Case Study Pet Food Companies Prosper from Pet Humanization

Case Study: Pet Food Companies Prosper from Pet Humanization

Rongyu Lin

ENGW 3304 Sec 13

February 20, 2020

Executive Summary

The pet food industry acts as one of the most lucrative businesses in the US with the leading pet food company (Mars Petcare Inc.) earning a revenue of over $18 trillion per annum. The pet food industry thrives due to the rising demand for pets as alternative companions for humans. Besides, the humanization of pets, the practice of treating dogs like humans, tends to take the top stage as more people develop an interest in ensuring good health for their pets. Accordingly, this report examines Blue Buffalo as an exemplary pet food company that seeks to generate high-quality pet foods by utilizing fine quality natural ingredients and raw materials. The company specializes in the manufacture of food for dogs and cats to ensure that its clients realize their desired products. Luckily, there is a large and expanding market share for pet food in the US. Thus, this study provides critical information regarding the impacts of humanization of pets in the pet food industry.

Pet Food Companies Prosper From Pet Humanization

Introduction

The pet food industry serves as one of the most lucrative businesses in the current world due to the rising demand for pets as alternative companions for humans. Consequently, pet food companies realize huge revenues. For instance, the world’s leading pet food firm (Mars Petcare Inc.) earns revenue of over $18 trillion per annum (Petfoodindustry.com, n.d.). The company, Blue Buffalo, specializes in the manufacture of food for dogs and cats to ensure that its clients acquire their desired products. A rising global concern on the health and hygiene of pets facilitates the manufacture and sale of pet food of high nutritional value. Since many people find pets as suitable companions, they strive to ensure that they (pets) feed well and stay healthy. This case study examines Blue Buffalo pet food company to determine how humanization of pets affects its operations and eventual revenues.

Company Background

Blue Buffalo is a pet food company with its headquarters in Connecticut, USA. The company attains efficiency and better performance by specializing in the manufacture of food products for dogs and cats only (Brutschy et al., 2012). A family that was caring for their dog called Blue started the firm. The family used natural and quality ingredients to develop healthy and quality food for Blue when it was struggling with cancer (Bluebuffalo.com, 2020). Since its establishment in August 2003, Blue Buffalo has enjoyed significant growth and development by focusing on the generation of high-quality pet products through the use of natural ingredients. Accordingly, Blue Buffalo realized approximately US$1.43 billion in the financial year 2019 (petfoodindustry.com).

Besides, Blue Buffalo concentrates mainly on the American market. Accordingly, Blue Buffalo faces stiff competition from large international firms, including Mars Petcare Inc. and Nestle Purina Petcare and other small companies. As such, Blue Buffalo gains its competitive advantage by embracing a suitable approach to generating exceptionally quality pet foods made from high-quality ingredients, fruits, and whole meats to increase customer loyalty. Moreover, Blue Buffalo relies on the following five production lines to generate its products:

Blue Natural Veterinary Diet where dedicated veterinarians provide therapeutic diets for pets

Blue Freedom that deals with grain-free products

Blue Basics that focuses on the manufacture of foods for pets that are sensitive to some ingredients

Blue Wilderness that deals with grain-free, high-protein, and high-meat products

Blue Life Protection Formula that serves as the main product line, which handles a wide array of breed-specific and functional products and flavors (Duarte, 2019).

Overall, Blue Buffalo relies on a Blue Masterbrand to enhance recognition of its brands by the target market (Duarte, 2019). Accordingly, the company enjoys significant market for its new brands.

Blue Buffalo’s Operating Strategies

Blue Buffalo Manufactures and Sells High-Quality Products at High Prices

Blue Buffalo offers the best quality pet food to gain client loyalty and attract the highest number of customers whose aim is to ensure that their pets remain healthy. The firm sells some of its products at $4 per pound (Martin, 2011). The firm attains its goal and objectives by working under the slogan “Love them like family. Feed them like family.” Specifically, Blue Buffalo is inspired to provide pet foods of high nutritional value and quality to ensure that its clients attain ideal products for their pets. Moreover, Blue Buffalo offers several varieties and brands of pet food to suit the demands and needs of dogs and cats of varied dietary requirements, ages, and breeds. For instance, Crunch the wild, Blue Sizzlers, and Blue Divine Delights are among the company’s latest brands (Petsmart.com, 2020). Also, Blue Buffalo relies on some of the finest natural ingredients and raw materials to manufacture quality pet food. Besides, the organization depends on minerals and vitamins to enhance the quality and value of their products. Luckily, many clients are less sensitive to the price of pet foods because they are more concerned with quality of the products (pet foods) following the rising humanization of pets.

Blue Buffalo Focuses on Functional Pet Foods

Functional foods are fortified products containing lots of valuable components other than the essential nutrients like minerals and vitamins that encourage the wellbeing when consumed regularly (Hasler, 2002). Accordingly, Blue Buffalo incorporates probiotic microorganisms in their products to facilitate useful physiological processes that entail digestion and absorption of nutrients (Boileau, Stojanovic & Sunvold, 2006). Besides, functional pet foods help in reducing the risk of diseases and improving brain functions, thus ensuring that pets remain reliable companions to humans (Di Cerbo et al., 2017). Subsequently, many clients have opted to purchase functional foods for their pets as opposed to conventional foods because they want their pets to remain healthy.

Impact on Company Performance

Similarly, Blue Buffalo is enjoying huge revenues that have been increasing at double digits due to its strategic positioning in the marketplace (Duarte, 2019). The table below presents projected US pet food market size and Blue Buffalo’s revenues. A top-down approach is used to forecast Blue Buffalo’s revenues by focusing on its US market share and the overall projected pet food market in the US (Duarte, 2019).

2017 2018E 2019E 2020E 2021E 2022E 2023E 2024E

US Pet Food Market ($M) 31,084 32,448 33,902 35,379 36,897 38,476 40,087 41,819

Blue Buffalo Revenues ($M) 1,275 1,431 1,594 1,371 1,856 1,985 2,084 2,151

YOY Growth 10.9% 12.3% 11.4% 8.6% 7.2% 7.0% 5.0% 3.2%

(Duarte, 2019).

As a lucrative industry, the pet food business attracts massive revenues as illustrated in the table below. The World’s Top 10 Pet Food Companies

Company Country Annual Revenue

Mars Petcare, Inc.United States $18,085,000,000

Nestlé Purina PetCareUnited States $13,200,000,000

J.M. SmuckerUnited States $2,900,000,000

Hill’s Pet NutritionUnited States $2,318,000,000

Diamond Pet FoodsUnited States $1,500,000,000

General Mills (Blue Buffalo)United States $1,300,000,000

Spectrum Brands / United Pet GroupUnited States $820,500,000

Unicharm Corp.Japan $752,650,000

DeuererGermany $721,100,000

Heristo AG Germany $700,000,000

(Petfoodindustry.com, n.d.)

Conclusion

The pet food industry serves as one of the most lucrative industries in the world. The leading pet food firm in the world enjoys over $18 trillion revenue yearly. The growing humanization of pets encourages generation of high-quality products that promote wellbeing of pets. Accordingly, pet food firms like Blue Buffalo thrive by specializing in the manufacture of quality pet foods for specific types of pets. Blue Buffalo uses quality raw materials and natural ingredients to manufacture high-quality pet foods that promote good health and wellbeing of pets. Besides, Blue Buffalo generates functional foods that are highly valued because they attract lots of benefits that include the Prevention of diseases, and better absorption of nutrients by pets. Luckily, many customers are ready and willing to invest heavily in purchasing pet foods of the best quality because they value their pets that serve as appropriate companions in the current era. Fortunately, Blue Buffalo and other pet food companies have a promising future because the large US pet food market continues to grow. Humanization of pets has significant influence on operations of pet food companies and promotes attainment of huge revenues.

References

Bluebuffalo.com. (2020). The Blue Story – It’s all about family. Retrieved 12 February 2020, from https://bluebuffalo.com/why-choose-blue/blue-story/Boileau, T., Stojanovic, M., & Sunvold, G. (2006). U.S. Patent Application No. 11/366,234.

Brutschy, A., Tran, N. L., Baiboun, N., Frison, M., Pini, G., Roli, A., … & Birattari, M. (2012). Costs and benefits of behavioral specialization. Robotics and autonomous systems, 60(11), 1408-1420.

Di Cerbo, A., Morales-Medina, J. C., Palmieri, B., Pezzuto, F., Cocco, R., Flores, G., & Iannitti, T. (2017). Functional foods in pet nutrition: Focus on dogs and cats. Research in veterinary science, 112, 161-166.

Duarte, R. (2019). Blue buffalo-organic pet food (Doctoral dissertation).

Hasler, C. M. (2002). Functional foods: benefits, concerns and challenges—a position paper from the American Council on Science and Health. The Journal of nutrition, 132(12), 3772-3781.

Martin, A. (2011). ‘For the Dogs’ Has a Whole New Meaning. Retrieved 12 February 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/05/business/05pets.html

Petfoodindustry.com. (n.d.) Top Pet Food Companies Current Data. Retrieved from

https://www.petfoodindustry.com/directories/211-top-pet-food-companies-current-data)

Petsmart.com. (2020). Blue Buffalo. Retrieved 12 February 2020, from https://www.petsmart.com/featured-brands/blue-buffalo/dog-and-cat/#

Dear Rongyu,

I enjoyed reading your case study. I liked how you frame the story, it flows very nicely. In your introduction you effectively describe to the reader what the company does, and the market characteristics. This is very important because it allows the reader to understand the context. You also display the data in a reader-friendly way to the audience.

Your argument is well supported. However, while reading your case, I could only perceive one positive side of the story. You effectively describe how the humanization of pets increases a company’s profits. However, it would be good for the reader to also find a negative result of this, or to show also how new industries (beyond pet food) are emerging from this new trend. In regards to the data, I think that it needs some description after showing (a point in time in which the data is more meaningful, or a finding), rather than just placing it.

I look forward to reading your final draft, good luck!

Best,

Andrea Portilla

Dear Rongyu,

Overall, I think you pick a topic that I would really like to know more about. The data you collected is really good, and it helps bring out your points about the success of Blue Buffalo. I like the flow of your case, and because you are focusing on the success of mostly one company I would consider re-evaluating your research question and mention Blue Buffalo and how this company is making great profits from more people getting pets for companionship vs other companies.

My main suggestion would be looking at your analysis, I like the style you have going with the sub-headings; however, I think you could go more into depth about Blue Buffalo company and its background. If I were you, I would talk a little about the history of this company and how throughout the years their revenues have increased due to more people having pets. On the other hand, I think it would be interesting to focus a sub heading on the company marketing strategy and what have they done to become the number one choice of pet owners.

I think you have a good paper so far, I would just focus on organizing your findings and giving your paper a little more focus on the strategy behind Blue Buffalo to make profits from the growing pet ownership. If you like, I think it would be fantastic if you also look into the psychology of why more people are getting pets even though it is an extra cost for everyone.

Good luck with your final draft,

Andrea Arana

Addison Disease

Addison Disease

Name

Institution

Date

Addison Diseases

Addison disease was named after the person who discovered it Dr. Thomas Addison who was British Surgeon. In 1849, he begun to look at adrenal insufficiency although endocrine function was yet to be explained. He discovered and explained the disease from autopsies that he performed on victims that had died from adrenal insufficiency. At that time there was no cure for the disease and those who suffered from it eventually succumbed as often they contracted tuberculosis as well. From then research into the disease were conducted in order to have better understanding of it including its cause by analyzing molecular basis of the disease. This paper delves into explaining the etiology of the disease including its molecular basis.

Addison’s disease is a chronic disease that results when the adrenal glands do not produce sufficient or fail to produce the hormones cortisol and aldosterone and for this reason, the disease is at times termed as chronic adrenal insufficiency or hypocortisolisms. The disease symptoms vary from one person to another. Visual development of the disease is elaborate over time and is often non-specific at first. It affects a number of individuals It affects a number of individuals worldwide and it affects both men and women worldwide (Erichsen, 2009). It is illustrated by uncontrolled weight loss, severs muscle weakness fatigue and low blood pressure, and in other cases the skin may darken. In most cases, Addison’s disease is caused by severe destruction on the adrenal cortex the outer part of the adrenal gland. The damage is often caused by the immune system. The Immune system might attack the adrenal gland causing severe damage to the adrenal cortex.

