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Climate change is a major topic of concern globally. Countries have come together to identify some of the things that can be done to combat climate change and its effects. On the national level, the United States executive headed by the president and its branches has been instrumental in enforcing and implementing laws and policies on climate change. The major branches of the executive that are concerned with climate change are the departments of defense and transport. The Department of Transport oversees the transport system in the whole country. Emission of carbon from the burning of fossil fuels is one of the major contributors of global warming and consequently climate change. The Department of Transportation intervenes on the issue of climate change by setting standards in the fuel that reduce carbon emission and encourage the use of non-fossil fuels such as electric vehicles.

The Department of Defense is tasked with planning for consequences of climate change. For example, events such as wildfires, earthquakes, and floods al pose a threat to the security both nationally and globally. The third department of the executive that is concerned with fighting climate change is the Department of Energy. Fossil fuels are the main source of energy in many countries. The generation of electricity and fuels in motor vehicles release carbon and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect from these gases contributes to global warming. The Department of Energy implements policies of efficient energy use, such as the use of nuclear energy to generate electricity. Climate change is a collective action problem because everyone contributes and is affected in one way or another, and therefore it takes collective responsibility to address it. It is difficult to encourage people to make changes in their lives to address climate change. The main reason for this is that they think their individual actions make no difference compared to the billions of people on earth.

Introduction

Apple Inc. (AAPL) is an American high-tech company. It was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Gary Wozniak and Ronald Gerald Wayne on April 1, 1976, and named Apple Computer Inc., headquartered in Cupertino, California. The current CEO of Apple is Tim Cook taking over as CEO after the death of Steve Jobs. Tim Cook took over as CEO of Apple after the death of Steve Jobs, but not everyone is so optimistic about his performance that there are mixed opinions about him. The purpose of this paper is to explore how Cook’s leadership skills have led Apple to success. To further explore this issue, this paper analyzes Cook’s leadership style and how he achieves social sustainability through diversity. The aim of this study is to examine Tim Cook’s leadership style and discuss the his role in the achievement of organizational objectives and dealing with challenges such as cross-culture, sustainability, CSR, gender pay gap and the impact of this leader within Apple. In order to supplement the gaps in the literature, this paper uses the transformational theory to discuss how Cook’s leadership style optimizes the talent of employees and how to pull into the relationship with employees. This research is more conducive to a comprehensive understanding of leadership style, the impact of leadership on organizations and leadership practices in organizations.

Background Apple Inc. (AAPL) is an American high-tech company. It was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Gary Wozniak and Ronald Gerald Wayne on April 1, 1976, and named Apple Computer Inc., and changed its name to Apple on January 9, 2007. Headquartered in Cupertino, California. The current CEO of Apple is Tim Cook.Part 1

1.1 leadership styles

Tim Cook’s leadership for Apple since 2011 has contributed positively towards its success. Mr. Cook, who succeeded Mr. Jobs after his death in 2011, has been described as more methodical in his focus on finance and social good than Mr. Jobs’s single-mindedness in design. Apple under Cook has a more relaxed work environment, but is equally demanding and detail-oriented. Katy Huberty (2020) said that the financial data is the best proof, since Cook took over, Apple’s market value has increased by nearly 140 billion DOLLARS, about 500 billion dollars, 100 billion dollars more than Exxon Mobil’s market value. In many ways, Apple has excelled under Cook. Of the billion iphones Apple has sold, 87 percent were sold under Cook. Cook believes diversity in leadership is important. Diversity is not just a consideration for HR departments. In fact, people with diverse backgrounds working together can generate innovative thinking, significantly increase a company’s bottom line, and transparency is the key to all doors. In the face of questions about apple’s working conditions and standards for its employees, Mr. Cook gave the world a look at how Apple people work, which not only raised Apple’s profile but also set an example for other manufacturers. Cook is also good at getting to know customers, spending time visiting Apple stores and reading emails from customers. In the store, Cook has an emotional sense of the store and apple’s image.(Business school, 2013) In addition, Cook pays more attention to environmental protection. Most of the materials of iPhone and iPad are made of recyclable materials. He also pays attention to charity and launches various low-cost educational ipads, which makes Apple have a stronger corporate responsibility.If Jobs was a craftsman who only talked to products, Cook is more of a businessman who listens. Cook has a thorough consideration of the market, so his products will be highly relevant to The Times. The iPhone5s has a 4-inch screen, uses an A6 processor, and has a resolution of 1136 x 640, up from 960 x 640. The iPhone 6 has a 4.7-inch screen, a 1334-by-750-pixel resolution, and an A8 processor. The biggest differences between the iPad4 and the iPad3 are the facetimeHD camera and processor upgrades. Under cook’s leadership, Apple’s culture, especially its secrecy culture, has undergone significant changes. In Cook’s era, Apple is no longer a company full of suspense. At the launch of the iPhone6, for example, although cook mimicked jobs’ “one more thing”, almost everyone knew that he was going to unveil a smartwatch and that the iPhone6 had been revealed months before its release.Tim Cook’s leadership for Apple since 2011 has contributed positively towards its success. Cook is more methodical in his focus on finance. He is also regarded as socially capable compared to Jobs’s focused approach in design. Apple under Cook has a more relaxed work environment, but is equally demanding and detail-oriented. Huberty (2020) quotes financial data as proof of Cook’s success in his time as CEO, citing Apple’s market value having increased by nearly $140 billion. Of the different products sold over the years since Cook took over, Cook’s leadership oversaw the sale of more than 87 percent in sales (Huberty, 2020). Cook believes diversity in leadership is important. Diversity is not just a consideration for HR departments. In fact, people with diverse backgrounds working together can generate innovative thinking, significantly increase a company’s bottom line, and transparency is the key to all doors (Cetin & Kinik, 2015). In the face of questions about apple’s working conditions and standards for its employees, Cook gave the world a look at how Apple people work, which not only raised Apple’s profile but also set an example for other manufacturers. Cook is also good at getting to know customers, spending time visiting Apple stores and reading emails from customers. This is an element of charismatic leadership that was not seen before at Apple. In the store, Cook creates emotional connections with his employees and customers, thereby boosting Apple’s image (Business school, 2013). His transformational style of leadership has led to better employee morale at Apple and considerable positive change in public image of the company.1.2 Changes in management styleTim Cook began overseeing administrative matters such as staff promotions and business reporting structures in 2011. Cook has also stepped up efforts to communicate with Apple employees, often sending numerous emails to all Apple employees calling them “teams” in an effort to bring them closer to the company. Cook reorganized the company’s large education division, which he split into a sales team and a marketing team. While the move smoothen Apple’s organizational structure, it also increased the responsibilities of Phil Schiller, the company’s senior vice president of worldwide product marketing, and John Brandon, its senior vice president of sales channels. (Ma Qiao, 2011)1.2 A Focus on Employees and DiversityWhen it comes to the future of Apple, Cook has made it clear that he believes in the importance of diversity. Three women were appointed to the company’s management team, and the company declared a pledge to actively recruit people from underrepresented minorities. He started issuing an annual report on diversity and inclusion, which he continues to do today. Additionally, Apple has established Diversity Network Associations and collaborated with groups that support the advancement of women in the technology industry. There has been an increase in the amount of female-oriented Apple product releases (Cetin & Kinik, 2015). For the first time ever, commercials for Apple products included a greater diversity of individuals to promote their products. In Cook’s leadership style, openness and transparency are characteristics that distinguish it from the others. Leaders of successful and strong companies that practice democratic leadership are better equipped to comprehend the demands of their employees and customers (Ghasabeh et al. 2015). Employees at Cook’s company feel appreciated as a result of his democratic leadership style, which places a strong emphasis on creating a positive work environment. Cook takes employee concerns into seriously, and the company has policies and procedures in place to ensure that their well-being is taken care of. As a consequence of this element, Apple’s employees are more inclined to be concerned about resolving the problems of others. As a result, Cook has guided Apple in the development of products that are more affordable for those with middle- and low-incomes. A product such as the iPod is an example of this kind of product.1.3 Social sustainability and challenges

