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Module 3 review Assignment
Chapter 7
I. Perspective Question (Your response should be 4-10 sentence in length.)
What were the main problems with the Articles of Confederation?
The articles of confederation codified the lifestyle during the 1770’s and granted very little power to the Federal government. They suggested that the power only be in on legislature, which meant there would be no separation of powers. There was no person to serve as the executive power; instead there was one representative from each state was seated to form the “Committee of The States”. War had a major conflict due to the states having the rights to levy taxes and regulate commerce.
II. Key Concepts (The following questions can be answered with short-answer responses.)
John Adams was the Massachusetts leader who developed the theory behind separation of powers, or “mixed government.”
The Articles of Confederation granted very little power to the federal government.
The Land Ordinance of 1785 was most favorable to wealthy speculators.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 which prohibited slavery, established territorial governments in the Great Lakes region and set a pattern for future western development.
Prior to the eruption of tax, rural towns in Massachusetts in 1786 had petitioned their state assembly for a moratorium on taxes and on lawsuits against debtors.
Shay’s Rebellion was a warning to the new nation’s leaders that they would have to address the problem of debt or risk a lower-class uprising.
The members of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia were not sure about Democracy because, as Shays’ Rebellion had just demonstrated, it could be messy.
The Virginia Plan called for the elimination the Articles of Confederation in their entirety, whereas the New Jersey Plan only called for a revision of the Articles, giving each state equal representation.
Roger Sherman’s Great Compromise on representation in Congress finally was accepted after Benjamin Franklin added the stipulation that all funding measures would originate in the Lower house.
The Three-fifths clause involved the counting of slaves for representation in the slave states.
As the free states debated the slave states at the Constitutional Convention, some southerners threatened to secede if the slave trade was abolished.
One political compromise between the slave states and the free states at the Constitutional Convention stated that in 1808 the Slave Trade would end.
Legislative is the branch of government that can declare war.
The Electoral College was put in place because the framers of the Constitution wanted to ensure that only qualified candidates got elected president, not populist hooligans.
During the ratification debate, it was agreed that for the Constitution to take effect, and thereby replace the Articles of Confederation, nine of the thirteen states had to ratify it.
The earliest states to ratify the Constitution were small states such as Delaware, Connecticut, and New Jersey.
The Federalists papers were a series of essays written by three prominent advocates of the new constitution that sought to gain support for its ratification in New York State.
The Anti-Federalists objected to the concentration of power in a centralized government, preferring a weaker confederation of states and more direct democracy than provided for in the Constitution.
To gain ratification of the Constitution, the Federalists promised Anti-Federalists like John Hancock that adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution would be the first order of business once the new Congress met.
By the end of 1788, every state except for Rhode Island had already ratified the Constitution.
The First Amendment emphasized freedom of speech, religion and the press, protected individuals from unwarranted searches, and outlined the rights of criminal defendants.
Chapter 8
I. Perspective Question (Your response should be 4-10 sentence in length.)
Describe the formation of the first two political parties in American history–the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans. What were their major differences, and who were the best-known members of each party?
The Federalists party was filled with mostly wealthy merchants, large property owners, and conservative farmers. They supported a strong governmental role in economic roles and stability of trade with Britain. New England and Middle Colonies were Federalist Strong holders. The Democratic-Republicans were also referred to as the Republican party or Jeffersonian-Republicans. James Madison was a well-known member of the disciplined party. They opposed the national bank and favored limited government.
II. Key Concepts (The following questions can be answered with short-answer responses.)
Under the Naturalization Act of 1790 only immigrants who were both free and white could ever become citizens.
The first Congress elected in 1788 passed legislation setting up a system of federal courts, securing the Bill of Rights, establishing the executive department, and raising revenues.
The Judiciary Act of 1759 created thirteen district courts and three circuit courts to accompany the Supreme Court.
The Hamilton Tariff of 1789 brought in enough money so that the federal government didn’t have to always be presently concerned about economic shortfalls.
Upon taking office, Washington was aware he had no contemporary role models.
For his cabinet, which included the Attorney General and the Secretaries of War, State, and the Treasury, President Washington wanted differing viewpoints and a balance in perspectives from his advisers.
As Washington’s Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson was in charge of diplomatic relations, public lands, patents and copyrights, and the census.
As a political group, George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and John Adams would come to be known as The Federalists, while Thomas Jefferson and James Madison would come to be called Democratic-Republicans.