Addison’s disease is likely to occur among Caucasian European adults and has been found to occur in 140 people per million. The auto immune disease is also highly heritable when compared to other autoimmune conditions as researchers have discovered the prevalence rate of the disease to be in the ratio 160-210 among siblings. The rarity of the disease as well as the strong genetic etiology associated with it is an indication that it may have one or two variants that may confer the disease susceptibility in human beings. Common signs and symptoms of AAD may start at any point of the disease but are most likely to occur between the ages of 30 and 50. Common associated with the autoimmune disease includes nausea, fatigue, low blood pressure, weight loss, dizziness especially when one stands up too quickly, the skin may become abnormally dark in some areas a condition referred to as hyperpigmentation, lips as well as lining inside of the mouth tend to be dark. The disease also results in an imbalance of hormones associated with development of sexual characteristics and thus you may find a woman losing their underarm hairs or pubic hair.

90% of the damage caused to the endocrine organ renders the organ ineffective meaning it will not have the capability to produce sufficient steroids hormones, cortisol and aldosterone and once the levels of the three core hormones reduce, the symptoms of Addison’s manifest. Due to the underproduction of the cortisol hormone and aldosterone, Addison’s disease is otherwise known as chronic adrenal insufficiency or hypocortisolism. Some of the main functions of the cortical hormone include maintaining of blood pressure and the important cardiovascular functions, it also plays a critical role in aiding and balancing the work of insulin in ensuring the sugars are broken down to energy as well as ensuring the immune system inflammatory response is regulate. The hormone is also associated with the regulation of carbohydrates, proteins, and fat metabolism. Addison disease is also termed as autoimmune disease because it results from a malfunctioning immune system that produce cells to destroy other glands. The results are the destruction and disruption of other several hormones and hence affecting several other body systems.

Tuberculosis has also been termed as one of the main causes of the Addison’s disease, this is because Tb is a bacterial infection affecting the lungs and may at times affect other organs including the kidneys and in instances where the kidneys are affected then the adrenal glands responsible for important endocrine functions is damaged (Dabrowska, 2012). In many instances the Addison’s disease is also known as Autoimmune Addison’s Disease, it a rare condition and also has high chance of it being hereditary in comparison to other autoimmune conditions. Research demonstrates that the condition has a vivid and strong genetic connection and the characteristic make it possible for the disease to be hereditary. ADD may lead to an adrenal crisis that is often characterized by back pain, leg cramps, vomiting, severe low blood pressure that may lead to shock and abdominal pain. Often the adrenal crisis begins as a result of a stressor such as an infection, a surgery or even any kind of trauma. When the body experience stress, normally the adrenal gland will produce two to three times the amount of cortisol. However, for a person suffering from Addison disease, they have the inability to increase the amount of cortisol produced and thus the body cause to a crisis a condition referred to as addisonian crisis a life-threatening-situation.

Addison disease result when adrenal glands hence the hormone cortisol is not produced in the body as well as aldosterone. Adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system and have a part in production of hormones. Adrenal glands have the outer layer which is the cortex and the inner part which is the medulla. Cortex produce a group of hormones referred to as corticosteroids which include glucocorticoids, androgens and mineralocorticoids (Dalin, 2016). When the cortex becomes damaged it often does not produce adrenocortical hormones and the condition is known as primary adrenal insufficiency. This often leads to the body attacking itself and that is why the Addison disease is referred to as an autoimmune disease. The body begins viewing the adrenal cortex as a foreign object sand starts attacking and destroying it. There is

Adrenal dysgenesis is the development of congenital defects in the adrenal glands. In the normal development of the adrenal cortex, there are multiple genes that are required and if mutation occurs on any of these genes then an adrenal dysgenesis is likely to occur. There are various genes that have been identified to be important in the development of the adrenal cortex and they include nuclear hormone receptor superfamily a good example SF-1, DAX-1 which is the dosage-sensitive sex-reversal hypoplasia gene and ACTH receptor which is the melanocortin-2 receptor gene. When mutations occur in DAX-1, it may result in X-Linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia and hypogonadism (Suntharalingham, 2015). Adrenal hypoplasia is often present in males that have a life threatening adrenal crisis among newborns and hypogonadrophic hypogonadism in adolescent years.

The genetic variants known to lead to Addison’s disease, include those present at particular loci of the chromosomes such as MHC, MICA, CIITA, CTLA4, PTPN22, CYP27B1, NLRP-1 STAT4, GATA3 and CD274. Autoantibodies 21-hydroxylase (21OH-AA) has been identified as a factor that leads to progression of ADD. However, the highest genetic risk has been identified to be on the MHC, Major Histocompatibility region. The formation of 21OH-AA comes the development of Addison’s disease even with the absence of the symptoms and is a marker for the progression of the disease. 210H-AAA has been identified in progression of other autoimmune diseases such as thyroiditis and type 1 diabetes leading to the conclusion that these diseases may have a common pathophysiology.

SF-1 gene is necessary for the development of adrenal cortex the ventro-medial nucleus as well as the gonads and the gene is as a result of fushi turazu factor-1. SF-1 mutation is likely to result in adrenal insufficiency which eventually lead to Addison’s disease. In trying to establish how SF-1 resulted in adrenal agenesis, a mouse in vivo experiment was conducted and the Nr5al deleted. POR deficiency is a disorder of gonad and adrenal steroidogenesis which tends to affect microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes (Suntharalingham, 2015). When partial mutations occur on POR t causes partial deficiencies to 21-hydroxylase, steroid 17a-hydroxylase, 17, and 20. Evidence has been presented of both cell-mediated and humoral mechanism which are often directed to adrenal cortex that destroys it. Antibodies get to react with the steroidogenic enzymes often 21-hydroxylse.

ACTH deficiency has been linked to be another cause of the Addison’s disease. ACTH deficiency arises from a decrease in the hormone adrenocorticotropic hormone produced by the pituitary gland. ACTH has been classified as a secondary adrenal insufficiency. Symptoms associated with ACTH include lack of appetite thus the patient is likely to be anorexic, weakness of muscles, nausea, low blood pressure and vomiting. Often concentration of 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids that are produced by the adrenal cortex is often low. The congenital defect at birth characterized by the mutation of T-box 19 (TBX19) gene located on chromosome one and mutation also of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) gene that is located on chromosome eight (Skinningsrud, 2008). When someone has ACTH, later in life they are likely to develop the Addison’s disease. This due to the chronic depletion of the adrenocortical function that results in deficiencies of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids. There are other factors that may result in secondary adrenal insufficiency including tumors in the central nervous system affecting release of hormones and necrosis of the pituitary gland after giving birth a condition referred to as Sheehan syndrome.

Addison disease has been found to have quite a strong genetic component but due to the fact that it is rare the recurrence rate in the family has been said to be at 2%. There are quite a number of disease-susceptibility alleles that have been pointed out that includes three loci linked with organ-specific autoimmunity and they include PTPN22, CTLA4 and MHC. Genetic variation in AIRE locus has also been pin pointed as a predisposing factor to ADD even when protein alteration does not occur (Su, 2008). MHC region on the chromosome 6 has proved to be an important factor for Addison disease in determining the risk of polygenic autoimmune disease. Most researchers have often pinpointed how AAD risk loci tend to vary between different populations and thus more research on the various risk loci needs to be conducted among various populations.

The treatment of Addison disease includes use of medication where one is given hormone replacement therapy thus replacing the levels of the steroid hormones that the body is unable to produce. In treatment of the disease, it involves the replacement of the cortisol which is at times administered in terms of tablets referred to as hydrocortisone or the prednisone. The dosing regimen has to be administered in such a way that it gets to mimic the natural concentration of the hormone cortisol. The quarter amount of a prednisolone may be used for the equal effects of glucocorticoid hormone same as the hydrocortisone. The treatment of the disease is lifelong which means a person with the condition is likely to be on the medication for the rest of their lives. An additional medicine referred to as fludrocortisone may be prescribed as it may be a replacement for the aldosterone that is missing (Bjornsdottir, 2013). On the prognosis, if well managed and one gets to take their medication as prescribed most people with the disease get to live a relatively normal life.

Thanks to research, Addison disease is no longer life threatening as it used to be. There have been drugs and therapies that have been developed that can help a person leave just a normal life. Individuals with ADD do not have to get TB as it used to be. The study of the molecular basis the researchers are trying to look into ways on how genes that resulted in the disease can be suppressed or how they can deal with the mutation hat result in adrenal failure are being modulated for example manipulation of the endogenous adrenocortical stem cell thus enhancing steroidogenesis. These kind of research is what has led to the development of medicines that mimic the hormones produced by the adrenal gland. Although Addison disease is among the rarest form of autoimmune disorders, researchers are putting work into it to look for ways to counter it.

References

Björnsdottir, S., Sundström, A., Ludvigsson, J. F., Blomqvist, P., Kämpe, O., & Bensing, S. (2013). Drug prescription patterns in patients with Addison’s disease: a Swedish population-based cohort study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 98(5), 2009-2018.

Dalin, F., Nordling Eriksson, G., Dahlqvist, P., Hallgren, Å., Wahlberg, J., Ekwall, O., … & Catrina, S. B. (2016). Clinical and immunological characteristics of autoimmune addison disease: a nationwide swedish multicenter study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 102(2), 379-389.

Dąbrowska, Anna Maria, Jerzy S. Tarach, and Maria Kurowska. “Addison’s disease due to tuberculosis of the adrenal glands–case report and review of the literature.” Medical and Biological Sciences 26.4 (2012): 55-60.

Erichsen, M. M., Løvås, K., Skinningsrud, B., Wolff, A. B., Undlien, D. E., Svartberg, J., … & Carlson, J. A. (2009). Clinical, immunological, and genetic features of autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency: observations from a Norwegian registry. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 94(12), 4882-4890.

Skinningsrud, B., Husebye, E. S., Pearce, S. H., McDonald, D. O., Brandal, K., Wolff, A. B., … & Undlien, D. E. (2008). Polymorphisms in CLEC16A and CIITA at 16p13 are associated with primary adrenal insufficiency. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 93(9), 3310-3317.

Su, M. A., Giang, K., Žumer, K., Jiang, H., Oven, I., Rinn, J. L., … & Chang, A. (2008). Mechanisms of an autoimmunity syndrome in mice caused by a dominant mutation in Aire. The Journal of clinical investigation, 118(5), 1712-1726.

Suntharalingham, J. P., Buonocore, F., Duncan, A. J., & Achermann, J. C. (2015). DAX-1 (NR0B1) and steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1, NR5A1) in human disease. Best practice & research Clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 29(4), 607-619.

Mrs. Dutta Writes

“Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter”

HYPERLINK “http://www.theatlantic.com/author/chitra-divakaruni/” o “Chitra B. Divakaruni” Chitra B. Divakaruni

HYPERLINK “http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/toc/1998/04/” April 1998 Issue

Atlantic Monthly

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1998/04/mrs-dutta-writes-a-letter/377092/

Plot Summary: When Mrs. Dutta decided to give up her home of forty-five years to go to America, her relatives were less surprised than she had expected. Everyone knows, they said, that a wife’s place is with her husband, and a widow’s is with her son.

Biographical Sketch: Chitra B. Divakaruni (1957-) lived in her birthplace, Calcutta, India, until the age of nineteen when she came to Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, to continue her education in the field of English. She received her Ph. D. from the University of California, Berkeley, holding many odd jobs along the way. She is the author of Sister of My Heart, The Mistress of Spices, and Vine of Desire, a book of short stories, The Unknown Errors of Our Lives, and several books of poems. Her work has been included in over thirty anthologies, including Best American Short Stories and the Pushcart Prize anthology. Her first book of stories, Arranged Marriage, was the winner of several prestigious awards for fiction. She now lives in San Francisco with her husband and two children.

WHEN the alarm goes off at 5:00 A.M., buzzing like a trapped wasp, Mrs. Dutta has been lying awake for quite a while. She still has difficulty sleeping on the Perma Rest mattress that Sagar and Shyamoli, her son and daughter-in-law, have bought specially for her, though she has had it now for two months. It is too American-soft, unlike the reassuringly solid copra ticking she used at home. But this is home now, she reminds herself. She reaches hurriedly to turn off the alarm, but in the dark her fingers get confused among the knobs, and the electric clock falls with a thud to the floor. Its angry metallic call vibrates through the walls of her room, and she is sure it will wake everyone.

