Category: Uncategorized

Name of Author:

Course:

Name of Tutor:

Date of Submission:

Movie Monty Python’s “Life of Brian” Questions and Answers

What do viewers learn about the historical period from this movie? Is any of it correct?

Monty Python’s Life of Brian is a comedy film created in 1979 by Monty Python Comedy crew telling about Brian Cohen satirical life. The story is starred to display the character of a Jewish man who was coincidentally born on 25 December, the day Jesus Christ was born. This incidence is meant to present of an arrival of a Messiah thus creating a religious mockery; a controversial theme at the point of release. An analysis of the mix-up of themes ranging from religion to deaths, politics, and blasphemy clearly displays a contentious society. The historical period depicted by the movie shows of a reign of revolution in religion and politics practiced by the Romans. Principally, the extreme presentations show a politically incorrect sensation to viewers.

What kind of research, if any, do you think the writers, producers, directors, cast, etc. put into their work?

Production of Monty Python’s Life of Brian entailed a serious research that investigated the New Testament age in comparison to the lampooning endeavors of the fallen society. The research was raised to create a historical setting that could poke revolutionary facts of the 1970s British political organization. Stakeholders in this movie concentrated in research meant to reveal the ideological relationship between the Romans and the Judea’s.

Is there anything blatantly incongruous with the setting? Might someone unfamiliar with the period mistake it for being correct to the setting?

As per the setting of the movie, a number of issues are inappropriate. There are several endeavors starting with the unnaming of several characters. Similarly, the movie is set to represent the Jewish experience in the Roman Empire but instead meanders in a number of societal controversial issues such as blasphemy. The extent of incongruous setting attracted opposition and rejection by a number of states.

What effect has this movie has on the popular view of the period?

Altogether, the movie presents a true opposite scenario of the historic times of Jesus Christ. There is a lot of miss presentation of scenes such as coning for blessings. Brian comes out as an intelligent character with the ability of confusing the crowd about miracles he could not perform. Finally, the crowd decides to punish him not based on faith as it was for Jesus but because of notorious traits.

Other thoughts you have on these movies as an example of the intersection between History and Popular Culture.

These movies fail to make a complete comparison between culture and history. Plot developments of the moves are focused in creating humor for entertainment.

Subject

Students Name

Institution of Affiliation

Date

Case Study 4-2

Based on the description of the job, Show Me the Money Organization should use the behavioral approach to measure performance. Since the company is a service providing company, they cannot rely on the results approach as a way of motivation since the services cannot be quantified. Behavioral approach is therefore suitable in measuring performance in that it makes the hiring firms to understand their employees, their behavior as well as their working patterns which are the essential part of the performance measurement. The behavioral approach monitors various parameters that include turnover rate, employee satisfaction as well as the span of control.

The behavioral approach of performance measurements links the performance of the employees with the achievement of the organization’s goals, control, conflict of interest as well as reward and thus aids the management to make quality decisions and as well monitor the organizational goals easier. The behavioral approach increases the employee’s satisfaction due to its reliability and accuracy in measuring performance resulting in positive growth of the firm. The behavioral approach plays a critical role in the process of performance measurement, motivation and reward as the performance appraisals also motivate the employees to perform better in the future.

The behavioral approach is effective in measuring performance as the behavior of the employees can be assessed either in groups or as an individual. In the case of the Show Me the Money company, the performance is more of individual since it involves a single employee taking a single client and therefore the assessment can only be individual which makes the behavioral approach more suitable for the company. The behavioral approach is effective since it focuses on the individual’s psychology, motivation, leadership as well as the human relations an aspect which is more significant for the Show Me the Money organization. The approach creates confidence as well as transparency among the employees and therefore instills a sense of belonging, thus increasing the company’s production.

The behavioral approach to measuring performance is most appropriate when the outcomes occur in the distant future. The reason is that behaviors affect productivity in a way that it cannot be realized immediately and takes some time before the outcome are realized. A behavioral approach is more suitable for services since it is very difficult to quantify the services and the change can only be realized after some time. Results approach to measuring performance is most appropriate when the results show consistent improvements over time. The reason is because it is possible to quantify the results to detect any improvements and therefore makes it suitable for the performance measuring to adopt the results approach. The results approach effective when the goals of an organization are quantifiable, and in this case, there is a consistent performance monitoring, evaluation and the consequent reward based on the performance. A company using the results approach need to have goals that can be measured and to which will not be biased in making the evaluation and therefore valid. The evaluation needs to be consistent, and the reward process relies on the performance of the employees which is the opposite of the behavioral approach to which the employee behavior determines the results.

Case Study Discussion Post

Student’s Name

Institution Affiliation

Course Name and Code

Professor’s Name

Date

Case Study Discussion Post

Question 1

Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump blood at a rate required by body tissues. Heart failure involving the heart’s left ventricle can be categorized into diastolic or systolic heart failure. Systolic heart failure relates to the pumping function and occurs during the heartbeat. Contrary, diastolic heart failure relates to the relaxing function and occurs between heartbeats. The differences between systolic and diastolic heart failure are based majorly on the Left Ventricle’s (LV) Ejection Fraction (EF). Systolic heart failure is characterized by reduced Ejection Fraction (EF), large left ventricle volume, and eccentric left ventricle re-modelling (Miranda-Silva et al., 2021). On the other hand, diastolic heart failure is characterized by normal Ejection Fraction (EF), low volume, and concentric left ventricle re-modelling characteristics (Fukuta, 2020). A stiff left ventricle with impaired relation and reduced compliance is another characteristic of diastolic heart failure. With diastolic heart failure, the body is capable of meeting the metabolic needs of the body, although with a higher diastolic pressure (Miranda-Silva et al., 2021).

