Category: Uncategorized

Acute and Primary Health Care

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chronic diseases

Chronic diseases are sicknesses of long duration that progress slowly. Various health conditions and illnesses can be categorized under the broad heading of chronic disease. The Chronic ailments are generally characterized by:

various risk factors

complex causality

prolonged course of illness

long latency periods

Functional disability or impairment.

Many chronic ailments do not spontaneously resolve, and they are usually not cured wholly. There are several that can be directly life-threatening, for example stroke and heart attack. Others can persist for a while and can become severe in management terms (for instance diabetes). Many chronic illnesses persist in a person through life, but they do not usually cause death (for instance arthritis). For different reasons, including facts that more individuals are living to old age and the improvements in management and treatment, there has been an increase in chronic diseases prevalence in the past.

Chronic diseases like asthma, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus are the top causes of disability and death. They are caused by various reasons that include environment, lifestyle, and genetics and they are anticipated to be more frequent as people age and the risk factors increase. The burden caused by these situations can be high, not just for those individuals that have them, but for their families too.

Majoring on Diabetes;

Diabetes, frequently referred by doctors as diabetes mellitus, it explains various metabolic diseases wherein an individual has high blood (blood sugar) glucose, probably due to inadequate insulin production, or because of lack of proper response by the body’s cells to insulin, or both. A Patient having high blood sugar normally experiences frequent urination (polyuria) they may become ever more hungry (polyphagia) and thirsty (polydipsia).

Diabetes is of three types:

Type 1 Diabetes

The immune system destroys the beta cells that make insulin in the pancreas, this cause severe, frequently total lack of insulin. This type of diabetes is common mostly during young adulthood and childhood but it can take place at any age. Individuals who have type 1 diabetes have to receive daily injections of insulin to sustain life, and they should do finger prick blood glucose tests regularly to check their diabetes. A progressive development in managing and introducing new technology has led to reduced complication rates and has greatly improved the life expectancy.

Type 2 Diabetes

Individuals having this type of diabetes experience relative insulin deficiency and they are resistant to insulin action due to continuous failure of their pancreatic beta cells.

An inherited vulnerability to this type of diabetes is provoked by abdominal obesity. This Type of diabetes frequently occurs in the elderly and middle aged people, although it is becoming common in children, young adults and adolescents, mostly in the Aboriginal populations.

Diabetic complications and Type 2 diabetes are frequently asymptomatic, making it difficult for early diagnosis. In Aboriginal and other risky, under-resourced and remote groups, diabetes is usually undiagnosed till there is development of advanced complications. Around 90% of all diabetes cases in the world are of this type.

Some individuals can control their symptoms of type 2 Diabetes through weight loss, having a healthy diet, exercising, and observing their levels of blood glucose. Nevertheless, type 2 diabetes is usually a progressive sickness – it gets worse gradually – and the patient probably ends up having to take insulin, which is usually in the form of tablet.

Diabetic complications

Constantly elevated levels of blood glucose in the two types of Diabetes lead to damaging of small blood vessels inside the kidney and retina. Elevated concentrations of blood glucose interact with the high blood pressure as well as the altered blood lipids causing accelerated atherosclerosis within arteries in the legs, brain and heart.

Overweight and obese individuals have a greater risk of getting type 2 Diabetes when compared to the people having body weight that is healthy. People having lots of visceral fat, also identified as belly fat, abdominal obesity, or central obesity are particularly at risk. Being obese/overweight makes the body to release chemicals that are capable of destabilizing the body’s metabolic and cardiovascular systems. Men having low levels of testosterone have higher risk of getting type 2 Diabetes.

Gestational Diabetes

This type usually affects the females during pregnancy. Various women have extremely high glucose levels in their blood; therefore their bodies are not capable of producing enough insulin for transporting all the glucose into their cells, this result in progressive rise in glucose levels. Gestational diabetes is generally asymptomatic, and it is detected through screening tests. Its Treatment consists of modification on diet and, in a number of cases, injection of insulin. Up to 50% of the women that have experienced gestational diabetes consequently get type 2 Diabetes. Gestational diabetes’ diagnosis is usually made during pregnancy. Most of the patients having gestational diabetes may control their diabetes through dieting and exercising.

What Is Pre-Diabetes?

Majority of patients having type 2 Diabetes at first had pre-Diabetes. The levels of their blood glucose were higher than the normal, but it was not high enough to merit a diagnosis of diabetes. The body cells then become resistant to insulin.

Diabetes mellitus is classified as a disorder of the metabolism. Metabolism is how bodies use the food that is digested for growth and energy. Most of what is eaten is broken down to glucose, a form of sugar inside the blood. Glucose is the main fuel source for our bodies. When food is digested, glucose goes to the bloodstream. The cells use glucose for growth and energy. Nevertheless, glucose cannot go into the cells without presence of insulin. Insulin enables the cells to take the glucose. Insulin is a hormone which is produced by pancreas.

A person having diabetes has a situation where the amount of blood glucose is extremely elevated (hyperglycemia) It is as a result of either the body not producing enough insulin, producing no insulin, or having cells that do not respond well to the insulin produced by the pancreas. This leads to building up of too much glucose inside the blood. Excess blood glucose is finally passed out of the body inside urine.

Burden of the disease

Diabetes is a major cause of death within Australia and it is the fastest growing disease worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is among Western Australia (WA)’s most important issues of health. Every day, almost 30 individuals are diagnosed with diabetes in WA. Type 2 diabetes is the form that is most common; it comprises 85 to 90% of those that have diabetes. The occurrence of type 2 diabetes has been growing. International and WA data shows that occurrence of type 1 diabetes increases approximately at 3% yearly. Diabetes burden is unequally distributed across the society. Diabetes-related mortality in 2001-03 in nearly all disadvantaged parts of Australia was higher by 82% than the areas that were least disadvantaged.

Diabetes in the Aboriginal people

The commonness of diabetes is two or four times advanced amongst Aboriginal individuals than among the non-Aboriginal people. In various Aboriginal communities that are remote diabetes occurrence is as high as 30%. The Type 2 diabetes usually develops at the younger age, and it is linked to various risk factors for example abdominal obesity, hypertension and Dyslipidaemia. Others also have the renal disease. Diabetes is seen to be a major contributor of the excess Aboriginal people mortality whose life expectation compared to other Australians is 17 years less. In WA, diabetes death rates are 13 times higher when it comes to female and it is six times higher when it comes to the male Aboriginal citizens than for the non- Aboriginal citizens. Various studies have shown clearly that weight loss can delay or prevent Type 2 diabetes in the high-risk persons

Diabetes Complications

Diabetes is recognized to be:

A major cause of the cardiovascular disease

a very common reason for starting renal dialysis

a common cause of the blindness amongst people who are under 60 years

a very common cause of amputation of the non-traumatic lower-limb

among the most common chronic sickness in children

Hospital admissions

People who have diabetes stay longer in hospitals and the outcomes are poorer. In Western Australia, the diabetes related problems admission rate to hospitals for Aboriginal when dealing with age females is 17 times higher and it is 10 times higher for the Aboriginal males when compared with non-Aboriginal people

Diabetes awareness, early diagnosis and prevention services

Type 2 diabetes together with its complications is very avoidable. People who have IFG/ IGT or a history of gestational diabetes can reduce the risk of getting type 2 Diabetes by possibly 60% by regular physical activity, eating healthy and moderate loss of weight. An environment that supports and promotes healthy lifestyle is very important in reducing diabetes risk in the society. Diabetes prevention and awareness services are offered by many individuals and organizations in the government, the non-government and the private sectors

Long term and initial managing of type 2 diabetes

A lot of patients having type 2 Diabetes are usually managed in the society by the general practitioners, through variable input from educators of diabetes and dieticians by referring the patient directly to particular practitioners, or to the multidisciplinary teams that operate in the government, the non-government and the private sectors within the larger group practices, the General Practice Divisions, different community services, teaching hospitals or general hospitals. A lot of patients are as well referred to ophthalmologists, podiatrists and optometrists while some to the public or private endocrinologists

Self-management education on Diabetes, a cornerstone of the diabetes care, is offered by dieticians, registered nurses and additional health professionals who have undergone further training to be diabetes educators. Education on Diabetes is as well provided by the general practitioners, nurses, specialists, pharmacists, dieticians, websites and other different sources.