She yanks frantically at the wire until she feels it give, and in the abrupt silence that follows she hears herself breathing, a sound harsh and uneven and full of guilt.

Mrs. Dutta knows, of course, that this ruckus is her own fault. She should just not set the alarm. She does not need to get up early here in California, in her son’s house. But the habit, taught her by her mother-in-law when she was a bride of seventeen, A good wife wakes before the rest of the household, is one she finds impossible to break. How hard it was then to pull her unwilling body away from the sleep-warm clasp of her husband, Sagar’s father, whom she had just learned to love; to stumble to the kitchen that smelled of stale garam masala and light the coal stove so that she could make morning tea for them all — her parents- in- law, her husband, his two younger brothers, and the widowed aunt who lived with them.

After dinner, when the family sits in front of the TV, she tries to tell her grandchildren about those days. “I was never good at starting that stove — the smoke stung my eyes, making me cough and cough. Breakfast was never ready on time, and my mother- in- law — oh, how she scolded me, until I was in tears. Every night I’d pray to Goddess Durga, please let me sleep late, just one morning!”

“Mmmm,” Pradeep says, bent over a model plane.

[5] “Oooh, how awful,” Mrinalini says, wrinkling her nose politely before she turns back to a show filled with jokes that Mrs. Dutta does not understand.

“That’s why you should sleep in now, Mother,” Shyamoli says, smiling at her from the recliner where she sits looking through The Wall Street Journal. With her legs crossed so elegantly under the shimmery blue skirt she has changed into after work, and her unusually fair skin, she could pass for an American, thinks Mrs. Dutta, whose own skin is as brown as roasted cumin. The thought fills her with an uneasy pride.

From the floor where he leans against Shyamoli’s knee, Sagar adds, “We want you to be comfortable, Ma. To rest. That’s why we brought you to America.”

In spite of his thinning hair and the gold- rimmed glasses that he has recently taken to wearing, Sagar’s face seems to Mrs. Dutta still that of the boy she used to send off to primary school with his metal tiffin box. She remembers how he crawled into her bed on stormy monsoon nights, how when he was ill, no one else could make him drink his barley water. Her heart lightens in sudden gladness because she is really here, with him and his children in America. “Oh, Sagar,” she says, smiling, “now you’re talking like this! But did you give me a moment’s rest while you were growing up?” And she launches into a description of childhood pranks that has him shaking his head indulgently while disembodied TV laughter echoes through the room.

But later he comes into her bedroom and says, a little shamefaced, “Mother, please don’t get up so early in the morning. All that noise in the bathroom — it wakes us up, and Molli has such a long day at work… “

[10] And she, turning a little so that he won’t see her foolish eyes filling with tears, as though she were a teenage bride again and not a woman well over sixty, nods her head, yes,yes.

WAITING for the sounds of the stirring household to release her from the embrace of her Perma Rest mattress, Mrs. Dutta repeats the 108 holy names of God. Om Keshavaya Namah, Om Narayanaya Namah, Om Madhavaya Namah. But underneath she is thinking of the bleached- blue aerogram from Mrs. Basu that has been waiting unanswered on her bedside table all week, filled with news from home. Someone robbed the Sandhya jewelry store. The bandits had guns, but luckily no one was hurt. Mr. Joshi’s daughter, that sweet- faced child, has run away with her singing teacher. Who would’ve thought it? Mrs. Barucha’s daughter- in- law had one more baby girl. Yes, their fourth. You’d think they’d know better than to keep trying for a boy. Last Tuesday was Bangla Bandh, another labor strike, everything closed down, not even the buses running. But you can’t really blame them, can you? After all, factory workers have to eat too. Mrs. Basu’s tenants, whom she’d been trying to evict forever, finally moved out. Good riddance, but you should see the state of the flat.

At the very bottom Mrs. Basu wrote, Are you happy in America?

Mrs. Dutta knows that Mrs. Basu, who has been her closest friend since they both moved to Ghoshpara Lane as young brides, cannot be fobbed off with descriptions of Fisherman’s Wharf and the Golden Gate Bridge, or even with anecdotes involving grandchildren. And so she has been putting off her reply, while in her heart family loyalty battles with insidious feelings of — but she turns from them quickly and will not name them even to herself.

Now Sagar is knocking on the children’s doors — a curious custom this, children being allowed to close their doors against their parents. With relief Mrs. Dutta gathers up her bathroom things. She has plenty of time. Their mother will have to rap again before Pradeep and Mrinalini open their doors and stumble out. Still, Mrs. Dutta is not one to waste the precious morning. She splashes cold water on her face and neck (she does not believe in pampering herself), scrapes the night’s gumminess from her tongue with her metal tongue cleaner, and brushes vigorously, though the minty toothpaste does not leave her mouth feeling as clean as does the bittersweet neem stick she’s been using all her life. She combs the knots out of her hair. Even at her age it is thicker and silkier than her daughter- in- law’s permed curls. Such vanity, she scolds her reflection, and you a grandmother and a widow besides. Still, as she deftly fashions her hair into a neat coil, she remembers how her husband would always compare it to monsoon clouds.

[15] She hears a sudden commotion outside.

“Pat! Minnie! What d’you mean you still haven’t washed up? I’m late to work every morning nowadays because of you kids.”

“But, Mom, she’s in there. She’s been there forever… ” Mrinalini says.

Pause. Then, “So go to the downstairs bathroom.”

“But all our stuff is here,” Pradeep says, and Mrinalini adds, “It’s not fair. Why can’t she go downstairs?”

[20] A longer pause. Mrs. Dutta hopes that Shyamoli will not be too harsh with the girl. But a child who refers to elders in that disrespectful way ought to be punished. How many times did she slap Sagar for something far less, though he was her only one, the jewel of her eye, come to her after she had been married for seven years and everyone had given up hope? Whenever she lifted her hand to him, her heart was pierced through and through. Such is a mother’s duty.

But Shyamoli only says, in a tired voice, “That’s enough! Go put on your clothes, hurry!”

The grumblings recede. Footsteps clatter down the stairs. Inside the bathroom Mrs. Dutta bends over the sink, fists tight in the folds of her sari. Hard with the pounding in her head to think what she feels most — anger at the children for their rudeness, or at Shyamoli for letting them go unrebuked. Or is it shame she feels (but why?), this burning, acid and indigestible, that coats her throat in molten metal?

IT is 9:00 A.M., and the house, after the flurry of departures, of frantic “I can’t find my socks” and “Mom, he took my lunch money” and “I swear I’ll leave you kids behind if you’re not in the car in exactly one minute,” has settled into its quiet daytime rhythms.

Busy in the kitchen, Mrs. Dutta has recovered her spirits. Holding on to grudges is too exhausting, and besides, the kitchen — sunlight spilling across its countertops while the refrigerator hums reassuringly in the background — is her favorite place.

[25] Mrs. Dutta hums too as she fries potatoes for alu dum. Her voice is rusty and slightly off- key. In India she would never have ventured to sing, but with everyone gone the house is too quiet, all that silence pressing down on her like the heel of a giant hand, and the TV voices, with their strange foreign accents, are no help at all. As the potatoes turn golden- brown, she permits herself a moment of nostalgia for her Calcutta kitchen — the new gas stove she bought with the birthday money Sagar sent, the scoured- shiny brass pots stacked by the meat safe, the window with the lotus-pattern grille through which she could look down on white- uniformed children playing cricket after school. The mouthwatering smell of ginger and chili paste, ground fresh by Reba, the maid, and, in the evening, strong black Assam tea brewing in the kettle when Mrs. Basu came by to visit. In her mind she writes to Mrs. Basu: Oh, Roma, I miss it all so much. Sometimes I feel that someone has reached in and torn out a handful of my chest.

But only fools indulge in nostalgia, so Mrs. Dutta shakes her head clear of images and straightens up the kitchen. She pours the half-drunk glasses of milk down the sink, though Shyamoli has told her to save them in the refrigerator. But surely Shyamoli, a girl from a good Hindu family, doesn’t expect her to put contaminated jutha things with the rest of the food. She washes the breakfast dishes by hand instead of letting them wait inside the dishwasher till night, breeding germs. With practiced fingers she throws an assortment of spices into the blender: coriander, cumin, cloves, black pepper, a few red chilies for vigor. No stale bottled curry powder for her. At least the family’s eating well since I arrived, she writes in her mind. Proper Indian food, puffed-up chapatis, fish curry in mustard sauce, and real pulao with raisins and cashews and ghee — the way you taught me, Roma — instead of Rice- a- roni. She would like to add, They love it, but thinking of Shyamoli, she hesitates.

At first Shyamoli was happy enough to have someone take over the cooking. “It’s wonderful to come home to a hot dinner,” she’d say. Or “Mother, what crispy papads, and your fish curry is out of this world.” But recently she has taken to picking at her food, and once or twice from the kitchen Mrs. Dutta has caught wisps of words, intensely whispered: “cholesterol,” “all putting on weight,” “she’s spoiling you.” And though Shyamoli always says no when the children ask if they can have burritos from the freezer instead, Mrs. Dutta suspects that she would really like to say yes.

The children. A heaviness pulls at Mrs. Dutta’s entire body when she thinks of them. Like so much in this country, they have turned out to be — yes, she might as well admit it a disappointment.

For this she blames, in part, the Olan Mills portrait. Perhaps it was foolish of her to set so much store by a photograph, especially one taken years ago. But it was such a charming scene — Mrinalini in a ruffled white dress with her arm around her brother, Pradeep chubby and dimpled in a suit and bow tie, a glorious autumn forest blazing red and yellow behind them. (Later Mrs. Dutta was saddened to learn that the forest was merely a backdrop in a studio in California, where real trees did not turn such colors.)

[30] The picture had arrived, silver- framed and wrapped in a plastic sheet filled with bubbles, with a note from Shyamoli explaining that it was a Mother’s Day gift. (A strange concept, a day set aside to honor mothers. Did the sahibs not honor their mothers the rest of the year, then?) For a week Mrs. Dutta could not decide where it should be hung. If she put it in the drawing room, visitors would be able to admire her grandchildren, but if she put it on the bedroom wall, she would be able to see the photo last thing before she fell asleep. She finally opted for the bedroom, and later, when she was too ill with pneumonia to leave her bed for a month, she was glad of it.

Mrs. Dutta was accustomed to living on her own. She had done it for three years after Sagar’s father died, politely but stubbornly declining the offers of various relatives, well- meaning and otherwise, to come and stay with her. In this she surprised herself as well as others, who thought of her as a shy, sheltered woman, one who would surely fall apart without her husband to handle things for her. But she managed quite well. She missed Sagar’s father, of course, especially in the evenings, when it had been his habit to read to her the more amusing parts of the newspaper while she rolled out chapatis. But once the grief receded, she found she enjoyed being mistress of her own life, as she confided to Mrs. Basu. She liked being able, for the first time ever, to lie in bed all evening and read a new novel of Shankar’s straight through if she wanted, or to send out for hot eggplant pakoras on a rainy day without feeling guilty that she wasn’t serving up a balanced meal.

When the pneumonia hit, everything changed.

Mrs. Dutta had been ill before, but those illnesses had been different. Even in bed she’d been at the center of the household, with Reba coming to find out what should be cooked, Sagar’s father bringing her shirts with missing buttons, her mother- in- law, now old and tamed, complaining that the cook didn’t brew her tea strong enough, and Sagar running in crying because he’d had a fight with the neighbor boy. But now she had no one to ask her, querulously, Just how long do you plan to remain sick? No one waited in impatient exasperation for her to take on her duties again. No one’s life was inconvenienced the least bit by her illness.

Therefore she had no reason to get well.