Question 2

The echocardiography performed on the patient showed reduced wall motion of the anterior wall of the heart and an ejection fraction of 25%, which can be considered low. From our characteristics of systolic and diastolic heart failure above, it is evident that systolic heart failure is characterized by low EF. Also, systolic heart failure is associated with low volume. The decreased wall motion of the heart’s anterior wall can be associated with low volume. Therefore, it can be logically inferred that the patient was suffering from systolic heart failure.

Question 3

Pathophysiology of Dyspnea on Exertion

It results from the left ventricular output’s failure to rise during exercise, which results in increased pulmonary venous pressure.

Pathophysiology of edema

Edema results from a decrease in movements of water from interstitial spaces into lymphatic vessels or high movements of fluids from intravascular to interstitial spaces. It has four mechanisms: decreased plasma oncotic pressure, an increased capillary permeability, lymphatic system obstruction, and increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.

Pathophysiology of jugular vein distention

It happens when the backup of blood is in the vena cava or heart. Superior vena cava, heavy traffic on a freeway, and slow blood flow can lead to a backup of blood.

Pathophysiology of orthopnea

It occurs during recumbency when there Is congestion of pulmonary. It has little effect on a normal person but on a person with heart disease, resulting in shortness of breath because additional blood cannot be pumped by the left ventricle (Hare, 2019).

Question 4

The third heart sound is the first initial indication of left heart failure. It is also associated with low ejection fraction. The presence of a third heart sound and an ejection fraction of 25% is crucial for differentiating the type of heart failure. Differentiating systolic and diastolic heart failure is crucial because the two heart failures have different pathophysiology and histories that might require different therapeutic approaches.

References

Fukuta, H., & Little, W. C. (2020). Diastolic versus systolic heart failure. Diastolic Heart Failure, 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84628-891-3_8

Hare, J. M., Felker, G. M., & Mann, D. L. (2019). In Heart failure: A companion to braunwald’s heart disease. essay, Elsevier.

Jessup, M. (n.d.). Defining heart failure: Systolic versus diastolic dysfunction, differential diagnosis, initial testing. Heart Failure: Providing Optimal Care, 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470994757.ch4

Miranda-Silva, D., Lima, T., Rodrigues, P., Leite-Moreira, A., & Falcão-Pires, I. (2021). Mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the tip of the iceberg. Heart Failure Reviews, 26(3), 453-478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-020-10042-0Wang, Z. (2018). Left ventricular mechanics in human heart failure (Doctoral dissertation, ResearchSpace@ Auckland).

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Actors Performance in the play Macbeth

Introduction

Macbeth is a tragic story written by Shakespeare in the seventeenth century. It is a story about a soldier, Macbeth, who is in search of power. In his quest, he goes ahead to commit murder. Shakespeare used the play to show how poor ambitions and the will to get power in the wrong way can lead to severe consequences. All the bad choices made by the soldier Macbeth in pursuit of power caught up with him in the end. This paper discusses the performances of the actors Ian McKellen, Judy Dench and John Woodvine in the play as Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and Banquo respectively. It describes the choices the actors made in the play both physical and verbal. It goes ahead to illustrate their choices in terms of clarity, logic and satisfaction.

Ian McKellen as Macbeth

Ian McKellen is a renowned actor and the part of Macbeth was one of his best performances. Macbeth is a trusted soldier in Scotland who emerges successful in the war. The other soldiers and King Duncun give him the name brave Macbeth. The King also awards him with the title Thane of Cawdor (I.ii). However he meets three witches who prophesy that he will be king in the near future. At first he doesn’t believe them. The character of Macbeth is expected to be ambitious and craving for power. Ian McKellen brings out this character well. When he hears the prophesy from the three witches, Macbeth is shown to want to kill the king but tells Banquo that he will leave it to fate. Macbeth also wants to know more about the prophesy but the witches, disappear before he could ask questions (I.iii). The fact that he thought about killing the king shows that Macbeth’s character is morally corrupt. He goes ahead to write to his wife . Macbeth had thought of killing the king but was against it when his wife suggested it. She has to insult him and bring up their dead child so that he can comply (I, vii). As the play continues, Macbeth has to kill Banquo so as to cover his bad deeds. The death of Banquo is followed by Banquo’s ghost appearing during banquets in the castle. The ghost traumatizes Macbeth and he starts to behave in a beastly manner (III. iv). This scene clearly illustrates Macbeth’s humanity and how he has been reduced to someone who needs sympathy and pity.

Judi Dench as Lady Macbeth

The character of Lady Macbeth, played by Judi Dench, depicts a different motivation for her actions than the painful loss of a child; instead, her readiness to commit regicide is motivated by her love for her husband. In a tender speech, Judi Dench’s Lady Macbeth explains how she would assist Ian McKellen’s Macbeth in assassinating the monarch (I, v). Later, when she is successful in summoning the spirits, she starts to feel afraid. Dench’s Lady, notwithstanding her fear, resumes the incantation because she is determined to fulfill her husband’s dream (I, v). Her affection is also seen when she reads Macbeth’s long affectionate letter to her telling her of his endeavors and the witches’ prophesy.

Judi Dench acting as Lady Macbeth is very passionate to her husband because after Banqou’s death, she gets worried when her husband goes mad. This is unlike her husband’s behavior when she dies. Macbeth reacts and comments that her death was inevitable (V. v). Dench was also very good in illustrating how Lady Macbeth was affected by all the occurrences. As much as she was the mastermind behind the murder of King Duncun, she was tormented and ended up sleepwalking (V. i). She also calls out to hell in the midst of her torment, showing fear on her face as she looks at her hands covered with imaginary blood (II. ii). The imagery used to portray the character by Dench leaves the viewers feeling like she is beyond redemption. I however don’t think Lady Macbeth was a villain as the play illustrated. Her main goal was to support her ambitious husband which led to her death.

