast was never ready on time, and my mother- in- law — oh, how she scolded me, until I was in tears. Every night I’d pray to Goddess Durga, please let me sleep late, just one morning!”

“Mmmm,” Pradeep says, bent over a model plane.

[5] “Oooh, how awful,” Mrinalini says, wrinkling her nose politely before she turns back to a show filled with jokes that Mrs. Dutta does not understand.

“That’s why you should sleep in now, Mother,” Shyamoli says, smiling at her from the recliner where she sits looking through The Wall Street Journal. With her legs crossed so elegantly under the shimmery blue skirt she has changed into after work, and her unusually fair skin, she could pass for an American, thinks Mrs. Dutta, whose own skin is as brown as roasted cumin. The thought fills her with an uneasy pride.

From the floor where he leans against Shyamoli’s knee, Sagar adds, “We want you to be comfortable, Ma. To rest. That’s why we brought you to America.”

In spite of his thinning hair and the gold- rimmed glasses that he has recently taken to wearing, Sagar’s face seems to Mrs. Dutta still that of the boy she used to send off to primary school with his metal tiffin box. She remembers how he crawled into her bed on stormy monsoon nights, how when he was ill, no one else could make him drink his barley water. Her heart lightens in sudden gladness because she is really here, with him and his children in America. “Oh, Sagar,” she says, smiling, “now you’re talking like this! But did you give me a moment’s rest while you were growing up?” And she launches into a description of childhood pranks that has him shaking his head indulgently while disembodied TV laughter echoes through the room.

But later he comes into her bedroom and says, a little shamefaced, “Mother, please don’t get up so early in the morning. All that noise in the bathroom — it wakes us up, and Molli has such a long day at work… “

[10] And she, turning a little so that he won’t see her foolish eyes filling with tears, as though she were a teenage bride again and not a woman well over sixty, nods her head, yes,yes.

WAITING for the sounds of the stirring household to release her from the embrace of her Perma Rest mattress, Mrs. Dutta repeats the 108 holy names of God. Om Keshavaya Namah, Om Narayanaya Namah, Om Madhavaya Namah. But underneath she is thinking of the bleached- blue aerogram from Mrs. Basu that has been waiting unanswered on her bedside table all week, filled with news from home. Someone robbed the Sandhya jewelry store. The bandits had guns, but luckily no one was hurt. Mr. Joshi’s daughter, that sweet- faced child, has run away with her singing teacher. Who would’ve thought it? Mrs. Barucha’s daughter- in- law had one more baby girl. Yes, their fourth. You’d think they’d know better than to keep trying for a boy. Last Tuesday was Bangla Bandh, another labor strike, everything closed down, not even the buses running. But you can’t really blame them, can you? After all, factory workers have to eat too. Mrs. Basu’s tenants, whom she’d been trying to evict forever, finally moved out. Good riddance, but you should see the state of the flat.

At the very bottom Mrs. Basu wrote, Are you happy in America?

Mrs. Dutta knows that Mrs. Basu, who has been her closest friend since they both moved to Ghoshpara Lane as young brides, cannot be fobbed off with descriptions of Fisherman’s Wharf and the Golden Gate Bridge, or even with anecdotes involving grandchildren. And so she has been putting off her reply, while in her heart family loyalty battles with insidious feelings of — but she turns from them quickly and will not name them even to herself.

Now Sagar is knocking on the children’s doors — a curious custom this, children being allowed to close their doors against their parents. With relief Mrs. Dutta gathers up her bathroom things. She has plenty of time. Their mother will have to rap again before Pradeep and Mrinalini open their doors and stumble out. Still, Mrs. Dutta is not one to waste the precious morning. She splashes cold water on her face and neck (she does not believe in pampering herself), scrapes the night’s gumminess from her tongue with her metal tongue cleaner, and brushes vigorously, though the minty toothpaste does not leave her mouth feeling as clean as does the bittersweet neem stick she’s been using all her life. She combs the knots out of her hair. Even at her age it is thicker and silkier than her daughter- in- law’s permed curls. Such vanity, she scolds her reflection, and you a grandmother and a widow besides. Still, as she deftly fashions her hair into a neat coil, she remembers how her husband would always compare it to monsoon clouds.

