Category: Uncategorized

Case Study Example

Scenario:

Joe is in his 80s and has been receiving outpatient chemotherapy for cancer. He fell in his apartment and broke his hip, so he ended up in the hospital for 2 weeks. Towards the end of his stay, he began experiencing a fever and rapid heart rate. He had stomach pain and terrible watery diarrhea many times throughout the day. He became severely dehydrated. It was hard for him to manage the nausea. His doctor took a stool sample and noticed an anaerobic Gram positive bacteria.

This case is an 80-year-old cancer patient, named Joe, who acquired an in-hospital infection while being treated for a hip fracture secondary to cancer. Joe is currently undergoing cancer treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs. Hospital acquired infections are a serious matter within our healthcare system; so much so that in 2014 the CDC did a study and determined that about 4% of hospitalized patient’s suffered from a hospital acquired infection (Monegro et al., 2020). To put that number into perspective we look at local, nationally ranked Johns Hopkins Hospital. Johns Hopkins has roughly 107,000 inpatient admissions annually, using the 4% number mentioned previously, that equates to 4,280 patients in one hospital system in one year that suffered from a hospital acquired infection (Fast Facts: Johns Hopkins Medicine, 2020).

Based on the information provided in this case study I have determined that Joe is suffering from a common hospital acquired infection, Clostridium difficile. Joe’s compromised immune system, his abdominal pain, fever and watery stool are all classical indicators of a Clostridium difficile infection. Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) is a spore-forming, gram positive anaerobic bacillus (Clinical C. Diff Q & A, 2020). C. difficile is a common cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea and currently accounts for 15-25% of all episodes of antibiotic associated diarrhea (Clinical C. Diff Q & A, 2020). C. difficile is often caused by specific antibiotics that wipe out the “good bacteria” within a patient’s GI tract, other patients at risk are those with compromised immune systems (Clinical C. Diff Q & A, 2020).

C. difficile has some key characteristics that make it easy to spread within a hospital environment; for one, it has a protective outer coating that potentially allows it to live for months if not years on surfaces and in the soil (Prevent the Spread of C. Diff (Deadly Diarrhea)., 2019). Second, C. difficile requires the use of soap and water to prevent the spread of germs, with the increase in usage of alchol based hand sanitizers like Purell in the hospital environment, which is not effective at killing C. difficile, it is easier for hospital staff to unintentionally spread the disease (Prevent the Spread of C. Diff (Deadly Diarrhea)., 2019). Third, C. difficile requires cleaning beyond the traditional norm within the hospital environment, a bleach solution is required in order to kill C. difficile spores, this is a higher level of cleaning than is what is typically used for most room turnovers within a hospital environment (Prevent the Spread of C. Diff (Deadly Diarrhea)., 2019). Finally, it is important to note that various studies have shown that C. difficile has been present in anywhere from 2%-15% of the healthcare workers sampled, while this is a relatively low number, it could provide a substantial source of potential infection to the immunocompromised patient’s that C. difficile infects so readily (Prevalence of Clostridium Difficile Colonization among Healthcare Workers, 2013). C. difficile is shed through GI tract and out of the body through feces and can be transferred with any surface contact of infected materials (Clinical C. Diff Q & A, 2020). In the hospital setting modes of transmission could include any number of items: hospital beds, rectal thermometers, sheets, toilets or hospital employees’ hands just to name a few. While surface contact is the most common mode of transmission, a 2010 study suggests that C. difficile is also transmittible through the air and notes that individual rooms are the safest option for preventing the spread of C. difficile (Adalja, 2019).

Despite its virulence, C. difficile generally responds well to treatments. About 20% of patients who acquire C. difficile will see it resolve with just the discontinuation of the antibiotics they were previously prescribed (Clinical C. Diff Q & A, 2020). The remaining patients will often see improvement with a change to a more appropriate antibiotic, usually Vancomycin for Fidaxomicin (Clinical C. Diff Q & A, 2020). Other treatments will include replacement of fluids to prevent the dehydration that is commonly associated with diarrhea. It is important to treat C. difficile early as it can lead to serious conditions such as dehydration, sepsis, toxic megacolon and in rare cases death (Clostridium Difficile: Epidemiology, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Possibilities—a Systematic Review, 2013).

If left untreated, C. difficile can cause a number of different symptoms, the most common of which are watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, abdominal pain or tenderness and nausea (Clinical C. Diff Q & A, 2020). While those symptoms might sound minor, in totality they can ultimately lead to dehydration, a perforated colon (which is a life threatening condition that will require surgery) or a very serious condition called sepsis which is characterized by high fever, high heart rate and severe low blood pressure which can ultimately be fatal.

According to the Cleveland Clinic, with treatment, the prognosis for C. difficile is usually positive, they state that with proper antibiotics the fever will subside within two days and the diarrhea within two to four days (C. Diff (Clostridioides Difficile) Infection Outlook / Prognosis, n.d.). They do report that 10-20% of patients may see a re-emergence of symptoms within one to two weeks (C. Diff (Clostridioides Difficile) Infection Outlook / Prognosis, n.d.). More serious complications like a perforated colon, dehydration or sepsis could require longer hospital stays to treat appropriately.

