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Howard Fellows, Esq.

BREAKER AND FELLOWS LLC

Attorneys at Law

320 E. D Street

Ontario, CA 91763

September 15, 2021

Helen Lemons

1414 Thornhill Drive

South Covina, CA 90000

Dear Ms. Lemons,

I hope you are well. It was brought to my attention that you require advice on a situation regarding your client on an account of violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct in California. In this letter, I present to you a breakdown of the events from a legal point of view. The aim of the analysis is to assist with maintaining objectivity for your benefit. I will look at the matter with impartiality in order to provide to you the best advice possible based on the case facts. As described to me, your client (Mr. Raymond) claims that you received a gift from him contrary to the Rules of Professional Conduct in California. The client further complains that the gift was a coercion and that you took advantage of his situation. I will review these issues thoroughly and provide a legal position that I see fit for the situation.

Brief Summary of the Facts

Mr. Charles Raymond sought your (Ms. Lemons) services, a criminal law attorney specializing in juvenile cases. Mr. Raymond was seeking legal services for his son Marco Raymond who was arrested on charges of vandalism, theft, and criminal mischief. At the time of the arrest, Marco was 16 years old. Recent developments on the case have seen the District Attorney’s office file a motion to try Marco as an adult.

You (Ms. Lemons) came highly recommended. A visit to your office by Mr. Raymond led to a discussion where it was made clear that you were too busy to represent Marco. Mr. Raymond offered to pay double your fee to which you refused. However, it is recorded that you offered to take on the case should a contribution be made to your charity, Lemons for All, by your client Mr. Raymond so as to free up your time. Mr. Raymond dropped a cashier’s check for your charity later, in the amount of $15,000.00.

Your office later represented Marco Raymond in court, where your attempt to persuade the judge to allow Marco’s case to be heard in a juvenile court was unsuccessful. Mr. Raymond later wrote to you indicating an intention to report you to the State Bar of California on allegedly accepting a gift from a client which would constitute to a violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct.

Constitution of a Gift

Under Rule 1.8.3 of the California Rules of Professional Conduct, the rules and regulations prohibit lawyers from soliciting clients to provide a substantial gift. The rules also recognize gifting a lawyer through someone else related to the attorney. A gift here represents any form of favor or actions benefiting the lawyer whether directly for personal gain or indirectly through related entities.

From the case facts presented above, you (Ms. Lemons) solicited a favor from Mr. Raymond with the promise of representing Marco Raymond. In a statement “I’m your son’s only hope, so you should really consider a large donation”, you persuaded a rather hesitant client to send money to your foundation (a related entity as per Rule 1.8.3 of the California Rules of Professional Conduct) in order to free up your time for easier representation. Upon receipt of the monetary contribution to your foundation, you begun the process of representing your client.

From the constitution of a gift definition provided under Rule 1.8.3 of the California Rules of Professional Conduct, there is evidence of solicitation of a gift and a demand for said monetary contribution before Mr. Raymond’s son could be represented. Further, the gift is described by you as a condition for representation and a promise for a successful court hearing.

Standards of Fairness and Undue Influence

Under Rule 1.8.3 of the California Rules of Professional Conduct, it is established that a lawyer may accept gifts from clients subject to standards of fairness and the absence of undue influence. Standards of fairness mean that no party is coerced to accept or provide a gift. It also means that the gifting process is aligned to legal requirements and the provisions of the California Rules of Professional Conduct. Standards of fairness also point to a need to ensure that the gift is not related to unethical activities, whether from the lawyer or the client and any of their related entities. From the facts of this case, standards of fairness were violated. The client was openly required to provide a gift so as to open up time for representation. The condition provided was not generally within the standards of fairness expected where a lawyer interacts with a client.

Absence of undue influence means that no party has been excessively influenced to offer or receive a gift of any kind. The facts of the case point to a situation where Mr. Raymond was induced to act contrary to what his free will would dictate. His initial hesitance shows that he was influenced into the decision without paying adequate attention to all of the consequences. Mr. Raymond was made to believe that the gift would not only open up time for representation in a court but would also see that his son is tried in a juvenile court. In this regard, there is evidence of undue influence.