[15] She hears a sudden commotion outside.

“Pat! Minnie! What d’you mean you still haven’t washed up? I’m late to work every morning nowadays because of you kids.”

“But, Mom, she’s in there. She’s been there forever… ” Mrinalini says.

Pause. Then, “So go to the downstairs bathroom.”

“But all our stuff is here,” Pradeep says, and Mrinalini adds, “It’s not fair. Why can’t she go downstairs?”

[20] A longer pause. Mrs. Dutta hopes that Shyamoli will not be too harsh with the girl. But a child who refers to elders in that disrespectful way ought to be punished. How many times did she slap Sagar for something far less, though he was her only one, the jewel of her eye, come to her after she had been married for seven years and everyone had given up hope? Whenever she lifted her hand to him, her heart was pierced through and through. Such is a mother’s duty.

But Shyamoli only says, in a tired voice, “That’s enough! Go put on your clothes, hurry!”

The grumblings recede. Footsteps clatter down the stairs. Inside the bathroom Mrs. Dutta bends over the sink, fists tight in the folds of her sari. Hard with the pounding in her head to think what she feels most — anger at the children for their rudeness, or at Shyamoli for letting them go unrebuked. Or is it shame she feels (but why?), this burning, acid and indigestible, that coats her throat in molten metal?

IT is 9:00 A.M., and the house, after the flurry of departures, of frantic “I can’t find my socks” and “Mom, he took my lunch money” and “I swear I’ll leave you kids behind if you’re not in the car in exactly one minute,” has settled into its quiet daytime rhythms.

Busy in the kitchen, Mrs. Dutta has recovered her spirits. Holding on to grudges is too exhausting, and besides, the kitchen — sunlight spilling across its countertops while the refrigerator hums reassuringly in the background — is her favorite place.

[25] Mrs. Dutta hums too as she fries potatoes for alu dum. Her voice is rusty and slightly off- key. In India she would never have ventured to sing, but with everyone gone the house is too quiet, all that silence pressing down on her like the heel of a giant hand, and the TV voices, with their strange foreign accents, are no help at all. As the potatoes turn golden- brown, she permits herself a moment of nostalgia for her Calcutta kitchen — the new gas stove she bought with the birthday money Sagar sent, the scoured- shiny brass pots stacked by the meat safe, the window with the lotus-pattern grille through which she could look down on white- uniformed children playing cricket after school. The mouthwatering smell of ginger and chili paste, ground fresh by Reba, the maid, and, in the evening, strong black Assam tea brewing in the kettle when Mrs. Basu came by to visit. In her mind she writes to Mrs. Basu: Oh, Roma, I miss it all so much. Sometimes I feel that someone has reached in and torn out a handful of my chest.

But only fools indulge in nostalgia, so Mrs. Dutta shakes her head clear of images and straightens up the kitchen. She pours the half-drunk glasses of milk down the sink, though Shyamoli has told her to save them in the refrigerator. But surely Shyamoli, a girl from a good Hindu family, doesn’t expect her to put contaminated jutha things with the rest of the food. She washes the breakfast dishes by hand instead of letting them wait inside the dishwasher till night, breeding germs. With practiced fingers she throws an assortment of spices into the blender: coriander, cumin, cloves, black pepper, a few red chilies for vigor. No stale bottled curry powder for her. At least the family’s eating well since I arrived, she writes in her mind. Proper Indian food, puffed-up chapatis, fish curry in mustard sauce, and real pulao with raisins and cashews and ghee — the way you taught me, Roma — instead of Rice- a- roni. She would like to add, They love it, but thinking of Shyamoli, she hesitates.