In conclusion, our patient Joe, is suffering from a Clostridium difficile infection acquired during his hospital stay for his broken hip. His immunocompromised system, caused by his cancer treatments, places him at an increased risk for hospital acquired infections. With quick identification and rapid treatment with appropriate antibiotics, Joe has a good chance of overcoming his C. difficile infection and getting discharged to rehab to continue healing from his hip fracture.

Works Cited

Adalja, A. A. (2019, January 29). Airborne Spread of Clostridium difficile | 05-14-2010 | CBN article. Clinicians’ Biosecurity News | Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security. https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/cbn/2010/cbnreport_05142010.htmlThis source is a world-renowned hospital that is consistently ranked as a “top hospital” within the United States.

C. diff (Clostridioides difficile) Infection Outlook / Prognosis. (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved November 8, 2020, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15548-c-diff-clostridioides-difficile-infection/outlook–prognosisThis source is a world-renowned hospital that is consistently ranked as a “top hospital” within the United States.

Clinical C. diff Q & A. (2020, March 27). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/cdiff/clinicians/faq.html#anchor_1529601781962This source is a federal government agency.

Clostridium difficile: epidemiology, diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities—a systematic review. (2013, November 1). PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3950610/This source is a peer reviewed medical journal.

Fast Facts: Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2020, January 1). [Graph]. Hopkins Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/_downloads/JHM-Fast-Facts.pdfThis source is a world-renowned hospital that is consistently ranked as a “top hospital” within the United States.

Monegro, A. F., Muppidi, V., & Regunath, H. (2020, September 3). Hospital Acquired Infections. PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441857/This source is a peer reviewed medical journal.

Prevalence of Clostridium difficile colonization among healthcare workers. (2013, October 4). PubMed Central (PMC). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3850636/This source is a peer reviewed medical journal.

Prevent the spread of C. diff (deadly diarrhea). (2019, November 4). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/cdiff/prevent.htmlThis source is a federal government agency.

Acute Impaired Tissue Perfusion

Introduction

The ability of blood to circulate unimpeded throughout the body is what is known as perfusion, it involves the process of hemoglobin in the blood binding with oxygen through respiration in the lungs, in cases where the process is unable to be complete a perfusion state is said to exist. This deficiency can be identified through the diagnosis of the inadequate tissue perfusion symptoms and signs of organ failure, mainly due to lack or inadequate circulation of oxygenated blood through body organs or system. It is with this above understanding of its importance that this article seeks to address its effects on patients with acute impaired tissue perfusion, characteristic, other related factors, outcomes in both patient and caregiver diagnosis, relevant interventions and rationales and the family and patient teachings.

The perfusion within the ineffective tissues can occur in various body systems like the peripheral, cerebral, renal, gastrointestinal, and cardiopulmonary. It can be described as a condition that exhibits a reduction in the blood flow which results in the capillary tissues failure to nourish, since it causes less nutrition and oxygenation at the cellular level. There are divergent effects on a patient if the condition persists mainly if it is an acute condition can turn tragic and cause tissue or organ damage or even death, if it is a mild condition it will have no or few effects on the patient (Maylor ME, 2005).

The main defining characteristics for diagnosing the condition include peripheral issues such as clammy skin, absent or absent peripheral pulses, edema, numbness or pain, cerebral issues like seizures, lethargy, restlessness, confusion decrease to light reaction, and cardiopulmonary effects such as angina or hypertension. The renal system can also have impacts like hematuria and blood pressure change or problems in the gastrointestinal like abdominal pain, nausea or absent or decreased bowel sounds.

Indicators of tissue perfusion on patient would include symptoms of possible impaired blood clotting capabilities and blood flow, and decreased tissue perfusion. Also by monitoring and comparing the patients pulse to ensure that it is steady. Other indicators could be identified through performing therapeutic interventions that have diagnostic testing characteristics like vasodilator therapy and angiograms indicators like heparinization or embolectomy. It can also be done by performing a possible cardiac output test like by using an anti-embolism device or raising an affected limb as necessary. Other specific interventions would include administration of oxygen, range of motion exercises or often change of body positions (Gardiner SM et, al, 1990).

Other related factors that also lead to perfusion of tissues would include mismatch of blood flow with ventilation, Hypovolemia, venous flow interruption, hypoventilation, altered affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen, interruption of arterial flow, impaired transport of oxygen across capillary membrane or alveolar, enzyme poisoning; hypervolemia, decreased hemoglobin concentration in blood, exchange problems, mechanical reduction of arterial blood or venous flow (Kupper N, et.al, 2011).

The care givers expected outcomes would include improvement in the Urinary Elimination, Circulation Status, Fluid Balance, Cardiac Pump Effectiveness: cardiac and Tissue Perfusion, Tissue Perfusion: Peripheral and Tissue Perfusion: Cerebral. On the other hand the expected client outcome would include them demonstrating an adequate and efficient perfusion in their tissues as demonstrated by them having dry and warm skins, an absence in respiratory distress, palpable peripheral pulses, verbalized treatment regimen knowledge, adequate urinary output, recognize change in lifestyle that would encourage tissue perfusion, include appropriate medication and exercise and their possible actions and side effects.