The Aboriginal people, persons living within the outer metropolitan, rural and regional parts and members of the other vulnerable and high risk groups continue suffering diabetic complications of high rates, and they are over-represented in the admission statistics of hospitals.

Lacking knowledge of the available resources and lack of coordination of the large organizations number as well as individuals to provide diabetes services pose as major barriers to the access and the optimal health results. There is a great need of developing well-organized interface amid community health and general practice services at local level.

Innovative strategies are required for overcoming challenges that are posed by the cultural factors, service gaps, language, remote locations and special needs of the Aboriginal people as well as other vulnerable and high risk groups who suffer from unduly high morbidity rates plus mortality from diabetes.

Early detection and most favorable management of the complications; specialist services

People having recognized diabetic complications require timely access to the right GP as well as specialist management services. Improved control of the blood pressure, glucose and lipids as well as Smoking cessation slows progression of the diabetic complications. Multidisciplinary high-risk and Professional podiatry foot services are very effective for avoiding amputations and ulceration. Laser photocoagulation is extremely effective when it comes to preventing loss of vision in people who have advanced diabetic retinopathy. Access to additional specialists is required for best management of the advanced complications.

In several cases, screening of complications is usually arranged by the general practitioners, in association with optometrists, podiatrists, ophthalmologists plus other specialists. Regular use of local protocols, recall systems, patient registers, service directories, guidelines and management plans that are patient-held is required for ascertaining that everyone with diabetes gets comprehensive, ongoing care.

Review of expert endocrine is required for people having poorly controlled diabetes those that need intensive therapies which include insulin, those having diabetic complications that are advanced and additional complex medical problems, along with patients having metabolic derangements that are severe plus the other acute problems. The majority of these patients ought to be referred to the general practitioner whenever particular problems are addressed and appropriate management plans are formulated.

Everyone who has Type 1 Diabetes and every child having diabetes is supposed to be referred to the specialist services for management that is long term. The services of Specialist multidisciplinary endocrinology are now provided inside private practice and in units that teach hospital diabetes. Accessing these services is limited by a long waiting list, shortage of workforce, distance, lacking specialized fast access services, and restrictive funding mechanisms. Other specialists playing important diabetes management roles include cardiologists, ophthalmologists, nephrologists, orthopedic and vascular surgeons and the bariatric surgeons.

Managing acute illness in individuals that have diabetes

People who have diabetes ought to have an action plan with which they can manage a decline within their health status, this includes how and when to ask for professional advice. Appropriate telephone contact with a specialist nurse educator, general practitioner, nurse practitioner diabetes educator, or dialectologist/endocrinologist is often able to prevent progression to a serious sickness and hospital admission. Lacking or failing to use these options has led to increased reliance on the emergency units to accomplish this role, mainly in the outer metropolitan areas, that contribute to excess ED workload and bed pressures that are compounding.

Local systems are required in the general practice to guarantee rapid access to professional assistance and advice when required. Area responsibilities ought to be allocated to particular secondary and tertiary care centers and additional specialist services to make sure all the metropolitan, rural and regional providers of primary health care can easily access professional multi-disciplinary teams for shared care and advice.

Managing diabetes in hospital

Patients who have type 2 Diabetes are usually admitted directly to the diabetes units for the management of diabetic as well as additional emergencies in addition to management of the acute illness and complications that are advanced. Foot ulcers which are caused by vascular ailment and neuropathy are a common cause of the prolonged admission to hospital, which requires close liaison with microbiology, podiatry, vascular surgery, orthopedic surgery, imaging as well as home care services.

Various patients get admitted to the general hospitals for diabetes stabilization. Such admissions are generally ineffective and unnecessary. Type 2 Diabetes which is poorly controlled is best managed in a setting of ambulatory care by an experienced multidisciplinary team. Professional services for those adults that have type 1 diabetes are offered by teaching the hospital outpatient clinics as well as the endocrinologists inside private practice.

Understanding Primary health care model;

Primary health care is a model of community-based health service delivery. Its operation is through a broad range of services for example community, youth and women’s health service. Primary health service model of healthcare and philosophy was documented and articulated during the first worldwide conference in 1978 that involved primary health care. Primary health care system is necessarily part of the publicly funded health system, provided at no cost to those who access the service, and is not regarded as for profit model of service delivery.

Primary health care is about the work done by health care experts who act as where consultation should first be made by every patient that is in that health care method. Examples of those professionals are often the primary care physician, for instance a family physician or general practitioner, non-physician provider of primary care, for example a nurse practitioner or physician assistant. Depending on the area, the system of health organization, and at times at the discretion of the patient, one can first see a different health care expert Depending on the condition of the health; patients can later be referred for acute care. Primary care is engrossed in the broadest extent of health care, it includes patients of all ages, geographic and socioeconomic origins, patients who seek maintaining their most favorable physical condition, and patients who have every manner of chronic and acute physical, social and mental health matters, including many chronic ailments.

When discussing this model in relation to diabetes problems, we draw different conclusions. This model has its advantages and disadvantages. It majorly involves consultations. In this model, patients of all manners are welcome. Diabetes patients can be given a lime light on how to handle their problems. This model helps a lot in that you can access your physician easily. A person can be given information easily as it is possible to deal with a family doctor. This model has its disadvantages too. An individual is usually referred to secondary treatment when situation needs severe attention.

Acute care involves health services which are offered in an institution of tertiary care, for instance a hospital. Here, a patient is given temporary cure which is active but it is usually for patients with serious injuries, sickness that is for a period of time, a medical situation that is urgent, or those patients that undergo surgery.

Generally, health care professionals from various surgical and medical expertises deliver acute care service. Acute care might necessitate that one stays in the emergency department of a hospital or in whichever other temporary stay facility. When patients are deemed stable and healthy, the acute inpatient care which is hospital based is responsible for discharging them. The setting of acute care includes though it is not limited to; intensive care, neonatal intensive care, cardiology, coronary care and several common areas in which patients might become acutely ill and need to be stabilized and transferred to a different unit of higher dependency for additional treatment.

The advantage of this model is that a patient who is at the point of death can be attended to immediately. Patients are given temporary treatment and this may help the diabetic patient. Another advantage of this model is that the patient stays in emergency department where they are attended to. A disadvantage of this model is that treatment is temporary although it is active. Also the treatment conducted here is usually for the individuals who have severe injuries, long-time sicknesses or an urgent medical state. The diabetic patients who are not very seriously ill are often not attended to in a fast manner.

Therapeutic relationship is basically the relationship that involves somebody who acts in the helping role, and that person being helped. Whilst the sector of primary health care delivers services which meet requirements of most citizens requiring treatment for long period of sick-health, it is not as successful when dealing with the requirements of people who have conditions that are more complex. Primary care practitioners should have broad width of information in numerous areas. stability is a major primary care characteristic, because patients frequently prefer consulting a certain practitioner for preventive care and routine check-ups, education about health, and each moment they need a first consultation on health problem that are new. In medical terms, care for acute health conditions is the opposite from chronic care, or longer term care.

References

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2013). Chronic diseases. About chronic disease.

Authoritative information and statistics to promote better health and wellbeing

http://www.aihw.gov.au/chronic-diseases/Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2013). Indicators for chronic disease. Authoritative

information and statistics to promote better health and wellbeing

http://www.aihw.gov.au/indicators-for-chronic-disease/Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, (2013). Key indicators for chronic disease and

associated determinants. Authoritative information and statistics to promote better health

and wellbeing http://www.aihw.gov.au/chronic-diseases/key-indicators/Australian Nursing Federation, (2009). Primary health care in Australia – a nursing and

midwifery consensus view. http://www.anf.org.au/anf_pdf/publications/PHC_Australia.pdf

Christian N. (2012) What Is Diabetes? What Causes Diabetes? Medical News Today

http://www.what is Diabetes What Causes Diabetes.htm

Colman .P, Beischer .A. (2000). Lower limb amputation and diabetes: the key is prevention.

Eileen W, Louise R, & Helen K.(2009) Understanding the Australian health care system.

Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.

Haynes A, Bower C, Bulsara M. (2004). Continued increase in the incidence of childhood type 1

Diabetes in a population-based Australian sample

Hoffman L, Nolan C, Wilson J. (1998). The Australasian Diabetes in Pregnancy Society.

Gestational diabetes mellitus: management guidelines.