At first Shyamoli was happy enough to have someone take over the cooking. “It’s wonderful to come home to a hot dinner,” she’d say. Or “Mother, what crispy papads, and your fish curry is out of this world.” But recently she has taken to picking at her food, and once or twice from the kitchen Mrs. Dutta has caught wisps of words, intensely whispered: “cholesterol,” “all putting on weight,” “she’s spoiling you.” And though Shyamoli always says no when the children ask if they can have burritos from the freezer instead, Mrs. Dutta suspects that she would really like to say yes.

The children. A heaviness pulls at Mrs. Dutta’s entire body when she thinks of them. Like so much in this country, they have turned out to be — yes, she might as well admit it a disappointment.

For this she blames, in part, the Olan Mills portrait. Perhaps it was foolish of her to set so much store by a photograph, especially one taken years ago. But it was such a charming scene — Mrinalini in a ruffled white dress with her arm around her brother, Pradeep chubby and dimpled in a suit and bow tie, a glorious autumn forest blazing red and yellow behind them. (Later Mrs. Dutta was saddened to learn that the forest was merely a backdrop in a studio in California, where real trees did not turn such colors.)

[30] The picture had arrived, silver- framed and wrapped in a plastic sheet filled with bubbles, with a note from Shyamoli explaining that it was a Mother’s Day gift. (A strange concept, a day set aside to honor mothers. Did the sahibs not honor their mothers the rest of the year, then?) For a week Mrs. Dutta could not decide where it should be hung. If she put it in the drawing room, visitors would be able to admire her grandchildren, but if she put it on the bedroom wall, she would be able to see the photo last thing before she fell asleep. She finally opted for the bedroom, and later, when she was too ill with pneumonia to leave her bed for a month, she was glad of it.

Mrs. Dutta was accustomed to living on her own. She had done it for three years after Sagar’s father died, politely but stubbornly declining the offers of various relatives, well- meaning and otherwise, to come and stay with her. In this she surprised herself as well as others, who thought of her as a shy, sheltered woman, one who would surely fall apart without her husband to handle things for her. But she managed quite well. She missed Sagar’s father, of course, especially in the evenings, when it had been his habit to read to her the more amusing parts of the newspaper while she rolled out chapatis. But once the grief receded, she found she enjoyed being mistress of her own life, as she confided to Mrs. Basu. She liked being able, for the first time ever, to lie in bed all evening and read a new novel of Shankar’s straight through if she wanted, or to send out for hot eggplant pakoras on a rainy day without feeling guilty that she wasn’t serving up a balanced meal.

When the pneumonia hit, everything changed.

Mrs. Dutta had been ill before, but those illnesses had been different. Even in bed she’d been at the center of the household, with Reba coming to find out what should be cooked, Sagar’s father bringing her shirts with missing buttons, her mother- in- law, now old and tamed, complaining that the cook didn’t brew her tea strong enough, and Sagar running in crying because he’d had a fight with the neighbor boy. But now she had no one to ask her, querulously, Just how long do you plan to remain sick? No one waited in impatient exasperation for her to take on her duties again. No one’s life was inconvenienced the least bit by her illness.

Therefore she had no reason to get well.

[35] When this thought occurred to Mrs. Dutta, she was so frightened that her body grew numb. The walls of the room spun into blackness; the bed on which she lay, a vast fourposter she had shared with Sagar’s father since their wedding, rocked like a dinghy caught in a storm; and a great hollow roaring reverberated inside her head. For a moment, unable to move or see, she thought, I’m dead. Then her vision, desperate and blurry, caught on the portrait. My grandchildren. With some difficulty she focused on the bright, oblivious sheen of their faces, the eyes so like Sagar’s that for a moment heartsickness twisted inside her like a living thing. She drew a shudder of breath into her aching lungs, and the roaring seemed to recede. When the afternoon post brought another letter from Sagar — Mother, you really should come and live with us. We worry about you all alone in India, especially when you’re sick like this — she wrote back the same day, with fingers that still shook a little, You’re right: my place is with you, with my grandchildren.