Conclusion

In summary, this letter presents a breakdown of the events from a legal point of view with an aim of analyzing the content to assist with maintaining objectivity for your benefit and to offer a legal standpoint on the matter. Your client (Mr. Raymond) claims that you received a gift from him contrary to the Rules of Professional Conduct in California. From the case facts, the analysis indicates that first, there is evidence of solicitation of a gift and a demand for said monetary contribution before Mr. Raymond’s son could be represented. Second, the condition provided to Mr. Raymond was not generally within the standards of fairness expected where a lawyer interacts with a client. Third, there is evidence of undue influence. Conclusively, it seems that you consciously solicited, received, and accepted a gift from a client. My objective opinion of the case is that you are in violation of the Rules of Professional Conduct in California.

Sincerely,

Howard Fellows

My World View Paper

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Professor’s Name

Date

My World View Paper

1. My Identity

a) Who are you?

My name is XXX. I was born and raised in Iran until I was 3 years old.

b) What are your social identities?

Being born in Iran I consider my ethnicity as an Iranian. Besides, I identify with the Iranic culture. Having been born from an Islamic populated country, I am characterized with strong Islamic influence. Also, I speak Iran language.

c) My Values

My values are fundamental and essential beliefs that motivate or guide my actions and attitudes. Most importantly, they help me determine what is more significant in my life. My values describe the personal attributes that I embrace to guide my activities; the kind of person I want to be; the way that I treat myself and others; and the way I interact with the environment around me. I believe that my good values serve as the overarching principles that govern my behavior. Specific values have shown me to be resilient throughout my life; they represent conduct that is consistently moral or appropriate. Some of my values include; kindness; I always believe that the act of being kind, compassionate, polite, and thoughtful have the possibility of making the world around us a happier place. Being kind has boosted my feelings of being in control, happy, and confident and has assisted me in inspiring others to emulate my suitable activities. In addition, I am an honest person, and this attribute has made it possible for other people to trust me by being trustworthy, loyal, and sincere.

Moreover, I am a responsible person, and I always believe that recognizing my faults and taking ownership of fixing them has been critical to my growth and success. Besides, being accountable and getting things done have boosted my self-esteem and improved my interactions with others. Another value that I possess is integrity. I always try to live according to my deepest values, be honest to others, and keep my word. My integrity value has been so helpful since, in most cases, I have been considered for vital promotions and leadership positions. Also, I am respectful, and I always accept other people for who they are, even if we differ or I can’t entirely agree with their opinions. When it comes to relationships, I believe that respect builds feelings of trust, well-being, and safety. I have learned that being respectful does not have to be a natural value; instead, it is something we know as we grow. Furthermore, I am a courageous person, and this value boosts my self-confidence and gives me the strength to go after the things I believe are important to me without fear. Lastly, I am a generous person; this value has proven to be good for my health since I always feel happier, fulfilled, and more peaceful when I am helpful to others.

d) My Biases

Despite the good values that I possess, I still have some biases. I believe that everyone has their own biases; thus, I don’t regret having mine, either. It is crucial to recognize and work through any unconscious prejudices that an individual may have to improve our interactions with others. Among my biases include; gender bias. As I grew, I watched women being discriminated against in several situations. As a lady, I was not too fond of it, and thus why I became gender-biased, favoring women over men. I always believe that women can do better and that I work hard toward women’s empowerment. The other bias is confirmation bias, the affinity to search and use information that confirms my views and expectations.

e) Thesis = how your social identities shaped your values and biases

Been born from one of the richest countries, I believe in success. Besides, I consider myself to be a high standard, educated, and a brilliant person. I always want to be on civilization and this has given me a reason to work hard and become responsible. In addition, been a religious person I have an understanding of why we should life in harmony with other people and why we should be kind to others.