It has also allowed the company to achieve social sustainability by adapting diversity concerning gender; race, religion, culture and other aspects helped the company to deal with the challenges of the gender pay gap and cross-culture. Cook sees the future as diverse and believes the most diverse workforce will produce the best products. In 2014, however, apple’s first employee diversity shows male staff ratio reached 70%, to close the gap between employee sex ratio, apple will comb more women specification, so take the initiative to contact the junior middle school, high school and college women, and make the company spend more time to communicate with the traditional black university. Programs like apple’s WWDC scholarship will help attract more diverse people to developer conferences and begin to improve the tech industry’s staggering gender and racial imbalance. (Yang Ting, 2016) On the other hand, Apple narrowed the gap in employee racial and gender treatment by analyzing salary, bonus, stock allowance and other data. In 2015, Apple granted annual stock allowance to sales staff for the first time, which improved the employee diversity.In the complex environment, Apple’s transnational operation and management has to face the management of people, things and things in different cultural atmospheres and backgrounds of strategic alliance companies and employees in different countries. The four layers of apple culture that Cook has established are: self-centered, articulating the company’s values; Clarifying values and adapting them to local cultural trends; Focus on customers, greatly adjust the value of the company to adapt to local culture; Create shared values of third party culture across cultures of global corporate culture.The change in management style and focus of Apple through Cook has also allowed the company to achieve social sustainability by adapting diversity concerning gender; race, religion, culture and other aspects. As a result, the steps taken through management policy changes have helped the company to deal with the challenges of the gender pay gap and cross-culture (Kim, 2020). Cook sees the future as diverse and believes the most diverse workforce will produce the best products. Apple has undertaken several policy changes including corporate social sustainability efforts that focus on diversity. For example, programs like apple’s WWDC scholarship will help attract more diverse people to developer conferences and begin to improve the tech industry’s staggering gender and racial imbalance (Yang Ting, 2016). On the other hand, Apple narrowed the gap in employee racial and gender treatment by analyzing salary, bonus, stock allowance and other data. The issue of social sustainability is important for multinational leaders and managers like Cook to understand since it is a problem that affects the whole planet. Tim Cook, the CEO of Apple, is well aware that the global economy has expanded well beyond its natural borders in recent years. For regions and countries, Tasnim (2018) found that sustainable development is represented by the creation of creative environments, which represents a massive competitive challenge for managers to meet. Leaders of political and think tank organizations should devote more time and effort to ensure that working conditions and game rules are adhered to, rather than concentrating only on particular processes.1.4 Internal Mmanagement

The impact of Tim Cook’s leadership style internally on the organisation is the optimisation of employees’ talents and skills (Kim, 2020). Cook can aim higher by maximizing the potential of his existing employees. The logic behind Cook is: 1. Most people on the team are underutilized. 2. All abilities can be brought to the table with the right kind of leadership. 3. Intelligence and ability can be multiplied without the need for greater investment. When Apple needed a division to grow quickly with constant resources, Cook didn’t expand the sales force. Instead, he spread key talent across different jobs, spent a week studying the problem and working with other departments to come up with a solution. He changed the sales model to a competence-centric approach that made better use of the best salespeople and deep industry experts in the sales cycle. In the end, the department achieved double-digit annual growth without adding a single new employee.

Because of Cook’s multiplication logic, it has led to the exceptional organizational success of Apple as it became the first company to reach 3 trillion USD worth (Leswing, 2022).

The impact of Cook’s leadership style internally on the organisation is the optimisation of employees’ talents and skills (Kim, 2020). Cook can aim higher by maximizing the potential of his existing employees. The logic behind Cook is that most people on the team are underutilized. Secondly, he is aware that abilities can be brought to the table with the right kind of leadership. Third, intelligence and ability can be multiplied without the need for greater investment. When Apple needed a division to grow quickly with constant resources, Cook didn’t expand the sales force. Instead, he spread key talent across different jobs, spent a week studying the problem and working with other departments to come up with a solution. He changed the sales model to a competence-centric approach that made better use of the best salespeople and deep industry experts in the sales cycle. Because of Cook’s multiplication logic, it has led to the exceptional organizational success of Apple as it became the first company to reach 3 trillion USD worth (Leswing, 2022). In the end, the department achieved double-digit annual growth without adding a single new employee.Part 2

2.1 The importance of leadership

Leadership has core importance in the success of organizations (Bratton, 2020). As a matter of fact, leadership affects the direction of strategy. If an organization does not have a leadership team with appropriate capabilities and their respective functions, that is, without strong leadership, no matter how good the strategy is, it will fail. For example, to make a merger, a company needs leaders across its business units and functions to integrate best practices and generate synergies while trying to maintain normal operations. In addition, leaders at all levels of both sides of the merger should not regard the merger as merely a technical level of work, but should encourage staff morale and move towards higher goals. Leadership will also form unique values within an organization (Joanne B. Ciulla, 1999). Employees are the shadow of leaders, and the leadership of leaders is the fundamental reason for the formation of organizational culture. With outstanding leadership rather than coerciveness, leaders can make employees see their values and beliefs verified effectively in practice, which can pave a sound and complete organizational culture for their success.

