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Question 1
The Quakers is the religious group that is credited with furthering reforms in the treatment of the mentally ill in the 18th century.
Question 2
Clifford Beers is the one who put a face on mental illness by publishing his own experience as an asylum patient. The early asylums were primarily warehouses for the mentally illness.
Question 3
As of 2017, the American Psychological Association (APA) listed 54 subdivisions of psychology
Question 4
Neuroscience is the term from Chapter 15 that denotes the study of interaction between the brain and behavior.
Question 5
Dorothy Dix toured multiple mental facilities to expose harsh conditions in the 1800s.
Question 6
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a large number of Americans perceived psychological disorder as a spiritual problem culminating from demonic possession, sin, or guilt. All the way through that period, a gradual change took place in which individuals started to emphasize the physical causes of psychological illnesses according to the practice of enlightenment thinkers who had begun to combine new scientific methods with a traditional approach. The enlightenment period was the period of reform and progress with a strong belief in science to better society. A particular French physician called Pinel changed psychologically ill institutions through his program termed moral treatment. In his program, he improved hygiene, nutrition, and common living conditions. He also used his program to punish and reward to aid patients to attain order in their lives. At the time of enlightenment, Pinel removed chains from restrained psychologically ill patients. The mentally ill individuals were given chances for recreation and work depending on their good behavior, allowed freedom of movement on the property, and regular visitors. “Enlightened” medicinal methods to psychological medicine developed such as bloodletting by Benjamin Rush, which drained a number of the ill individuals’ blood with the implication that psychological ailment stemmed from high blood pressure in the brain’s blood vessels.
The asylum movement quickly spread through Quicker contacts to the U.S. The movement entailed making places or hospitals to be for the psychologically ill persons. The asylums impacted instituting mental hospitals, separation of groups of criminals, and making humane living constitutions in prisons. The first asylum impacted by the York Retreat was the Friends Asylum near Frankford, Pennsylvania. All the way through this period, individuals who demonstrated signs of psychological ailment were kept in establishments when they became violent. In most cases, the only available institutions were almshouses and jails. Only Pennsylvania Hospital accepted psychologically ill persons. These mad individuals received harsh treatment, commonly being put in chains in basement cells. The first hospital dedicated entirely to housing psychologically sick individuals was built in Williamsburg, Virginia, in 1773. Poor sanitation and overcrowding were severe problems in asylums, which resulted in movements to improve awareness and care quality. Brutal methods like ice water baths and restraint were often used. A physician known as Thomas Kirkbride, who was a Quaker, began designing bigger asylums that would be affordable to the public. He had the greatest conviction in moral treatment. Being treated at the hospital was better than being in jail.
Early reforms of asylums such as hospitals, almshouses, toured state jails, Dorothea Dix, and other houses for the psychological ill established that the psychologically ill individuals were neglected and abused. The abuse was in forms such as being beaten into submission, generally abandoned, chained to walls of unheated closet-sized rooms, and clothed and fed poorly. Dorothy Dix established the first reformatory in Auburn, NY. She toured and visited jails, and she was stunned to see the appalling conditions of the mentally ill patients. Her desire was reform. In the end, she had the most significant impact on psychological illness management.