John Woodvine as Banquo

The character Banquo is Macbeth’s best friend. The three witches appear to both Macbeth and Banquo and prophesy that Macbeth is destined to be king of Scotland while Banquo’s sons will be kings of Scotland (I. iii). John Woodvine brought out Banquos character as observant, less spoken, furtive and shrewd. Both characters are seen to be ambitious. After the death of King Duncan, Macbeth takes over the throne (III. i). Banquo swears loyalty to the new king. However, Macbeth sees him as a threat since he is the only person other than his wife who knows about the meeting with the witches. He sends assassins to kill Banquo but Banquo’s son ends up escaping (III. iii). Banquo’s character as a ghost brings out the fear in Macbeth almost turning him mad. The ghost brings mental imbalance to Macbeth making him move around the stage like a mad man. Nobody else in the feast appears to see what Macbeth is seeing so they all react in confusion (III. iv). The viewers are left to conclude for themselves that Macbeth’s sins have started to catch up with him. Maybe Woodvine would have appeared on the scene but dressed in white clothes to illustrate that he is a ghost would have been more direct to the viewers.

Conclusion

The actors in the play use their performances to make the viewers understand the characters better. Their personalities are well brought out in the choices that they make and the changes that occur as the play continues. The viewers observe different characters, each of whom has a unique motivation for carrying out the deed and is personally impacted by its results. This essay has demonstrated not only how content analysis can support and advance performance and performance theory but also how the understanding of each actor can broaden and contribute to our understanding of the play and its character types. Eventually, the play gives and receives critical elaboration.

Works Cited

Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7skhaOegpLA

Acute and Primary Health Care

Name

Professor

Course

Date

chronic diseases

Chronic diseases are sicknesses of long duration that progress slowly. Various health conditions and illnesses can be categorized under the broad heading of chronic disease. The Chronic ailments are generally characterized by:

various risk factors

complex causality

prolonged course of illness

long latency periods

Functional disability or impairment.

Many chronic ailments do not spontaneously resolve, and they are usually not cured wholly. There are several that can be directly life-threatening, for example stroke and heart attack. Others can persist for a while and can become severe in management terms (for instance diabetes). Many chronic illnesses persist in a person through life, but they do not usually cause death (for instance arthritis). For different reasons, including facts that more individuals are living to old age and the improvements in management and treatment, there has been an increase in chronic diseases prevalence in the past.

Chronic diseases like asthma, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus are the top causes of disability and death. They are caused by various reasons that include environment, lifestyle, and genetics and they are anticipated to be more frequent as people age and the risk factors increase. The burden caused by these situations can be high, not just for those individuals that have them, but for their families too.

Majoring on Diabetes;

Diabetes, frequently referred by doctors as diabetes mellitus, it explains various metabolic diseases wherein an individual has high blood (blood sugar) glucose, probably due to inadequate insulin production, or because of lack of proper response by the body’s cells to insulin, or both. A Patient having high blood sugar normally experiences frequent urination (polyuria) they may become ever more hungry (polyphagia) and thirsty (polydipsia).

Diabetes is of three types:

Type 1 Diabetes

The immune system destroys the beta cells that make insulin in the pancreas, this cause severe, frequently total lack of insulin. This type of diabetes is common mostly during young adulthood and childhood but it can take place at any age. Individuals who have type 1 diabetes have to receive daily injections of insulin to sustain life, and they should do finger prick blood glucose tests regularly to check their diabetes. A progressive development in managing and introducing new technology has led to reduced complication rates and has greatly improved the life expectancy.

Type 2 Diabetes

Individuals having this type of diabetes experience relative insulin deficiency and they are resistant to insulin action due to continuous failure of their pancreatic beta cells.

An inherited vulnerability to this type of diabetes is provoked by abdominal obesity. This Type of diabetes frequently occurs in the elderly and middle aged people, although it is becoming common in children, young adults and adolescents, mostly in the Aboriginal populations.

Diabetic complications and Type 2 diabetes are frequently asymptomatic, making it difficult for early diagnosis. In Aboriginal and other risky, under-resourced and remote groups, diabetes is usually undiagnosed till there is development of advanced complications. Around 90% of all diabetes cases in the world are of this type.

Some individuals can control their symptoms of type 2 Diabetes through weight loss, having a healthy diet, exercising, and observing their levels of blood glucose. Nevertheless, type 2 diabetes is usually a progressive sickness – it gets worse gradually – and the patient probably ends up having to take insulin, which is usually in the form of tablet.

Diabetic complications

Constantly elevated levels of blood glucose in the two types of Diabetes lead to damaging of small blood vessels inside the kidney and retina. Elevated concentrations of blood glucose interact with the high blood pressure as well as the altered blood lipids causing accelerated atherosclerosis within arteries in the legs, brain and heart.

Overweight and obese individuals have a greater risk of getting type 2 Diabetes when compared to the people having body weight that is healthy. People having lots of visceral fat, also identified as belly fat, abdominal obesity, or central obesity are particularly at risk. Being obese/overweight makes the body to release chemicals that are capable of destabilizing the body’s metabolic and cardiovascular systems. Men having low levels of testosterone have higher risk of getting type 2 Diabetes.

Gestational Diabetes

This type usually affects the females during pregnancy. Various women have extremely high glucose levels in their blood; therefore their bodies are not capable of producing enough insulin for transporting all the glucose into their cells, this result in progressive rise in glucose levels. Gestational diabetes is generally asymptomatic, and it is detected through screening tests. Its Treatment consists of modification on diet and, in a number of cases, injection of insulin. Up to 50% of the women that have experienced gestational diabetes consequently get type 2 Diabetes. Gestational diabetes’ diagnosis is usually made during pregnancy. Most of the patients having gestational diabetes may control their diabetes through dieting and exercising.

What Is Pre-Diabetes?

Majority of patients having type 2 Diabetes at first had pre-Diabetes. The levels of their blood glucose were higher than the normal, but it was not high enough to merit a diagnosis of diabetes. The body cells then become resistant to insulin.