But now that she is here on the other side of the world, she is wrenched by doubt. She knows the grandchildren love her — how can it be otherwise among family? And she loves them, she reminds herself, even though they have put away, somewhere in the back of a closet, the vellum-bound Ramayana for Young Readers that she carried all the way from India in her hand luggage. Even though their bodies twitch with impatience when she tries to tell them stories of her girlhood. Even though they offer the most transparent excuses when she asks them to sit with her while she chants the evening prayers. They’re flesh of my flesh, blood of my blood, she reminds herself. But sometimes when she listens, from the other room, to them speaking on the phone, their American voices rising in excitement as they discuss a glittering, alien world of Power Rangers, Metallica, and Spirit Week at school, she almost cannot believe what she hears.

STEPPING into the back yard with a bucket of newly washed clothes, Mrs. Dutta views the sky with some anxiety. The butter- gold sunlight is gone, black- bellied clouds have taken over the horizon, and the air feels still and heavy on her face, as before a Bengal storm. What if her clothes don’t dry by the time the others return home?

Washing clothes has been a problem for Mrs. Dutta ever since she arrived in California.

“We can’t, Mother,” Shyamoli said with a sigh when Mrs. Dutta asked Sagar to put up a clothesline for her in the back yard. (Shyamoli sighed often nowadays. Perhaps it was an American habit? Mrs. Dutta did not remember that the Indian Shyamoli, the docile bride she’d mothered for a month before putting her on a Pan Am flight to join her husband, pursed her lips in quite this way to let out a breath at once patient and exasperated.) “It’s just not done, not in a nice neighborhood like this one. And being the only Indian family on the street, we have to be extra careful. People here sometimes” She broke off with a shake of her head. “Why don’t you just keep your dirty clothes in the hamper I’ve put in your room, and I’ll wash them on Sunday along with everyone else’s.”

[40] Afraid of causing another sigh, Mrs. Dutta agreed reluctantly. She knew she should not store unclean clothes in the same room where she kept the pictures of her gods. That would bring bad luck. And the odor. Lying in bed at night she could smell it distinctly, even though Shyamoli claimed that the hamper was airtight. The sour, starchy old-woman smell embarrassed her.

She was more embarrassed when, on Sunday afternoons, Shyamoli brought the laundry into the family room to fold. Mrs. Dutta would bend intently over her knitting, face tingling with shame, as her daughter- in- law nonchalantly shook out the wisps of lace, magenta and sea- green and black, that were her panties, placing them next to a stack of Sagar’s briefs. And when, right in front of everyone, Shyamoli pulled out Mrs. Dutta’s crumpled, baggy bras from the heap, she wished the ground would open up and swallow her, like the Sita of mythology.

Then one day Shyamoli set the clothes basket down in front of Sagar.

“Can you do them today, Sagar?” (Mrs. Dutta, who had never, through the forty-two years of her marriage, addressed Sagar’s father by name, tried not to wince.) “I’ve got to get that sales report into the computer by tonight.”

Before Sagar could respond, Mrs. Dutta was out of her chair, knitting needles dropping to the floor.

[45] “No, no, no, clothes and all is no work for the man of the house. I’ll do it.” The thought of her son’s hands searching through the basket and lifting up his wife’s — and her own — underclothes filled her with horror.

“Mother!” Shyamoli said. “This is why Indian men are so useless around the house. Here in America we don’t believe in men’s work and women’s work. Don’t I work outside all day, just like Sagar? How’ll I manage if he doesn’t help me at home?”

“I’ll help you instead,” Mrs. Dutta ventured.

“You don’t understand, do you, Mother?” Shyamoli said with a shaky smile. Then she went into the study.

Mrs. Dutta sat down in her chair and tried to understand. But after a while she gave up and whispered to Sagar that she wanted him to teach her how to run the washer and dryer.

[50] “Why, Mother? Molli’s quite happy to … “

“I’ve got to learn it … ” Her voice was low and desperate as she rummaged through the tangled heap for her clothes.

Her son began to object and then shrugged. “Oh, very well. If it makes you happy.”