2. My Personality

i) My Meyer’s Briggs Personality type

After completing Meyer’s Briggs Type Indicator, the results revealed that my personality type is a protagonist (ENFJ-T). I possess extraverted, intuitive, feeling, and judging personality traits. Being extraverted means I get a lot of energy from interacting with other people, and I express my enthusiasm openly. As an Intuitive person, I may be predisposed to focus on nebulous concepts and hypothetical outcomes. Besides, my feeling personality characteristic shows that I always emphasize social harmony, expressing my sensitivities and feelings, cooperation, and empathy. In addition, with my judging personality characteristic, I am well-organized and decisive. Besides, I always value clarity, and I prefer planning over impulsiveness. Lastly, my turbulent traits make me sensitive to stress and a goal-oriented and self-conscious person.

i) My Strengths

Being a protagonist, I have various strengths, such as being a tolerant person and always considering other individuals’ opinions even though their views are not similar to mine. Also, I am reliable, and thus I always make other people feel safe around me by not letting them down. Besides, I am very responsible in my duties and always remember to fulfill any promise I make to a person. Additionally, I am charismatic, and I value this strength because it helps me influence others and help them find their way into leadership positions easily. I find it fascinating to inspire others through my thoughts and actions. My last strength is that I am an altruistic person meaning that I am a loyal and caring person with a solid aspiration to solve other peoples’ concerns and problems.

iii) My Areas of growth

Despite my strengths as a protagonist, I have several areas of growth that I need to address. First, I need to look at my weakness of being too sensitive and focusing too much on other people’s requirements which leaves me emotionally exhausted. Thus, I need to focus more on my emotional well-being. Another area of growth I need to consider is that I am over-idealistic. As a protagonist, I strongly believe in my ideals, and thus due to over-idealism, I tend to set very high goals, which sometimes I do not achieve. Therefore, I need to set achievable goals so that I avoid some frustrations. In addition, I need to grow my self-esteem and start being confident in my abilities. I need to learn how to maintain high self-esteem and respect my worth and skills even when I do not achieve my set goals. Lastly, I need to pay as much attention to my needs and desires as I am focused on other people’s needs and requirements. 

3. Factors that Shaped my Identity

a) My privileges

I possess several privileges, such as religious privilege. I am privileged to be Christian, a dominant religion where I live. Having a religious privilege means that I am not likely to be persecuted based on my religious affiliation, meaning I can worship safely and freely. Another privilege that I have is a socioeconomic privilege; thus, I do not have to worry about managing to pay for necessities such as shelter and food, and I do not have the burden of debt. Besides having socioeconomic privilege, I can afford quality physical and mental health care. My last privilege is a heterosexual privilege, meaning I never feel unsafe when associating with my romantic partner in public.

b) How My Privileges have Shaped My Values and Biases

Having a religious privilege has helped me gain respect from many people since, where I live, people from the dominant religion are respected and are not judged based on their religious affiliation. Besides, having socioeconomic privilege has helped me be generous to others. When I can cater to my needs, I can also help others who do not have the little I have. Lastly, through heterosexual privilege, I have boosted my self-confidence, loyalty, and honesty.

c) Oppressions that I Carry

One of the oppressions that I carry is sexism. Being a lady, I have often faced discrimination based on my sex and gender. Also, I take classism oppression where being a middle-class person; I am always discriminated against by high social class people who are wealthy and powerful. Lastly, another oppression I carry is lookism since my body fits well in social ideals, and I am sometimes treated differently from people whose bodies and faces do not.

d) How My Oppressions have Shaped My Values and Biases

Even though I do not appreciate that I have to face these oppressions, they have helped me shape my values and biases. For example, facing sexism has made me a gender-biased person, always aiming for women’s empowerment. Also, facing class oppression has helped me become more generous by proving that not only those in high social classes can help those who do not have one, but also middle-class people. Facing lookism oppression has helped me boost my self-confidence.  