2.2 Transformational Leader Styles

The transformational leader encourages followers by acting as a role model, motivating through inspiration, stimulating intellectually, and giving individualized consideration for needs and goals.( Bass, B. M. , & Avolio, B. J. .,1994) The leadership style of Tim Cook is transformational as he trusts others and empowers employees, which are the elements of transformational leadership (Cetin & Kinik, 2015).Tim Cook has given Apple employees the right to discuss working conditions, working conditions, and compensation in public, and has encouraged any employee who has concerns to raise them in a way that is most comfortable for them internally or externally, including through their managers, any Apple managers, support staff, business partners, or business practices. His goal was to make sure that every employee was paid fairly in order to close the wage gap between men and women and between different races.Under cook, apple has introduced some employees to a new program called “BlueSky”, in which a small number of employees can work on their favorite projects for a few weeks to help solve the flexibility problem. It’s a bit like Google’s “20 per cent time” scheme, where employees can spend up to a fifth of their time working on projects outside their normal responsibilities. At Apple’s press conference, a more humble Mr. Cook went out of his way to praise his employees, much more warmly than Mr. Jobs did. Cook has always given personal care to his employees and helped them grow as they cope with challenges.A transformational leader builds the capabilities of employees to lead (Ghasabeh et al., 2015), As Tim Cook has done for its employees by empowering them for projects and leading the teams. After Jobs’ death, Cook began making changes to Apple’s organizational structure as the new CEO. Apple is led by the CEO and executive team, and at the first level, power is distributed among the CFO, COO, retail, legal, software engineering, and so on. The executive team consists of all senior vice presidents reporting directly to the CEO. At the second level, functions north are further divided into subdivisions, and the SVP further distributes authority to the SVP at the third pole. All important decisions and actions are made with the intervention of the CEO. (M Tasnim., 2018) Organizational business is divided into several sub-units. At Apple, organizational responsibility is led by Cook, and the business is divided into several divisions: control, global outsourcing, Apple’s online store, Apple Care, education, Internet services, marketing, and communications. All of these businesses report to the CEO. Working in this organizational environment, all employees know their job responsibilities and management expectations, and they are professional in their work. In addition, Cook set up an organic structure in the design department, where employees’ decisions and ideas are respected, they have the freedom to use their own ideas in projects and are encouraged to write long letters and create (eWeek,Agu2010), which is why Cook, the underdog after Jobs’ death, still has a large following. And put Apple on the list of $1 trillion companies.The transformational leader encourages followers by acting as a role model, motivating through inspiration, stimulating intellectually, and giving individualized consideration for needs and goals (Bass & Avolio, 1994). The leadership style of Tim Cook is transformational as he trusts others and empowers employees, which are the elements of transformational leadership (Cetin & Kinik, 2015).Tim Cook has given Apple employees the right to discuss working conditions, working conditions, and compensation in public, and has encouraged any employee who has concerns to raise them in a way that is most comfortable for them internally or externally, including through their managers, any Apple managers, support staff, business partners, or business practices. His goal was to make sure that every employee was paid fairly in order to close the wage gap between men and women and between different races. Under cook, apple has introduced some employees to a new program called “BlueSky”, in which a small number of employees can work on their favorite projects for a few weeks to help solve the flexibility problem (Leswing, 2022). At Apple’s press conference, a humbler Cook went out of his way to praise his employees, much more warmly than Mr. Jobs did. Cook has always given personal care to his employees and helped them grow as they cope with challenges. A combination of his charismatic style, democratic approach, and transformative methodology have led Apple to become one of the best firms of the current century.A transformational leader builds the capabilities of employees to lead (Ghasabeh et al., 2015). As Tim Cook has done for its employees by empowering them for projects and leading the teams. After taking over leadership, Cook began making changes to Apple’s organizational structure as the new CEO. Apple is led by the CEO and executive team, and at the first level, power is distributed among the functional groups made up of various heads such as CFO, COO, retail, legal, software engineering, and so on. The executive team consists of all senior vice presidents reporting directly to the CEO. At the second level, functions are further divided into subdivisions, and the SVP further distributes authority to the VP at the third management level. All important decisions and actions are made with the intervention of the CEO (Tasnim, 2018). Organizational business is divided into several sub-units. At Apple, organizational responsibility is led by Cook, and the business is divided into several divisions: control, global outsourcing, Apple’s online store, Apple Care, education, Internet services, marketing, and communications. All of these businesses report to the CEO. Working in this organizational environment, all employees know their job responsibilities and management expectations, and they are professional in their work. In addition, Cook set up an organic structure in the design department, where employees’ decisions and ideas are respected, they have the freedom to use their own ideas in projects and are encouraged to write long letters and create (eWeek, 2010), which is why Cook, the underdog after Jobs’ death, still has a large following. Largely, Cook has been very successful using a transformative leadership methodology that also combines democratic and charismatic styles in dealing with the employees.Conclusion

The conclusion of this paper shows that Cook believes in diversity and believes that employees can fully respect and affirm their ideas and opinions by establishing an organic organization. In order to narrow the pay gap caused by different races, genders and cultures of Apple employees, Apple provides stock allowances and bonuses to employees to narrow the compensation package. Through the in-depth discussion of Cook’s leadership style, it is considered that Cook’s leadership style belongs to transformational leadership style, which is also related to the theory of change. This leadership style allows Cook to empower employees and optimize their talents, which is critical to the success of the organization.

Mr. Cook’s leadership style has lost its intense perfectionism and is more focused on performance, profits and earnings growth. In this case, Apple lost its pride and personality, and became more interested in catering to consumers. If possible, we need to improve the structure of the marketing model, more in the style of Jobs, add innovation, and bring more surprises to Apple customers.

From the discussion provided, Cook believes in diversity and believes in putting the needs of employees first as a company policy. The recognition of the input that employees have on putting Apple ahead is a large competitive edge that has only been realized after Cook took over. His transformation style of leadership combines democratic and charismatic approaches to enable full impact and utilization of top talent where employee ideas and opinions are considered in the management and product development. As a result, employee satisfaction is higher. In order to narrow the pay gap caused by different races, genders and cultures of Apple employees, Apple provides stock allowances and bonuses to employees to narrow the compensation package. The exploitation of the theory of change and specifically for Apple reveals that the organization’s choice in Cook was the right one for Apple. This leadership style allows Cook to empower employees and optimize their talents, which is critical to the success of the organization. Apple lost its intense perfectionism and is more focused on performance, profits and earnings growth. As a recommendation, Apple needs to improve the structure of the marketing model, add innovation, and bring more surprises to Apple customers.Reference