Diabetes mellitus is classified as a disorder of the metabolism. Metabolism is how bodies use the food that is digested for growth and energy. Most of what is eaten is broken down to glucose, a form of sugar inside the blood. Glucose is the main fuel source for our bodies. When food is digested, glucose goes to the bloodstream. The cells use glucose for growth and energy. Nevertheless, glucose cannot go into the cells without presence of insulin. Insulin enables the cells to take the glucose. Insulin is a hormone which is produced by pancreas.

A person having diabetes has a situation where the amount of blood glucose is extremely elevated (hyperglycemia) It is as a result of either the body not producing enough insulin, producing no insulin, or having cells that do not respond well to the insulin produced by the pancreas. This leads to building up of too much glucose inside the blood. Excess blood glucose is finally passed out of the body inside urine.

Burden of the disease

Diabetes is a major cause of death within Australia and it is the fastest growing disease worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is among Western Australia (WA)’s most important issues of health. Every day, almost 30 individuals are diagnosed with diabetes in WA. Type 2 diabetes is the form that is most common; it comprises 85 to 90% of those that have diabetes. The occurrence of type 2 diabetes has been growing. International and WA data shows that occurrence of type 1 diabetes increases approximately at 3% yearly. Diabetes burden is unequally distributed across the society. Diabetes-related mortality in 2001-03 in nearly all disadvantaged parts of Australia was higher by 82% than the areas that were least disadvantaged.

Diabetes in the Aboriginal people

The commonness of diabetes is two or four times advanced amongst Aboriginal individuals than among the non-Aboriginal people. In various Aboriginal communities that are remote diabetes occurrence is as high as 30%. The Type 2 diabetes usually develops at the younger age, and it is linked to various risk factors for example abdominal obesity, hypertension and Dyslipidaemia. Others also have the renal disease. Diabetes is seen to be a major contributor of the excess Aboriginal people mortality whose life expectation compared to other Australians is 17 years less. In WA, diabetes death rates are 13 times higher when it comes to female and it is six times higher when it comes to the male Aboriginal citizens than for the non- Aboriginal citizens. Various studies have shown clearly that weight loss can delay or prevent Type 2 diabetes in the high-risk persons

Diabetes Complications

Diabetes is recognized to be:

A major cause of the cardiovascular disease

a very common reason for starting renal dialysis

a common cause of the blindness amongst people who are under 60 years

a very common cause of amputation of the non-traumatic lower-limb

among the most common chronic sickness in children

Hospital admissions

People who have diabetes stay longer in hospitals and the outcomes are poorer. In Western Australia, the diabetes related problems admission rate to hospitals for Aboriginal when dealing with age females is 17 times higher and it is 10 times higher for the Aboriginal males when compared with non-Aboriginal people

Diabetes awareness, early diagnosis and prevention services

Type 2 diabetes together with its complications is very avoidable. People who have IFG/ IGT or a history of gestational diabetes can reduce the risk of getting type 2 Diabetes by possibly 60% by regular physical activity, eating healthy and moderate loss of weight. An environment that supports and promotes healthy lifestyle is very important in reducing diabetes risk in the society. Diabetes prevention and awareness services are offered by many individuals and organizations in the government, the non-government and the private sectors

Long term and initial managing of type 2 diabetes

A lot of patients having type 2 Diabetes are usually managed in the society by the general practitioners, through variable input from educators of diabetes and dieticians by referring the patient directly to particular practitioners, or to the multidisciplinary teams that operate in the government, the non-government and the private sectors within the larger group practices, the General Practice Divisions, different community services, teaching hospitals or general hospitals. A lot of patients are as well referred to ophthalmologists, podiatrists and optometrists while some to the public or private endocrinologists

Self-management education on Diabetes, a cornerstone of the diabetes care, is offered by dieticians, registered nurses and additional health professionals who have undergone further training to be diabetes educators. Education on Diabetes is as well provided by the general practitioners, nurses, specialists, pharmacists, dieticians, websites and other different sources.

The Aboriginal people, persons living within the outer metropolitan, rural and regional parts and members of the other vulnerable and high risk groups continue suffering diabetic complications of high rates, and they are over-represented in the admission statistics of hospitals.

Lacking knowledge of the available resources and lack of coordination of the large organizations number as well as individuals to provide diabetes services pose as major barriers to the access and the optimal health results. There is a great need of developing well-organized interface amid community health and general practice services at local level.

Innovative strategies are required for overcoming challenges that are posed by the cultural factors, service gaps, language, remote locations and special needs of the Aboriginal people as well as other vulnerable and high risk groups who suffer from unduly high morbidity rates plus mortality from diabetes.

Early detection and most favorable management of the complications; specialist services

People having recognized diabetic complications require timely access to the right GP as well as specialist management services. Improved control of the blood pressure, glucose and lipids as well as Smoking cessation slows progression of the diabetic complications. Multidisciplinary high-risk and Professional podiatry foot services are very effective for avoiding amputations and ulceration. Laser photocoagulation is extremely effective when it comes to preventing loss of vision in people who have advanced diabetic retinopathy. Access to additional specialists is required for best management of the advanced complications.

In several cases, screening of complications is usually arranged by the general practitioners, in association with optometrists, podiatrists, ophthalmologists plus other specialists. Regular use of local protocols, recall systems, patient registers, service directories, guidelines and management plans that are patient-held is required for ascertaining that everyone with diabetes gets comprehensive, ongoing care.

Review of expert endocrine is required for people having poorly controlled diabetes those that need intensive therapies which include insulin, those having diabetic complications that are advanced and additional complex medical problems, along with patients having metabolic derangements that are severe plus the other acute problems. The majority of these patients ought to be referred to the general practitioner whenever particular problems are addressed and appropriate management plans are formulated.

Everyone who has Type 1 Diabetes and every child having diabetes is supposed to be referred to the specialist services for management that is long term. The services of Specialist multidisciplinary endocrinology are now provided inside private practice and in units that teach hospital diabetes. Accessing these services is limited by a long waiting list, shortage of workforce, distance, lacking specialized fast access services, and restrictive funding mechanisms. Other specialists playing important diabetes management roles include cardiologists, ophthalmologists, nephrologists, orthopedic and vascular surgeons and the bariatric surgeons.