4. Understanding and Transforming Biases

a) How Biases will make it difficult for me to work with Certain Populations

Having a confirmation bias will make it difficult for me to involve with information that challenges my views, thus leading to poor decision-making. Having a confirmation bias will limit me from working with people who have better ideas than mine since I will always feel the urge to reject their opinions believing that my thoughts and beliefs are correct. In addition, being a person who always favors women over men, it will be difficult for me to work with men since I will always feel that I am only supposed to work with women in the name of women empowerment. b) How to Counteract My Biases to ensure I do not Unconsciously Oppress Others

One thing that I can do counteract my biases and ensure that I do not unconsciously oppress others in my social work practice is to make considered decisions. I will ensure that before making any decision, I consider other peoples’ opinions and views to ensure that I come up with the best decision. Secondly, I will widen my social circle by interacting with individuals from diverse academic and cultural backgrounds to gain insight into how people approach different situations. Lastly, I will utilize rotas to ensure equality and minimize the potential for gender stereotyping.

5. Becoming who I am meant to be in the world

a) How My social Identities, Privileges, and Oppressions have Shaped My Values

My social identities, privileges, and oppressions have played a significant role in shaping my values. My privileges, such as religious privilege, have influenced my values and morals in multiple ways. Being religious has helped shape how I think about and respond to the world around me. I have understood why we should make the world around us happier by being kind, polite, and compassionate to others. Besides, being religious has helped me shape values such as honesty, integrity, and loyalty. In addition, socioeconomic privilege has helped me shape my value of generosity by constantly feeling the desire to share what I have with those who do not have it. Lastly, heterosexual privilege has helped me learn the importance of being loyal and respectful to my romantic partner.

Moreover, some of my oppressions have helped me shape my values. For example, facing sexism has taught me why we should not discriminate against anyone despite their gender or sex. This has helped me remember the importance of practicing equality in all circumstances. Also, facing classism oppression has helped me become a respectable person who always respects other people despite their social class.

b) How My Meyer’s Brigg’s personality Type Informs about My Future Plans

Knowing my personality type has played a significant role in planning my future since it has helped me better understand myself and those around me. Besides, it has helped me to comprehend better how I can achieve more than what I have by setting a concrete goal that I believe I can achieve. Knowing the protagonist as my personality type has helped me to identify my plan based on my strengths and personality preferences.

c) Introducing My Future Plans

Having a protagonist personality type, I desire to serve others; thus, I plan to work as a social worker. Being a protagonist, I have a lot of passion for helping others, and I love making a change in people’s lives. Therefore, social work is an ideal field for a person like me who wishes to be a force of change and empower individuals who need the most help. Since I have always wanted to advocate for those who cannot advocate for themselves, I believe that working as a social worker will help me a chance to help different people as much as possible.

d) How I will Work for Social Justice in My Future Career

As a social worker, I will work for social justice by empowering groups and individuals to influence institutions and social policies to promote social justice. In addition, I will work for social justice by advocating for a change to guarantee that all individuals, despite their social class, have equal access to opportunities and resources needed to satisfy their basic needs.

Mythic Tragedy

Hydra was a beautiful island…and then the plague came. The farmers of Hydra took great pride in their crops and livestock. Their beasts of burden were admired throughout the land because of the highest quality of health they possessed. So naturally, it came as a shock when the first oxen were discovered dead lying in the plains. Suspicions arose as to the cause of their sudden deaths. Many physicians analyzed the dead carcasses, but found no abnormalities in the slain animals.

Then little by little, more farmers began to lose their cattle to the same irrational disease. It was thought that by quarantining the animals from the general population, the growth infection could be controlled, seeing as how the farmer’s centurion population had been not noticeably been infected. But those who had been assigned as caretakers of the remaining flocks, which had dwindled to a handful, began to exhibit certain behavioral changes.

Their tempers were quickly ignited, and they were prone to violent bouts. But with the continuing intermingling of the caretakers amongst the general population, the entire centurion fellowship began to erode. Fights were started, family structure began to break down, yet the cause of such sporadic violence and societal degradation was still indecisive. Many who had seen the effects of the contamination fled the so-called safety of the clan of centurions, only to be hunted down by the psychologically changed centurions. One was fortunate enough to make it to the sure after capture and severe torture…beaten almost to the point of death he struggled toward the coast, freeing a boat from the docks used for various trades in agriculture.