[35] When this thought occurred to Mrs. Dutta, she was so frightened that her body grew numb. The walls of the room spun into blackness; the bed on which she lay, a vast fourposter she had shared with Sagar’s father since their wedding, rocked like a dinghy caught in a storm; and a great hollow roaring reverberated inside her head. For a moment, unable to move or see, she thought, I’m dead. Then her vision, desperate and blurry, caught on the portrait. My grandchildren. With some difficulty she focused on the bright, oblivious sheen of their faces, the eyes so like Sagar’s that for a moment heartsickness twisted inside her like a living thing. She drew a shudder of breath into her aching lungs, and the roaring seemed to recede. When the afternoon post brought another letter from Sagar — Mother, you really should come and live with us. We worry about you all alone in India, especially when you’re sick like this — she wrote back the same day, with fingers that still shook a little, You’re right: my place is with you, with my grandchildren.

But now that she is here on the other side of the world, she is wrenched by doubt. She knows the grandchildren love her — how can it be otherwise among family? And she loves them, she reminds herself, even though they have put away, somewhere in the back of a closet, the vellum-bound Ramayana for Young Readers that she carried all the way from India in her hand luggage. Even though their bodies twitch with impatience when she tries to tell them stories of her girlhood. Even though they offer the most transparent excuses when she asks them to sit with her while she chants the evening prayers. They’re flesh of my flesh, blood of my blood, she reminds herself. But sometimes when she listens, from the other room, to them speaking on the phone, their American voices rising in excitement as they discuss a glittering, alien world of Power Rangers, Metallica, and Spirit Week at school, she almost cannot believe what she hears.

STEPPING into the back yard with a bucket of newly washed clothes, Mrs. Dutta views the sky with some anxiety. The butter- gold sunlight is gone, black- bellied clouds have taken over the horizon, and the air feels still and heavy on her face, as before a Bengal storm. What if her clothes don’t dry by the time the others return home?

Washing clothes has been a problem for Mrs. Dutta ever since she arrived in California.

“We can’t, Mother,” Shyamoli said with a sigh when Mrs. Dutta asked Sagar to put up a clothesline for her in the back yard. (Shyamoli sighed often nowadays. Perhaps it was an American habit? Mrs. Dutta did not remember that the Indian Shyamoli, the docile bride she’d mothered for a month before putting her on a Pan Am flight to join her husband, pursed her lips in quite this way to let out a breath at once patient and exasperated.) “It’s just not done, not in a nice neighborhood like this one. And being the only Indian family on the street, we have to be extra careful. People here sometimes” She broke off with a shake of her head. “Why don’t you just keep your dirty clothes in the hamper I’ve put in your room, and I’ll wash them on Sunday along with everyone else’s.”

[40] Afraid of causing another sigh, Mrs. Dutta agreed reluctantly. She knew she should not store unclean clothes in the same room where she kept the pictures of her gods. That would bring bad luck. And the odor. Lying in bed at night she could smell it distinctly, even though Shyamoli claimed that the hamper was airtight. The sour, starchy old-woman smell embarrassed her.

She was more embarrassed when, on Sunday afternoons, Shyamoli brought the laundry into the family room to fold. Mrs. Dutta would bend intently over her knitting, face tingling with shame, as her daughter- in- law nonchalantly shook out the wisps of lace, magenta and sea- green and black, that were her panties, placing them next to a stack of Sagar’s briefs. And when, right in front of everyone, Shyamoli pulled out Mrs. Dutta’s crumpled, baggy bras from the heap, she wished the ground would open up and swallow her, like the Sita of mythology.

Then one day Shyamoli set the clothes basket down in front of Sagar.

“Can you do them today, Sagar?” (Mrs. Dutta, who had never, through the forty-two years of her marriage, addressed Sagar’s father by name, tried not to wince.) “I’ve got to get that sales report into the computer by tonight.”

Before Sagar could respond, Mrs. Dutta was out of her chair, knitting needles dropping to the floor.

[45] “No, no, no, clothes and all is no work for the man of the house. I’ll do it.” The thought of her son’s hands searching through the basket and lifting up his wife’s — and her own — underclothes filled her with horror.

“Mother!” Shyamoli said. “This is why Indian men are so useless around the house. Here in America we don’t believe in men’s work and women’s work. Don’t I work outside all day, just like Sagar? How’ll I manage if he doesn’t help me at home?”

“I’ll help you instead,” Mrs. Dutta ventured.

“You don’t understand, do you, Mother?” Shyamoli said with a shaky smile. Then she went into the study.

Mrs. Dutta sat down in her chair and tried to understand. But after a while she gave up and whispered to Sagar that she wanted him to teach her how to run the washer and dryer.

[50] “Why, Mother? Molli’s quite happy to … “

“I’ve got to learn it … ” Her voice was low and desperate as she rummaged through the tangled heap for her clothes.

Her son began to object and then shrugged. “Oh, very well. If it makes you happy.”

But later, when she faced the machines alone, their cryptic symbols and rows of gleaming knobs terrified her. What if she pressed the wrong button and flooded the entire floor with soapsuds? What if she couldn’t turn the machines off and they kept going, whirring maniacally, until they exploded? (This had happened on a TV show just the other day. Everyone else had laughed at the woman who jumped up and down, screaming hysterically, but Mrs. Dutta sat stiff- spined, gripping the armrests of her chair.) So she has taken to washing her clothes in the bathtub when she is alone. She never did such a chore before, but she remembers how the village washerwomen of her childhood would beat their saris clean against river rocks. And a curious satisfaction fills her as her clothes hit the porcelain with the same solid wet thunk.

My small victory, my secret.

[55] This is why everything must be dried and put safely away before Shyamoli returns. Ignorance, as Mrs. Dutta knows well from years of managing a household, is a great promoter of harmony. So she keeps an eye on the menacing advance of the clouds as she hangs up her blouses and underwear, as she drapes her sari along the redwood fence that separates her son’s property from the neighbor’s, first wiping the fence clean with a dish towel she has secretly taken from the bottom drawer in the kitchen. But she isn’t worried. Hasn’t she managed every time, even after that freak hailstorm last month, when she had to use the iron from the laundry closet to press everything dry? The memory pleases her. In her mind she writes to Mrs. Basu: I’m fitting in so well here, you’d never guess I came only two months back. I’ve found new ways of doing things, of solving problems creatively. You would be most proud if you saw me.

WHEN Mrs. Dutta decided to give up her home of forty- five years, her relatives showed far less surprise than she had expected. “Oh, we all knew you’d end up in America sooner or later,” they said. She had been foolish to stay on alone so long after Sagar’s father, may he find eternal peace, passed away. Good thing that boy of hers had come to his senses and called her to join him. Everyone knows a wife’s place is with her husband, and a widow’s is with her son.

Mrs. Dutta had nodded in meek agreement, ashamed to let anyone know that the night before she had awakened weeping.

“Well, now that you’re going, what’ll happen to all your things?” they asked.

Mrs. Dutta, still troubled over those traitorous tears, had offered up her household effects in propitiation. “Here, Didi, you take this cutwork bedspread. Mashima, for a long time I have meant for you to have these Corning Ware dishes; I know how much you admire them. And Boudi, this tape recorder that Sagar sent a year back is for you. Yes, yes, I’m quite sure. I can always tell Sagar to buy me another one when I get there.”

[60] Mrs. Basu, coming in just as a cousin made off triumphantly with a bone-china tea set, had protested. “Prameela, have you gone crazy? That tea set used to belong to your mother- in-law.”

“But what’ll I do with it in America? Shyamoli has her own set”

A look that Mrs. Dutta couldn’t read flitted across Mrs. Basu’s face. “But do you want to drink from it for the rest of your life?”

“What do you mean?”

Mrs. Basu hesitated. Then she said, “What if you don’t like it there?”

[65] “How can I not like it, Roma?” Mrs. Dutta’s voice was strident, even to her own ears. With an effort she controlled it and continued. “I’ll miss my friends, I know — and you most of all. And the things we do together — evening tea, our walk around Rabindra Sarobar Lake, Thursday night Bhagavad Gita class. But Sagar — they’re my only family. And blood is blood, after all.”

“I wonder,” Mrs. Basu said drily, and Mrs. Dutta recalled that though both of Mrs. Basu’s children lived just a day’s journey away, they came to see her only on occasions when common decency dictated their presence. Perhaps they were tightfisted in money matters, too. Perhaps that was why Mrs. Basu had started renting out her downstairs a few years earlier, even though, as anyone in Calcutta knew, tenants were more trouble than they were worth. Such filial neglect must be hard to take, though Mrs. Basu, loyal to her children as indeed a mother should be, never complained. In a way, Mrs. Dutta had been better off, with Sagar too far away for her to put his love to the test.

“At least don’t give up the house,” Mrs. Basu was saying. “You won’t be able to find another place in case … “

“In case what?” Mrs. Dutta asked, her words like stone chips. She was surprised to find that she was angrier with Mrs. Basu than she’d ever been. Or was she afraid? My son isn’t like yours, she’d been on the verge of spitting out. She took a deep breath and made herself smile, made herself remember that she might never see her friend again.

“Ah, Roma,” she said, putting her arm around Mrs. Basu. “You think I’m such an old witch that my Sagar and my Shyamoli will be unable to live with me?”

[70] Mrs. Dutta hums a popular Tagore song as she pulls her sari from the fence. It’s been a good day, as good as it can be in a country where you might stare out the window for hours and not see one living soul. No vegetable vendors with enormous wicker baskets balanced on their heads, no knife sharpeners with their distinctive call scissors- knives-choppers, scissors- knives- choppersto bring the children running. No peasant women with colorful tattoos on their arms to sell you cookware in exchange for your old silk saris. Why, even the animals that frequented Ghoshpara Lane had personality — stray dogs that knew to line up outside the kitchen door just when the leftovers were likely to be thrown out; the goat that maneuvered its head through the garden grille hoping to get at her dahlias; cows that planted themselves majestically in the center of the road, ignoring honking drivers. And right across the street was Mrs. Basu’s two- story house, which Mrs. Dutta knew as well as her own. How many times had she walked up the stairs to that airy room, painted sea- green and filled with plants, where her friend would be waiting for her?

Mrs. Dutta tells herself severely. Every single one of your relatives would give an arm and a leg to be in your place, you know that. After lunch you’re going to write a nice letter to Roma telling her exactly how delighted you are to be here.

From where Mrs. Dutta stands, gathering up petticoats and blouses, she can look into the next yard. Not that there’s much to see — just tidy grass and a few pale- blue flowers whose name she doesn’t know. Two wooden chairs sit under a tree, but Mrs. Dutta has never seen anyone using them. What’s the point of having such a big yard if you’re not even going to sit in it? she thinks. Calcutta pushes itself into her mind again, with its narrow, blackened flats where families of six and eight and ten squeeze themselves into two tiny rooms, and her heart fills with a sense of loss she knows to be illogical.

[75] When she first arrived in Sagar’s home, Mrs. Dutta wanted to go over and meet her next-door neighbors, maybe take them some of her special sweet rasogollahs, as she’d often done with Mrs. Basu. But Shyamoli said she shouldn’t. Such things were not the custom in California, she explained earnestly. You didn’t just drop in on people without calling ahead. Here everyone was busy; they didn’t sit around chatting, drinking endless cups of sugar- tea. Why, they might even say something unpleasant to her.

“For what?” Mrs. Dutta had asked disbelievingly, and Shyamoli had said, “Because Americans don’t like neighbors to” — here she used an English phrase — “invade their privacy.” Mrs. Dutta, who didn’t fully understand the word “privacy,” because there was no such term in Bengali, had gazed at her daughter- in- law in some bewilderment. But she understood enough not to ask again. In the following months, though, she often looked over the fence, hoping to make contact. People were people, whether in India or in America, and everyone appreciated a friendly face. When Shyamoli was as old as Mrs. Dutta, she would know that too.

Today, just as she is about to turn away, out of the corner of her eye Mrs. Dutta notices a movement. At one of the windows a woman is standing, her hair a sleek gold like that of the TV heroines whose exploits baffle Mrs. Dutta when she tunes in to an afternoon serial. She is smoking a cigarette, and a curl of gray rises lazily, elegantly, from her fingers. Mrs. Dutta is so happy to see another human being in the middle of her solitary day that she forgets how much she disapproves of smoking, especially in women. She lifts her hand in the gesture she has seen her grandchildren use to wave an eager hello.