Patients who exhibit acute cerebral perfusion symptoms would include them showing signs of orthostatic hypertension which causes them to experience dizziness while getting up; the interventions would include teaching them on remedies of addressing the dizziness like rising slowly, while seated they flex their feet upwards, they set for a while before standing, trying to have someone present while trying to stand and sitting immediately they start feeling dizzy. The rational for emphasizing on addressing this condition would be that it leads to a decrease in the cerebral perfusion fusions or stroke which if addressed early can be treated.

It can also be diagnosed by monitoring the neurological status, mainly by performing an examination of the neurological functions, or in cases where symptoms of a (CVA) cerebrovascular accident are present like in hemiplegia, hemiparesis or dysphasia. Feeling the temperature and skin color for signs of mottling, skin pallor, absent of pulse, cold skins or cool temperature could signify obstruction within the arteries, which would signify urgency for immediate intervention (Makhsous, M et.al, 2007).

The main lessons for the family and the client would be them being taught on importance and ways of avoiding getting exposed to cold conditions in any kind of weather condition by stressing on their dressing. They will have a better understanding of proper foot care and the need to inspect and wash their feet daily since they will be aware of its relevance to a diabetic patient and as such implement the recommended special insoles, padded socks and jogging shoes. The diabetic client will be more knowledgeable on the relevance of undertaking a comprehensive foot examination annually that comprises of a Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments sensation assessment where they will be referred to a footwear professional for therapeutic inserts and shoes fitting, in which the incurred costs are covered by the Medicare (Wipke-Tevis D,et.al,2004).

In patients with arterial disease they are taught on the importance of following proper weight loss programs, not smoking, controlling hypertension and hyperlipidemia, careful control of their diabetic conditions and stress reduction. For the patients with venous disease, they are taught on the relevance of maintaining the recommended procedures of elevating their legs at intervals, wearing support hose and watching for skin breakdown on their legs as stipulated by the physician. The client/family are also taught on ways of recognizing symptoms/signs that the physician should be notified about example presence of a new foot lesion, change in skin temperature or abnormal sensation.

Reference

Maylor ME.(2005) Signs and symptoms of hypothetical wound assessment by nurses. Br J Nurs (6):S14-20.

Makhsous, M, Priebe, M, Rowles D, Zeigler M, Chen D, Lin F. (2007)“Measuring Tissue Perfusion During Pressure Relief Maneuvers: Insights into Preventing Pressure Ulcers.” Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, (5): 63-73.

Kupper N , Mitchell D , et al:(2011) Nursing management: inflam-matory and structural heart disorders . In Lewis S , editor: Medical-surgical nursing: assessment and management of clinical problems, ed 8 , St Louis , Mosby/Elsevier , p

Wipke-Tevis D , Rich K , et al: (2004)Nursing management: vascular disorders . In Lewis S , editor: Medical-surgical nursing: assess-ment and management of clinical problems, ed 8 , St Louis ,Elsevier , pp 866 –

Gardiner SM, Sompton AM, Bennett T, Palmer RMJ, Moncada S (1990) Control of regional blood flow by endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Hypertension 15:486–492

Case Study Form (CMCN307 Leadership Communication)

Your Name: Bobby Lada

Title of this paper: Pandemic Problems

Theory or concept you used for analysis:

Source of information (APA style):

Storyful Rights Management. (2020, October 8). Woman calls 911 After Being Refused Service for Not Wearing a Mask [Video]. Youtube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDOzkkjeIVwDeveloping The Leadership Message. Leadership Communication. Retrieved from

https://westsidetoastmasters.com/resources/communication_secrets/ch01.htmlCase description (more than 300 words) – You have to add the number of word count (such as 456 words) at the end of this section to indicate how much words you wrote for this section.

In this case, a woman is trying to go get into a shopping center to get grab a couple of items. She gets to the door and tries to enter the store without a mask on and one of the employees of the store quickly denies her from entering the premises. The employee continues to explain to her that she needs to wear a mask in the store because of the pandemic that the world is in but she feels like it is her right to not want to wear a mask in the store. The lady tries to convince the employee that if she wears a mask it causes her serious anxiety and discomfort. She then continues to complain and decides to call the police. She gets on the phone with the police expecting them to support her ridiculous protest, but they explain to her that the company has the right to refuse service to whomever they want especially if there is a sign in front of the store that says wearing a mask is required. The woman stands in the doorway as she continues the conversation on the phone with 911 calling out specific laws that she says allows her the right to be able to not wear a mask and now adds on the has a religious exemption. When the store employee notices her reasons changed from panic attack to religious, he pointed this out and her response is that it is a mixture of everything. Further more she explains that she should be allowed entry into the store because no one is in the store, and the employee stated that he is someone and is in the store and does not want to be at risk of COVID nor of losing his job for not following protocol.

(Word Count: 301 Words)

Theoretical analysis (more than 300 words) – Why is this case a case of leadership communication? How can the theory or concept you have chosen be applicable for or relevant to the case you selected? Add a word count at the end of this section.