Managing acute illness in individuals that have diabetes

People who have diabetes ought to have an action plan with which they can manage a decline within their health status, this includes how and when to ask for professional advice. Appropriate telephone contact with a specialist nurse educator, general practitioner, nurse practitioner diabetes educator, or dialectologist/endocrinologist is often able to prevent progression to a serious sickness and hospital admission. Lacking or failing to use these options has led to increased reliance on the emergency units to accomplish this role, mainly in the outer metropolitan areas, that contribute to excess ED workload and bed pressures that are compounding.

Local systems are required in the general practice to guarantee rapid access to professional assistance and advice when required. Area responsibilities ought to be allocated to particular secondary and tertiary care centers and additional specialist services to make sure all the metropolitan, rural and regional providers of primary health care can easily access professional multi-disciplinary teams for shared care and advice.

Managing diabetes in hospital

Patients who have type 2 Diabetes are usually admitted directly to the diabetes units for the management of diabetic as well as additional emergencies in addition to management of the acute illness and complications that are advanced. Foot ulcers which are caused by vascular ailment and neuropathy are a common cause of the prolonged admission to hospital, which requires close liaison with microbiology, podiatry, vascular surgery, orthopedic surgery, imaging as well as home care services.

Various patients get admitted to the general hospitals for diabetes stabilization. Such admissions are generally ineffective and unnecessary. Type 2 Diabetes which is poorly controlled is best managed in a setting of ambulatory care by an experienced multidisciplinary team. Professional services for those adults that have type 1 diabetes are offered by teaching the hospital outpatient clinics as well as the endocrinologists inside private practice.

Understanding Primary health care model;

Primary health care is a model of community-based health service delivery. Its operation is through a broad range of services for example community, youth and women’s health service. Primary health service model of healthcare and philosophy was documented and articulated during the first worldwide conference in 1978 that involved primary health care. Primary health care system is necessarily part of the publicly funded health system, provided at no cost to those who access the service, and is not regarded as for profit model of service delivery.

Primary health care is about the work done by health care experts who act as where consultation should first be made by every patient that is in that health care method. Examples of those professionals are often the primary care physician, for instance a family physician or general practitioner, non-physician provider of primary care, for example a nurse practitioner or physician assistant. Depending on the area, the system of health organization, and at times at the discretion of the patient, one can first see a different health care expert Depending on the condition of the health; patients can later be referred for acute care. Primary care is engrossed in the broadest extent of health care, it includes patients of all ages, geographic and socioeconomic origins, patients who seek maintaining their most favorable physical condition, and patients who have every manner of chronic and acute physical, social and mental health matters, including many chronic ailments.

When discussing this model in relation to diabetes problems, we draw different conclusions. This model has its advantages and disadvantages. It majorly involves consultations. In this model, patients of all manners are welcome. Diabetes patients can be given a lime light on how to handle their problems. This model helps a lot in that you can access your physician easily. A person can be given information easily as it is possible to deal with a family doctor. This model has its disadvantages too. An individual is usually referred to secondary treatment when situation needs severe attention.

Acute care involves health services which are offered in an institution of tertiary care, for instance a hospital. Here, a patient is given temporary cure which is active but it is usually for patients with serious injuries, sickness that is for a period of time, a medical situation that is urgent, or those patients that undergo surgery.

Generally, health care professionals from various surgical and medical expertises deliver acute care service. Acute care might necessitate that one stays in the emergency department of a hospital or in whichever other temporary stay facility. When patients are deemed stable and healthy, the acute inpatient care which is hospital based is responsible for discharging them. The setting of acute care includes though it is not limited to; intensive care, neonatal intensive care, cardiology, coronary care and several common areas in which patients might become acutely ill and need to be stabilized and transferred to a different unit of higher dependency for additional treatment.

The advantage of this model is that a patient who is at the point of death can be attended to immediately. Patients are given temporary treatment and this may help the diabetic patient. Another advantage of this model is that the patient stays in emergency department where they are attended to. A disadvantage of this model is that treatment is temporary although it is active. Also the treatment conducted here is usually for the individuals who have severe injuries, long-time sicknesses or an urgent medical state. The diabetic patients who are not very seriously ill are often not attended to in a fast manner.

Therapeutic relationship is basically the relationship that involves somebody who acts in the helping role, and that person being helped. Whilst the sector of primary health care delivers services which meet requirements of most citizens requiring treatment for long period of sick-health, it is not as successful when dealing with the requirements of people who have conditions that are more complex. Primary care practitioners should have broad width of information in numerous areas. stability is a major primary care characteristic, because patients frequently prefer consulting a certain practitioner for preventive care and routine check-ups, education about health, and each moment they need a first consultation on health problem that are new. In medical terms, care for acute health conditions is the opposite from chronic care, or longer term care.

References

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2013). Chronic diseases. About chronic disease.

Authoritative information and statistics to promote better health and wellbeing

http://www.aihw.gov.au/chronic-diseases/Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2013). Indicators for chronic disease. Authoritative

information and statistics to promote better health and wellbeing

http://www.aihw.gov.au/indicators-for-chronic-disease/Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2013). Key indicators for chronic disease and

associated determinants. Authoritative information and statistics to promote better health

and wellbeing http://www.aihw.gov.au/chronic-diseases/key-indicators/Australian Nursing Federation, (2009). Primary health care in Australia – a nursing and

midwifery consensus view. http://www.anf.org.au/anf_pdf/publications/PHC_Australia.pdf

Christian N. (2012) What Is Diabetes? What Causes Diabetes? Medical News Today

http://www.what is Diabetes What Causes Diabetes.htm

Colman .P, Beischer .A. (2000). Lower limb amputation and diabetes: the key is prevention.