Ma Qiao. (2011). Cook began to infuse Apple with his own style: managing the executive side. Tencent technology. https://tech.qq.com/a/20111102/000253.htmYang Ting. (2016). Apple’s latest diversity report: It has narrowed the racial and gender pay Gap. The web. HYPERLINK “https://tech.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJWSmV” https://tech.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJWSmVBusiness School. (2013). Tim Cook’s five Core pieces of leadership. Small and Medium Enterprise Management and Technology (11), 1.Kim, H., 2020. Comparison of Strategic Leadership: Steve Jobs and Tim Cook. Business and Management Studies, 6(3), pp.17-25.Leswing, K. 2022. Apple becomes the first U.S. company to reach $3 trillion market cap. NBC News. Available at: HYPERLINK “https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/apple/apple-becomes-first-us-company-reach-3-trillion-market-cap-rcna10767” https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/apple/apple-becomes-first-us-company-reach-3-trillion-market-cap-rcna10767 Ciulla, J. B. . (1999). The importance of leadership in shaping business values. Long Range Planning, 32(2), p.166-172.Bass, B. M. , & Avolio, B. J. . (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage Publications.Cetin, M. O., & Kinik, F. S. F. (2015). An analysis of academic leadership behaviour from the perspective of transformational leadership. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 519-527.M Tasnim. (2018). An Organizational Analysis on Apple.Ghasabeh, M. S., Soosay, C., & Reaiche, C. (2015). The emerging role of transformational leadership. The Journal of Developing Areas, 49(6), 459-467.Bass, B. M. , & Avolio, B. J. . (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Sage Publications.Bratton, J. ed., 2020. Organizational leadership. Sage.Business School. (2013). Tim Cook’s five Core pieces of leadership. Small and Medium Enterprise Management and Technology (11), 1.Cetin, M. O., & Kinik, F. S. F. (2015). An analysis of academic leadership behaviour from the perspective of transformational leadership. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 207, 519-527.Ciulla, J. B. . (1999). The importance of leadership in shaping business values. Long Range Planning, 32(2), p.166-172.Ghasabeh, M. S., Soosay, C., & Reaiche, C. (2015). The emerging role of transformational leadership. The Journal of Developing Areas, 49(6), 459-467.Kim, H., 2020. Comparison of Strategic Leadership: Steve Jobs and Tim Cook. Business and Management Studies, 6(3), pp.17-25.Leswing, K. 2022. Apple becomes the first U.S. company to reach $3 trillion market cap. NBC News. Available at: HYPERLINK “https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/apple/apple-becomes-first-us-company-reach-3-trillion-market-cap-rcna10767” https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/apple/apple-becomes-first-us-company-reach-3-trillion-market-cap-rcna10767 Tasnim, M. (2018). An Organizational Analysis on Apple.Ma Qiao. (2011). Cook began to infuse Apple with his own style: managing the executive side. Tencent technology. https://tech.qq.com/a/20111102/000253.htmYang Ting. (2016). Apple’s latest diversity report: It has narrowed the racial and gender pay Gap. The web. HYPERLINK “https://tech.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJWSmV” https://tech.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJWSmV

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Climate Change: Miami

Introduction

Miami remains one of the most susceptible regions to the adversities of climate change given its subtropical nature and proximity to the coast. Extreme heat levels and humidity have been characteristic of climate change in the region. On average, Miami currently experiences 25 dangerous heat days per year. The witnessed climatic changes have been directly or indirectly attributed to human activities. The onus is therefore on Miamians to take the necessary steps to protect their environment and restore the climate and prevent further climatic adversities. This paper is a proposal of what Miamians can do in that regard. In its proposition, the paper uses two sources; “Why is it Important to Restore the Everglades?” by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and “Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forest Landscape” by science magazine. The paper proposes tropical forest restoration as a means of preventing climate change. This specific solution discusses protecting the 5 percent of the landmass that is left through releasing the land to let nature work itself up, and having means of protection to speed up the process.

Summary of the first source.

Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forest Landscape; Project Drawdown /https://drawdown.org/solutions/table-of-solutionsThe source not only supports the proposed solution with data but also comes from an environmentalist group concerned with the preservation of climate and the ecosystem. It elaborates how restoring tropical forests will aid in the preservation of the climate highlighting the role of tropical vegetation in minimizing greenhouse gases that culminate in global warming. The impact of global warming on climate is known.

Summary of the second source

Why is Important to Restore the Everglades

https://www.epa.gov/everglades/why-it-important-restore-evergladesThis source further explained why restoration of the ecosystem is an effective way of preventing climate change. It describes the ecosystem as an intrinsically self-sufficient cycle with enormous benefits to the climate. It highlighted some aspects of the Everglades that make its restoration a crucial step in any efforts towards the preservation of climate. This is clearly supports the strategy proposed in this paper as a means to preventing climate change.

Synthesis of both sources

The sources are similar in the sense that they are all from environmentalist groups trying to propose means to climate and environmental conservation. Their goal is the same goal that this report pursues. The sources are recent making them even more relevant since they are based on recent facts impacting our subject.

Discussion

Restoring tropical forests in Miami would be a major step in preventing further climate change especially with regards to the Heat in the region caused by global warming. Forestation is a leading remedy for climate change and the greatest constraint to global warming (EPA). One of the factors behind the changing Miami climate over the years has been urbanization and population growth. More carbon, – the main component of greenhouse gases, is released into the atmosphere by people, cars, and other human activities. Yet these activities continue to destroy plants that would have taken up carbon and reduced its effects on climate. Restoring tropical forests all around Miami can be initiated by environmental authorities and groups. Authorities and these groups can call upon the public to engage in tree planting days in the tropical areas and planting of other forms of vegetation. The plan is practical and is likely to be embraced by the public. Climate change has been a reigning topic and most people will find it worthy to engage in such a course. Restoring tropical forests and vegetation will translate to reduced carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, reduced global warming, and reduced heat that is so characteristic of Miami. Global warming is not only responsible for heat but also rising sea levels that have seen frequent flooding in parts of the region.

Miami is racing against time to keep up with rising sea levels courtesy of global warming

The second step to preventing climate change is protecting the Everglade. Restoration efforts can only be fruitful if conservation is done to what is already in place. The Everglades is one of the pillars still holding our climate together. It supports rich plant life, that as discussed, is crucial in taming global warming. Were it not for it, the change would have been much more severe and we would feel much worse impacts of global warming precipitated by the various activities and lifestyles we adopt. People in Miami-Dade County have access to the everglades, which is a connection of tropical wetlands and forests connected to a river. The Everglades have been harmed throughout the time by the altering of landscape, causing major harm to its habitat and functions (EPA). People in Miami- Dade county could take action into protecting the best way possible what is left of the Everglades and bring it back to life. Steps that can be taken to conserve the Everglades include; less use of cars while visiting the Everglades, plant a tree, avoid littering – littering releases toxic substances to the soil thus impacting plant life, and avoid the use of electronics while visiting the Everglades. All these are simple practical steps that people can take to conserve the Everglades and in turn prevent climate change

Everglades National Park. The park is accredited as a major pillar of climate preservation.

Conclusion

In general, in order to protect Miami against climate change, the people of Miami can come together and do the simple things proposed in the report. It is the simple things like littering or planting a tree that ultimately impacts our climate. I however think these efforts can only be effective if undertaken in many regions in the country and not just Miami.

Works Cited

Restoration of Degraded Tropical Forest Landscape; Project Drawdown https://drawdown.org/solutions/table-of-solutionsWhy is Important to Restore the Everglades

https://www.epa.gov/everglades/why-it-important-restore-everglades

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Climate Change and Global Warming

Climate change and global warming are phrases that are used interchangeably. However, they are not the same thing. Climate change refers to the occurrence of new weather patterns that may last for at least a few decades and millions of years (Oppenheimer). Unpredictable weather patterns are also a characteristic of climatic change. The climatic system is composed of various interacting components that include the lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere and cryosphere. The climatic system receives most of its energy from the sun while some of the energy is derived from the earth’s interior. It also gives out energy to the outer space and thus maintaining a balance in the earth’s energy budget. Global warming on the other side refers to the long term increase in the average temperature of the earth’s climatic system (Harvey). It also refers to the observed and continued increment in the average air and the ocean temperatures that is as a result of the carbon emissions or other greenhouse gases that are emitted from the industries.