But later, when she faced the machines alone, their cryptic symbols and rows of gleaming knobs terrified her. What if she pressed the wrong button and flooded the entire floor with soapsuds? What if she couldn’t turn the machines off and they kept going, whirring maniacally, until they exploded? (This had happened on a TV show just the other day. Everyone else had laughed at the woman who jumped up and down, screaming hysterically, but Mrs. Dutta sat stiff- spined, gripping the armrests of her chair.) So she has taken to washing her clothes in the bathtub when she is alone. She never did such a chore before, but she remembers how the village washerwomen of her childhood would beat their saris clean against river rocks. And a curious satisfaction fills her as her clothes hit the porcelain with the same solid wet thunk.

My small victory, my secret.

[55] This is why everything must be dried and put safely away before Shyamoli returns. Ignorance, as Mrs. Dutta knows well from years of managing a household, is a great promoter of harmony. So she keeps an eye on the menacing advance of the clouds as she hangs up her blouses and underwear, as she drapes her sari along the redwood fence that separates her son’s property from the neighbor’s, first wiping the fence clean with a dish towel she has secretly taken from the bottom drawer in the kitchen. But she isn’t worried. Hasn’t she managed every time, even after that freak hailstorm last month, when she had to use the iron from the laundry closet to press everything dry? The memory pleases her. In her mind she writes to Mrs. Basu: I’m fitting in so well here, you’d never guess I came only two months back. I’ve found new ways of doing things, of solving problems creatively. You would be most proud if you saw me.

WHEN Mrs. Dutta decided to give up her home of forty- five years, her relatives showed far less surprise than she had expected. “Oh, we all knew you’d end up in America sooner or later,” they said. She had been foolish to stay on alone so long after Sagar’s father, may he find eternal peace, passed away. Good thing that boy of hers had come to his senses and called her to join him. Everyone knows a wife’s place is with her husband, and a widow’s is with her son.

Mrs. Dutta had nodded in meek agreement, ashamed to let anyone know that the night before she had awakened weeping.

“Well, now that you’re going, what’ll happen to all your things?” they asked.

Mrs. Dutta, still troubled over those traitorous tears, had offered up her household effects in propitiation. “Here, Didi, you take this cutwork bedspread. Mashima, for a long time I have meant for you to have these Corning Ware dishes; I know how much you admire them. And Boudi, this tape recorder that Sagar sent a year back is for you. Yes, yes, I’m quite sure. I can always tell Sagar to buy me another one when I get there.”

[60] Mrs. Basu, coming in just as a cousin made off triumphantly with a bone-china tea set, had protested. “Prameela, have you gone crazy? That tea set used to belong to your mother- in-law.”

“But what’ll I do with it in America? Shyamoli has her own set”

A look that Mrs. Dutta couldn’t read flitted across Mrs. Basu’s face. “But do you want to drink from it for the rest of your life?”

“What do you mean?”

Mrs. Basu hesitated. Then she said, “What if you don’t like it there?”

[65] “How can I not like it, Roma?” Mrs. Dutta’s voice was strident, even to her own ears. With an effort she controlled it and continued. “I’ll miss my friends, I know — and you most of all. And the things we do together — evening tea, our walk around Rabindra Sarobar Lake, Thursday night Bhagavad Gita class. But Sagar — they’re my only family. And blood is blood, after all.”

“I wonder,” Mrs. Basu said drily, and Mrs. Dutta recalled that though both of Mrs. Basu’s children lived just a day’s journey away, they came to see her only on occasions when common decency dictated their presence. Perhaps they were tightfisted in money matters, too. Perhaps that was why Mrs. Basu had started renting out her downstairs a few years earlier, even though, as anyone in Calcutta knew, tenants were more trouble than they were worth. Such filial neglect must be hard to take, though Mrs. Basu, loyal to her children as indeed a mother should be, never complained. In a way, Mrs. Dutta had been better off, with Sagar too far away for her to put his love to the test.