Jessica, B. Australia’s real challenge is population ageing.

Jordan. J, Osborne R. (2007). Chronic disease self-management education programs: challenges

ahead

Laasko .M (1999). Hyperglycaemia and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes.

Pamala.D, Ilene. M (2009). Chronic illness: impact and intervention. Jones and Bartlett

Publishers

Petra ,T. Eleanor,J.,&Sandy,M.(2011). Initiatives to integrate primary and acute health care,

including ambulatory care services. Primary Health Care Research Information Service.

Randall P.(2007). Risk adjustment in health care markets: concepts and applications. Institute of

Health Economics. Boston University.

Rasekaba.T, Lim.W, Hutchinson .A. (2012). Effect of a chronic disease management service for

patients with diabetes on hospitalization and acute care costs.

Royal College of Physicians. (2007) Acute medical care. The right person, in the right setting

first time. Report of the Acute Medicine Task Force. London: RCP

Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers (2001). Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill

patients.

Western Australian Diabetes Services Taskforce 1999 Western Australian Diabetes Strategy

1999 Health Department of WA

Willis, E., Reynolds, L., & Keleher, H. (2009). Understanding the Australian health care system.

Sydney: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.

World health organization. (2003) Chronic respiratory diseases

http://www.who.int/respiratory/asthma/en/index.html

World health organization, (2013). Management of asthma

http://www.who.int/respiratory/asthma/burden/en/index.html

Case Study 12.1 Whats-App-ening

Student’s name

Institutional affiliation

Case Study 12.1 Whats-App-ening

To start with, it is imperative to acknowledge the role of these applications in the organization and the kind of communication the organization is trying to accomplish in their workplace community. It is evident that Hospital Care Corporation’s Head of Human Resources is trying to establish a better, effective, and superior communication channel for all its employees. I would say these applications are solely meant for the purpose of internal communication throughout the hospital. It is evident that the Human Resources Department is always on the lookout for input from the employees at the hospitals. This is because employees are best placed to observe and provide feedback on various aspects since they are the ones that have most interactions with the patients. The hospital heads and executives are looking forward to developing improved upward flow of communication. The application provides both upward and downwards communication flow. The Human Resource Faculty requires to use a service in such a case considering that that the application enables the organization to push important notifications and announcements to their employees. The application enables the employees to get real-time updates and news. They ate even able to make a change to their benefits with the help of the application. This is a downward communication method. The workforce needs to take up the use of the application that gets selected. Moreover, throughout this application, employees tend to be given a chance to express their feedback, thoughts and concerns anonymously. They also provide feedback on operational practices or suggest ideas which tends to be a form of upward communication. This kind of communication tends to be vital to supervisors, executives, and other individuals in a administrational positions.

I foresee various challenges with using upward communication using an app. First, establishing a proper upward communication channel is critical for any industry or business. The managers and other individuals in leadership positions will require to be informed about the concerns and opinions that the employees might be encountering. This will allow the problem to be solved easily. In essence, upward communication comes into the picture to keep employees on the same level as senior-level individuals such as the Board of Directors and the Chief Executive Director. Observing organizational hierarchy is important. Upward communication boosts satisfaction and productivity. The biggest possible problem from the app has to do with it its uptake for upward communication. There is a possibility that some employees might not be reception to the use of the application for upward communication as they are used to conventional methods of communication. Additionally, at times getting employees to share their thoughts with management can prove difficult. Incorporating such aspects into an application might prove difficult.

Undoubtedly, I have concerns with the employees that use their personal cell phones to run the company apps. In my viewpoints, the use of tablets and smart phones tends to come with obvious distractions. This is especially the case if the applications is for an institution such as a hospital. Using personal cell phones for company applications has a negative impact on productivity. Cell phones easily tend to make employees to loose focus on important tasks. As such they should avoid as much as possible running company applications on personal cell phones. From a far, it might seem like a viable innovative service, however there are better ways of implementing downward and upward communication in a hospital set up. Examples of these options include traditional in-person meetings that proved to be better than the use of company applications. Essentially, there should be limited use of cell phones of employees while at work. Alternatively, the company can issue employees with tablets that have limited functions. They can also consider blocking the computer servers at the workplace from accessing specific sites.

There are certain considerations that companies should look for concerning functionality for employee engagement and two-way communication. Companies should come up with ways to develop reliable and functional communication channels. The channel should work to establish a dual understanding between the workforce and administration. It is upon the company administration to invite feedback from employees and personnel. Upon receiving feedback, the administration, in turn, should act on it accordingly. Acting on feedback establishes trust between the employees and company administrators. It also promotes mutual respect among the employees within an organization. Respect is a key ingredient for success as it boosts the contentment of everybody. When satisfaction becomes a priority for the leadership or administration of a company, there tends to be satisfaction. One can notice that employees become more enthusiastic and engaged in their work when they are satisfied. Worth noting, the method and service employed should be welcoming, practical but not overwhelming. The application’s functionality should incorporate places where members of staff are allowed to provide feedback and share opinions about the company’s business organization. Additionally, here employees will have platform to share their concerns, and discuss new ideas. Moreover, the company can also incorporate surveys that will greatly enhance understanding and satisfaction of all parties.

CASE STUDY ESSAY – DUE JULY 31

Case studies will be presented to the class tentatively scheduled for August 4th, following finals. All students are required to attend case study presentations. Presentations must be a minimum of 10 minutes long and no more than 15 minutes, including time allowed for questions. The case study grade will comprise a major portion of the final clinical grade. No late assignments are accepted.

The paper must be in MLA format – with a minimum of 750 words in the BODY of the paper, double-spaced with 1-inch margins. (Font size 12, Times New Roman font. Cover sheets, abstract pages and reference pages are not in the body of the paper, and are not part of the word count requirement.

Points will be lost for not meeting the required word count. Additionally, pictures/charts/definition lists/bullet points are NOT to be included in the body of the paper, but may be included as an addendum, after the References page.

This is a professional research paper. Appropriate research and citation of references must be used. Proper grammar, punctuation, sentence, and paragraph structure must be used. The use of slang, racism, or any other derogatory language will not be tolerated.

The case study should maintain patient confidentiality. The use of actual names in the paper, on printed material and/or medical images is strictly prohibited. Do not use the patient’s name, ID #, DOB, actual age, dates of admission, hospital, doctor’s name, sonographer’s name…NOTHING.

A case study may be selected at any time during the clinical rotation, but students should try to collect data early to avoid rushing at the last minute to write the paper. Case selection should be based upon clinically interesting diagnosis and or findings. Information to be presented should include, but is not limited to the following: patient history, physical exam, clinical findings, diagnostic results, interpretation of results and lab data, hemodynamic correlations, definitions of medical terms, patient diagnosis and related problems, treatment, medications, follow up and patient outcome or prognosis. Deductions will be made if any of the preceding information is missing.

Students must use REPUTABLE resources; books, journals, and the internet. You may not use any internet source that cannot be properly cited. Hint: If you cannot find an author, DO NOT use it. Stay away from wikipedia, emed, medline etc. Use professional articles.

Actuary Representing Retired Population In Australia

In insurance the no-claim discount scheme is a scheme that adjust the premium paid by a clients’ based on claim history (Hey 1985). Discount is given in the premium during the renewal of the policy if no claims were made in the previous year. Premium is increased if there were claims made in the previous year. The general principle of this scheme is that the higher the claim frequency of a policyholder, the higher the insurance costs that on average are charged to the policyholder.

This scheme has been in use for car policy for a long time and it has worked perfectly to reduce the number of claim frequency. The same policy can be applied in the health industry. What we are no sure is its appropriateness to the health insurance. In German for example, this scheme have been implemented with an aim of reducing the over-utilization of health care providers (Zweifel, 1992). Hypothetically, these scheme restrict a potentially valuable way of addressing some moral hazard problems. However, no claim bonuses can conceivably induce policyholders to forgo necessary medical treatment, thus compromising their health condition.

While this scheme might be appropriate on other policies, expert argue that the scheme might not be appropriate in the health industry. Despite the scheme curbing impact of reinsurance, the scheme would certainly lead to higher premiums for the sick and there is significant potential for cost shifting (back) to the public system CITATION Har07 l 1033 (Harcourt, Lam and Harcourt).