The two phrases interrelate in that climatic change encompasses global warming but referring to the wide range of the changes that occur to the globe as a result of global warming. Some of the changes that are caused by global warming that are a characteristic of climate change include the shrinking of mountain glaciers, shifts in flower and plant booming times, accelerated ice melting as well as the rising sea levels all which are caused by the temperature increment in the earth’s crust. Therefore, the terms interrelate in that one term can be used to explain the other, global warming leads to climatic change. The issue is complicated for the two terms in that individuals use them interchangeably while explaining a different concept as they get confused which results to which simply because they have similar mitigation strategies and this leads to the misuse of the words.

Works Cited

Oppenheimer, Michael, and Jesse K. Anttila-Hughes. “The science of climate change.” The Future of Children (2016): 11-30.

Harvey, LD Danny. Global warming. Routledge, 2016.

Climate Change

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Institution affiliation

Summary

           They are various issues affecting our world today with some being priority while others are being left out, while most people do not recognize climate change as a priority this has changed especially with the current voters. Climate change is said to be one issue that if it is not addressed it will affect so many generations to come. We are looking at climate change with a particular interest in the Paris agreement that is geared to reduce climate change while shedding right on what US withdrawal from the agreement means and its implications. 

Introduction

           Climate change is a global issue that has in recent years got global attention since most of the disasters in today’s society are attributed to this change. According to recent studies the temperature is becoming warmer and has risen one degree Fahrenheit in the last 100 years, they have been various rallies to protest on the need of the world leaders to do something about this change with most of the protestors being young people. The issue is a global one that requires wider attention especially in developing countries who are mostly experiencing the effects of this change despite them being the least responsible. 

The Paris Agreement

           The Paris agreement is a new agreement that was adopted to fight climate change in December 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The agreement required countries to submit their plans that outline the actions they sought to take to avoid, cope and adapt to climate change after 2020 with plans on how to reduce the greenhouse gas being one of the main issues. The objective of this agreement is to ensure economic development and sustainable food production while preventing interference with the climate system. The objective led to the main goal of the agreement which is that the global temperature increase to be below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels while limiting it to 1.5 degrees Celsius above the preindustrial level (Rogelj et al., 2016).

Withdrawal of US from the Paris Agreement

           While this agreement required all hands on deck since its effects cannot be combated with any army or resources, the withdrawal of Trump in 2017 caused a stir considering the US and China have been referred to as the highest emitters of Carbon dioxide. Some made inferences of this action to be history repeating itself since during George Bush Presidency he withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol (Meyer, 2019).

           They are various reasons why Trump resorted to leaving the agreement, one is the ties that his administration has with the fossil fuel industry and that the actions to regulate climate change will seek to benefit these companies. Also, the decision of Trump going for reelection played a part since especially for his constituency which seemed to be glad when he withdrew from the agreement and the fact that various senators in his administration campaigns are funded by the industries. Trump to have never acknowledged that climate change is an issue caused by the people and he blamed that the agreement was intended to punish the US by comparing its responsibility with those of other countries neglecting the fact that the more emissions by a country the greater the responsibility accorded. The American first viewpoint from Trump also was a factor since he believes that the agreement undermined the country’s competitive edge while affecting the energy and employment sectors. Lastly, Trump’s reign seems to want to destroy Obama’s legacies and policies that he enacted while he was in power and the Paris agreement was one among his political legacies.

Implications of US Withdrawal

           While Trump’s withdrawal according to him is not a major issue, it affects the compliance of the agreement in various ways. First, the agreement was seen as the backbone of the regime of global climate that facilitated the climate governance effectiveness and the US withdrawal undermines its universality where is involved both developing and developed countries, unlike the Kyoto Protocol. Secondly, the US withdrawal affected the leadership required for the governance of the action, US, China, and EU are the leadership and the Brexit negotiations and crises affecting EU leaves only China; this deficit affects the agreement implementation. Thirdly, while other countries reaffirmed their commitment even after the US withdrawal, the exit might affect other countries’ initiatives towards climate change leading to the target set by the agreement unachievable. Also, the US exit reduces the emission space of other countries while increasing their mitigations while increasing its emissions space and lower mitigation cost this eventually will not only make the agreement target more difficult to achieve but also expensive. The US too was supposed to help finance the developing countries in the common but differentiated agreement responsibility so they can achieve the target while adapting to climate change. The country too played a big part in donating climate financing to the developing countries but since Trump’s presidency, the country’s donations have decreased. Additionally, the US withdrawal will affect the opportunity window of mitigating climate since the 10 years after it was put in action are essential in achieving the targets as the anthropogenic emissions are expected to improve without reliance on the advancement in technology. Lastly, the decreased funding in climate research by the US will not only undermine the negotiations for future climate but also compromise the future quality of IPCC reports (Zhang et al., 2017).

           However, while Trump seems to justify his action towards moving out of the agreement insisting that it places stress on the country with minimal gains the exit is expected to cause more implications. One of the mains implication is on the gender equality, climate change is unjust since it affects people who hardly play a role in its causes and the climate action should address this inequality while respecting all human rights. With most of the majority world population of poor people being women, the impacts of climate change will continue to increase the levels hence they should play a role in addressing the change (Schramek & Harmeling, 2001).

           Additionally, in various areas in the US climate change which has been said to getting warmer is believed to be decreasing the air quality and increasing heat-related deaths with the elderly and children being at the most risk. The pollen season has also been reported to be lengthening which may extend the habitat for mosquitoes and ticks increasing the exposure of people to vector-borne diseases. Unfortunately, the temperature is only bound to increase in the North East areas as indicated in the diagram (“Climate Impacts in the Northeast | Climate Change Impacts | US EPA”, 2020).

Lastly, according to the report by the National Climate Assessment, the effects of climate change are being felt especially by the low-income earners and the few marginalized communities who hardly have any capacity to cope with the problem. Moreover, the people who rely on the climate, farmers, tourism, and fisheries are vulnerable to the effects and while the countries past our borders are affected the trade among us will be affected. Lastly, the riding temperature is changing the precipitation and reducing the snowpack which in turn affects the water quality we rely on (“Fourth National Climate Assessment”, 2018).

Conclusion

           From the discussion below it is clear that climate change is a global challenge from the 195 countries that joined together to mitigate its risks under the Paris agreement. Unfortunately, while the US exit from the agreement insists that is what is best for the country the effects will not only affect the developing countries that relied on its financing but also on the people in the country. Just recently, the Australian fire that started late last year was finally put odd after not only destroying a lot of vegetation and killing very many animals but led to the migration of some animals, this is the impacts of climate change that we should expect if nothing is to be done. While Trump seeks to recognize that his voters will support him because of his voters’ continued bid of withdrawal from the agreement it is time he recognizes that the effects of climate change have no borders and will end up affecting the same. There is no tomorrow for climate change it is time to act now and hope that the landslides, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, and earthquake being experienced all over the world becomes a story of the past.   

References

Climate Impacts in the Northeast | Climate Change Impacts | US EPA. 19january2017snapshot.epa.gov. (2020). Retrieved 3 March 2020, from https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-northeast_.html.