According to westside toast masters, “Leadership communications consists of those messages from a leader that are rooted in the values and culture of an organization and are of significant importance to key stakeholders, e.g. employees, customers, strategic partners, shareholders, and the media”. The employee at the store directly showed his leadership communication by delivering his companies expectations to guest upon entering their place of business. He not only informed the woman of the store policy, he refused her entry, and he also named out stake holders that would be impacted by now following this protocol. He named out himself as an employee, other people that might be entering the store being at risk due to this woman not wanting to wear a mask and also the company policy being fair across the board for all people entering the store. Furthermore, his leadership really showed up as he remained consistent in his message even when the woman tried to use fear to get him to change his answer and calling 911. The gentleman remained calm, talked in respectful manner, and delivered proper reasoning. The reasons aligned with the store’s values and values of the community with the 911 operator reiterated on the phone with faced with the situation This builds trust and shows the company has values, consistency, and morals. Lastly, according to Westside Toastmasters traits of leadership communication are significance, values, consistency, and cadence and the employee displayed each of these characteristics in this video. Hence, he showed a great role of leadership communication and all of the situation is documented on video. The company will know they have a true leader on their hands that not only showed up for this situation but will show up in any situation and is there to follow the rules and will lead their organization with integrity.

(Word Count: 304 Words)

Acute Tubular Necrosis

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Acute Tubular Necrosis

A lady in her mid-40s was admitted to the emergency room. She had been involved in road carnage. She had suffered abdominal injuries, and her femur was fractured. Surgery was the first thing she done because her liver had been lacerated and her ileum perforated. Two blood units were transfused during surgery, and other two while in the recovery room. While in the surgical intensive care, she developed a transfusion reaction that led to the discontinuation of the transfusion. Her laboratory result during the day of surgery showed decline in urine output to 10-20ml/hr, an elevation in urinary sodium, levels of serum creatinine of 4mg/dl and BUN levels of 70mg/dl. Her output of urine never improved upon administration of plasma expanders.

On the third day her urine output stabilized at levels of 20-25ml/hr. this was a clear sign of acute tubular necrosis (Fogo, 2006).

Serious hypertension (BP 190/120) combined with hyperkalemia called for hemodialysis by the use of an external cannula. The patient was then counseled and all the questions she had answered. Fluid replacement therapy was started on the patient. Sterility of dressing was maintained during change of dressings, bleeding was monitored and any signs of infection were monitored. Antibiotics were also administered appropriately (Schumacher & Chernecky, 2010). The patient slowly recovered and after one month she was allowed to go home having fully recovered from the acute tubular necrosis but still nursing the other injuries. She was given an appointment to come for further check-up after a month.

References

Fogo, A. B. (2006). Fundamentals of renal pathology. (Springer e-books.) New York: Springer.

Urden, L. D., Stacy, K. M., & Lough, M. E. (2006). Thelan’s critical care nursing: Diagnosis and management. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby/Elsevier.

Schumacher, L., & Chernecky, C. C. (2010). Critical care & emergency nursing. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders Elsevier.

acute tubular necrosis. (2010). Oxford University Press.

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Troy (2004) movie

This movie, troy (2004), plays both the role of entertainment and statement making as portrayed in its content. Released in the US, in 2004, this movie attracted a large number of viewers worldwide. It enlightens on history of the old Greek myths and believes. This tries to explain events that occurred during the 1193 B.C and what led to these events for instance, in 1193 B.C, prince Paris of Troy, Orlando Bloom, kidnaps legendary beauty Helen from her husband, King Menelaus of Sparta, causing war eruption between the two kingdoms. From that event, the movie tries to give insight on the causes of war in ancient Greek. Love and the kidnapping of the Sparta queen was the main cause of war between Trojan forces and the Greeks and Achilles. The film is also entertaining the set pieces and costume use are appealing and beautiful, making one feel connected to the ancient world and their practises. The battles and war actions are also entertaining. The movie is action parked, making any action lover en joy watching it and instantly love it.

This film is more action and events it does not give the audiences a chance to connect with the characters in the film. Tradition and beliefs portray able in the film, for instance, the way the people dress shows their cultural beliefs. Their dressing code is not only traditional but also unique to them. In this film, it is upon the audience, to make a connection with the characters, figure out reasons behind certain actions among other things that the movie hides or does not bring out clearly. This whole movie is about battles and the foreshadowing of fate from the events witnessed in it.

Night of the Living Dead

According to many reviews, this movie is one of the best productions in the American film industry. It exhausts almost all areas perfectly: the film language, mise en scene, artistry, adaptation of other media, and subjective assessment definitions and usage show clearly.

Film language, though this film is an ancient production, the language displayed shows modernity. The effects and features of the movie show some modernity usage n them. The film displays rich work of horror cinema. It contextual purpose definition clearly manifest itself and by this and is highly recommended for Halloween viewing.

Mise en scene: this is the type of frame used, motion direction, editing techniques, and stylistic usage among other features. Frame used, the film mostly uses point of view frames, long shorts, and close up frames in most of its scenes. The angles of projection usage also include both high and low level angle projections depending on the scenes and background settings. Because of the western tradition the film uses right to left screen movement, this comes out perfectly.

The editing techniques in this film shows modernity use and good or well calculated editing hence the editing is excellent. The film shows use of visual poetry and poetic like conversations. The conversations are appealing and keep one attentive throughout the film. It also uses music and soundtracks in the film background this bring out the theme, mood, and atmosphere of the events taking place. For instance, on the night when the zombies attacked the sound track playing on the background signifies sad and dull mood.