Although loyalty bonus encourage fund membership, no claim bonuses are a form of

‘experience’ rating, and this raises serious questions on equity. For instance, for diabetes, the no claim bonuses are unacceptable because they are an unfair concept for those who become chronically ill through no fault of their own.

If insurers offer no claim bonuses, members would expect premiums for non-claimers to reduce. This, however, requires premiums for claimers and new entrants to be increased. With a higher entry price, funds are likely to have even greater difficulty in attracting new low-risk members. According to APHA there would be an incentive for health fund members to either pay their own way for smaller charges, or attend hospital as a public patient for more expensive care.

No-claim discount scheme appropriateness in the health insurance: Application of Markov Chain

Markov chain is described as follows: if a set of states, S, exist such as S = fs1; s2; : : : ; srgThe process starts in one of these states and moves successively from one state to another. Each move is called a step. If the chain is currently in state si, then it moves to state sj at the next step with a probability denoted by pij , and this probability does not depend upon which states the chain was in before the current state.

Works Cited

BIBLIOGRAPHY Harcourt, Mark, Helen Lam and Sondra Harcourt. “The Impact of Workers’ Compensation Experience-Rating on Discriminatory Hiring Practices.” JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ISSUES (2007).

Hey, John. “No Claim Bonus?” The Geneva Papers onRisk and Insurance (1985): 209.

Ven, Wynand P.M.M. van de, et al. Access to coverage for high-risks in a competitive individual health insurance market:via premium rate restrictions or risk-adjusted premium subsidies? Rotterdam: Institute for Health Policy and Management, Erasmus UniÍersity, 1999.

Movie Business Plan in United Arabs Emirates

(Presented by)

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(Presented to)

(Lecturer)

(Institution)

(Topic)

(Date)

1.0.4.2 A PEST Analysis

Political:

The political environment in the United Arabs Emirates is of sound nature. The system consists of modern and traditional governance (censorship 2008). The government allows and supports the emergence of local film industry. In this, the government offers fund to steer development of new films in the country (Censorship 2008). As such, the movie industry receives minimal influence from the political arena. However, the government undertakes measures to regulate and screen the movie content. Therefore, the business stands a chance of surviving the political environment in United Arab Emirates and at the same time get financial support.

Economical:

United Arab Emirates experiences a sound economic status. This establishes a suitable environment of setting the movie industry in which there will be insignificant economic influences on the business. However, the business has to align itself with the economic dynamics that occur within United Arab Emirates.

Sociocultural:

In the context of societal acceptance, the movie has the base of creating enjoyment among all the people. The movie theme, in addition, addresses issues of concern in the current society of United Arabs Emirates. However, there is a blend between the current issues and entertainment. As such, the movie will find acceptance among all people in different generation gaps.

Technological:

The movie has employed a rich blend of current technological advances in the globe. Included is the new 3D technology, which aids in the conceptualization of the movie theme among the audience. The technology further aids in distribution and production of the movie. In this, the movie shooting, production and distribution process will incorporate the modern technology, in order to ease the production process and ensure that accuracy prevails in the movie.

1.0.5 Action Plan

1.0.5.1 Goals

Goals are the driving force for achievement of success in a business plan (Pisoni, & white 2002). For the movie business, the goals are:

To meet the existing market need of entertainment within United Arab Emirates and then globally

To create audience interest in the movies

To establish a local movie industry in United Arabs Emirates

To become self independent member of the movie industry in United Arabs Emirates

To lobby for a local movie industry organization

To engage with SuBedu productions for the production of the movie

To obtain a reputable public image in the movie industry

To develop industry level skills and experience in working for the movie industry

1.0.5.1.1 Targets for Success

Before the shooting of the movie next year, there will be numerous pre-reconnaissance visits to the place of movie shooting. Most of the free time will find use in evaluating the threats and opportunities of the movie and analysing the existing market demand in terms of movies desires. The expected earning is AED 200,000,000 after the shooting and distribution of the movie. The target market is the existing population in United Arabs Emirates.

Since the movie shooting is on the local environment of United Arabs Emirates, the promotion means for adoption is the use of media. That is the television, radio, and the internet to advertise for the movie. This promotion means will indicate the availability of the movie in all locations within United Arabs Emirates. In addition, the production of the movie will occur in line with associating with the media professionals. A market research of the target market reaction towards the movie will occur to find out the reaction of customers towards the movie.

1.0.6 Legal Structures

According to University of Southern Queensland (n.d), legal structures outline the criterion of the business operation including the management process of the business. The movie business will have the chief executive officer who will be in charge of three personnel (production, finance and human resource managers). From the three personnel, the power will trickle down to supervisors who will have a direct interaction with the junior staff for the movie business.

1.0.7 Risk Assessment

Risk assessment is a crucial step of identifying the potential limitations to the success of a given project (Smith 2003). The risk assessment will involve establishing any form of financial or technological constraint that may limit the success of shooting of the movie. In addition, the changes of weather conditions in United Arabs Emirates will be monitored effectively to identify any form of natural constraints that may limit movie shooting. This will involve collecting data from the Meteorological Department in United Arabs Emirates to aid in prediction of the weather. Other potential risks for the movie shooting include colleagues who may develop an element of not cooperating, or denial of access to the scene sites for the movie shooting. However, the avoidance of the risks will take place effectively through ensuring that permit to all scenes is granted, and participating people in the shooting process will work in unison.

Summation:

For the success of any business plan, there is a need of taking several studies before the initiation of the process of implementing the business plan. These studies include legal, economic, market demand and feasibility studies that ascertain that the business plan life cycle is complete (Chapman, & Ward 2002). As such, the movie business plan will effectively undertake these studies to ensure that the movie attains success.

Bibliography

Censorship, 2008. United Arab Emirates.

Chapman, C, & Ward, S, 2002. Managing Project Risk And Uncertainty: A Constructively

Simple Approach To Decision Making. John Wiley And Sons.

Pisoni, M, & White, G, 2002. Writing A Business Plan: An Example For A Small Premium

Winery. New York: Cornell University.

Smith, N, 2003. Appraisal, Risk And Uncertainty. London: Thomas Telford.

University Of Southern Queensland, n.d. Developing Your Business Plan.

Moral Education and Emotional Lying

Introduction

There is a long tradition, fathered by Aristotle and recurring like some recessive gene in recent virtue theorists, that holds that the emotions, like acts, must be ‘trained’. Consider the following:

[In Beckett’s portrayal,] “Emotions are not feelings that well up in some natural and untutored way from our natural selves, that they are, in fact, not personal or natural at all, that they are, instead, contrivances, social constructs. We learn how to feel, and we learn our emotional repertoire. We learn emotions in the same way that we learn our beliefs — from our society.” (Nussbaum 1990, p287)

“Emotions, in Aristotle’s view, are not always correct, any more than beliefs or actions are always correct. They need to be educated and brought into harmony with a correct view of the good human life … with regard to both passions and actions”. (Nussbaum 1994, p96)

“Developing moral character … requires training and developing passions and patterns of desire, choice, and emotion.” (Stocker, 1980)

According to Stuart Hampshire’s ‘second theory’ in Two Theories of Morality (Oxford, 1977), Aristotle’s proponent asserts that “one’s childhood morality needs civilizing adjustment”. (quoted by Stevens, p.6)

“If [moral] education does not revolve around issues such as what to fear, what to be angry about, … I do not know what it is. … As Aristotle perceived, we are concerned with … the education of the emotions.” (Williams 1973, p225)

Rorty (1980b), following Aristotle, also holds that emotions are learned.

Now, it is clear that people can be trained to exhibit ‘appropriate’ emotions at the ‘appropriate’ time and to the ‘appropriate’ degree, or they learn to do so in the interest of self-preservation. Societies do this kind of training all the time, and the wise man will understand and defer, like Galileo, even if E pur si muove.

The problem arises, however, when we consider two agents: Agent X acts in accordance with social demands, or, does not act (also in accordance with social demands) while considering this merely a means to ensure such social harmony as he can get. Agent Y exhibits or does not exhibit emotions also in accordance with social demands, while considering this also merely a means to ensure social harmony. Neither Agent X nor Agent Y ‘believe in’ what they are doing, in any sense deeper than the wish to conform to reasonable social demands.

We can portray this situation as follows:

Agent CA conforms with respect to acting.

Agent CE conforms with respect to ’emoting’.