Eileen W, Louise R, & Helen K.(2009) Understanding the Australian health care system.

Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.

Haynes A, Bower C, Bulsara M. (2004). Continued increase in the incidence of childhood type 1

Diabetes in a population-based Australian sample

Hoffman L, Nolan C, Wilson J. (1998). The Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society.

Gestational diabetes mellitus: management guidelines.

Jessica, B. Australia’s real challenge is population ageing.

Jordan. J, Osborne R. (2007). Chronic disease self-management education programs: challenges

ahead

Laasko .M (1999). Hyperglycaemia and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes.

Pamala.D, Ilene. M (2009). Chronic illness: impact and intervention. Jones and Bartlett

Publishers

Petra ,T. Eleanor,J.,&Sandy,M.(2011). Initiatives to integrate primary and acute health care,

including ambulatory care services. Primary Health Care Research Information Service.

Randall P.(2007). Risk adjustment in health care markets: concepts and applications. Institute of

Health Economics. Boston University.

Rasekaba.T, Lim.W, Hutchinson .A. (2012). Effect of a chronic disease management service for

patients with diabetes on hospitalization and acute care costs.

Royal College of Physicians. (2007) Acute medical care. The right person, in the right setting

first time. Report of the Acute Medicine Task Force. London: RCP

Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers (2001). Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill

patients.

Western Australian Diabetes Services Taskforce 1999 Western Australian Diabetes Strategy

1999 Health Department of WA

Willis, E., Reynolds, L., & Keleher, H. (2009). Understanding the Australian health care system.

Sydney: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.

World health organization. (2003) Chronic respiratory diseases

http://www.who.int/respiratory/asthma/en/index.html

World health organization, (2013). Management of asthma

http://www.who.int/respiratory/asthma/burden/en/index.html

Case Study 12.1 Whats-App-ening

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Case Study 12.1 Whats-App-ening

To start with, it is imperative to acknowledge the role of these applications in the organization and the kind of communication the organization is trying to accomplish in their workplace community. It is evident that Hospital Care Corporation’s Head of Human Resources is trying to establish a better, effective, and superior communication channel for all its employees. I would say these applications are solely meant for the purpose of internal communication throughout the hospital. It is evident that the Human Resources Department is always on the lookout for input from the employees at the hospitals. This is because employees are best placed to observe and provide feedback on various aspects since they are the ones that have most interactions with the patients. The hospital heads and executives are looking forward to developing improved upward flow of communication. The application provides both upward and downwards communication flow. The Human Resource Faculty requires to use a service in such a case considering that that the application enables the organization to push important notifications and announcements to their employees. The application enables the employees to get real-time updates and news. They ate even able to make a change to their benefits with the help of the application. This is a downward communication method. The workforce needs to take up the use of the application that gets selected. Moreover, throughout this application, employees tend to be given a chance to express their feedback, thoughts and concerns anonymously. They also provide feedback on operational practices or suggest ideas which tends to be a form of upward communication. This kind of communication tends to be vital to supervisors, executives, and other individuals in a administrational positions.

I foresee various challenges with using upward communication using an app. First, establishing a proper upward communication channel is critical for any industry or business. The managers and other individuals in leadership positions will require to be informed about the concerns and opinions that the employees might be encountering. This will allow the problem to be solved easily. In essence, upward communication comes into the picture to keep employees on the same level as senior-level individuals such as the Board of Directors and the Chief Executive Director. Observing organizational hierarchy is important. Upward communication boosts satisfaction and productivity. The biggest possible problem from the app has to do with it its uptake for upward communication. There is a possibility that some employees might not be reception to the use of the application for upward communication as they are used to conventional methods of communication. Additionally, at times getting employees to share their thoughts with management can prove difficult. Incorporating such aspects into an application might prove difficult.

Undoubtedly, I have concerns with the employees that use their personal cell phones to run the company apps. In my viewpoints, the use of tablets and smart phones tends to come with obvious distractions. This is especially the case if the applications is for an institution such as a hospital. Using personal cell phones for company applications has a negative impact on productivity. Cell phones easily tend to make employees to loose focus on important tasks. As such they should avoid as much as possible running company applications on personal cell phones. From a far, it might seem like a viable innovative service, however there are better ways of implementing downward and upward communication in a hospital set up. Examples of these options include traditional in-person meetings that proved to be better than the use of company applications. Essentially, there should be limited use of cell phones of employees while at work. Alternatively, the company can issue employees with tablets that have limited functions. They can also consider blocking the computer servers at the workplace from accessing specific sites.

There are certain considerations that companies should look for concerning functionality for employee engagement and two-way communication. Companies should come up with ways to develop reliable and functional communication channels. The channel should work to establish a dual understanding between the workforce and administration. It is upon the company administration to invite feedback from employees and personnel. Upon receiving feedback, the administration, in turn, should act on it accordingly. Acting on feedback establishes trust between the employees and company administrators. It also promotes mutual respect among the employees within an organization. Respect is a key ingredient for success as it boosts the contentment of everybody. When satisfaction becomes a priority for the leadership or administration of a company, there tends to be satisfaction. One can notice that employees become more enthusiastic and engaged in their work when they are satisfied. Worth noting, the method and service employed should be welcoming, practical but not overwhelming. The application’s functionality should incorporate places where members of staff are allowed to provide feedback and share opinions about the company’s business organization. Additionally, here employees will have platform to share their concerns, and discuss new ideas. Moreover, the company can also incorporate surveys that will greatly enhance understanding and satisfaction of all parties.

CASE STUDY ESSAY – DUE JULY 31

Case studies will be presented to the class tentatively scheduled for August 4th, following finals. All students are required to attend case study presentations. Presentations must be a minimum of 10 minutes long and no more than 15 minutes, including time allowed for questions. The case study grade will comprise a major portion of the final clinical grade. No late assignments are accepted.