Artistic style, this is the sum of constant, recurring, or coherent traits identified with a certain individual or group of people. It is one unique way of identification. In this film, the producer uses a combination of mediums, techniques, and subject matter, which works out positively for the production as the movie, hence its consideration as successful. Despite the movie being on a traditional set, the production brings out unflinching realism and pioneering penchant for unadulterated and gruesome distinct effects. It removes any trace of gloss and glamour, has comfortable resolution allowing the audience to have comfortable night sleeps. The costumes used however, do not concur with the theme and mood in the film. The production uses proper colour combinations to show the mood and the theme, in most scenes or background settings, darkness usage signify horror and fear. This works out well in fulfilling the film’s theme and mood since most of the time people associate darkness with fear. The zombies also attack mostly during the dark and most of the hide in dark areas.

Adaptation of another medium or historical, this film borrows the sound tracks and music used in it from the library of WRS studio. The production purchased most of music and sound effects used from capitol studio, none of them were an original composition for the movie.

Subjective assessment, the production team is successful in achieving their aim with the production of this movie. The film budget was 114000 US dollars, and it worldwide gross income was 30 000000 US Dollars according to box-office ratings. This shows that its reception was a success many people purchased the film. The hype it received from the media was overwhelming many people also criticised that film in terms of the contents. The critics claimed that the film contained x rated or explicit adult contents. Generally, the director of the film is successful. This is evident from the films achievement.

Moral Panic and Juvenile Panic

Student’s Name

Institution

Moral Panic and Juvenile Panic

Moral panic is the term used to refer the instance of a case of anxiety to the civilians in reaction to a problem that is considered a threat to the ethical values of the society. The full spread fear is characterized by irritation and moral standards threatening regarding community’s interest and the safety of the public. It is substantially created by the social media, stimulated by the politicians and the end this results to the generation of new policies focus towards the instantaneous source of distress. Hence, there is increasing social control in the society, and the panic’s impacts can be positively experienced in the society. Moral panics have been experienced there before, and it significantly shapes people’s perception and understanding of juvenile and juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is the act of committing criminal offenses by the young people who are under the age of ordinary prosecution. In this paper, the effects of moral panic in determining society’s point of view towards juvenile misbehavior are expounded into a more profound extent.

Moral panics have played a significant role interpreting juvenile and the youths’ behavior not only in today’s society but also during the old days of the nation’s history. Fear is a great enemy of the social cognitive and sound decision making that affects every person especially the children who are growing and developing their characters. It is normal that under pressure and panic ones thinking capacity about decision making is interrupted and affected to a significant effect. During the old days, the energetic people were subjected to threats to provide labor resources to their lords. Therefore, they felt offended, hence the development of anxiety and need to be free leading to juvenile delinquency in the process. In many instances, they tend to use force or try to use fishy deeds which are against the law.

For instance, considering the case of gunfire in the learning institutions, a moral panic has dramatically contributed in regarding juvenile as an unethical and unprincipled group. The shootings led to the death of fellow students as well as tutors as the college people had the authority to carry handguns to school. It has also extended to the cities neighboring learning institutions reaching to the towns and the countryside parts. The fear is not only affecting the students and learning institution’s staff but also the parents and society at large. Therefore, they take the juvenile as eroded of manners and indiscipline people who can to be trusted on ethical matters. Not all of the youths are such even though there was a number of them who tend to take advantage of the freedom granted. To cope up with the fright, the raised significant actions such as prohibiting possession of hand weapons in class and legal penalties against the victims.

On the other hand, the actions are taken against a juvenile in the name of preventing juvenile delinquency results to moral panic. The youths are at many times under the fear that if found doing any irregularity the next action will be a harsh punishment that can be a serious as long-term imprisonment. Therefore, this generated fear influenced their spirit of being innovating and the way of doing things as at all the times they are anxious about the penalty that may follow. They have a role to play in the society but not causing moral panic to the civilians. The public fear about juvenile misconduct and the actions partaken has positively lead to a decrease in cases of juvenile crimes. The best way to completely eradicate the immoral activities is through adopting strategies that will not influence the youths’ way of doing things but dealing with the specific individual involved in the act.

The people will at all the time judge the juvenile according to their behaviors, and in many instances, the young people have a collective behavior due to peer pressure and interactions influence. Currently, many current moral waves of panic are primarily used to the belief of juvenile behaviors. Among the common one is involvement of immoral acts in establishing instant riches with the desire to have high living standards at their tender age. Among these unethical activities include drug trafficking, burglary and adopting evil beliefs that promise great things at a price. It is very disheartening that the outfit of a young person who tends to copy the modern fashion may result in misinterpretation as a drug peddler. The society has a common belief that these peddlers have a kind of unique outfit based on their way of dressing and shaving among many other characteristics. The juvenile is growing and like following the trending fashion, and at instances, the society’s perspective does not determine who they are and their deeds.

The thought-provoking thing is that the moral panics shape peoples’ belief on the subjects even when the official statistics contradict the perception put forward by these moral panics. The reason behind this is that people are complex and it is difficult to convince them that the thing they believe in through their observation or experience is wrong. The statistics done through research takes into consideration all the juveniles in the nation or a certain part of is not the case with individual experience. For instance, one cannot change the mentality of a person who had faced a threat from a juvenile that they are morally upright. Change is inevitable, and it is every person’s responsibility to take part in shaping the behavior of the juveniles as they are the future elders and rulers of the nation.