Agent BA ‘believes in’ his acts.

Agent BE ‘believes in’ his emotions

Are Agents CA and CE not on equal footing with agents BA and BE as regards ethics, for better or worse?

Apparently not. There is widespread dislike of Agent CE as a hypocrite, an accusation rarely hurled against Agents CA, BA, or BE. Even Williams (1973, p224) states that simulating emotions one does not feel could be ‘misleading, even deceitful’.

Agent CE is in a bind: if he responds as society dictates, he is a hypocrite; and if he does not, he is a misfit or (in extreme situations) a ‘psychopath’. Agent CE has been ‘trained’ in the sense that he knows what is expected of him, and does it; and his motives are those of prudence. However,

[Aristotle] “holds that the truly good person will not only act well but also feel the appropriate emotions about what he or she chooses. Not only correct motivation and motivational feelings but also correct reactive or responsive feelings are constitutive of this person’s virtue or goodness.” (Nussbaum 1990, p78; emphasis added)

All this is fine, if one can internalize the training enough to forget that it is — training. But people who are not ‘truly good’ are also observing social norms.

[for Kant,] “an action will have genuine moral worth only if it is chosen for its own sake.” (Nussbaum 1990, p76)

But even for Kant, moral actions taken without ‘genuine moral worth’ are not condemned as immoral, blameworthy, or deceitful, but are deserving of neither moral praise nor blame.

This leads us to:

The Thesis

Simulating or suppressing emotions in order to conform to social expectations is just as praiseworthy or blameworthy as the corresponding act (or failure to act) would be, if performed in order to conform to social expectations. (Some social expectations may be reasonable and acceptable; others may not be; but that is a different matter.) That is, ethically speaking, CE = CA, and BE = BA. Further (within agents CE), simulating emotions one does not feel for the sake of social conformity, is as morally praiseworthy or blameworthy as its opposite, repressing the expression of emotions one does feel, also for reasons of social conformity.

Argument 1

Having effectively been ‘morally educated’ to act or to portray emotion of the ‘proper’ kinds, has to be morally acceptable to the society that conducted the training, or a different kind of training must have been required, one that rather than insisting “in situation ‘X’, do act ‘A'”, would render itself invisible to the ex-trainee so that he would no longer be aware of having been trained. If the moral education fails to become transparent, but the student nonetheless ‘behaves’, this is not even an instance of ‘moral bad luck’ in which non-conformity by mere luck results, or fails to result, in a bad outcome (the drunk driver makes it home safely, or kills someone). It is difficult to see how the moral education has failed if the trainee ‘behaves’; or, if it has failed, this must be a flaw in the education programme, not in the trainee.

I should leave aside the question as to whether or not it is ethical for the teachers of morals to mesmerize (less politely, ‘brainwash’) their students, because admittedly, it is logically possible to answer ‘yes’ to this question, if one has no ethical objection to this sort of thing. Geoffrey Klempner writes [personal communication, July 2000] that “what you learn in learning appropriate emotions is primarily how to see and judge things. There are circumstances where, if you see things aright, you ought to feel sympathy. There are circumstances where, if you see things aright, you ought to feel anger. If you merely learn to act as if you felt these emotions, then you haven’t learned the lesson.” Similarly, Preston holds that

“In furthering action from the right motive Christian ethics is concerned with what is often called ‘spiritual formation’. By this is meant a growth in character … so that one’s insight or powers of discernment deepen.” (Preston, 1991)

This is precisely the ‘mesmerize’ ethical question; to which a blunt response would be

“I’m acting the way you taught me to act in your lessons. There’s nothing more I need to do in order to ‘behave’. There’s nothing unethical in my behavior (acts or emotions). Now [as Stirner put it in another context] get out of my sunshine!'”.

Argument 2

Agents CA and CE accept conventional morality to get along in society, and agents BA and BE ‘believe in’ the ‘inherent rightness’ of what they have been taught. But is it possible to distinguish the ‘C’s from the ‘B’s ‘from the outside’? Let’s ask someone who to all appearances acts and ’emotes’ morally, who verbally acknowledges his conventional moral attitudes and behavior, etc., and see what he says: “Do you personally observe conventional morality because it (a) helps people live together in society, ‘is the done thing’, want to ‘stay out of trouble’, want to obtain reward, etc. or (b) just because it is ‘right’?

We really can’t determine much from the answers to such questions. At the least, the person may well be conflicted or confused about his motives; or, his motives may be quite subconscious and hence unreportable; or, the person may consider getting along in society to be an absolute moral imperative (just obeying orders), regardless of what specifics his society teaches; or, the person may not be willing to report that he is ‘only’ conforming (this last is the ’emperor’s new clothes’ problem). And so the line between ‘C’s and ‘B’s may often be blurred or indistinguishable.

Is our investigation then limited to subjective reporting, itself of questionable truth-value and subject to considerations of prudence?

Argument 3

What are we to say about a person who is genuinely, passionately, cynical about society’s entire enterprise but who acts ‘morally’ (to stay out of jail, impress his superiors, live the good life, etc.), v. one who honestly believes that the acts and feelings he believes to be moral would still be moral even if all the world were to call them wicked? Is moral condemnation appropriate for one with ‘bad moral luck’? Or is this a case of what the Roman Catholic Church used to call “invincible ignorance” which was not considered blameworthy, even if unfortunate (a sentiment Kant, but not Aristotle, would agree with). But even to pose the question in this way presupposes that one knows ‘what’s right’ in some absolute sense of ‘right’, knows who is having a spell of ‘moral good luck’ v ‘moral bad luck’ — thus begging the question.

Argument 4

Emotions and acts can be viewed as different aspects of the same natural kind, ’emotion-and-act’ (as argued in the previous paper). Briefly, in origin human acts (except simple physical reactions, accidental movements, etc.) are accompanied by emotion, and all emotion is accompanied by acts (or impulse to act, quickened pulse, facial redness, muscle tension, and the like). Civilization has trained us to dissociate emotion and act, but in origin they are constantly conjoined (as we can see in newborn babies, who show no emotion related to their random arm and leg movements; but when they can begin to control these movements at 3-4 months of age they become excited and pleased by their four new ‘toys’).

Opposing this position involves a ‘sticks and stones’ argument: hate doesn’t kill, even if killers hate. Morally speaking, however, it is quite plausible to consider hate and killing both objectionable (or not) for the same reasons, for example as Spinoza apparently held. What we do with killers is quite different from what we do with haters, and appropriately so; but this is a matter of social determination of the degree of harm done or likely to be done, not of moral judgement as to the kind of offense involved.

Emotional lying

We can use the term ’emotional lying’ to mean either simulating emotions one does not feel, or repressing the expression of emotions one does feel. Either type of lying can occur accompanied, or unaccompanied, by the other.

Everyone (except Kant and perhaps Tolstoy) has held that lying is morally acceptable in at least two kinds of situations: (a) Where the social situation allows for lying, and everyone involved knows that an assertion (or lack of assertion) in this situation cannot be taken at face value, or where to express what one believe or feels would not be socially acceptable, and (b) Where higher moral priorities obtain. It should not matter if the lie, in these cases, is acted, spoken, or ’emoted’.

It is commonly held that telling a lie (spoken or ’emoted’) is wrong (with the two sort of exceptions noted earlier), even if only a peccadillo, because liars will sooner or later cease to be believed (‘crying ‘wolf”), but more tellingly, since lying is parasitic on truth-telling, if everyone were to lie much of the time, then no one would believe anyone, and hence lying itself could then not be successfully practiced. Good liars tell the truth most of the time, and acquire a reputation as truth-tellers.

Remaining silent poses different issues. Again, there is a disconnect between one’s opinion and the opinions others perceive us to have. Remaining silent is generally considered less culpable than uttering a lie, but there are notable exceptions, such as failure to speak out in the presence of great injustice.

What is the ethical distinction between simulating an emotion one does not feel, and repressing the expression of emotions one does feel?

Geoffrey Klempner writes, “It seems to me that there is quite a strong disanalogy between expressing emotions one does not feel, and suppressing emotions one does feel. I would accept that expressing emotions one does not feel is prima facie dishonest (with certain debatable exceptions). Suppressing emotions one does feel is more often than not a matter of acceptable diplomacy.” [emphasis added]

We should be leery of the “there are agreed exceptions” argument to emotional honesty, not because it is untrue, but because it is too convenient. I can too readily claim an exception for myself for one reason or another, under some description or another.