“At least don’t give up the house,” Mrs. Basu was saying. “You won’t be able to find another place in case … “

“In case what?” Mrs. Dutta asked, her words like stone chips. She was surprised to find that she was angrier with Mrs. Basu than she’d ever been. Or was she afraid? My son isn’t like yours, she’d been on the verge of spitting out. She took a deep breath and made herself smile, made herself remember that she might never see her friend again.

“Ah, Roma,” she said, putting her arm around Mrs. Basu. “You think I’m such an old witch that my Sagar and my Shyamoli will be unable to live with me?”

[70] Mrs. Dutta hums a popular Tagore song as she pulls her sari from the fence. It’s been a good day, as good as it can be in a country where you might stare out the window for hours and not see one living soul. No vegetable vendors with enormous wicker baskets balanced on their heads, no knife sharpeners with their distinctive call scissors- knives-choppers, scissors- knives- choppersto bring the children running. No peasant women with colorful tattoos on their arms to sell you cookware in exchange for your old silk saris. Why, even the animals that frequented Ghoshpara Lane had personality — stray dogs that knew to line up outside the kitchen door just when the leftovers were likely to be thrown out; the goat that maneuvered its head through the garden grille hoping to get at her dahlias; cows that planted themselves majestically in the center of the road, ignoring honking drivers. And right across the street was Mrs. Basu’s two- story house, which Mrs. Dutta knew as well as her own. How many times had she walked up the stairs to that airy room, painted sea- green and filled with plants, where her friend would be waiting for her?

Mrs. Dutta tells herself severely. Every single one of your relatives would give an arm and a leg to be in your place, you know that. After lunch you’re going to write a nice letter to Roma telling her exactly how delighted you are to be here.

From where Mrs. Dutta stands, gathering up petticoats and blouses, she can look into the next yard. Not that there’s much to see — just tidy grass and a few pale- blue flowers whose name she doesn’t know. Two wooden chairs sit under a tree, but Mrs. Dutta has never seen anyone using them. What’s the point of having such a big yard if you’re not even going to sit in it? she thinks. Calcutta pushes itself into her mind again, with its narrow, blackened flats where families of six and eight and ten squeeze themselves into two tiny rooms, and her heart fills with a sense of loss she knows to be illogical.

[75] When she first arrived in Sagar’s home, Mrs. Dutta wanted to go over and meet her next-door neighbors, maybe take them some of her special sweet rasogollahs, as she’d often done with Mrs. Basu. But Shyamoli said she shouldn’t. Such things were not the custom in California, she explained earnestly. You didn’t just drop in on people without calling ahead. Here everyone was busy; they didn’t sit around chatting, drinking endless cups of sugar- tea. Why, they might even say something unpleasant to her.

“For what?” Mrs. Dutta had asked disbelievingly, and Shyamoli had said, “Because Americans don’t like neighbors to” — here she used an English phrase — “invade their privacy.” Mrs. Dutta, who didn’t fully understand the word “privacy,” because there was no such term in Bengali, had gazed at her daughter- in- law in some bewilderment. But she understood enough not to ask again. In the following months, though, she often looked over the fence, hoping to make contact. People were people, whether in India or in America, and everyone appreciated a friendly face. When Shyamoli was as old as Mrs. Dutta, she would know that too.

Today, just as she is about to turn away, out of the corner of her eye Mrs. Dutta notices a movement. At one of the windows a woman is standing, her hair a sleek gold like that of the TV heroines whose exploits baffle Mrs. Dutta when she tunes in to an afternoon serial. She is smoking a cigarette, and a curl of gray rises lazily, elegantly, from her fingers. Mrs. Dutta is so happy to see another human being in the middle of her solitary day that she forgets how much she disapproves of smoking, especially in women. She lifts her hand in the gesture she has seen her grandchildren use to wave an eager hello.

The woman stares back at Mrs. Dutta. Her lips are a perfect painted red, and when she raises her cigarette to her mouth, its tip glows like an animal’s eye. She does not wave back or smile. Perhaps she is not well? Mrs. Dutta feels sorry for her, alone in her illness in a silent house with only cigarettes for solace, and she wishes the etiquette of America did not prevent her from walking over with a word of cheer and a bowl of her fresh- cooked alu dum.