References

Cossins, A. (2015). The Moral Panic Concept: Its History, Social Utility and Ability to Interpret Past Events. In Female Criminality (pp. 16-56). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Morrison, J. (2016). Familiar strangers, juvenile panic and the British press: the decline of social trust. Springer.

Morrison, J. (2016). Trust, Risk and Framing Contemporary Childhood. In Familiar Strangers, Juvenile Panic and the British Press (pp. 1-34). Palgrave Macmillan, London.

Panic, M. (2017). DEMONIZATION OF YOUTH AND POLITICIZATION OF JUVENILE JUSTICE. Reaffirming Juvenile Justice: From Gault to Montgomery, 22.

Rowbotham, J., & Stevenson, K. (2017). Behaving Badly: Social Panic and Moral Outrage-Victorian and Modern Parallels. Routledge.

Schildkraut, J., Elsass, H. J., & Stafford, M. C. (2015). Could it happen here? Moral panic, school shootings, and fear of crime among college students. Crime, Law and Social Change, 63(1-2), 91-110.

Moral Perception

Name:

Task:

Lecturer:

Date:

Moral Perception

Introduction

The primary reason behind ethical anti-realism is a strong skepticism about knowledge of morals. Many realists have attempted to argue against this worry by carrying out moral studies. With many of the recent information, it is discovered that many people know moral facts through perception, for example, one can literally notice that an action is right or wrong.

According to McBrayer (2010), it is admitted that a casual connection should exist between the perceiver and the perceived. However, there is an objection on the same with an argument that we are not in a suitable casual contact with the moral entities. For that reason, no one can identify moral properties.

Mackie’s Views

There are several views illustrated by Mackie (1977) concerning moral perception. The first view is moral skepticism. A person who is skeptic about morals is one who declines morality and takes no notice of it. Such a person who rejects moral judgments may likely be making his own moral judgments, and putting across a positive moral criticism of all that conventionally goes by morality. This person may also confuse the two logical incompatible views and claim to decline morality while he in fact rejects only a particular moral presently in the society he grew up in. Any person adopting these first order moral views will be taking a definite practical, normative stand.

Another view is the status of values of morals and the nature of valuing morals about where and how they fit in the society. This view is independent from the first one. A person could hold strong ethical views, and still believe that they are simply policies and attitudes. There is a misunderstanding when it comes to moral skepticism. It is hard to understand how one could deny that there is a no similarity between a good and bad action (Mackie, 1977).

Another view under moral subjectivism states that everyone have to do what he thinks he should do. In moral subjectivism, the judgments are equal to the information of someone’s attitudes and feelings. Mackie explains that if people were aware of the moral values, then they would do something about them. With this sort of subjectivism, it concluded that moral skepticism is involved.

The Argument from Relativity

With the views, Mackie explains that strong points are needed to support them. There are two arguments that he argued regarding his views. The arguments are two namely, argument from relativity and argument from queerness. The argument from relativity bases on various moral codes from one society to another, different periods and moral beliefs between people. The moral judgments have been there in many societies in history. There have been and still there are moral reformers who turn against the rules and practices established by communities for certain moral reasons. Moral relativism explains that there are different moral values held by different people. According to this theory, there is no act that is bad or good but, there is good or bad within a particular framework. An action may be good according to someone but it might be bad to another. Mackie argues that there are disagreement about the moral codes that reflect adherence and participation of people in different ways of life. For example, in a certain culture people agree on monogamy because they live in a way of life that is monogamous. This argument is in reality based on the fact that we humans are historically and culturally situated, and we cannot behave without using certain rules which may lead to implausible conclusions (1977).

Arguments against Relativism

There are arguments against this theory of relativism. First of all, with a cross-cultural standard, it is possible to criticize a certain culture to being superior to another in terms of morals. The moral relativism argument explains that it is not possible to make lawful moral contrast between cultures over time, and judge if it is getting worse or improving. A society might have made a progress in terms of morals but, relativism does not take this into account

There are many reformers who have helped in bringing about changes that improved the morals in the society. Based on the theory of relativism, these people are bad since they acted contrary to the values of the society. An example is those who helped in the abolition of slavery. The final argument against this theory is the fact that we have no right to ask whether a certain action is good or bad in the society’s rules and standards of morals. Therefore, it is important that we understand this theory and know its consequences since, this theory and philosophy has impacts on the society.

The Arguments from Queerness

Mackie explains more on his opinion concerning morals with the argument from queerness. This theory points out two complexities namely, metaphysically and epistemologically. Metaphysically, it states that moral values are completely different and unique type of property from anything in the world. Therefore, approving them requires people to imagine these qualities as very strange and different from any other thing in the universe (1977).Epistemologically, Mackie states that in order for one to understand this uniqueness of morals, he needs extraordinary ability of moral intuition from ordinary ways of understanding anything. These two arguments are dependent, because we are forced to imagine the strange epistemological tools when the moral values are established to be weird. Between the two, the metaphysical theory stands out to be more firm (1977).

The Argument from Queerness, according to Mackie, illustrates in a generic sense that whenever an individual disagrees that morality is committed in a society, and that society’s moral values are weird, and ontologically out of control, then one has offered a sort of Argument from Queerness. In brief, this argument makes moral values seem to be items that can be touched, felt and heard. In human sense, this values are invincible (Mackie, 1977).