If emotions are to a large extent learned responses, then exhibiting a socially appropriate emotion one has learned but does not happen to feel is just as commendable (no more, no less) as performing socially appropriate acts one has learned, such as remaining silent in theatre when one might rather get on stage and tell Harry Hotspur that he should just chill out a little.

Certainly, if I am to maintain that emotions are act-like, in that emotions and acts both begin as act-with-emotion, then if I allow society to control my acts (within limits), then I also must allow society to control (educate) my emotions (also within limits). Since I acknowledge society’s right to stop me from committing murder or at least to punish me if I do commit murder, then I must acknowledge society’s right to educate me in the proper emotions to use and not to use on appropriate occasions, whether or not such education is in my interest or by my desire. The key question is, is one morally obliged to internalize society’s teaching by developing certain (largely unconscious) sensitivities, or merely to rationally acknowledge its authority and follow its rules. And if the former is the case, the second question is then, how to eradicate all traces of the training so that my sensitivities appear, to me and others, to arise from my character. And if this is possible, the last question is, is it desirable? According to what set of presumptions?

References

(Nussbaum 1990) Nussbaum, Martha C. Love’s Knowledge: Essays on Philosophy and Literature. Oxford, 1990.

(Nussbaum 1994) Nussbaum, Martha C. The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics. Princeton, 1994.

(Preston 1991) Preston, Ronald. “Christian Ethics”, pages 91-105 in Singer, Peter, ed. A Companion to Ethics. Blackwell, 1991.

(Rorty 1980a) Rorty, Amélie Oksenberg, ed. Explaining Emotions. Berkeley, 1980.

(Rorty 1980b) Rorty, Amélie Oksenberg. “Introduction”. Pages 1-7 in Rorty (1980a).

(Stevens 1981) Stevens, Rex P. Kant on Moral Practice. Mercer University Press, Macon, Ga., 1981.

(Stocker 1980) Stocker, Michael. “Intellectual Desire, Emotion, and Action”. Pages 323-338 in Rorty (1980a).

(Williams 1973) Williams, Bernard. “Morality and the Emotions”. Pages 207-229 in Problems of the Self (Cambridge, 1973).

(Williams 1981) Williams, Bernard. “Moral Luck”, pages 20-39 in Moral Luck. Cambridge University Press, 1981.

(Williams 1993) Williams, Bernard. “Moral Luck: A Postscript”, in Statman, Daniel, ed. Moral Luck. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993; reprinted in Williams (1995), pages 241-247.

(Williams 1995) Williams, Bernard. Making Sense of Humanity. Cambridge University Press, 1995.

Student’s name

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Moral ethics

Aristotle was a Greek scholar who contributed immensely to the fields of ethics, philosophy, biology, and botany. He was a firm believer in teleology. Teleology is a term that describes that states that each object has a final purpose or cause or goal or true ending. Therefore, for one to achieve their good they must attain the function. Human beings are the supreme rulers of the world, and what distinguishes us from the rest of the world is the ability to reason and act on reason. Aristotle uses the term eudaimonia to describe the state human beings achieve for experiencing a good life. Aristotle’s virtue ethics is based primarily on people and their traits rather than the actions (Van Hooft, 2014). Hence, morality has to do with “how should I be?” instead of “what should I do?”. The paper will analyze scenarios in business where Aristotelian principles can apply. It is a case of how someone should behave which is extrapolated in their actions.

Virtue ethics are essential in elaborating on many ethical problems in the business world. Virtue and moral features provide wisdom critical for analyzing specific traits. Aristotle states that every art as well as every pursuit and action aims to do good. Human beings are persistently in search of moral values and appropriate conduct (Garcia-Ruiz & Carlos). Aristotle admits that leading a truthful and virtuous life is not easy but also highlights that people can learn to do good if they are taught. An individual who lives well and does good deeds must be virtuous and knowledgeable. Aristotle categorized all the virtues into four cardinal groups namely courage, justice, practical wisdom, and temperance.

Ethics are applied in the business world either, voluntarily or involuntarily. Virtue ethics provide organizations with the moral foundation for them to operate. Consequently, all business interests and events should promote rather than undermine human life. People and entities should strive to achieve good in along with others. A virtuous business should be selfless. This means that it should consider the well-being of its employees, employers, environment, customers, and community. If this can be done, one can say they have achieved eudemonia.

Take, for example, a situation an executive attends a highly confidential meeting where the board is discussing investment matters that are to boost the company. The company notes that its profits are decreasing hence the need to reach out to new and old investors. The executive reveals this information to a hedge fund firm. The manager uses this information to make millions from the company in one night. The actions of the manager contradict Aristotle’s virtue ethics that define that every action should aim to do good for both the society and person to co-exist. According to this theory, the virtues should be moral (Bessie & Michael). The good can only be assessed when it appeases all the parties involved.

According to virtue ethics, the actions of the manager were indecent, selfish, and inappropriate. Would a virtuous person leak confidential information? The answer is no. The executive’s actions lacked appropriate integrity. The executive is dishonest to his company when he leaks key information about his company. He also broke the trust of his directors and employees. Fairness. He only revealed the information to his friend and not to the rest of the investors who became disadvantaged. One can say that he used the information for his gain. He also lacked self-control otherwise he would not have leaked the information. The intentional and calculative objective of practical wisdom in the virtue framework cannot be stressed enough.

The spirit of teamwork in a business entity is based on trust. Aristotle’s principles have been on the rise in the field of business management (Dierksmeier, 2009). The subordinates firmly believe that their superiors make decisions on behalf of the business in good faith. In this foundation, the subordinates trust that any action that is required of them seeks a goal that is beneficial to all. In this arrangement, the juniors understand that those in management occupy such positions courtesy of some qualities that they possess or certain criteria that they met. Such a process is thought to be rigorous enough so that those who finally get recruited are indeed fit to hold the offices. Therefore, it’s not in bad faith that others occupy managerial positions while others do not. The juniors hope that the superiors will have the same understanding that their subordinates understand the reason why they are not in management and what is expected of them thereof. In this common understanding, there is no mistrust as the superiors are expected not to exploit the juniors while the juniors are expected not to undermine their seniors. However, the application of Aristotle’s principle of action aimed in good faith seems to be the main fabric behind this teamwork.

Besides employees, other stakeholders have an interest in the business. Such stakeholders include investors, customers, suppliers, and shareholders. The integral part of modern business ethics involves a discussion about stakeholders. It is imperative to note that stakeholders such as investors and shareholders do not take part in the day-to-day running of the business. It’s at this point that the incorporation of Aristotelian ethical principles is of importance enjoining the board of management to act in good faith and the interest of the stakeholders (Wijnberg, 2000). The implications of this approach include the cultivation of trust among the stakeholders, which enables the business to run efficiently. Avoidance of public wrangles that sometimes culminate in court cases will also attract more investors and even partnerships. Such a business is expected to flourish and even outmaneuver other competitors in the field.

The goal of any business is to make a profit. This is true from the ownership of the business through the ranks up to the subordinates. Even the stakeholders that do not have a monetary interest in the business, they aim to profit somehow from the business entity. The customers seek to obtain affordable and efficient goods and services, the employees aim at earning a salary for their livelihood, the community in which the business is established looks forward to benefiting through corporate philanthropy and the authorities aspire to earn taxes through transactions that the business entity engages in. Aristotle disputes the “profit motive” which refers to the pursuit of income regardless of customer satisfaction (Boatright, 2019). Predictably, such pursuit of selfish interest is likely to lead to failure of the business. This is because it promotes mistrust among the stakeholders. Any action by any player in the business is seen to be selfish and therefore is not expected to be executed in good faith. The application of Aristotelian ethical principles in this scenario will certainly promote the common interests of every player. This is an act of good faith since one pursues a self-interest while being mindful that others also have a goal to achieve. All the stakeholders will, therefore, accommodate and further each other’s interests, while promoting coexistence.