The woman stares back at Mrs. Dutta. Her lips are a perfect painted red, and when she raises her cigarette to her mouth, its tip glows like an animal’s eye. She does not wave back or smile. Perhaps she is not well? Mrs. Dutta feels sorry for her, alone in her illness in a silent house with only cigarettes for solace, and she wishes the etiquette of America did not prevent her from walking over with a word of cheer and a bowl of her fresh- cooked alu dum.

Mrs. Dutta rarely gets a chance to be alone with her son. In the morning he is in too much of a hurry even to drink the fragrant cardamom tea that she (remembering how as a child he would always beg for a sip from her cup) offers to make him. He doesn’t return until dinnertime, and afterward he must help the children with their homework, read the paper, hear the details of Shyamoli’s day, watch his favorite TV crime show in order to unwind, and take out the garbage. In between, for he is a solicitous son, he converses with Mrs. Dutta. In response to his questions she assures him that her arthritis is much better now; no, no, she’s not growing bored being at home all the time; she has everything she needs Shyamoli has been so kind. But perhaps he could pick up a few aerograms on his way back tomorrow? She obediently recites for him an edited list of her day’s activities, and smiles when he praises her cooking. But when he says, “Oh, well, time to turn in, another working day tomorrow,” she feels a vague pain, like hunger, in the region of her heart.

[80] So it is with the delighted air of a child who has been offered an unexpected gift that she leaves her half- written letter to greet Sagar at the door today, a good hour before Shyamoli is due back. The children are busy in the fam

Morality Policy

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Professor

Course

Date

Morality Policy

Morality policies mainly refer to the issue that pertains to the political conflicts and shaped by the debates above the first principles. They aid in assessment of conflicts rather than contributory contemplations of the policy design. The pattern of identification to demarcate morality from the corresponding non-morality issues mainly, which rely on the considerations of the presence of the conflicts over the first principle. The question normally arises in the political conflicts center of the fundamental values of a polity rather than the corresponding questions of efficient policy designs. With the dominance of the principle at the expense of the instrumental conflicts makes the morality policies to be technically less complex thereby favoring wider public involvement within the policy process. Moreover, higher public involvement coupled with procedural easiness favor lofty political salience of morality policies. In regard to the underlying characteristics morality policies normally institute a new policy type of the underlying social regulatory policy that reflects relatively highly conflictive and corresponding salient procedure patterns that guide the redistributive policies as well as defining governing regulations that governs the social interaction thus being monitoring in nature

There has been escalation recognition that morality policy as relatively narrow issues and authorities. Morality policy is normally categorized by the conflicts of the first principle that are of extremely salient to the general public. They are not considered as the arcade policy instruments since they are distinct and simple statements that stipulates a polity’s values. Morality policy is also characterized by flows from other characteristics morality policy politics possessing a relatively advanced than the normal level of the underlying citizen participation.

Moreover, morality policy possesses a precise policy type of framing the policy issues based on the underlying approach diversity amidst the morality and corresponding non-morality policies via taking into consideration of the policy contents. Policies are normally taken as morality policy if their underlying monitoring substance is closely associated to the public decisions over the social value even though the manifestation might transcend boarders. Policy based approach evade problematic assumption inherent within the politics based standpoint that postulate clear procedure patterns irrespective of the political system at hand.

Conversely, Public policy normally affects every citizen in diverse ways and studied in the form of the issue oriented approach. The terminology public policies refer to the underlying action of the administration and corresponding intentions that determine such acts. Thus, public policy is the intentional course of action followed by the prevailing government institution in resolving an issue of the great public concern. Development of the public policy is extremely extraordinary since it normally involves public view, experts’ thoughts, media attitudes, and active citizens. Policymakers incorporate economic resources circumstance, prevalent cultural ideas and corresponding global situations. Public policy possess long term and short term impacts that demands constant evaluation and are normally of symbolic significance. The procedure of developing a new public policy ideally follows three outlined steps namely agenda background, alternative formulation accompanied execution. Moreover, public policies are normally developed by the underlying religious and cultural organizations for the assistances of the prevailing audience and contributors. Public policy is mainly concerns with the body of the principles that purely fortify the operation of the lawful systems in every state. They address the social, moral and economic values that hold the society together. Values of the public policy differ in diverse cultures and alter overtime thereby reinforcing prevailing social prospects. Public policies are generally putative societal norms and replicate the cooperative morality that guides society.

More Reasons Why Jurisprudence Is Not Legal Philosophy

More Reasons Why Jurisprudence Is Not Legal Philosophy

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

More Reasons Why Jurisprudence Is Not Legal Philosophy

Introduction

Too many people, legal theory, philosophy of law, legal philosophy, and jurisprudence are terms that mean the same thing in the legal field. Most commonly, many people tend to relate legal philosophy and jurisprudent as being the same thing, which is not valid. The confusion between the meaning of the two terms comes as a result of authors not clearly distinguishing the two terms, but an article by Roger Cotterrell explains the distinction between the two terms. According to Cotterrell (2014), he states that jurisprudent is not legal philosophy, and he gives his reason behind his sentiments.

Cotterrell’s Position

According to Cotterrell, he states that there is a vast difference between legal philosophy and jurisprudence, but also jurisprudence is losing its ground on issues of legal philosophy. The complete takeover between legal philosophy and jurisprudence has not yet taken over as the schools of law have given the philosophy department to take over generating the general account of law (Robertson, 2017). The reason why the philosophers have been given total control over these issues is that lawyers feel as if their contribution is not taken seriously and not considered, which results in living the issue in the hands of the philosophers.

Professionals need to be placed in a field that suits them to prevent confusion, especially in the academic field. Having professional teach a field or a course that they have not specialized in it brings confusion to the students because these professionals use different techniques to teach a course which is not suitable for that specific field of study (Robertson, 2017). For instance, Brian Leiter who has a degree in law but has specialized in philosophy to Ph.D. level, Leiter has more specialization in philosophy, so in the instance, he is allowed to teach law to students, he uses philosophical approaches to teach law which results in creating confusion to the students. Having people who are not qualified in finding a solution to a problem in a field that they do not specialize in leads to more negative results because of the use of different approaches to the problem.

Different scholars have come up with the various definition of jurisprudent to show the difference between what it means and what legal philosophy means to show there relation or difference between the two (Robertson, 2017). Cotterrell critiques the definition given by other scholars stating that they are half baked and do not conform to the true meaning of jurisprudent. He says that jurisprudent cannot conform or developed by other fields of study apart from the law. Also, it cannot be generally described as it entails a lot of, and it is not just a part of the legal system.

Fish’s Contribution

According to Fish, he believes that there is a distinctive difference between jurisprudence and legal philosophy, and there is no comparison between the two. He also mentions that he believes that legal philosophy is not a superior practice of law. It is noted that legal philosophy is not focused on jurist experience; instead, it deals more with problems that are defined by philosophical interest. However, Fish disagrees with Cotterrell by mentioning that philosophy has no particular consequence for any other field or practice (Fish, 2003). Fish claims that philosophy is not a master of all arts, as previously claimed by philosophers because it does not directly affect other fields of practice.

The main issue why Fish has a different position of philosophy by using the anti-foundationalism epistemology (Robertson, 2017). Foundationalism states that people can attain an unmediated and direct perception of reality that is independently characterized by the human‘s perception. It states that it is by accurate apprehension of the exterior realism that humans can arrive at the truth. Nevertheless, on the other hand, the anti-foundationalism perspective claims that foundationalism perception is not possible because human reality is shaped by humans themselves (Fish 1989, p.326). Fish believes that it is human nature for them to live in a world with order and with significance in facts such as values and beliefs.

The primary aim of Fish to critique the foundationalism epistemology is because he says it built on the impossible beginning of the self. The foundationalism perspective tries to avoid the fact that human beings are limited and that there is a distorting nature of human beings which tries to paint them as mere accidents or contingent features. Fish claims that if human beings were locally rooted beings, it might show the relevant difference between jurisprudence and legal philosophy. Fish agrees with Cotterrell’s description of jurisprudence, where he states that it is a local theory, and it is rooted in a particular socio-legal situation reality.

Through fish arguments on anti-foundationalism, he gains more information that goes hand in hand with Cotterrell’s idea about rejecting that of legal philosophy has proceeded of jurisprudence. He says that for human experience to have a shape, it does so because of the background that is already in place (Robertson, 2017). It is due to the shared background in human beings that people tend to have the same meaning. On practice should not affect another, and it should not affect each other, and with that, then the relationship between legal philosophy and jurisprudence does not exist. As mentioned earlier, philosophy is not a superior art that affects other art, so it does not affect jurisprudence.

Disciplinary Autonomy, Interdisciplinary, And Interdisciplinary Borrowing

There is an objection to Fish’s analysis as it is termed as being defective since his thesis separates all tasks into different and separate units which barely not affected or influenced by other factors. His analysis does not explain interdisciplinary coordination or cooperation, which exists in the real world, as there is no independent practice (Robertson, 2017). Fish defends his arguments by stating that independence of practice is not attained by separating them from others but out is achieved by taking exclusive jurisdiction over the specific tasks that that are to be done in the society. Fish claims that disciplinary autonomy is claimed to have a direct relevant relationship between the jurisprudence and legal philosophy, stating that practice A can borrow from practice B.

Do Cotterrell and Fish Have Incompatible Epistemologies?

There is an incompatibility between Fish and Cotterrell, although they both agree that there is a difference between legal philosophy and jurisprudence, each of them has taken a different route to come to their decision (Robertson, 2017). For example, Cotterrell focuses more on socio-legal and sociological law while, on the other hand, Fish focuses more on denying that the anti-foundationalism epistemological have any relative consequences and does not pose any threat to intentions facts. Universal truth on this matter cannot be attained or reached without controversy, which is contributed to the fact that every individual has knowledge of something, and they believe what they know is the truth.

Conclusion

In conclusion, both Fish and Cotterrell agree that there is no direct relationship between jurisprudence and legal philosophy. The two also decide that jurisprudence is rooted in a practice that is specific to a particular place and time and legal culture. While on the other hand, legal philosophy aims at rising above local settings to grasp timelessness and universal truth. Although each one of them uses different approaches, the end up with the same solution that jurisprudence is not legal philosophy.

References

Cotterrell, R. (2014). Why Jurisprudence Is Not Legal Philosophy. Jurisprudence: An International Journal of Legal and Political Thought 5(1): 41–55.

Fish, S. (2000). Theory Minimalism. San Diego Law Review 37: 761–76.

Fish, S. (2001). Holocaust Denial and Academic Freedom. Valparaiso University Law

Review 35(3): 499–524

Robertson, M. (2017). More Reasons Why Jurisprudence Is Not Legal Philosophy. Ratio Juris, 30(4), 403-416.

Msc Globalisation. UCL Department of Geography

Personal statement

Wu Yuheng: Msc Globalisation — UCL Department of Geography

Majority of my friends are in doubt considering various career issues. I however been blessed with clarity considering my career goals and so I understand and know what I would exactly like to pursue. My exceptional critical thinking skills have enabled me to clearly define my goals. I have had a natural inclination to MSc Globalization from UCL Department of Geography. I am a person with overflowing potential of making a profound and lasting positive influence inn Globalization.

It is through my love for natural environment and the love for the reach and power of Geography that has influenced my choice for Globalization. My first degree on Economics and Social studies were completed in the University of Manchester. I have had a positive academic performance and continuously progressed through various study levels and performed well in both economic and social studies. Additionally, I am a good team player. I’m motivated, dedicated and a capable learner. This is confirmed by Dr. Young’s statement when he confirmed that she believes in my potentiality of doing well and so highly recommend me for masters in Globalization.

I successfully completed three modules in this University. I have further met various lecturers in discussion of my academic and personal matters. Dr Young for instance has appreciated my motivation and dedication towards my studies and was further impressed by the general desire to learn and improve myself. These are my strengths for achieving what I have started.

I have a had a experience in working with BBCWORLD SERVICE form March 2012 till July 2013. During this time, through my good command of English and Chinese language, I helped BBC in adopting content on UK file, education and entertainment form English sources for the Mandarin website (www.BBCUKChina.com). Additionally, I adopted content for BC’s news and current affairs website www.BBCChinese.com. I was thus able to apply the BBC editorial guidelines and production skills I had learned during my internship.