Mrs. Dutta rarely gets a chance to be alone with her son. In the morning he is in too much of a hurry even to drink the fragrant cardamom tea that she (remembering how as a child he would always beg for a sip from her cup) offers to make him. He doesn’t return until dinnertime, and afterward he must help the children with their homework, read the paper, hear the details of Shyamoli’s day, watch his favorite TV crime show in order to unwind, and take out the garbage. In between, for he is a solicitous son, he converses with Mrs. Dutta. In response to his questions she assures him that her arthritis is much better now; no, no, she’s not growing bored being at home all the time; she has everything she needs Shyamoli has been so kind. But perhaps he could pick up a few aerograms on his way back tomorrow? She obediently recites for him an edited list of her day’s activities, and smiles when he praises her cooking. But when he says, “Oh, well, time to turn in, another working day tomorrow,” she feels a vague pain, like hunger, in the region of her heart.

[80] So it is with the delighted air of a child who has been offered an unexpected gift that she leaves her half- written letter to greet Sagar at the door today, a good hour before Shyamoli is due back. The children are busy in the fam

Morality Policy

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Morality Policy

Morality policies mainly refer to the issue that pertains to the political conflicts and shaped by the debates above the first principles. They aid in assessment of conflicts rather than contributory contemplations of the policy design. The pattern of identification to demarcate morality from the corresponding non-morality issues mainly, which rely on the considerations of the presence of the conflicts over the first principle. The question normally arises in the political conflicts center of the fundamental values of a polity rather than the corresponding questions of efficient policy designs. With the dominance of the principle at the expense of the instrumental conflicts makes the morality policies to be technically less complex thereby favoring wider public involvement within the policy process. Moreover, higher public involvement coupled with procedural easiness favor lofty political salience of morality policies. In regard to the underlying characteristics morality policies normally institute a new policy type of the underlying social regulatory policy that reflects relatively highly conflictive and corresponding salient procedure patterns that guide the redistributive policies as well as defining governing regulations that governs the social interaction thus being monitoring in nature

There has been escalation recognition that morality policy as relatively narrow issues and authorities. Morality policy is normally categorized by the conflicts of the first principle that are of extremely salient to the general public. They are not considered as the arcade policy instruments since they are distinct and simple statements that stipulates a polity’s values. Morality policy is also characterized by flows from other characteristics morality policy politics possessing a relatively advanced than the normal level of the underlying citizen participation.

Moreover, morality policy possesses a precise policy type of framing the policy issues based on the underlying approach diversity amidst the morality and corresponding non-morality policies via taking into consideration of the policy contents. Policies are normally taken as morality policy if their underlying monitoring substance is closely associated to the public decisions over the social value even though the manifestation might transcend boarders. Policy based approach evade problematic assumption inherent within the politics based standpoint that postulate clear procedure patterns irrespective of the political system at hand.

Conversely, Public policy normally affects every citizen in diverse ways and studied in the form of the issue oriented approach. The terminology public policies refer to the underlying action of the administration and corresponding intentions that determine such acts. Thus, public policy is the intentional course of action followed by the prevailing government institution in resolving an issue of the great public concern. Development of the public policy is extremely extraordinary since it normally involves public view, experts’ thoughts, media attitudes, and active citizens. Policymakers incorporate economic resources circumstance, prevalent cultural ideas and corresponding global situations. Public policy possess long term and short term impacts that demands constant evaluation and are normally of symbolic significance. The procedure of developing a new public policy ideally follows three outlined steps namely agenda background, alternative formulation accompanied execution. Moreover, public policies are normally developed by the underlying religious and cultural organizations for the assistances of the prevailing audience and contributors. Public policy is mainly concerns with the body of the principles that purely fortify the operation of the lawful systems in every state. They address the social, moral and economic values that hold the society together. Values of the public policy differ in diverse cultures and alter overtime thereby reinforcing prevailing social prospects. Public policies are generally putative societal norms and replicate the cooperative morality that guides society.