Virtue ethics explores the possibility of business entities embracing the idea that human beings are born with inherent dignity. This idea implies that each employee has a potential that can be exploited for the common good of the business. However, this could also require empowerment, encouragement, and enhancement by providing the employees with opportunities to explore their capabilities. The scalar chain of command is the formal line of authority and responsibility within an organization. It’s essential in an organization to prevent double subordination. It ensures that decisions are carried out by the top management and executory roles are left to the subordinates. Any communication follows an established chain whereby a subordinate only communicates with his immediate superior. This has ensured the efficient and smooth running of businesses. It’s due to the merits of the utility of command that many argue against the incorporation of Aristotelian ethical principles in the chain of authority. However, the amalgamation of virtue ethics and the dignitary capability will ensure that this approach is not misused (Bertland, 2009). Abuse of this approach will impact negatively on the business. Unchecked authority on the employees may be exploited by some to promote selfish interests with the knowledge that they are not accountable to anyone. However, it’s acceptable that the subordinates have some capabilities that the management lacks. They need to be trained on ethical code even as they’re given authority to exploit their capabilities.

The goals of many businesses do not include their moral obligation to the welfare of the community. This concept, referred to as corporate philanthropy ” is of great significance and a worthy discussion since the community may not benefit from the business directly, hence is prone to be overlooked. It’s the reason why companies release toxic waste products to the environment, regardless of the potential hazardous effects on the health of the occupants of the surrounding. It is even more outrageous when such companies liaise with agencies that are tasked with ensuring that the environment is not polluted to cover up such acts. Ironically, such agencies become accomplices to crimes that they are mandated to fight and protect the citizens. It’s due to such that advocacy is made to incorporate the virtue ethics on the role of the business to the community. Business ethics enjoin management to fulfill the societal mandate (Pies, 2018). Through this approach, businesses will support various community programs including, social welfare, supporting educational programs for the needy families, employing some members from the community, and ensuring their practices do not negatively affect the society.

Disagreement is thought to be an integral part of any business entity. It is due to this understanding that many businesses come up with conflict resolution measures for foreseeable disagreements. The anticipation of failure of such mechanisms informs the decision to also put in place dissolution procedures and liquidated damages. Application of business virtue ethics in conflict resolution may lead to the smooth running of the business when disagreements arise. Virtue ethics advocate for resolution based on the factual and normative facts (Hartman, 2008). This strategy is based on the assumption that the warring parties will negotiate in good faith and with a genuine goal towards reconciliation. Each party will understand the motivation of the other party that led to the conflict. The spirit of forgiveness as a basis for reconciliation will be upheld. Failure of the reconciliatory process will not be interpreted as a culmination of ill will motives but rather an outcome among the potential outcomes.

Aristotelian principles have been applied in other sectors in society. Application in business is expected to result in the efficient running of the business. Virtue ethics itself is based on the assumption that any action is in good faith and has a goal or true ending. Therefore, the incorporation of these ideas in business is also based on being mindful of other’s interests in any action executed. This is the foundation upon which the enactment of these ideas is envisioned to be based upon.

References

Bertland, A. Virtue Ethics in Business and the Capabilities Approach. J Bus Ethics 84, 25–32 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9686-3

Besser, Lorraine L., and Michael Slote, eds. The Routledge companion to virtue ethics. Routledge, 2015.

Boatright, John R. “Aristotle meets Wallstreet: The case for virtual ethics in business, vol 5 no. 2, 1995 pp.353-359.Accessed 15th Oct. 2019.

Dierksmeier, C., Pirson, M. Oikonomia Versus Chrematistike: Learning from Aristotle About the Future Orientation of Business Management. J Bus Ethics 88, 417–430 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-

Garcia-Ruiz, Pablo, and Carlos Rodriguez-Lluesma. “Consumption practices: A virtue ethics approach.” Business Ethics Quarterly 24.4 (2014): 509-531.

Hartman, Edwin M. “Reconciliation in Business Ethics: Some Advice from Aristotle.” Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 2, 2008, pp. 253–265. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27673231. Accessed 15 Oct. 2020.

Pies, I., Beckmann, M. & Hielscher, S. Value Creation, Management Competencies, and Global Corporate Citizenship: An Ordonomic Approach to Business Ethics in the Age of Globalization. J Bus Ethics 94, 265–278 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0263-1

Van Hooft, Stan. Understanding virtue ethics. Routledge, 2014.

Wijnberg, N.M. Normative Stakeholder Theory and Aristotle: The Link Between Ethics and Politics. Journal of Business Ethics 25, 329–342 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006086226794

MOVIE ANALYSIS

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Bates Motel Analysis: Season Two

Episode three

In episode three, the story line revolved around unexpected turn of events, the characters are Norman, Christine Heldens, George, Nick, and Emma and the setting of the story is in the community set up. In this episode, Norman is disappointed to learn that she was not involved in the community play and that makes her to make new friend with Christine for companion. Christine invites Norman to a party and introduced her to new friends (Weigand, 2013). With the death of Bradley in their mind, Emma organizes a memorial at the beach; however, things do not go as planned as Caleb appears unannounced hence shattering Norman’s dreams.

Episode four

The story line is about denial and emotional and the setting is in the motel. The characters in the play are Dylan, Caleb, Norman Sheriff Romeo, Emma, and Zane. Dylan gets drunk after the revelation that Caleb is not his father; he further confronts Norma who admits that she never told anyone about the secrets of his parental status. The ever outrageous Norman goes to acting out as his mother and visits Caleb as these unfolds , Emma wakes up in the morning to find out that she slept with the boy she met in the beach party (Bellour & Penley, 2014). The events in this episode show how Dylan gets disillusioned in life in realizing that Caleb is not his father. It also gives as a picture of how careless people are when Emma slept with a boy she met in the beach party.

Episode five

The theme of the story is secrecy and the characters are Dylan, Zane Cody, and Norman. The typical setting is within the family set up. In this episode, Norma trust Cody with the family secrets and want Cody to keep them by himself at the same time, Dylan finds himself in trouble as he fights for his life that was engineered by Zane drug war. The turn of events makes Norman to have a deal with a strange mysterious man to help stop the bypass as Norman faces some of his childhood demons (Weigand, 2013). This story reveals hidden secrets that Norman has been keeping and his bad behaviour during his childhood has come to haunt him. The story can clearly tell the character traits of Norman as a wicked person through the haunting by the demons.

Episode six

The theme of the episode is plunge and the characters involved are Norman, Cody, Emma, and Dylan. The setting of the play is in the business sectors or firm as can be seen by the employment scenario. In this case, Norman works tirelessly to get appointed to the council and this makes him to look for the driving licenses to enable him get the position. At the same time, Norman has to deal with the incident concerning Emma and Cody situation at work. The scene ends when Dylan gets to know his boss. The scene depicts frustrations within the society as can be seen on how Norman is frustrated and tries to make life easy though it does not work for him. It further tells how the employers are too bossy to know their staff that comes out when Dylan gets to know his boss after long time (Bellour & Penley, 2014).

Episode seven

The theme of the episode is revenge as the characters are presumed to be innocent though in the real case it is not. The characters involved are; Norman, Zane, Miss Watson, Romero, Dylan, and Cody. Norman questions himself about his faith and tries to get the motives behind his miseries (Bellour & Penley, 2014). At the same time, Zane is burning with revenge and is eager to do anything to threaten Dylan for the death of Miss Watson, however, Romero presents new evidence that may change the course of the case of Miss Watson’s murder and breaks the friendship of Cody and Norman. This episode brings about betrayal of characters in the scene and how it is hard to trust a friend. The evaluation of the scene is that you cannot fully trust a friend, however close you have been and that the best person who knows your secrets is your best friends.

Episode eight

The story line in episode eight is looking for truth and the characters presents are; Romero, Dylan, and Norman. The setting is in the family set-up. Romero is busy digging for the truth regarding Miss Watson murder and at the same time, the war between the drug families presents Dylan with a hard choice to make. Norman is forced to push Dylan away so as to get the truth he is looking for. The story reveals how it is hard to get the truth of any matter in the society since there are many obstacle in the way that want to conceal secretes like Dylan did when Norman was looking for the murderer of Miss Watson (Bellour & Penley, 2014).

Episode nine

The story line in this episode is about betrayal and death. The characters involved are; Norman, Nick Ford, Zane, Dylan, Romero, and Declan and the setting are in a home set-up. Zane returns home in the morning and finds Norma still sleeping; she gets a call from Nick who wants Norman dead, Norman is kept in a metal box in the middle of nowhere that makes him recall the events of Miss Watson death. The story reveals how Norman was involved in Miss Watson’s death and how Norman had hidden such secretes to himself (Weigand, 2013).