I have the desire to learn and so was able to learn BBC”s editorial guidelines suing the time I worked for them. I have the ability to master new skills, and curiosity to learn, whether formally or informally. I basically love learning new things either in class or just on my own. Willingness to learn is instrumental in development of my professional life. Learning more, means addition of professional knowledge that is necessary for my professional advancement. Eagerness to learn also assists in developing personal endeavors such as relationships and I believe these talents will enable me gain more in Msc Globalization. Learning has ensured that I understand the other person better and therefore know his likes and dislikes, hobbies, talents and the important occasions in their lives and this was evident when I participated in “world have your say” in BBC.

I have good organizations skills and this enabled me contribute my personal diary to BBC’s website and shared my study life experiences in the UK with various readers from Chinese. Additionally, BBC loved my writing style which had a personal touch and my writings were thus among the top 5 most population on the website. Noteworthy, my organized writings were further carried out by Chinese online partners including China’s largest portal QQ.com. When BBC World Service was bringing out the point on good communication skills, they did not forget to mention that I am a multilingual person who can speak more than two languages both internal and local. They also mentioned how I am acquainted with their editorial guidelines and this is one of my significant skills pointing that I can easily learn new things within a very short period of time.

I have very high critical thinking skills that can help me to succeed in any given working situation. I am a good listener thus I make sure that I say less but listen more to what another person is saying thus this can also help me to succeed when it comes to me dealing with very different people that I will come across in life. I also have very good communication skills both verbal and written which will help me to communicate with different people that I will be dealing with in this course and thereafter.

As I aspire to reach my goals I have come realize that the knowledge I have acquire through education as well as proficient interests are greatly linked to the role of leadership. My enthusiasm to continue with my education and also the experiences gained through management roles are beyond reasonable doubt the inspiration to embark in one of my most motivating journeys of my life. Since I was taught to value education beyond academia, I have always aspired to obtain knowledge of both culture and the community as well as be able to appreciate human condition. I am also quiet self-motivated and determined to broaden the skills and knowledge. Apart from academics, I have always participated with dedication as a member of the community service groups during my undergraduate years at Manchester University.

It is my sincere belief that I have the eagerness to embrace the challenges that I am sure Globalization will present. Therefore, I carry with me the enthusiasm, excitement as well as motivation, enough compassion and the confidence required to pursue this field. I also believe that this will in the long run allow me the opportunity to impact positively in the community, just as I have always dreamed.

Case Study Report

Assessment 3: Case Study Report

Author

Institution

Course

Instructor

Date

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u Case Study Report PAGEREF _Toc64284821 h 3Introduction and Background of the Case PAGEREF _Toc64284822 h 3HRM Issues in the Case Study PAGEREF _Toc64284823 h 3Performance management challenges as a result of globalization PAGEREF _Toc64284824 h 4Challenge of professional training and development PAGEREF _Toc64284825 h 4Challenge to embrace culture and integration PAGEREF _Toc64284826 h 5Challenge of diversity management PAGEREF _Toc64284827 h 6The HRM Response to Prevent these Issues from Reoccurring PAGEREF _Toc64284828 h 7Recommendations and Proposed Implementations to Eliminate the Issues PAGEREF _Toc64284829 h 10Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc64284830 h 11References PAGEREF _Toc64284831 h 12

Case Study ReportIntroduction and Background of the Case

Globalization has been evolving continuously over the past years. This has enabled corporations to reach consumers and investors worldwide in a faster, deeper, and cheaper way than ever before. The ever-increasing interconnection and incorporation of people, culture, and companies imply that global corporations face constant challenges for competitive excellence (Cascio & Boudreau, 2016). In this case study, the emphasis is on identification of issues relevant to international human resource management, looking at how to address the said issues in a HRM environment, and presenting a plan to the organization as a way forward of ensuring these issues are fully eliminated for purposes of future business cooperation. No Name is a company that operates in the aircraft industry. The company is faced with the challenge of inadequate performance management, lack of professional training g and development, integration of culture among employees, and lack of diversity respect. The challenges are threatening the company’s profits. The possibility to maximize investors’ return and increase share price is at risk; thus, the CEO has genuine concerns regarding the possibility of a firm takeover if the current position of the company is not improved with urgency.

HRM Issues in the Case StudyLike every other major corporation, No Name is battling issues that ultimately touch on the human resource management segment of the business. The direct effect is that the company is facing one of its lowest performance ever recorded. In line with this, this section will identify the issues, explain them, and contextualize ways of addressing each one to help No Name recover from its current position.

Performance management challenges as a result of globalizationEmployees are hired for performance, and they are expected to excel in their work. Performance is affected by contextual and task performance factors. Task factors include the core activities of a corporation, for instance, automobile manufacturing, airplane manufacturing, and software development. On the other hand, contextual factors represent the environment of working (Haak, Festing, & Darwish 2017). Performance management is the evaluation and continuous improvement of employee’s performance. With proper execution of performance management, it creates an explicit link between employee performance and the firm’s strategic goals. The management of host country nationals makes performance management challenges. There are no reviews conducted at the subsidiary by the respective human resource managers. The performance reviews are only conducted in Australia at the headquarters of No Name, thus ignoring all of the international branches in China, Singapore, and Vietnam where the company has employees. It is important to note that a majority of the company’s employees operate out of Singapore and a lot of assembling of aircrafts is also done there. Performance management is also challenging due to the fact that no formal appraisal processes are conducted for expatriates. Furthermore, at the headquarters, they do not consider the economic factors of the subsidiary, and they are under pressure to perform due to the high cost and expectations from Australia. The company lacks proper management performance, resulting in inflicting performance outcomes between subsidiaries and the headquarters.

Challenge of professional training and developmentNo Name is battling a serious challenge in terms of training and professionally developing their employee to international standards. Human resource departments have the responsibility to transform how businesses are done through training and developing their employees. With rapid globalization, the human resource department should exploit the opportunities through training their workforce to implement the changes rapidly. The new global world has enlarged the talent pool for the excellent and marginal workforce; hence when organizations source workforce globally, they have a competitive advantage. The global workforce affects employee performance, profitability, and customer satisfaction levels. The human resource department can use data analytics and technology in building a global human resource information system.

No Name corporation has a diverse workforce from Australia, China, and Singapore. The human resource department offers the same training to the workforce without considering employee background environment since it assumes they have equal needs, which is contrary given human beings are unique. Also, employees are not provided with avenues to give feedback on the impact of expatriate training. Some of the employees complain about the lack of training to allow integration with others despite coming from different backgrounds and cultures. The company lacks systematic workforce planning and administration development programs. The purpose of the administration programs is to identify and enroll potential administrators and develop their knowledge and skills to meet firms’ goals.Moreover, employees are unaware of their career outlook given that there is no utilization of career development plans. Also, the senior management does not train the junior employees to avoid being overtaken in promotion by them, resulting in key employees being poached by other companies. The company lacks proper training and development programs.

Challenge to embrace culture and integrationThe culture of organizations includes both formal and informal systems. The formal is the official communication from the management, the internal policies and code of conducts, workers recruiting process, training programs, and performance and goal setting (David, Valas, & Raghunathan, 2018). Workers should consider belief and work according to firms’ cultural systems. The informal culture includes standards of daily behavior, practices that help employees understand strong identity and values, myths about the firm, daily language behavior used by employees. These two elements are a challenge to the organization culture and integration at No Name because the company has not emphasized on one positive culture but has rather allowed several negative cultures to run concurrently.

The culture developed at No Name corporation headquarters is negative given that there is a communication breakdown between junior employees and management. This kind of communication has been replicated between headquarters and subsidiaries. The major challenge facing the firm is quality. The firm has established a negative reputation regarding quality, especially in China and Vietnam. Given that aircraft require modification after selling to customers, they complain about the quality of No Name products. The quality issue has resulted in customers sending a warning to the company to withhold payments unless the quality is improved within the next six months.

Furthermore, the supervisors are given a different number of teams to lead rather than giving equal roles to ensure equity. This inequality has barred integration across the teams. Teams are complaining about other teams making their working environment severe. Teams work in their area of specifications only; thus, working relationships across the team are suffering. Employees are complaining about receiving minimal instructions since the communication is compromised both laterally and horizontally. The company lacks programs to develop culture and integration.

Challenge of diversity management

Diversity management is related to the degree of diversity within the workforce (Koellen, 2019). A corporation that is not diverse is largely based on the sex of employees and skin color. A diverse workforce does not segregate based on race and gender; rather, it is open to any category of people. Human resource department the responsibility of establishing a diverse workforce through developing programs that encourage diversity during recruitment and running of the business.

Despite No Name outlying in their policy that all employees should respect race, age, ethnicity, and gender, there are diversity issues among the workforce. At the headquarters, employees are segregated based on their age. The senior staff has a bad relationship working the young employees. The firm also does not recruit people with disabilities in China. People with disability applications are ignored even when their qualifications surpass that of other candidates. Furthermore, the human resource department does not have clear customs to enable employees to understand each other. It does not consider the interactions of employees and their perception towards one another despite being a major determinant of diversity among the workforce. A diverse corporation should appreciate a different culture and ensure there is no discrimination for employees to work in harmony. No Name faces a challenge in managing diversity and should take appropriate actions since it can create a competitive advantage and impact other departments positively in the organization.

The HRM Response to Prevent these Issues from ReoccurringHuman beings are complex, and managing them is a challenging task. Global corporations make it more complex for human resources to manage the international workforce. The human resource has the responsibility of identifying these challenges and overcome to allow the firm to work towards its goals (Wilkinson & Wood, 2017). Human resource should consider these factors o ensure it succeed in overcoming the challenges. First, the attraction of top employees and talent is important. Employing the top talents increases the performance of the workforce. Given the added advantage that it can source workforce from different countries where the subsidiary is located, the firm should source quality employees. Hired employees should demonstrate they enjoy learning new things, ready to change, and ready to take challenges (Tregaskis & Almond, 2019). With culture keeping changing, quality employees will easily adapt to changes making it easier for the human resource department to focus on the firm’s performance. Quality employees should also be retained to cultivate organizational culture to new employees. The workforce will easily integrate and enable the company to achieve its development objectives.

Secondly, No Name should work towards incorporating change. Change influences firms working environment, customers, and competitors (Kirrane, 2017). The unknown gives rise to feelings of anxiety and uncertainty, whether is structural or technological. The human resource department should embrace acceptance of change among employees, and the workforce should not hinder changes like hiring a diverse workforce. Human resource embraces change among employees through constantly upskilling to meet the changing need of the firm. Changes should be communicated frequently and transparently to equip workers with skills they will need to deal with change. Global firms should have a common communication department to ensure subsidiary firms receive information about the change on time. This prevents the problem of subsidiary firms receiving inadequate information. With the human resource department embracing the workforce find it easier to adapt to changes such as new culture and new diverse workforce.

The human resource department should foster a culture of continuous learning. In modern days workers leave employment due to a lack of development opportunities. Through training, the workforce remains stimulated and loyal to the company (Gutierrez, Barrales & Kaynak, 2018). To overcome globalization challenges, a firm should engage employees in continuous training on content to the job, diversity, and inclusivity. The human resource can conduct training through eLearning courses given that a company is global. eLearning will enable workers to be trained from different locations and at convenient times. Through continuous learning, the problem of inadequate professional training and development is solved.

The human resource department should manage diversity while putting consideration to the locals. Globalization affects a firm’s way of learning the business through increasing customer base, workers’ ideas, perspectives, and experiences. Human resources should adhere to local policies and procedures while establishing a comfortable workplace. Orders should not come from the headquarters without considering the culture of a host country. For instance, No Name should have views cultural practices of china, and Vietnam where their subsidiaries are located when developing its culture. This enables integration among employees to be easier given that they understand the culture of their colleagues, which they must respect.

The HRM sector at No Name should look after the health and safety of employees in accordance with the international standards of operations. The health and safety standards they pose a great challenge to human resource. Health at the workplace is more than employee hygiene and safety. The psychological health of employees worsens due to the high demand for results from the management. High levels of stress and pressure cannot be sustained by the workforce. The human resource department should delegate an equal level of tasks to supervisors and not burden o. There should be an open policy to raise issues concerning anxiety, unfair anticipation, and working hours. Employees who are stressed will be reluctant to integrate, low performance, reluctant to training, and discriminate against their colleagues at work. A healthy working environment workforce will easily integrate, perform well, and work with diverse employees (Barrena, López, & Romero, 2017).