The Arguments against Queerness

Mackie is right on the point that morals are unique compared to other things in the universe such as trees, but these morals are part of everyone’s life and this is no argument to reject them. Morals do not need to be recognized as per experience or principles as bad or right. Based on Mackie’s argument, it is unrealistic to feel, touch, hear and taste moral values since they are impregnable. We cannot detect essence or property of goodness and badness or evil. There are no instruments to measure these values. However, we can measure all the other things, objects and get their weight, mass and force. In conclusion, there are no experimental moral facts that prove that morals are queer and it is difficult to indicate and explain what these values are, how they work and if we can notice them.

Conclusion

In view of these explanations, Mackie’s theories illustrate how he thinks concerning morals. He believes that moral perception is passed through with aspirations at large. He believes that this is due to natural human inclinations. He also thinks that the challenging facts of the good and bad moral values are part of everyone’s philosophy. Thus, there are obligations, values and reasons that make the society and each individual to develop these moral values. However, the society’s moral standards may be erroneous in some ways, and Mackie thinks that everyone should examine and figure out that morals developed from and remain supported by the society or institution.

No explanation of non-moral facts can be adequate to comprehend a moral fact. It possible to justify moral metaphysics the same way psychological metaphysics can be justified. Even if we are not sure whether thoughtful evidence can adequately validate that moral values cannot be reduced, we can be certain that strong evidence can be dependable. Therefore, self-observation is considered valuable.

Work Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Mackie, J. L. “From Ethics.” Inventing Right and Wrong (1977): 89-100.

McBrayer, Justin P. Moral Perception And The Causal Objection. USA: Springer, 2010.

MOVIE ANALYSIS

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Episode three

In episode three, the story line revolved around unexpected turn of events, the characters are Norman, Christine Heldens, George, Nick, and Emma and the setting of the story is in the community set up. In this episode, Norman is disappointed to learn that she was not involved in the community play and that makes her to make new friend with Christine for companion. Christine invites Norman to a party and introduced her to new friends. With the death of Bradley in their mind, Emma organizes a memorial at the beach, however things do not go as planned as Caleb appears unannounced hence shattering Normans dreams.

Episode four

The story line is about denial and emotional and the setting is in the motel. The characters in the play are Dylan, Caleb, Norman Sheriff Romeo, Emma, and Zane. Dylan gets drunk after the revelation that Caleb is not his father; he further confronts Norma who admits that she never told anyone about the secrets of his parental status. The ever outrageous Norman goes to acting out as his mother and visits Caleb as these unfolds , Emma wakes up in the morning to find out that she slept with the boy she met in the beach party. The events in this episode show how Dylan gets disillusioned in life in realizing that Caleb is not his father. It also gives as a picture of how careless people are when Emma slept with a boy she met in the beach party.

Episode five

The theme of the story is secrecy and the characters are Dylan, Zane Cody, and Norman. The typical setting is within the family set up. In this episode, Norma trust Cody with the family secrets and want Cody to keep them by himself at the same time, Dylan finds himself in trouble as he fights for his life that was engineered by Zane drug war. The turn of events makes Norman to have a deal with a strange mysterious man to help stop the bypass as Norman faces some of his childhood demons. This story reveals hidden secrets that Norman has been keeping and his bad behaviour during his childhood has come to haunt him. The story can clearly tell the character traits of Norman as a wicked person through the haunting by the demons.

Episode six

The theme of the episode is plunge and the characters involved are Norman, Cody, Emma, and Dylan. The setting of the play is in the business sectors or firm as can be seen by the employment scenario. In this case, Norman works tirelessly to get appointed to the council and this makes him to look for the driving licenses to enable him get the position. At the same time, Norman has to deal with the incident concerning Emma and Cody situation at work. The scene ends when Dylan gets to know his boss. The scene depicts frustrations within the society as can be seen on how Norman is frustrated and tries to make life easy though it does not work for him. It further tells how the employers are too bossy to know their staff that comes out when Dylan gets to know his boss after long time.

Episode seven

The theme of the episode is revenge as the characters are presumed to be innocent though in the real case it is not. The characters involved are; Norman, Zane, Miss Watson, Romero, Dylan, and Cody. Norman questions himself about his faith and tries to get the motives behind his miseries. At the same time, Zane is burning with revenge and is eager to do anything to threaten Dylan for the death of Miss Watson, however, Romero presents new evidence that may change the course of the case of Miss Watson’s murder and breaks the friendship of Cody and Norman. This episode brings about betrayal of characters in the scene and how it is hard to trust a friend. The evaluation of the scene is that you cannot fully trust a friend, however close you have been and that the best person who knows your secrets is your best friends.

Episode eight

The story line in episode eight is looking for truth and the characters presents are; Romero, Dylan, and Norman. The setting is in the family set-up. Romero is busy digging for the truth regarding Miss Watson murder and at the same time, the war between the drug families presents Dylan with a hard choice to make. Norman is forced to push Dylan away so as to get the truth he is looking for. The story reveals how it is hard to get the truth of any matter in the society since there are many obstacle in the way that want to conceal secretes like Dylan did when Norman was looking for the murderer of Miss Watson.