In an effort to escape the wanton bloodshed and demoralized culture now becoming rampant in his once beloved home land the lost centurion wrecked his boat on the shores of Anelis. Stumbling upon the rocky cliffs, the waves pummeling his weakened body, he hears the sounds of life…ever so faintly. As the battered escapee dragged himself along through the dense forest, toward the strange noises he hears, he fears for his own life. These new trees, this surrounding, it was all very disconcerting. He grew fearful for his own life. What creatures inhabited this strange island? Of what mind set were the creatures? Were they a race of tranquil and gentle beings? Or were they savages, incapable of feelings of mercy and kindness?

Where they prone to the same ravaged warfare that had ransacked the home he was now fleeing? The sudden rush of anxiety flooded the bruised explorers mind as he pressed on in his sojourn toward the signs of habitation. Finally the creature finally decided to rest, for it was beginning to get dark, and the two moons where completely shielded by clouds. The gods must have frowned upon him. He thought best to continue the search by land in the day, when he would have the security of the light to shine upon his misguided footsteps in this new world. The first sign of light beamed through and opening in the canopy of trees and awakened the traveler. He quickly scrambled to his feet and continued his odyssey. Then suddenly the forest seemed to open and strange structures appeared…they were tall, extremely elegant, and seemingly impenetrable.

There were figures moving around in the village doing what seemed to be everyday chores. The tired journeyer stumbled toward the outwardly peaceable beings that stood upon two legs and wore garments of fur. Upon seeing this burdened soul who was obviously stricken with many blows, a female of the village felt pity and as the custom of their people she aided the creature to her dwelling. There she dressed his wounds and nursed him back to health. In the comfort of the courtesy extended to him the centurion finally rested. No questions where asked of his condition or how he had come to the island of Hydros from his far away home until he had fully recuperated from his injuries. He regaled a group of these oversized-bipeds with the heroic tale of his escape from his home. He had been welcomed into the fold of these new creatures with hospitality and concern.

Now stories of his tale had reached far and wide, to the far north of the island and as far south as the south shore. Even to the ears of Obelix, the mightiest of the giants. Stories of the giants valiance was known to every man woman and child. Stories of how he had slain the evil five-headed serpent, and of how he made a border of rock to barricade the city from pending doom when Mount Olvius had erupted were as common as bed time stories to children. He had become a legend before he was even 345 years old…which was relatively young. Obelix traveled from his home to the central part of the island to here of the tale himself. Upon hearing of the sudden change in the attitudes of a calm nation of people Obelix became outraged, for he knew of the cause. It was very well known to him that this was no rare disease or contamination. To Obelix the cause was plain and simple.

There was only one being capable of such atrocities. Bronte. Obelix turned to leave but vowed to end the cause of such a violent and evil plot. He girded his loins with a sword and his back with a quiver and took his bow in hand and set out to locate this island. The centurion asked to travel along seeing as his home was becoming only a memory to him. Hesitantly he allowed the traveler to return home with him. He proved useful in mapping out the land for Obelix. After reaching the island of Hydros, Obelix asked the centurion to remain at bay with the boat and he consented.

Knowing of Brunte’s powers he knew he had to be near by, and the fact that he was coming unaware had given him an advantage over his opponent. See Obelix was also a skilled hunter veered by many. In searching the land he found a certain cave, but the cave wasn’t normal. It seemed to have not been a cave made by nature, and it wasn’t. This cave had been created as an observatory, and Obelix knew by whom. He also knew that at this point Brunte was aware of his presence. Obelix pulled his sword from its sheath and carefully entered the cave. All at once a force beyond his knocked him to into a wall almost knocking his sword from his grip. “Good to see you too brother!” Obelix said as he lunged at the identical figure, and a fierce battle erupted between the two giants. Swords clashed, blows were exchanged and all at once the ground shook. “Why won’t you let these mortals be?” Obelix grit his teeth after landing a blow to his evil counterpart. “Why do u care?” grunted Brunte after swing his sword “They’re nothing to us.

We have the power to control there thoughts, why should I deny myself the pleasure of a game or two!!!” In fast lunge Brunte fashioned himself on the end of a pointed blade, dashing thru his stomach. “Because I won’t let you. We are not the beast we used to be. I am not going to allow your craving for death harm the beings of this frail planet. You will not win!” The sword then found its way thru the chest of Brunte releasing his mental hold over all the evil he had controlled. Returning to the boat, he boarded with someone a solemn attitude for he had killed his own brother. Upon reaching the shore he looked back once more to bid his fallen sibling farewell.