The HRM department should create a quality environment and experience for the worker. Employees have a quality experience when they are satisfied with their job, colleagues, and working environment (Plaskoff, 2017). The human resource should create a working environment that is above competitors to avoid poaching of their workforce by the opponents. Employees with good working experience will easily integrate with their colleagues and avoid discrimination of the minority workforce. An international firm should ensure workers at subsidiaries have the quality experience to ensure they deliver quality outcomes to their customers. When a single firm delivers inequality, the firm is affected globally; thus, multinational firms must consider employees’ experience more broadly.

Recommendations and Proposed Implementations to Eliminate the IssuesGlobalizations provide firms with the opportunity to grow given that there are new markets, the pool of new quality employees, and the opportunity to invest. With globalization, firms should have better management to succeed since many challenges are associated when operating globally. No Name aircraft is a global company, and various limitations of operating internationally are putting the firm profit at risk. To maximize shareholders’ return and increase the share price, he should implement the following recommendations.

It is important that No Name introduces a policy on conducting regular performance appraisals. They should be provided to the parent company and all subsidiaries. They should not be discriminated against but filled by both expatriate and junior employees. The appraisal will ensure workers perform better since they will be keen on the assigned roles. Challenges such as overproduction, miscommunication, and discrimination will be limited. The performance appraisal should contain disciplinary actions against employees poorly performing their work.

As a point of reinforcement, the company should provide training to employees and promote workers doing commendable jobs. The training should educate workers on the firms’ culture and goals and visions of the firm. The training should be at a convenient location and time. To ensure all employees access the training, it should be provided online. The department should be provided with training which they deserve, and overall training should be discouraged. For instance, marketing should be equipped with marketing skills rather than production skills.

The firm should also perform a quality audit on the employees. Employees’ education qualifications should be tested and experiences. This audit gives information on unqualified workforce working in the company, for instance, those services of low quality in china. The firm should invest production of parts where they have a competitive advantage over rivals. This will lower production costs, which will increase the profit and increase share CEOs’ goal. The company should dismiss unqualified employees. They include employees discriminating against employees’ others and workers offering poor services. This will allow the firm to work with a workforce that is inclusive and diverse. With such a workforce, the CEO will achieve his goal, and the company overcomes challenges resulting from globalization.

ConclusionNo Name is faced with the challenge of inadequate performance management, lack of professional training and development, integration of culture among employees, and lack of diversity respect, which are threatening the company’s profits. The above suggestions are meant to remedy the situation through the HRM department. It is expected that these suggestions will help steer the company in a positive direction as it fosters a new culture of acceptable international HRM practices.

ReferencesBarrena-Martínez, J., López-Fernández, M., & Romero-Fernández, P. M. (2017). Socially

responsible human resource policies and practices: Academic and professional validation. European research on management and business economics, 23(1), 55-61.

Cascio, W. F., & Boudreau, J. W. (2016). The search for global competence: From

international HR to talent management. Journal of World Business, 51(1), 103-114.

David, S. N., Valas, S., & Raghunathan, R. (2018). Assessing Organization Culture–A

Review on the OCAI Instrument. In International Conference on Management and Information Systems.

Gutierrez-Gutierrez, L. J., Barrales-Molina, V., & Kaynak, H. (2018). The role of human

resource-related quality management practices in new product development. International Journal of Operations & Production Management.

Haak-Saheem, W., Festing, M., & Darwish, T. K. (2017). International human resource

management in the Arab Gulf States–an institutional perspective. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(18), 2684-2712.

Kirrane, M., Lennon, M., O’Connor, C., & Fu, N. (2017). Linking perceived management

support with employees’ readiness for change: the mediating role of psychological capital. Journal of Change Management, 17(1), 47-66.

Koellen, T. (2019). Diversity management: A critical review and agenda for the

future. Journal of Management Inquiry, 1056492619868025.

Plaskoff, J. (2017). Employee experience: the new human resource management

approach. Strategic HR Review.

Tregaskis, O., & Almond, P. (2019). Multinationals and skills policy networks: HRM as a

player in economic and social concerns. British Journal of Management, 30(3), 593-609.

Wilkinson, A., & Wood, G. (2017). Global trends and crises, comparative capitalism and

HRM.

Additionally, does our current criminal justice system operate in congruence with one, both, or none of Mr. Packers models an

Quiz 1

Presented by

Institution

Question one

Mr. Packer articulates two models of the justice process. Compare and contrast both models. Additionally, does our current criminal justice system operate in congruence with one, both, or none of Mr. Packer’s models? Why? Thoroughly explain your answer. 

The two models of administering criminal justice as articulated by Mr. Packer are the due process model and crime control model. In comparison, both models call for the enforcement of laws during the administering of criminal justice, maintenance and control of order in the society, and protect people from injustice practices. On the other hand, the due process model and the crime control model differ in the following manner. The crime control model believes that anyone charged with a crime is guilty and must be punished for his or her actions. In general, the model aims at controlling the criminal behavior of people with an assumption that it is the most essential aspect of criminal justice. On the contrary, the due process model believes that any person charged with a crime is innocent until proven guilty. As opposed to the crime control model, the due process model calls for the freedom of a person charged with a criminal act unless their presence to the society is a threat. This model aims at protecting the innocent people while convicting the guilty (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

The current criminal justice operates using the Packer’s due process model. According to Cole & Gertz (2013), the American criminal justice aims at enforcing law and order in the society, and protecting citizens from injustices. In America, a person is innocent until proven guilty. When an individual is arrested or suspected of committing a crime, the law enforces carryout thorough investigation on the convict while he or she enjoys her freedom in the society. Only individual suspected or charged with serious crimes such as terrorism, serial murder, or drug trafficking are put behind bars while investigation are in progress.

Question four

 Choose 1 of the following topics: Community Rehabilitation Programs for Adults, Death Penalty, or Rehabilitation Programs in Jails and Prisons; and answer the following questions:

(The chosen topic is rehabilitation programs in jails and prisons)

Have the growth and investments (or lack thereof) in this area been needed?

The American federal government in collaboration with Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) has put more efforts in the process of conducting rehabilitation programs in jails and prisons. In addition, the local law enforcement has joined hands in the effort to rehabilitate prisoners in order to minimize crime rates in the country. On the other hand, the hand, most jails and prisons are overpopulated calling for the government to introduce new methods of dealing with the ever-increasing number of prisoners in United States of America. The federal government should put aside some funds to carryout rehabilitation programs to avoid congestion in jails and prisons. Moreover, rehabilitation programs will assist in reducing crimes since convicts are educated on better ways of earning a living apart from committing crimes.

Do the policies rest on sound theoretical grounds?

Rehabilitation programs in jails and prisons have an adverse effect on the life of most criminals in the country. People with a sound mind manage and implement the policies put in place to guide these rehabilitation programs. U.S. has been building prisons since 1980s because of the increasing rate of incarceration. In the recent years, the federal government has defined new ways of dealing with law offenders, especially those whose crimes are not serious. According to Reddy and Levin (2013), implementation of rehabilitation programs increases a public safety and makes victims of crime less likely to repeat their crimes. On the other hand, the following alternative rests on sound and theoretical ground because the cost of retaining a person in prison is far much higher than the cost of implementing social programs.

Have they been well implemented?

Rehabilitation programs in American jails and prisons have been well implemented through the introduction of post-prisons programs. CDC has implemented two programs one aiming at educating drug addicts about substance abuse and recovery while the other program offers education to crime convicts by giving them better living ideas rather than committing crimes. In addition, the US government funds non-governmental organizations that are involved in rehabilitating individuals in order to give education to prisoners and help reduce prison populations.

Do they achieve expected outcomes?

Yes, these programs achieve the expected results where they are done effectively. According to Aborn et al (1999), the post-prison population program implemented in California delivered acceptable results during the first two years of operation. The program had over 3,500 participants and 80% of them recorded high performance rates. In addition, the US government has recorded a decrease in prison population since the introduction of rehabilitation programs.

Have the investments been allocated to the problems and policies where the greatest gain will accrue?

The only method of ending or minimizing a crime is through rehabilitating the offender. By investing on criminal rehabilitation programs, the government has used the best alternative that aims at producing greatest gains. Reddy and Levin (2013) argue that America spends $63 billion on rehabilitation programs because prisons and jails form the second fastest growing areas of the state budget from the medical sector. Moreover, analysis from criminologists indicates that the 30% drop in crime rate occurred because of America’s investment on prison rehabilitation programs.

Question five

This article argues that there has been a shift in the role of policing. How has the role of the police changed and is it a positive change? What more can be done?

The policing role has changed for the better of the country. Several innovations have taken place in the police department. Firstly, community policing has been introduced as a modern way of ensuring total police interaction with the community to aid minimize crimes at the community level. Some of police practices associated with the current policies include foot patrols and problem-oriented policing. Community policing has brought about positive changes because it encourages order maintenance, assists in perfect conflict resolutions in societies and provides services that aim at problem solving in the community level. Secondly, the police department has introduced broken window policing that assists in directing police to past problems that have been ignored. The following policy has changed the role of police by giving them a chance to investigate on crimes that might have contributed to some evil things happening in the society. This policy has assisted in delivering denied justice among people. In addition, the current police policies have put technology into practice where police must have the knowledge of current technology in order to fight crimes. These innovations have changed police roles from law enforcement into problem solving using the new policies (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

In order to ensure effectiveness of the police department in ensuring quality problem solving, the government should protect the rights of police to avoid harassment by the public. Laws should be introduced that ensures police have total protection from any kind of intimidation in order to ensure they conduct their services without fear or favor. In addition, the police department should be well prepared to meet the demands of homeland security to avoid instances of threats from outside especially terrorists. Moreover, the police role should evolve into a more effective and legitimate government institution (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

Question six

 What policy implications can be taken from the results of Maxwell and Fagan’s study? Make sure to back up your response.

The Maxwell and Fagan’s study represent a good example of a justice systems taking place in the current environment. The two conducted a study to evaluate the preventive impact of arrest on intimate partner violence. Their results indicated that arrests reduce the rates of a person committing a similar crime in the future. On the other hand, the study evaluates the impact of gang membership on later risks of personal involvement in crime. From the following study, the federal government should introduce new policies that define new methods of dealing with organized crimes and punishing people who commit a crime more than once. In addition, the study gives suggestion to the law enforcers on how to deal with certain types of crimes in respect to the person who commuted the crime, the sex, gender and the main agenda. Moreover, the study shows the need for the government to introduce policies aimed at introducing rehabilitation programs in prisons and jails to ease congestion. Some people are placed in prison for crimes that can be managed by rehabilitation centers. For example, drug abuse (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

Question seven

 Based on Article 9, what innovative steps can police departments take to reduce or eliminate corruption?

Corruption is one of the most serious issues that affect most government institutions today. Police department being ranked among the highest corrupt departments should device ways and means of fighting corruption to the end. Firstly, the police department should increase accountability and transparency. Lack of transparency and accountability form the main factors contributing to corruption. Accountability in the police department should be achieved by giving both internal and external pressure. The top officials should ensure all funds are accounted for and those found guilty of corruption prosecuted. Secondly, corruption in police department could be reduced by raising public awareness. The general public encourages corruption in the police department. Some of the initiatives that are essential for public awareness include education and awareness campaigns, annual workshops, and informing citizens of their rights and empower them to monitor the police through service delivery surveys (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

On the other hand, corruption in the police department could be eliminated by involving the National Integrity Unit in integrating reforms. The National Integrity Unit strengthens government offices by addressing integrity and economic reform issues. Involving this unit will assist in pointing out corrupt people in the department and taking the necessary measures towards them in order to caution any other person willing to carryout corrupt deals. In addition, the National Integrity Unit will educate people on the importance of leaving a corrupt free live and following the necessary protocol in acquiring justice (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

Question eight

What should be done at the local and federal level to deal with the current illegal immigration problems? Remember, you must back up and substantiate everything in the response. 