The paper must be in MLA format – with a minimum of 750 words in the BODY of the paper, double-spaced with 1-inch margins. (Font size 12, Times New Roman font. Cover sheets, abstract pages and reference pages are not in the body of the paper, and are not part of the word count requirement.

Points will be lost for not meeting the required word count. Additionally, pictures/charts/definition lists/bullet points are NOT to be included in the body of the paper, but may be included as an addendum, after the References page.

This is a professional research paper. Appropriate research and citation of references must be used. Proper grammar, punctuation, sentence, and paragraph structure must be used. The use of slang, racism, or any other derogatory language will not be tolerated.

The case study should maintain patient confidentiality. The use of actual names in the paper, on printed material and/or medical images is strictly prohibited. Do not use the patient’s name, ID #, DOB, actual age, dates of admission, hospital, doctor’s name, sonographer’s name…NOTHING.

A case study may be selected at any time during the clinical rotation, but students should try to collect data early to avoid rushing at the last minute to write the paper. Case selection should be based upon clinically interesting diagnosis and or findings. Information to be presented should include, but is not limited to the following: patient history, physical exam, clinical findings, diagnostic results, interpretation of results and lab data, hemodynamic correlations, definitions of medical terms, patient diagnosis and related problems, treatment, medications, follow up and patient outcome or prognosis. Deductions will be made if any of the preceding information is missing.

Students must use REPUTABLE resources; books, journals, and the internet. You may not use any internet source that cannot be properly cited. Hint: If you cannot find an author, DO NOT use it. Stay away from wikipedia, emed, medline etc. Use professional articles.

Actors in Policymaking

Name:

Institutional Affiliation:

The statement “actors are individuals, collectives or corporations involved in the policymaking process who seek to turn their preferences into public policy” is an accurate one. The process of making policies often culminates in the fulfilment of the wants of specific factors involved in the process. Examples of individual actors can be politicians or leaders of certain special rights groups. Collectives can refer to any grouping of people who want to push a certain agenda in the policymaking process. Corporations are large companies or collection of companies that enjoy rights similar to that of individuals. Corporations are therefore recognized and allowed to act like one entity under the law. Individuals, collectives and corporations have different motivations and goals with regard to public policy, and they use their influence and positions to ensure that public policy reflects their desires and interests.

Examples of individuals with the ability to influence public policy include politicians. When a politician decides to run for offices, they usually have a manifesto outlining their vision, and they use this to convince voters to vote for them (Erikson 2015). A person running for office can do so under a political party or as an independent candidate. Under a party, an individual adheres to party politics and views on public policy. For example, the Republican Party in the United States is a conservative party, and some of its core beliefs include the protection of gun rights, free-market capitalism, pro-life views as well as low taxes. A person running on the Republican ticket will, therefore, have to subscribe to these conservative views, and this will influence their public policy stances. A Republican will hold such beliefs dear and will do everything possible to change or create public policies in line with them. Corporations also exert a lot of influence on policymaking because of their significant resources, with their main agenda being the setting of policies that will promote their operations and profit-making objectives.

Problem definition and agenda-setting are essential parts of public policy, and individuals, collectives and corporations play a significant role in these two aspects. For example, influential politicians such as the president are often involved in the agenda-setting phase of public policy. Agenda-setting determines which issues get a lot of attention in the public domain (Birkland 2015). If a president or legislator wishes to change or create policies on a particular topic, they will take actions to ensure this. Such actions will include presenting bills in the House of Representatives, running advertisements, giving public speeches and others. Problem definition is also important because different parties can define the same problem differently (Barbehön et al. 2015). Taking the issue of gun rights, a conservative will insist that gun rights must be protected at all costs while liberals would argue that gun rights should not come before public safety and the protection of human rights. Public opinion sways depending on how the problem is defined.

Individuals have the greatest influence on policy agendas and outcomes. Some of the most influential people in society are politicians and leaders of notable groups and organizations such as religious groups and nongovernmental organizations. These individuals have many people under their guidance and leadership; hence, they set the agenda when it comes to policymaking. Elections give a chance to candidates to present their manifestos and voters then elect those that they feel best represent their interests (Klijn & Koppenjan 2017). Those who get elected to the legislature can then introduce bills and other legislations which will shape public policy. Other powerful and influential individuals outside the legislature, such as leaders of religious and lobby groups, can also create awareness around a particular issue and call for changes in policy around the issues in question.

Individuals interact with formal institutions during the policy process. Because the majority of the influential individuals hold seats in the legislature and other arms of government, they are a part of those institutions tasked with the creation and amendment of policies (Birkland 2015). These actors, therefore, make use of their positions in formal institutions to by presenting pieces of legislation to be deliberated upon, and if passed, they become law. Other individuals outside the legislature can also present petitions and speeches to legislative bodies such as Congress to create awareness on some areas of public policy (Erikson 2015). Public opinion has a significant impact on the influence and success of individuals as actors in the policymaking process. When an individual has a lot of popularity among the public, any policy issues that they raise will get a lot of attention in the public domain. The president of any country is one such example he or she is quite influential if they were voted in by a majority of the citizens. When an issue has gained significant public interest, it is hen legislated upon, and many times, the votes will reflect public opinion (Klijn & Koppenjan 2017). Legislators and members of the executive are an integral part of policymaking, and their votes should reflect those of the people who elected them into office.

In conclusion, the process of policymaking involves many actors such as individuals, collectives and corporations. While all these exert significant influence in the process, individuals usually have the biggest say. Some influential individuals include politicians and leaders of groups such as religious and lobby groups. Politicians are part of the formal institutions that come up with policies or amend existing ones, usually based on public opinion because the politicians in the different arms of government should represent the view of their people.

References

Barbehön, M., Münch, S., & Lamping, W. (2015). Problem definition and agenda-setting in critical perspective. In Handbook of Critical Policy Studies. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Birkland, T. A. (2015). An introduction to the policy process: Theories, concepts, and models of public policy making. Routledge.Erikson, J. (2015). Ideas and actors in policy processes: where is the interaction?. Policy Studies, 36(5), 451-467.