Episode ten

The theme is rescue operation and the characters involved are; Norman, Zane, Dylan and Romero while the setting is in Norman’s home. In this scene, Norman is being rescued by Dylan and his friends that take Norman back to his mother where Norman reveals the murderer of Miss Watson of which he was the one involved (Bellour & Penley, 2014). Romero finds it hard to trust Norman and thereby she is forced to keep him at bay. The revelation of the story reveals how wicked Norman was and also how secretive he was to the extent of going to his grave with those secretes. .

 

References

Bellour, R., & Penley, C. (2014). The Analysis of Film. Bloomington [u.a.: Indiana Univ. Press.

Weigand, D. (2013). ‘Bates Motel’ Review: Norman’s ‘Psycho’ path. HYPERLINK “http://www.sfgate.com/tv/article/Bates-Motel-review-Norman-s-Psycho-path-4355457.php#next” http://www.sfgate.com/tv/article/Bates-Motel-review-Norman-s-Psycho-path-4355457.php#next

CASE STUDY 3: DESIGNING WORK

For this memo, you will be analyzing a case and providing recommendations based on your analysis. Use the guidelines in Chapters 1 – 5 of your book to help form your recommendation and develop your plans.

You are the HR Manager for a large non-profit hospital in Nashville, TN. The hospital was formed following a merger by two smaller hospitals is currently divided into 10 different organizational units (5 that existed under hospital A and 5 that existed under hospital B). Patients receive care in all different areas of the hospital, so their care needs to be coordinated across these units. However, the existing technology does not connect medical records across these units and the hospital staff do not work well with people outside of their organizational unit.

Now that the merger is complete, the hospital needs to develop a new strategic intent and goals. Based off of the new strategic intent and goals, the hospital then needs to adjust its organizational design and effectiveness outcomes to fit these changes.

ISSUES TO ADDRESS IN YOUR CASE STUDY:

For this memo, answer the following questions. Note: you should start your memo by clearly identifying your recommendation.

Based on your analysis, make a recommendation regarding the new strategic intent for the hospital.

What is the new strategic intent and what are the goals for the hospital?

For each, explain why you have selected this strategic intent or goal (hint: your answer should be based on an assessment of the external and internal environment).

What are the structural dimensions of organizational design for this hospital?

Explain the structural dimensions of the hospital: formalization, specialization, hierarchy of authority, complexity, and centralization.

For each structural dimension, explain why you have made this selection.

Based on your answers to the questions above, which effectiveness approaches do you think the hospital should use?

Explain why you have made this selection.

Explain the positives and negatives associated with this selection.

Based on your answers to the questions above, which organization structure should the hospital adopt?

Explain why you have made this selection.

Explain the positives and negatives associated with this selection.

MEMO ASSIGNMENT:

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Actors Performance in the Play King Lear

Introduction

Shakespeare’s play King Lear, which was written in the 17th century, is about a royal family which violates their bonds in the name of authority and order. The play also highlights the battle for supremacy as the fundamental cause of conflict. In the play, the King is betrayed by his two daughters. Even though Lear comes to repent for what he had done and reunites with his daughter Cordelia, almost all the characters lose their lives at the end. The post-Medieval era’s catastrophic occurrences are seen through the lenses of envy, mistrust, and deception. This paper discusses Laurence Olivier as King Lear, Anna Calder-Marshall as Cordelia and John Hurt as the fool. It outlines the verbal and physical decisions the actors made throughout the play by demonstrating the clarity, rationality, and contentment of their decisions.

Laurence Olivier as King Lear

Olivier’s performance in the play led him to winning several awards. It was however his last performance of Shakespeare’s plays. He was 75 years old when he took up the demanding role but that did not stop him from performing tremendously. In the play, Olivier’s character was that of an ancient British king named King Lear. Everyone remained submissive to his commands during his tenure but when he transferred his authority to his two female offspring, Goneril and Regan, the situation, and changes for the worst.

Despite being older, Olivier’s vocal acting abilities were unimpaired. As he makes his first appearance in the play, he is dressed as a king with a white beard and white hair, having an image similar to that of God (Shakespeare 00:03:47-00:04:04). His skill due to experience and age fit the king’s character perfectly. He plays more intelligently, if not harder, like a seasoned athlete. Olivier’s Lear is a masterpiece of nuance, distracting yet pointless, empathetic and apprehensive. He is crazy when we see him after the storm, still has the ability to trap and skin a rabbit thanks to his kinesthetic memory (Shakespear, 01:09:51- 01:13:52). Then, when his vocal performance appears to have peaked, his aging body takes control. Once in Cordelia’s care, they shave off his beard, which makes him appear older visually. The viewers were left feeling both sympathetic and amazed that he could still carry Cordelia’s dead body using his old body (Shakespeare, 02:30:47- 02:35:20). Lear finally admits his shortcomings, saying, “When we are born, we grieve that we have come to this big stage of fools.” However, his revelation does not prevent him from becoming insane or dying.

Anna Calder-Marshall as Cordelia

Anna plays the part of the youngest daughter of King Lear, Cordelia. Shakespeare uses Cordelia as an illustration of kindness and morality. She declines to flatter her father during the ceremonial of relinquishing authority as the daughter of a King (Shakespeare, 00:06:19- 00:09:38). Despite the harsh treatment, Cordelia stays devoted to her father even after the monarch abdicates her royal rank. When King Lear decides to divide the land amongst his three daughters, Anna’s Cordelia is seen to question and pity herself since she knows that she cannot express her love for her father through words (Shakespeare, 00:03:41- 00:06:19). Even when Kent pleads on her behalf she does not utter a single word but watches as her father’s anger range into frustration. She was her father’s favorite daughter and the fact that she could not flatter him was ununderstandable to King Lear. The king of France soon comes and leaves with Cordelia.

Cordelia is not seen in the play again up until her soldiers rescue King Lear (Shakespear, 01:57:47- 02:01:29). Lear is taken to Cordelia’s camp where he begs for forgiveness. Anna Calder-Marshall brings out Cordelia’s kind, merciful and forgiving character as she kisses her father’s hands and face in his sleep. She weeps speaking of the betrayal and hardship her sisters put her father through. It is evident that she does not look back to when her father disowned her. Anna’s Cordelia shows much more commitment to her father because she listens intently as he speaks when they are at the verge of being put in prison (Shakespeare, 02:13:50- 02:14:11). Their father-daughter relationship is very evident as Lear speaks of how he does not mind being imprisoned with her. It was easier for Olivier to carry Anna portraying how Lear carried Cordelia’s dead body since Anna’s body was light and Olivier was old (Shakespeare, 02:30:47- 02:35:20) . Incase Anna weighed more I doubt Olivier would have been able to carry her and bring out that scene as perfectly as he did.

John Hurt as the Fool

John Hurt was a renowned English actor who focused in his career for over sixty years. He performed in many films with diverse roles. In this version of King Lear, he was the King’s fool. His performance only lasted for one scene. John Hurt brought out the fool’s character very well. His hair was not combed or well kept and his clothing had no nobility in them (Shakespeare, 00:40:39- 00:43:36). As much as his appearance was not pleasing, the king spoke to him like he would an adviser. The Fool appears to be more intelligent than the monarch, and their interactions are heartwarming, compassionate, and occasionally amazing. John Hurt’s voice as he plays the fool is almost that of a child who speaks his thoughts without being concerned of the consequences (Shakespeare, 00:40:39- 00:43:36). He makes King Lear identify his mistake in dividing his kingdom living him with nothing and also how wrong it was to disown Cordelia.

Conclusion

Through their performances, John Hurt, Anna Calder-Marshall, and Laurence Olivier help the audience better comprehend the characters. The decisions they make and the developments that take place as the play progresses reflect their characters well. The characters that the viewers see each have various motivations for carrying out their roles and are all intimately affected by its outcomes. This essay has shown how actor analysis may support and develop performance and performance theory. It also outlines how an actor’s comprehension of the play and its character types can widen and contribute to viewers understanding of it. In the end, the play is elaborated upon and given criticism in equal measure.

Works Cited

KING LEAR – Laurence Olivier and John Hurt – 1983 – TV – Remastered – 4K. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pdn07wgUrno