The local and federal governments have a big task fighting illegal immigration. This problem can be solved in the following ways. Firstly, the federal government should device ways of identifying all non-U.S. citizens working in the country biometrically. The government should device a nationwide biometric identification process for all visitors in order to determine those in the country illegally. In addition, employers willing to hire workers across the border should register them electronically in order to be accepted as a worker-visit eligible to work in the country. Secondly, the federal and local governments should put in place effective legal entry procedures. Immigration officers should offer the required waiting period for immigrants to allow law enforcers humble time to check and register incoming visitors. In addition, humble waiting period gives the police enough time to screen visitors and crosscheck against criminal and terrorist databases. Finally, the local government should give punishment to illegal immigrants to act as an example to others. Apart from deportation, illegal immigrants should be given other punishment measures such as spending some time in jail to learn a lesson (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

References

Aborn, J. et al. (1999). The California Prison and Rehabilitation System. Ethics of Development

in a Global Environment. Retrieved from:

http://www.stanford.edu/class/e297c/poverty_prejudice/citypoverty/california.htm Cole, G.F., & Gertz, M.G. (2013). The criminal justice system: Politics and policies. Belmont,

CA.: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.

Reddy, V. P. and Levin, M. A. (2013). The Conservative Case Against more Prisons. Retrieved

March 6, 2013 from:

Http://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/the-conservative-case-against-more-prisons/

Case Study Transforming Data into Information (2)

Case Study: Transforming Data into Information

Institution

Name

Date

Case Study: Transforming Data into Information

This case study focused on producing a report to demonstrate the ability to analyze data both graphically and numerically. The case study was based on the data obtained from the Regional Call Center's Washington, DC. Regional is a company that provides contract call center services to various companies in the US, including major retail organizations, and banks, among others. As the company's supervisor and having worked with the company for seven years, I was required to prepare a report describing the calls that the company handled for one of the Regional's clients. Thus, I was provided with a data file consisting of 57 calls and with the following variables: account number, past due amount, current account balance, and nature of the call.

Therefore, to produce the report, the data were analyzed both graphically and numerically using Excel. For instance, to investigate whether there was a difference in the mean and median current account balance, a bar chart was produced (Figure 1). The results showed that the average current account balance was greater than the median current account balance. Since the mean was greater than the median, then the distribution of the current account balance was positively skewed (Stephanie, 2022). This implies most of the current account balances were equal to or greater than the mean.

Figure 1. Bar chart of the mean and median current balance

In addition, to understand the relationship between current account balance and past due amount, a scatter plot was used (Figure 2). A scatter plot helps a researcher to understand the direction and strength of the linear relationship between variables ("What is a scatter plot and when to use one," 2020). The scatter plot showed a weak positive linear relationship between current balance and past due. This implies that when the current account balance increases, the past due amount also increases. Conversely, when the current account balances decrease, the past due amount also decreases.

Figure 2. Scatter plot of current balance vs. past due

Moreover, descriptive statistics were computed to further describe the current account balance and past due amount (Table 1). Descriptive statistics are useful in research because they help in describing the fundamental characteristics of the data (Trochim, n.d.). In addition, when combined with simple graphics, they help in gaining insights into the data. Based on the results, the highest current amount due was 323.78. On the other hand, the lowest current amount due was -129.67. The average current amount due was 62.70, while the median was 57.54. Since the mean was slightly greater than the median, then the current amount due data was skewed to the right (positive skewness). The standard deviation was 75.58, which is very large. This implies that there was high variability in the data. This high variance is a good factor that can attract aggressive investors, who are less risk averse. However, the high variance could discourage conservative investors who have less risk tolerance ("Is variance good or bad for stock investors?" 2015). In fact, the coefficient of variation was 1.21, which further supports that the variance was extremely high to attract investors.

For the past due amount, descriptive results showed that the minimum was zero, while the maximum was 386.77. This indicates the highest amount required to make the bank account current again. The results also revealed that the average past due amount was 23.95 and a median value of zero. This implies that the past due amount of data was skewed to the right (positive skewness). The standard deviation was 61.67, which was very high. This high variability could discourage conservative investors with less risk tolerance.

Table 1: Descriptive Statistics (Current Amount Due and Past Due Amount)

Current Amount Due   Past Due Amount  

Mean 62.6982456 Mean 23.9464912

Standard Error 10.010904 Standard Error 8.16830585

Median 57.54 Median 0

Mode 0 Mode 0

Standard Deviation 75.5806676 Standard Deviation 61.6693568

Sample Variance 5712.43732 Sample Variance 3803.10957

Kurtosis 1.99588201 Kurtosis 22.0569587

Skewness 0.56451104 Skewness 4.29303586

Range 453.45 Range 386.77

Minimum -129.67 Minimum 0

Maximum 323.78 Maximum 386.77

Sum 3573.8 Sum 1364.95

Count 57 Count 57

The descriptive statistics for the past due balances were also computed (Table 2). The variable was derived as the difference between the current account amount and the past due amount. The descriptive statistics showed that the maximum past-due balance was 323.78. The maximum value indicates that the past due balance was 323.78 above the current due balance. On the other hand, the minimum past-due balance was -386.77. The minimum value indicates that the worst account was 386.77 below the current balance. The average past-due balance was 38.75. This implies that on average, the bank was above the current balance by 38.75. However, the standard deviation was 86.86, which was very high. This implies that the past-due balance was very unreliable for investors.

Table 2: Descriptive Statistics (Past Due Balance)

 Past due balance

Mean 38.7517544

Standard Error 11.504976

Median 50.79

Mode 0

Standard Deviation 86.8606639

Sample Variance 7544.77493

Kurtosis 11.3810395

Skewness -1.6611254

Range 710.55

Minimum -386.77

Maximum 323.78

Sum 2208.85

Count 57

In conclusion, the results revealed that the average current account amount was higher than the median. This implies most of the bank's accounts had a current amount equal to or above the mean. However, descriptive statistics indicated that the current amount due had high variance, indicating that there was high variability in the current amount balance for the 57 calls. Regarding the past due amount, the results revealed that the amount was 386.77 above the current amount due. In addition, the mean was higher than the median, indicating that the distribution of past due amounts was positively skewed. This further implies that, on average, the past due amount for most of the calls was greater or equal to the mean. However, the standard deviation in past due amounts indicates that the company was unreliable for investment, especially those that are less risk tolerant. This case study also analyzed the past due balance using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the worst account was 386.77 below the current balance. In addition, there was high variability in the past due balance indicating that the 57 calls were generally unreliable for less-risk tolerance investors.

Moreover, this study investigated the relationship between the past amount due and the current amount due. The results showed a weak and positive linear relationship between the variables. This implies that when the current amount due increases, the past due amount also increases. Conversely, when the current amount due decreases, the past due amount also decreases. Thus, for the company to reduce the past due amount, it should encourage investors to increase the current amount due. In addition, the company should focus on investors who are aggressive investors, who are less risk averse.

References

Trochim, W. M. (n.d.). Descriptive statistics. Retrieved from https://conjointly.com/kb/descriptive-statistics/

Is variance good or bad for stock investors? (2015, April 14). Retrieved from HYPERLINK "https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/041415/variance-good-or-bad-stock-investors.asp" https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/041415/variance-good-or-bad-stock-investors.asp

What is a scatter plot and when to use one. (2020, July 10). Retrieved from HYPERLINK "https://visme.co/blog/scatter-plot/" https://visme.co/blog/scatter-plot/

Stephanie. (2022, January 13). Pearson mode skewness. Retrieved from HYPERLINK "https://www.statisticshowto.com/pearson-mode-skewness/" https://www.statisticshowto.com/pearson-mode-skewness/

Addiction to social media

Addiction to social mediaAddiction may be referred to dependency on certain things. Anyone may be addicted to the social media and internet depending on how they use it. Currently, everyone is accessing information online. This makes it easier for anyone to print the information accessed and read it at his or her own convenience. As far as accessibility is concerned, digital media has improved technological. A smarter methodology would be how people use the resources available.

Many people think that social media sites such as twitter and Facebook are harmless platforms allowing personal expression and social interaction. Other people think that social media is an entertaining form of engaging with others.

Various studies conducted show that social media can make people to be addicted to it. According to a research conducted by University of Chicago, social media was found to be more addictive than alcohol and cigarettes (Osuagwu, 4). This addiction is compelling the urge of one feeling to be connected to the internet throughout. This urge is satisfied when one logs on and becomes social with other people on the internet all over. Social media desires are hard to control as the internet is easily accessible and people think that it is less harmful than drugs. Additionally, people suffering from low self esteem are likely to be addicted to the social media to sites such as twitter and Facebook. Social media becomes addictive to an individual when he or she checks the Facebook account and twitting regularly. One way to know if the social media has addicted you is the moment you feel worried when you have not accessed either Facebook or twitter.

A research conducted at Cornell University, for instance, showed that half of a class was permitted to use laptops connected to the internet throughout a lecture, however the other half were not allowed to use laptops. Those students having internet connection did worse in the tests as they did not retain the contents of the lecture. This showed how shockingly web surfing would interrupt students. Schools should be cautioned on wiring classrooms with internet cables with the hopes of improving learning (Carr, 2010).

Another study conducted at Stanford University’s Communication Between Humans and Interactive Media Lab showed how a group of researchers gave different intellectual tests to 49 individuals doing a lot of media multitasking. On the other hand, the researchers gave intellectual tests to 52 individuals multitasking frequently (Carr, 2012). The study showed that the heavy multitaskers’ students did their tests poorly. They became distracted easily, they did not differentiate vital information from trivia and these students had minimum control over their attention. These studies surprised the researchers. Their expectations were that the intensive multitaskers’ students would have acquired an exceptional mental advantage.

But this was not the case. These heavy multitaskers’ students were not good at multitasking. According to Carr (2010), Clifford Nass heading the Stanford laboratory stated that everything distracted the multitaskers. Scientists discovered that the human brain’s cellular structure adapted readily to the tools used by humans. These include tools used for storing, finding and sharing information. By changing our mind habits, every new technology toughens other neural pathways and weakens other neural pathways. The cellular variations are continuing to shape our thoughts even if we are not using the internet and technology.

The revolutionary neuroscientist Michael Merzenich believed that our brains were being remodeled massively using the internet and other related media. He was worried on the consequences of the interruptions and distractions created by using the internet often. Michael went on to affirm that the long term effects of these distractions could affect the lives of many internet users. Using the internet encourages everyone to slow down putting them in a continuous mental locomotion state. Using internet scatters the attention of many users while the book focuses on the attention. In addition, book pages endorse contemplativeness (Carr, 2010).

Lisa Merlo a professor in UF College of Medicine stated that even though mobile phones have made the modern life to be more convenient, they have started to interfere with the users lives who do not know when to turn the phones off (Fla, 2007). Talking on a phone regularly might have consequences but being connected and having the urge to know what is happening and being available to other individuals’ leads to phone addiction. Nearly every individual has a mobile phone and uses it often. A number of individuals become worried when they forget their phones or when they are forced to switch off their phones.

Fla (2007) asserted that Merlo said that mobile phone addicts regularly checked their phones for text messages or voicemails. For instance, an addicted mobile phone user may be nervous when his or her messages or phone calls are not answered at the moment. This will affect the user on a day to day basis. A Japanese research showed that young people using mobile phones frequently do not make new friends with other youngsters with no phones. Moreover, a British research showed that 36 percent of university students surveyed stated that they could not survive without using mobile phones (Fla, 2007).

In conclusion, mobile phone addiction may cause brain changes even though researchers have not shown anything that may happen to the brain of mobile phone users. Mobile phones are a great technology and useful but one needs to regulate the time spent when using the phones. On the other hand, to get rid of social media addiction, one needs to keep track of the time spent on the sites such as twitter and Facebook. Scheduling the social media time is a good idea. Additionally, closing down web browsers and removing desktop applications could minimize addiction. Using an alarm clock than the mobile phone will be more effective.

Works Cited

Carr, Nicholas. “Does the Internet Make You Dumber?” The Wall Street Journal. (2010): Web. 1 Dec. 2012 <http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704025304575284981644790098.html>

Osuagwu, Nnamdi. Facebook Addiction: The Life & Times of Social Networking Addicts. Massachusetts: Ice Cream Melts Pub, 2009. Pp. 4

Fla, Gainesville. “Addicted to phones? Cell phone use becoming a major problem for some, expert says.” University of Florida News. 2007. Web. 1 Dec. 2012 < http://news.ufl.edu/2007/01/18/cell-addiction/>