His new companion looked at his wounds but his scars seemed to be not as external as Obelix let off. Something still felt weird to him. He had a chill as if something was different with Obelix, the sorrow of killing changed him, but all he did was kill an evil entity. So what was wrong? The sail back was long and tiring. Not much talking occurred and conversation was kept to a minimum. Obelix had been in a world of pain his arm had several gashes…and his torso contained many stab wounds. Obelix waited patiently to return home to eat the fruit of the Jifi tree. Its healing abilities where remarkable, although it left a smell that forbade contact for at least 3 days. The centurion reflected on all that Obelix had trained him in along the journey there. The mind protection techniques, the various telekinesis abilities along with many battle skills where learned. He doubted that he would ever need to use them but the telekinesis had come in handy with the steering of the craft.

It was mentally tiring. When land was within sight he awakened Obelix. The shore was lined with many villagers. There hands were filled with many gifts, foods of all sorts and wine. The centurion docked the boat, and went through the procedures that were customary to make sure the boat wouldn’t drift away. The crowd welcomed him home with opened arms but the tired warriors dragged his bow and quiver behind him and continued walking toward the mountain top, where he lived. He ached inconsolably. Obelix’s aids came to assist him but he turned them away. The confused men and women servant left his living quarters wondering about the change in his attitude. Meanwhile back in the cave the body of a fallen warrior stirred, slowing climbing the ruins of a destroyed lair.

Struggling to make it out of the cave and back to the shore line of Hydros…and back to his home, of Anelis. His brother had been slick in taking his identity, and leaving him there to perish, but foolish enough to leave him alive. Brunte made the same error that Obelix had…and that was to show mercy. The humane feelings of kindness had become unneeded in battle, but they were brothers after all, identical since birth. So naturally the switch would be easy, and with the abilities to read minds all that was needed was a quick scan of his mind and all knowledge would be transferred easily and with no problems he should be able to memorize it. Obelix knew this fact very well. He also knew that he had to make it back home and expose the wicked scoundrel. He staggered along the forest grasping trees for support. From the ravaged townships of the fallen centurions he gathered supplies…for he knew in his weakened condition he would be no match for his brother.

Brunte had no doubt begun healing himself from the fruitage. Cursed thief!!! Back on Anelis, Brunte disguised as Obelix, maintained a certain distance from the people…studying them learning of there traditions and behaviors. In a sharp pain as if someone stabbed him Brunte sat up…he quickly realized his predicament. His brother would come back if he didn’t die, and…HE DIDN’T!!! He could sense his brothers’ life energy as if he were in the very next room. How could this have happen? He dealt him a mortal wound that left him unconscious and bleeding. Brunte at once began preparing himself for he knew that if the gods would allow his return he would certainly battle him again…and he was in no where near ready to fight.

The centurion had noticed certain things about Obelix that weren’t normal though. He didn’t seem as open as he had at one time. More often than not he preferred the company of solitude. Back on the island of Hydros some of the older centurions who had survived the dark days had taken care of Obelix teaching him various techniques. Many skills, different abilities anything he could pick up. One particular gift he learned was the ability to conceal himself mentally…which went hand in hand with his dematerializing techniques. When he was strong enough Obelix left the island on boat…he had devised a plan in which to fool his brother. Along the journey back he had run into the rocks. Brunte which had been in deep meditation in order to prepare and keep an eye on his brother had been watching this…sensing his brothers despair and evident demise he relaxed.

Rejoicing in the fact that his opposing brother Obelix could no longer oppose his reign of evil, he allowed his meditation to calm down. Then suddenly he felt another sharp burst of pain but this time it was physical. To his sudden shock it was his deceased brother. But how? He felt his presence leave…he felt him die. “Don’t worry my ill fated brother…your end will not be in this manner.” Obelix looked upon his deceitful other with utter hatred. After seeing first hand the lost of life on the island of Hydros, he no longer felt the pity he had at their previous encounter. “Touch my hand and we will leave this place, we will go to a place of seclusion where we can finish this fight of ours away from the people here.” Brunte searched his brothers mind and heart and found no deception…no secrets. “Fine…brother…let us leave these mortals and battle as gods were meant too!” Upon touching Obelix hand Brunte felt his physical being depart…but his mental consciousness remained intact.