Episode nine

The story line in this episode is about betrayal and death. The characters involved are; Norman, Nick Ford, Zane, Dylan, Romero, and Declan and the setting are in a home set-up. Zane returns home in the morning and finds Norma still sleeping; she gets a call from Nick who wants Norman dead, Norman is kept in a metal box in the middle of nowhere that makes him recall the events of Miss Watson death. The story reveals how Norman was involved in Miss Watson’s death and how Norman had hidden such secretes to himself.

Episode ten

The theme is rescue operation and the characters involved are; Norman, Zane, Dylan and Romero while the setting is in Norman’s home. In this scene, Norman is being rescued by Dylan and his friends that take Norman back to his mother where Norman reveals the murderer of Miss Watson of which he was the one involved. Romero finds it hard to trust Norman and thereby she is forced to keep him at bay. The revelation of the story reveals how wicked Norman was and also how secretive he was to the extent of going to his grave with those secretes. .

 

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Movie Monty Python’s “Life of Brian” Questions and Answers

What do viewers learn about the historical period from this movie? Is any of it correct?

Monty Python’s Life of Brian is a comedy film created in 1979 by Monty Python Comedy crew telling about Brian Cohen satirical life. The story is starred to display the character of a Jewish man who was coincidentally born on 25 December, the day Jesus Christ was born. This incidence is meant to present of an arrival of a Messiah thus creating a religious mockery; a controversial theme at the point of release. An analysis of the mix-up of themes ranging from religion to deaths, politics, and blasphemy clearly displays a contentious society. The historical period depicted by the movie shows of a reign of revolution in religion and politics practiced by the Romans. Principally, the extreme presentations show a politically incorrect sensation to viewers.

What kind of research, if any, do you think the writers, producers, directors, cast, etc. put into their work?

Production of Monty Python’s Life of Brian entailed a serious research that investigated the New Testament age in comparison to the lampooning endeavors of the fallen society. The research was raised to create a historical setting that could poke revolutionary facts of the 1970s British political organization. Stakeholders in this movie concentrated in research meant to reveal the ideological relationship between the Romans and the Judea’s.

Is there anything blatantly incongruous with the setting? Might someone unfamiliar with the period mistake it for being correct to the setting?

As per the setting of the movie, a number of issues are inappropriate. There are several endeavors starting with the unnaming of several characters. Similarly, the movie is set to represent the Jewish experience in the Roman Empire but instead meanders in a number of societal controversial issues such as blasphemy. The extent of incongruous setting attracted opposition and rejection by a number of states.

What effect has this movie has on the popular view of the period?

Altogether, the movie presents a true opposite scenario of the historic times of Jesus Christ. There is a lot of miss presentation of scenes such as coning for blessings. Brian comes out as an intelligent character with the ability of confusing the crowd about miracles he could not perform. Finally, the crowd decides to punish him not based on faith as it was for Jesus but because of notorious traits.

Other thoughts you have on these movies as an example of the intersection between History and Popular Culture.

These movies fail to make a complete comparison between culture and history. Plot developments of the moves are focused in creating humor for entertainment.

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Case Study 4-2

Based on the description of the job, Show Me the Money Organization should use the behavioral approach to measure performance. Since the company is a service providing company, they cannot rely on the results approach as a way of motivation since the services cannot be quantified. Behavioral approach is therefore suitable in measuring performance in that it makes the hiring firms to understand their employees, their behavior as well as their working patterns which are the essential part of the performance measurement. The behavioral approach monitors various parameters that include turnover rate, employee satisfaction as well as the span of control.

The behavioral approach of performance measurements links the performance of the employees with the achievement of the organization’s goals, control, conflict of interest as well as reward and thus aids the management to make quality decisions and as well monitor the organizational goals easier. The behavioral approach increases the employee’s satisfaction due to its reliability and accuracy in measuring performance resulting in positive growth of the firm. The behavioral approach plays a critical role in the process of performance measurement, motivation and reward as the performance appraisals also motivate the employees to perform better in the future.

The behavioral approach is effective in measuring performance as the behavior of the employees can be assessed either in groups or as an individual. In the case of the Show Me the Money company, the performance is more of individual since it involves a single employee taking a single client and therefore the assessment can only be individual which makes the behavioral approach more suitable for the company. The behavioral approach is effective since it focuses on the individual’s psychology, motivation, leadership as well as the human relations an aspect which is more significant for the Show Me the Money organization. The approach creates confidence as well as transparency among the employees and therefore instills a sense of belonging, thus increasing the company’s production.

The behavioral approach to measuring performance is most appropriate when the outcomes occur in the distant future. The reason is that behaviors affect productivity in a way that it cannot be realized immediately and takes some time before the outcome are realized. A behavioral approach is more suitable for services since it is very difficult to quantify the services and the change can only be realized after some time. Results approach to measuring performance is most appropriate when the results show consistent improvements over time. The reason is because it is possible to quantify the results to detect any improvements and therefore makes it suitable for the performance measuring to adopt the results approach. The results approach effective when the goals of an organization are quantifiable, and in this case, there is a consistent performance monitoring, evaluation and the consequent reward based on the performance. A company using the results approach need to have goals that can be measured and to which will not be biased in making the evaluation and therefore valid. The evaluation needs to be consistent, and the reward process relies on the performance of the employees which is the opposite of the behavioral approach to which the employee behavior determines the results.