Fourth National Climate Assessment. Nca2018.globalchange.gov. (2018). Retrieved 3 March 2020, from https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/.

Meyer, R. (2019). The Indoor Man in the White House. The Atlantic. Retrieved 3 March 2020, from https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2019/01/trump-withdraws-paris-agreement/579733/.

Rogelj, J., den Elzen, M., Höhne, N., Fransen, T., Fekete, H., & Winkler, H. et al. (2016). Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 °C. Nature, 534(7609), 631-639. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18307Schramek, C., & Harmeling, S. (2001). G20 and climate change [Ebook] (p. 12). CARE Climate. Retrieved 3 March 2020, from http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/G20-REPORT.pdf.

Zhang, H., Dai, H., Lai, H., & Wang, W. (2017). U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement: Reasons, impacts, and China’s response. Advances In Climate Change Research, 8(4), 220-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accre.2017.09.002

Mythology, Religion, and Thing Betwixt (Unit 3) Journal

Due Friday 5/10 by 12:00pm on BV

(No physical copy needed)

Name:

Date:

ENGL 2111–F/11:00AM

Section 1 – General Plot Summary (150+ words):

Please write a summary for ONE of the texts we covered this unit:

The Descent of Ishtar

Erra and IshumGilgamesh

The Ramayana OR the Mahabharata/Bhagavad Gita

Metamorphoses (talk about the stories in general or give an intro for the Metamorphoses then summarize ONE of the stories)

The Analects (Confucius) (talk about the sayings in general)

The Book of Songs (choose either one poem or talk about the poetry in general)

Augustine’s Confessions

Do not simply copy this summary from another site. The point of this section is to demonstrate that you read the work(s) from the unit. Plagiarism in any section will result in a failing grade for the entire journal. Plagiarism includes “patchwork writing”, where only small phrases or words are changed from the original source, but the rest remains the same. DO NOT DO THIS!

Section 2 – Quote Breakdown

Select one significant, impactful quote from one work in EACH of the following areas from Unit 3:

Mythological works (those dealing exclusively with the gods)

Descent of Ishtar

Erra and IshumGilgamesh

Mixture Works (those dealing with spiritual teachings and the gods)

Ramayana

Mahabharata/Bhagavad Gita

Metamorphoses

Religious/Practical works (those dealing with practical teachings or human behavior)

The Analects

The Books of Songs

Epistle to the Romans OR Acts of the Apostles

Augustine’s Confessions

These quotes must be at least 4 lines long and be of substantial significance to the plot/focus of the work and demonstrate the connection between the work and one of this Unit’s themes.

Below the quote, you must breakdown the situation said quote comes from and analyze it. Example: Include who is speaking to whom and why. Explain its significance to the plot or overall story and connect to the Unit’s theme. Do not simply summarize what is going on in the quote. Summary does not equal analysis.

The breakdown for each quote should be 150+ words minimum. As a general rule, refrain from including your opinions, such as “I think…” or “I chose…” in your quote breakdowns. This is considered informal and unnecessary in an analysis. Instead, demonstrate your ability to analyze and connect the work(s) with the theme of the unit and to each other, if necessary.

Finally, the set up below is how your quote section should be organized. Failure to include any of the individual parts will result in loss of points for the section. Meaning you must have a citation above each quote, the quoted material with an in-text citation at the end (line numbers for plays, page numbers for prose), and your breakdown for the quote as the final part.

Mythological Work Citation:

Quote 1 (include physical quote and line numbers)

Break down

Mixture Work Citation:

Quote 2 (include physical quote and line numbers)

Breakdown

Religious/Practical Work Quotation:

Quote 3 (include physical quote and line numbers)

Breakdown

Section 3 – Discussion Prompt: 600 words minimum

Throughout this Unit, we have looked at many different spiritual texts that impart teachings and ruminations about human existence, many of these teachings relating to religious belief systems. Whether these belief systems incorporated powerful gods and demi-gods or simply discussed proper etiquette regarding human interaction, learning and discussing how other cultures of the Ancient World viewed humanity’s purpose and existence on Earth is important, as many – if not all – of these belief systems are the progenitors of religions we know of today.

Choose ONE of the prompts below. You must use quotes from the text to back up your claims and examples. Simply putting the line numbers after the quotes will suffice for MLA formatting in this section. Remember: this section is meant to be in essay format. Therefore, your answer needs to have the following:

An introduction and conclusion

A well-organized structure

Multiple paragraphs (do not have one solid block of text)

Quotes formatted with the ICE method (Introduce your source; Cite/Quote; Explain the significance to your thesis/prompt)

Just as with the quote breakdowns, refrain from including your opinions, such as “I think…” or “I chose…” in your discussion prompt. This is considered informal and unnecessary in an analysis.

For this prompt, trace the effect of the god’s actions on humans’ lives across one of these three texts and compare/contrast the interactions with those in Ovid’s Metamorphoses:

Descent of Ishtar

Erra and IshumGilgamesh (demi-gods count as well)

The tale(s) from the Metamorphoses that you use for the comparison is up to you. Just remember to make clear connections between the works and be clear in which work/character/situation you are referring to at any point in your response.

More on next page…

Select TWO of the following works with spiritual teachings to compare and contrast:

the spiritual teachings of Bhagavad Gita/Mahabarata OR the Ramayana

The Analects (Confucius)

Daoist teachings and poems

In your response, you must discuss the core of each belief system, the teachings provided in the selected work, and how those teachings can be applied to every day life. Then, in your conclusion, state which one you believe would lead to a more balanced life and why. (This final statement is an expression of your opinion but your statements must be backed up via information from the text.)

Compare and contrast Augustine’s conversion to Christianity via his Confessions with Paul’s conversion story in Acts of the Apostles. Be sure to mention their individual origins, the moment that lead to conversion, and how those said conversions altered their lives as men and as believers. (Feel free to look up more of the Book of Acts in a Bible or on a Bible website if you would like more information on Paul’s conversion.)

Clinical Depression

Name:

Course:

Instructor:

Date:

Clinical Depression

Introduction to Clinical Depression

Mental health is an integral part of a person’s wellbeing. Like other health components, such as physical health, our minds give us clues when all is not well. Different mental health disorders present various symptoms used in diagnosis. Clinical depression is a mental health disorder that can happen to anyone regardless of age, gender, or any other characteristic. The main aspect of clinical depression is a profound feeling of deep sadness and low mood that goes on for at least two weeks. The impact on one’s mood and emotional state affects different areas of life.

Clinical depression has several symptoms used in diagnosis according to the DSM-V. One of these symptoms is the persistent feelings of sadness almost all the time. A depressed individual also shows diminished interest or a total lack of interest in everyday activities that they enjoyed before. Another sign of depression is persistent feelings of guilt and worthlessness without explanation. Fourth, an individual is diagnosed with depression when they experience thoughts of suicide recurrently, which may result in an attempt or plan to commit suicide. Other symptoms include excessive fatigue, loss of concentration, indecisiveness, and changes in weight and appetite. Clinical depression negatively affects the patient and the people around them, such as their family, friends, and colleagues. If untreated, clinical depression could lead to dangerous behavior like substance abuse, ruined relationships, sleeping problems, physical illness, and suicide.