When his body completed its reconstruction he stood and released his sword from its container. Obelix unhooked his quiver and threw it to the wayside along with his bow. His sacred sword was released from a shield that he placed down. “Fare thee well, my blood brother!!” In an effort to commence the battle Brunte lunged at his brother with all his might barely missing his opponents’ ear, and ducking so as to avoid the counter swing delivered by Obelix. Obelix ran and jumped off a tree trump over his stunned enemy and swung downwards but Brunte had already moved and slashed at his brother.

“You have improved but your abilities are still limited…Obelix!!!” Brunte grunted this words as Obelix sword grazed his shoulder cutting his garments. Out of anger Brunte swung his blade as hard as he could at Obelix missing his neck but freeing his sword from his hand, and at the same time shattering his own. Brunte then dove at Obelix and the battle continued thus forth without blades…a series of blows landed on Obelix as he kicked Brunte toward a rock embedded in the ground knocking him through a hollow in the ground. Obelix jumped underground and followed his assailant into this cave and a super fast exchange of hits and kicks were shown out with great dexterity but then the rage of the fallen centurion triggered a transformation and a set of wings sprouted from Obelix’s back and he grew in speed and strength.

Simultaneously Brunte’s jealousy and anger in his brothers’ goodness triggered a similar transformation. The two took flight and the cave began to quake with the new fighting commenced among gods…one of evil and one of good. After continuous blows it became very clear that Obelix power far surpassed and in a last effort Brunte tried to kill his brother by surprise…but failed. In turn Obelix grabbed Brunte by the throat holding him over a bottomless pit in the cave and finding his sword vowed to end his tyranny. “Brother no please DON’T!!!!” His pleads fell on death ears and the mighty lunged the sword through his brothers heart, “YOUR BLOODSHED ENDS THIS VERY NIGHT!!!!!!!!”

Bibliography:

Leadership Reflection Paper

Name

Institutional Affiliation

Date

My Worldview

I believe in effectiveness, in learning, and in creating connections that are meaningful. I also believe that increasing my spirituality helps in boosting my individual characteristics that relate to patience, self-awareness, kindness, and self-acceptance. I believe in God, not necessarily religious, but I believe in something greater than myself. I am drawn more towards the Christian teachings on life. These teachings have a moral and ethical basis, similar to rules and regulations that govern a society. In my journey as a leader, the belief in God and Christian teachings allow me to be more flexible, to learn, to accept situations, to be wise, to adapt, and to be understanding. I also found that spirituality gives confidence regarding issues and situations that are outside of my control.

I understand people as assets, essential components that influence the direction of an individual not just as a leader but generally as a human. I agree with Lips-Wiersma and Mills (2014) that the human nature is one of several factors that dictate who we become. Humans are an essential part of the environment that shapes people. Therefore, people are profoundly important. People change or create cultures, form institutions, and together form a chain that creates interdependence. Understanding people and their nature gives critical insight into how to treat them, as a leader or a follower. Knowing these human issues means that one understands what it entails to belong to a society. Moral actions, ethics, and normative pursuit is integral to how we relate with each other. Overall, I think people are interconnected and always available towards ensuring progress of a societal structure.

I believe that the most important aspects of life are integrity, responsibility, and hope. Just like there are primary colors that create every other shade, I believe that the core values of integrity, hope, and responsibility give rise to every other value including honesty, courage, faithfulness, service, freedom, honor, trust, kindness, growth, love, appreciation, and patience, and so on. Integrity is all about walking the talk. Moorman and Grover (2009) define it as speaking and acting as per one’s beliefs and convictions. An agreement between actions and words breeds consciousness in everything one is tasked to do. Responsibility is an obligation or a burden placed on an individual. Being responsible means that one embraces their role and is both dependable and reliable in executing it. Hope is more spiritual; it allows one to look forward to situations with reasonable confidence and desire. In the spiritual realm, hope is used to mean confident expectation, strength, and faith that something will happen. It allows difficult tasks and situations to be handled with relative confidence. Combined, these three values allow me to live my life with ease. They are my guiding principles and influence every decision I make.