Implied Powers refer to Congress’s power to do whatever is “necessary and proper” for the efficient functioning of the government, meaning that the Constitution granted it much more power than mere words would suggest.
The whiskey tax that provoked the Whiskey Rebellion actually taxed small producers more than it did large producers, in part because the government wanted to prove to small farmers and westerners that it had the power to do so.
The French ambassador who arrived in the United States in 1793 and whose presence created a diplomatic nuisance for President Washington for months afterward was Edmond Genet.
Jefferson resigned from Washington’s cabinet due to his opposition to Washington’s neutrality and the influence Hamilton was having on the president’s foreign policy.
Britain’s capture of American sailors for the purpose of forcing them into service in the British navy was called impressment.
Jay’s treaty did not actually address the issue of the British impressing American sailors.
The Pinckney Treaty opened the Mississippi River to American shipping and allowed Americans to use the port of New Orleans to transport goods.
The Treaty of Greenville drove the Indian tribes of the Old Northwest to the west side of the Mississippi River.
The Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts made it illegal for Americans to trade with or buy lands from Indians without the consent of the federal government.
The Democratic-Republicans sided with France over Great Britain because of the feeling of shared republican brotherhood.
Gabriel’s Conspiracy came as a result of the Haitian Revolution.
The XYZ Affair outraged Americans because the French representatives demanded money before they would allow the American envoys to negotiate the French foreign minister.
Critics claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated first amendment guarantees of freedom of speech and the press.
Jefferson and Madison’s Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were the first instances of individual states attempting to employ the doctrine of Nullification.
Chapter 9
I. Perspective Question (Your response should be 4-10 sentence in length.)
Give the reasons why the United States went to war with Britain in 1812, and describe some of the more significant outcomes of the war.
Westerners greatly influenced Madison to declare war on Great Britain. They felt that the British were to blame for all the violence against the Indians in the Midwest. As well as Impressment, other conflicts that evoked the war of 1812 included Napoleon’s agreement to respect America’s neutrality rights. Significant outcomes after the war were Madison’s acknowledgement for needing a stronger Army and Navy, New banks, and his agreement to protective tariffs.
II. Key Concepts (The following questions can be answered with short-answer responses.)
President Jefferson’s domestic policies included reducing the size of government, expanding the so-called “agrarian republic,” developing the court system, and securing the Louisiana Purchase.
The doctrine of Judicial Review was established by the Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison (1803).
At first hoping to buy only the city of New Orleans, Jefferson eventually paid the French, led by Napoleon, $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, despite the fact that the Constitution did not give the president power to buy new territories.
The purpose of the Louis and Clark expedition was to explore the land west of the United States all the way to the Pacific.
Tecumseh and the Prophet were brothers who belonged to the Shawnee tribe.
The Revitalization Movement encouraged Indians to return to the old ways of tribal life.
Burr killed Hamilton in an 1804 duel in New Jersey.
Called the biggest mistake of Jefferson’s presidency, the Embargo Act of 1807 stopped American exports from going to Europe, encouraging smuggling and imperiling the American economy.
The Federalists believed they had a good chance to win the election of 1808 because of the unpopularity of Jefferson’s Embargo Act.
In the 1808 presidential election, Democratic-Republican James Madison handily defeated the Federalist candidate, Charles Pinckney.
Under the Non-Intercourse Act, American ships could trade with all nations except Britain and France.
Westerners who blamed Britain for increasing troubles with Indians in the Midwest influenced President Madison in his decision to ask for a declaration of war.
In the lead up to the War of 1812, the Democratic-Republicans in Congress were voicing their opinion that this war would be a second “war for American Independence,” that would be necessary to get Britain to conclusively accept American independence.
The leader of the U.S. forces that defeated the Creeks, who had allied with the British, at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend was Andrew Jackson.
America’s national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner,” written during the War of 1812, was set to the music of an English drinking song.
The irony of General Andrew Jackson defeating the British at the Battle of New Orleans was that, by then, a peace treaty had already been signed, meaning that the fighting actually took place after the official end of the war.
The Hartford Convention, which met to seek constitutional amendments limiting the government’s ability to restrict commerce, tainted the Federalist Party with treason.
The Treaty of Ghent which formally ended the War of 1812, failed to resolve the question of America’s right to neutrality as well as the impressment issue.
The War of 1812 convinced President James Madison of the need for a national bank, a system of national improvements, an increase in protective tariffs, and a stronger army and navy.
The North American Review was America’s first magazine of note.
Gilbert Stuart and John Trumbull painted many of the famous portraits of the founding fathers.