Research on Therapeutic Modalities Effectively Treating Clinical Depression in Group Settings

Thimm & Antonsen explored the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy for patients with clinical depression. One hundred forty-three patients took part in the study, with 88 of these analyzed during the outcome. It was found that 30% of patients recovered from depression, and 44% showed remarkable improvement (Thimm & Antonsen 2014). The researchers used the Beck Depression Inventory to measure the outcome of the program. CBT has long been recognized as a valuable and effective treatment option for clinical depression; therefore, group CBT was expected to work as well. The study found CBT to be effective due to the significant number of patients who recovered. One of the benefits of group CBT is that it is a cost-effective measure as several patients are treated simultaneously. Patients also feel that their illness is normal and learn from each other’s experience with depression.

Aguilera and colleagues conducted another study to determine the efficiency of GCBT in treating clinical depression among a group of Latinos. The study was conducted in a primary care facility where 96 patients participated in multiple sessions of group CBT. One of the main challenges experienced in the program was a high dropout rate and failure to adhere to the program. The program offered 16 sessions of GCBT, but half of all patients failed to attend 50% of the sessions. It was concluded that the more the sessions attended, the lower the depressive symptoms the patients showed over time (Aguilera et al., 2018). Group CBT was found to be an effective intervention in this case.

Clinical depression tends to be a common issue for women during and after pregnancy. Since pregnancy and childbirth can be challenging experiences, it is imperative that women get the support they need to preserve their mental health through this journey. Group therapy would be helpful for expecting women and new mothers to share experiences and know that they can recover from depression as others have. Oral and Tuncay published their findings on group interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-G) in the International Journal of Group Psychotherapy. Twenty-two Turkish women diagnosed with clinical depression took part in the study with Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale and Beck Depression Inventory as measures (Oral & Tuncay, 2021). The interventions went on for twelve weeks, and at the end of the study, it was found that group interpersonal therapy decreased depression levels and improved social adaptation of the women in the study. 

Similarly, Monk conducted a study on the effectiveness of group interpersonal therapy to treat women with prenatal depression in a study titled “Effectiveness of Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Treating Women with Prenatal Depression.” The findings were published on the US National Library of Medicine website. The article explains that roughly 10-15% of women experience prenatal depression, causing suffering for the women as well as developmental problems for the infants after birth (Monk 2015). Group Interpersonal therapy is one of the most effective treatment options for prenatal depression, as shown in the study. One hundred sixteen pregnant women took part in the twelve-week program. The participants were split into three groups. One was treated with IPT-G, the second received treatment as usual, while the third group received no treatment (Monk 2015). The group that received group therapy with five to eight other women was found to have the highest recovery rate than the other two groups. 

Depression among adolescents is a serious issue as it could lead to lifelong problems if left untreated. Some people think of depression as only affecting adults, but adolescents also suffer from mental health disorders such as clinical depression. Parents, guardians, and teachers need to look out for symptoms of depression among teenagers exhibiting behavioral problems. Keles and Idsoe examined the effects of group cognitive-behavioral therapy on adolescents. They published the results in an article titled “A meta-analysis of group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) interventions for adolescents with depression.” The researchers reviewed the literature on the topic and found 23 studies that involved both post-intervention and follow-up comparisons of results (Keles & Idsoe, 2018). The studies involved a control group and treatment group CBT was found to be more effective than control conditions in both comparisons. 

Moore et al. examined whether cognitive behavioral therapy is as effective as it is made out to be in the treatment of clinical depression. The study focused on research articles published on various sites such as PubMed, Cochrane, PsycInfo, and EMBASE. The common factor in the reports analyzed is that they all used the Beck Depression Inventory as a measure of outcomes. The studies compared two groups, control groups and those receiving CBT. The study found that CBT is a viable intervention for treating clinical depression in adults, given the significant effect of the therapy on depressive symptoms among patients (Moore et al., 2017). Similarly, group CBT was shown to be effective among a group of patients with autism. Patients showing signs of depression were split into two groups, one receiving group CBT and the other individual treatment. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales was used to measure the outcomes of treatment (McGillivray & Evert, 2014). The patients who received CBT showed lower scores on the scale compared to those who did not.

Barth et al. compared the efficiency of various treatment therapies for patients with clinical depression. These treatments include cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy in group settings. The researchers, in this case, examined previous studies done on seven psychotherapeutic interventions. These interventions include short-term psychodynamic therapy, behavioral activation, and problem-solving therapy, in addition to CBT and interpersonal therapy. The study’s main aim was to find out the efficiency of the different treatments in individual and group settings (Barth et al., 2016). It was concluded that interpersonal therapy was most effective in treating clinical depression compared to the other interventions.

Challenges of the Therapeutic Modalities

One of the main challenges that the researchers experienced in their studies is the significant dropout rate among participants. The length of the intervention varied, with most of them lasting twelve weeks. For many people, twelve weeks is a long time to attend treatment, especially when one is already feeling better. Many of the studies cited patients dropping out as one of the challenges in measuring the intervention program’s efficacy. When patients who complete the study show high recovery rates, it indicates that the treatment would have been even more effective had all the patients remained with the treatment schedule. A perfect example of this is the study conducted by Thimm & Antonsen, in which 17.5% of participants dropped out (Thimm & Antonsen, 2014).

Another challenge in the studies is homogeneity. Most of the studies involve participants with different characteristics. These include pregnant women, individuals with autism, adolescents, and adults. All of these groups respond differently to therapy, meaning that efficiency will vary from one group to another. The procedure of treatment also tends to be different. For example, group therapy involves a different number of individuals, meaning it is challenging to find the best number of people for group therapy. The number may affect the efficacy of the intervention.

Implications to Social Work Practice in Group Settings.

One of the significant implications of the study is the use of control measures. Some of the control measures in the studies include the use of waitlist controls and control groups (Barth et al., 2016). Such measures should be considered unethical as they could adversely affect patients who need treatment for clinical depression. Proving the efficiency of group therapy should take a backseat to the patient’s wellbeing. Future practitioners should find a different way of measuring the efficiency of group treatment without putting patients at risk. 

The dropout rate for patients with clinical depression is another concern during the study. One way to address this is to assess patients’ suitability to group therapy to reduce patient dropout rates. Some of the characteristics that should be analyzed include attachment style, chronicity of problems, personality disorders, among others (Thimm & Antonsen, 2014). All these should be considered indicators of how suited a patient will be to group therapy instead of other forms of treatment. 

Conclusion

In summary, clinical depression is a serious mental disorder that should be treated as soon as possible. The DSM-V elaborates on the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with clinical depression. If left untreated clinical depression will have severe adverse effects on individuals and those around them. Various studies have been carried out to examine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and interpersonal therapy in treating clinical depression in group settings. Group therapy offers advantages such as the feeling of support and cohesion among patients, giving them hope of recovery. These studies show that the two interventions are effective in treating clinical depression among different groups of people. Mental health is a crucial part of a person’s wellbeing, so people should treat the best treatment in case of mental illness. 