Klijn, E. H., & Koppenjan, J. F. (2017). Rediscovering the citizen: new roles for politicians in interactive policy making. In Public participation and innovations in community governance (pp. 141-164). Routledge.

Motorola

Student name:

Instructor:

Institution

Overview

Motorola rapidly became the largest mobile phone seller in UK. In 2006, its asset was more than £32.74 billion and it had 100 million subscribers. Until 2007, these figures have grown to over £38.8 billion and more than 138 million subscribers (Motorola Company Profile, 2009, p1). However, the continued good performance of Motorola is threatened by a number of factors. Motorola had always been a pioneer in the areas of quality and productivity. In the 1980s, Motorola had been the site for improvement programs of productivity and presentations of quality by many experts including Dorian Shainin, Joseph M Juran, Eliyahu Goldratt and Genichi Taguchi. Now the Six Sigma coauthor and the president of Six Sigma Academy was Mikel Harry who was an attendee of some of the programs that was inspired by their thinking and he produced a program for the Government Electronics Motorola Division which includes Juran’s journey of quality, Shainin’s advanced diagnostic tools (Planned Experimentation (PE) and ADT) and Statistical Process Control (SPC) (Hillier and Lieberman, 2001; Goh, 2002).

For improving quality through its process design and product activities Motorola has been a role model. Motorola is widely recognized as the national leader in total quality management. In 1988 the company was offered as a winner of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and it remains one of the few large companies to have won the award for companywide activities. Total quality management is perceived at all levels of the organization.

All of these mean that Motorola’s marketing strategies, especially its advertising strategies, will become the most important element of its sustained and successful growth. The challenge for Motorola is to gain and maintain market share, and continue to seek future growth.

Therefore, the application of successful advertising strategies is a critical factor for attracting new customers and keeping existing ones. Marketing research suggests that advertising is about attitudes, the attitudes of consumers towards products. Boyd, Ray and Strong (2007) propose that there are five strategies which marketing managers can pursue in relation to basing their advertising campaigns on attitudinal change.

Many companies have considerably improved their profitability by means of Six Sigma which originated at Motorola. Due to the tough competition from Japanese Manufacturers the head of the company, Robert W Galvin launched and extensive improvement program early in the 1980s. Juran was called in to assist in the improvement work. He gave three important pieces of advice. They are:

Work on chronic problems;

Institute project oriented improvement work; and

Organize a steering arm which means setting up project teams.

Together with his colleague Frank M Gryna, Juran gave training to management on how to perform effective improvement work. The project teams were trained by means of the video based training program, Juran on Quality Improvement.

Motorola later gave the name Six Sigma to the improvement program. Thu, without the support from Juran, Motorola would probably have not been successful with its program of Six Sigma.

References

Goh T N (2002), A Strategic assessment of six sigma, Quality and Reliability Engineering International, London.

Hillier F S and Lieberman G J (2001), Introduction to Operations Research, Tata McGraw Hill, Boston

Character Analysis

Part 1, Moon: Your Face Is Not an Organ; Impact; Juice Summary

From a surface view the future looks awesome and so much amazing; on the other hand, the book “Feed” by Anderson depicts a future that is presented as grim. The story in this book revolves around the key character named Titus who is a teenager. According to the book, he like other 70% of American population have feed implanted on their brain. Titus meets Violet a lady who makes her think about the feed. She is a thrill seeking girl who advises Titus to resist the feed.

Titus is from a rich family and can afford a little more expensive leisure; he goes to the moon alongside other friends to have fun. At the moon they attend a low gravity night club. Three female friends joined Titus Company to the moon. One such girl is Quendy who becomes the centre of attention and discussion among the ladies. She has a nasal lesion which forms the basis of the discussion. At the end of it, a lady described as the girl in gray qualifies Quendy’s lesion as a fine one. The other ladies are amazed at her brilliance.

Part 2, Eden: Awake; College Try; Boring; Still Boring Summary

While at the moon, both friends have their feeds impaired. Titus wakes up to find his feednet disconnected and therefore no signal transmission. The attempts he makes to reach his friends are so misfired. Violet wakes up complaining of the same problem too. They are at the hospital which they find boring and wonder what to do. The only thing they see around is a painting of a boat that seems not to interest them anyway.

Part 2, Eden: Missing the Feed; Cache & Carry; Night. And Boring; Father Summary

At the time feeds were first made, it was a hand held device. Soon the new version that was implanted on the brain was made. It created a perception of high intelligence among the people. Titus even thinks the corporate running the feeds run everything and so may be evil. He gets worked up when his feed goes offline and compares the feelings to those of the boat painting at the hospital

Character analysis

Titus

The novel is a narration given by Titus. He is a teenager whose life is so much dominated by the brain implanted feed. The novel begins when Titus is presented as immature teenager leading a normal life. He grew up in a wealthy family and often engaged in the forbidden activities like drinking. He is much bored with things in his environ. As a way of having some fun, Titus goes to the moon in company of other friends. His life is generally dominated by the feed and he gets all he feeds through this feed; be it advertisements or media announcements.

Calista

Calista is presented as the leader of the group of ladies who waged a confrontation to Violet. she is an outspoken girl and very confrontational in their fight with violet. in the story, she is Links girlfriend. it is also notable that she was one of the first girls to get cosmetic lesions.

Violet

Violet is a young lady who grew up in a low middle class family. She is a used to symbolize the difference between current society and the anticipated futuristic world. Violet had her feed implanted late at 6 years and not at birth as with others. It is only her who questions use of feed and attempts to oppose it. She is able to think independently and operate without the feed. Violet was homes-schooled and became much brighter in comparison with those individuals who had a chip implanted into their brains at a tender age. She also comes from a lower-middle-class background. However after the chip was implanted in her, she too had her functioning altered. She is seen to symbolize the dyeing past way of life.