References

Aguilera, A., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Liu, N., & Bravin, J. (2018). Implementing group CBT for depression among Latinos in a primary care clinic. Cognitive and behavioral practice, 25(1), 135-144.

Barth, J., Munder, T., Gerger, H., Nüesch, E., Trelle, S., Znoj, H., … & Cuijpers, P. (2016). Comparative efficacy of seven psychotherapeutic interventions for patients with depression: a network meta-analysis. Focus, 14(2), 229-243.

Keles, S., & Idsoe, T. (2018). A meta-analysis of group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) interventions for adolescents with depression. Journal of adolescence, 67, 129-139.

McGillivray, J. A., & Evert, H. T. (2014). Group cognitive behavioural therapy program shows potential in reducing symptoms of depression and stress among young people with ASD. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 44(8), 2041-2051.

Monk, C. (2015) “Effectiveness of Group Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Treating Women With Prenatal Depression.” ClinicalTrials.gov.

Moore, L. M., Carr, A., & Hartnett, D. (2017). Does group CBT for depression do what it says on the tin? A systemic review and meta-analysis of group CBT for depressed adults (2000–2016). Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 47(3), 141-152.

Oral, M., & Tuncay, T. (2021). Effectiveness of group interpersonal psychotherapy among women with major depression in Turkey. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 71(1), 180-202.

Thimm, J. C., & Antonsen, L. (2014). Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy for depression in routine practice. BMC psychiatry, 14(1), 1-9.

Mythology.Mythology refers to the study of the myths. A myth is a sacred story that explains how something came to be or is. The main features in myths are gods, supernatural beings or heroes. To a certain community to which the story belongs to, it is considered as a true account of what happened.

In this text will consider Egyptian and Babylonian mythologies that explain some of their gods. Isis was a goddess wife to Osiris and mother to Horus. She is a Queen of Goddesses and had a sun disc on her head and horns. She was considered a great magician and healer, got her powers from Ra (king of Gods represented by a falcon). She was worshipped as a great mother and wife. She was the friend of slaves, sinners and at the same time listened to the prayers of the wealthy and maidens. Osiris (husband to Isis father to Horus). He was god of the dead dressed in white with crook and flail and white crown. He was considered a judge in the afterlife but also the underworld agency of life responsible for sprouting and growth of vegetation and the fertile flooding of the Nile. He was often related to the nature of events such as flooding of the Nile and vegetation. Horus was the believed to be the son of Osiris and Isis, hawk, or a man with a hawk’s head crowned with the crown of all Egypt (Pinch, 2004). He was believed to be the god of the sun, war and protection. He was said to be the sky that included the sun and the moon. As a god of war and protection too he was considered a symbol of majesty and power as well as the model of the pharaohs. The Pharaohs were said to be Horus in human form. This belief in gods shows Egyptians believed that every aspect had one who was in charge of it. Their stories show the people based most of their things on the gods and depended on them for existence and leadership. The Babylonian Enuma Elish is a myth that explains the cycle of seasons. It describes the war between various gods who represented various seasons. It describes a series of vengeance cases that lead to the development of winter, summer and the other seasons. The Babylonians believed the different seasons were brought about by the chaos between gods. The Babylonians lived on the lower parts of Asia while Egyptians lived in the northern parts of Africa.

The myths stated above show revenge in the society in the case of Babylonians, while the Egyptians had both respect and each aspect were accounted for. They took deep pride in their gods and respected them.

Myth of Esfandyar is the short story about a prince Esfandyar son of the king Goshtasp, who was divine and won many battles for his nation. His father, the king, sent him on many missions all with the promise of giving his son the throne. The story shows betrayal and jealousy since the king wanted the death of his son in order not to take up the throne. Esfandyar is patient since he obeys and still does what his father says despite the constant breaking of his promise. Goshtasp on the other hand is jealous since he wants the persecution of his son in order to maintain his place as ruler. Rostam is an arrogant and ruthless ruler who refuses to listen to what he is told and has the desire to kill and does not care what the consequences will be. The myth gives an overview of the tension between fathers and sons(Fazekas,2005).

Pinch, G. (2004). Egyptian mythology: a guide to the gods, goddesses, and traditions of ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Fazekas, I. (2005). The alkalizing diet: your life is in the balance. Virginia Beach, Va.: A.R.E. Press.

Clinical mental health internship

Internships are part and parcel of the learning program, and one can fully understand what is meant by being in the field for what they are studying for. I am taking Clinical mental health, and an internship comes along as an essential aspect of my career. Therefore, the internship focusing on what will be learned and its benefits will add to my job. Thus with this in mind St. Luke’s Behavioural Health center would be an appropriate place to have my internship. Intermountain Centers Flagstaff, AZ, would also be very reasonable for my internship.

The two centers focus on making sure that the mental health of their patients is well looked after. The two centers are also well known for their excellent quality care and the ability for interns to learn from them perfectly. The two centers are also strict in following all the states’ requirements about practicum and internship (Behavioral Consultation Services, n.d.). With the experience obtained from these two institutions, I hope to work with one of them in the future. However, even if not so, I will be one of the best in the field due to the experience I will get from the internship.

References

St. Luke’s Behavioral Health | Steward Family Hospital | Phoenix, AZ. (n.d.). Www.stlukesbehavioralhealth.org. https://www.stlukesbehavioralhealth.org/Intermountain Centers Flagstaff, AZ | Behavioral Consultation Services. (n.d.). Intermountain Centers. Retrieved June 17, 2021, from https://intermountaincenters.org/arizona/flagstaff/

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Climate Change and Political Instability

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Number and Name

Instructor Name`

Due date

Climate Change and Political Instability

Climate change has so many effects, and one of these is political instability. Even though this is not entirely evident, it is very accurate, and it causes a lot of problems among people and governments as climate changes. According to research known as the landmark 2013 paper in the journal science published, in temperature of one standard deviation led to 2.3% interpersonal conflict and a 13.2% group conflict. These figures suggest something when it comes to politics and governments since they are made up of individuals.

The most important thing is that climate change leads to straining of government and social resources, and there comes a time when certain people have to look for ways to survive. When this happens, it becomes very difficult for governments to be stable since, due to climate change, there can be a lack of resources. Even the citizens may blame the government, leading to its downfall or ill relations with other governments. A good example is the Khmer Empire in Cambodia from the 9th to 15th centuries, which after around 600 years of existence, were brought down by climate change coupled with other factors. A prolonged drought hit the empire, which strained the kingdom, and in the search for solutions, problems arose, and it was difficult for the domain to continue.

Even though that can have been in the past, the present is not above climate change and its effects on governments and social institutions. Hundreds of thousands were displaced in California and Oregon after a storm in Lowa damaged more than 10 acres. This is just an example to explain how resources can be strained and lead to political instability. Therefore it is essential to be on the outlook and conserve the environment to prevent social unrest and political instability due to climate change.

Reference

How Climate Change May Be Contributing to Our Political Instability. (2020). Time. https://time.com/5888866/climate-change-wildfires-political-instability/

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