Leadership Philosophy

I firmly perceive leadership as a combination of different strategies and approaches depending on the situation and the environment. Nonetheless, I am more attracted to the transformational leader. In the transformational leadership approach, the leader is driven by a desire to improve. The main mode of operation is to empower team members as a way of streamlining and improving upon conventions (Buil, Martinez, & Matute, 2019). I think this approach suits almost every organization and business regardless of size and structure. Focusing on the big picture and believing on the people as opposed to strict management and control is more effective in getting individuals to be creative, to show initiative and commitment, and to be participative in the process of driving an organization forward. I am also driven to include participation as a part of the leadership style. Participation allows team members and followers to contribute towards the decision-making process. I find this helpful because it brings in input from people working on the ground, maybe in the field, on a project, or line managers, who would otherwise be excluded from the decision-making structure and process. I believe people want to see strong leaders who are focused on an end goal. A leader is supposed to set a target, create objectives, and then work towards getting these targets met. For example, a visionary leader who wants to transform an organization to compete with companies doing exceptionally well must articulate this to every team member. It is important that followers also feel valued. Therefore, participation and involvement are some of the aspects that make the transformational leadership style one of the most effective in leading people.

Worldview and Leadership Perspectives

I would like to be a leader in one of the Charitable Foundations in the future. I am confident that this will allow me to invest back on the people, to contribute positively to society, and to ensure that I use my leadership skills to drive a cause that is beneficial to mankind. I would be a transformational leader because I would be focused on changing how organizations interact with the people. I have a firm belief that people are assets and should always be treated as such. By being a leader in a charitable organization, I would lead others to changing their views on those that are disadvantaged in the society. I would change the capitalistic narrative that those that have less are lazy. It would give me a platform to create a new corporate culture, one that invests in the people, follows ethicality and moral views, and genuinely sets out to make life better for others in different situations. As a transformational leader, I would aim to not only transform charitable organizations but also be part of a new narrative in helping people and organizations to interact better.

References

Buil, I., Martínez, E., & Matute, J. (2019). Transformational leadership and employee

performance: The role of identification, engagement and proactive personality. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 77, 64-75.

Lips-Wiersma, M., & Mills, A. J. (2014). Understanding the basic assumptions about human

nature in workplace spirituality: Beyond the critical versus positive divide. Journal of Management Inquiry, 23(2), 148-161.

Moorman, R. H., & Grover, S. (2009). Why does leader integrity matter to followers? An

uncertainty management-based explanation. International journal of leadership studies, 5(2), 102-114.

MYTHOLOGY

Mythology has had lasting effects on the influence of our society in numerous ways. Western Culture has a relationship to its parent Greek and Roman culture. Mythology contains the basic questions the western civilization has been posing for more than two thousand years. The fantasy element of mythology allows for flexible learning. Though out history there have been many attempts to explain the cultures in the universe. Nearly every individual has his or her own perception of what our universe is. Now in the modern times we live in, advanced scientific knowledge has led us to the assumption that we have a trustworthy grasp on how the universe works. Language, chemistry and physics, along with mathematics, make up the science we use to prove the questions of the universe. Any person educated in these fields will state they know our universe. A person in any of these fields has had to touch base with the origins of the universe. When we examine past cultures as far back as history will allow us, we are forced to recognize the symbolic similarities in language, ideologies, and heroism.

I will reveal to you some of these similarities in regarding to our modern language, present ideologies, and the heroism within our societies. We now are using names and symbols from as far back as 800 B.C.E. (Homer) to relate ideas to each other.

We acquire these names and symbols from the mythological stories we hear about now. Let us come to a clear understanding of what the words myth and mythology mean today. Webster’s Dictionary has this: The collected body or system of the traditions or legends of people in which are embodied in their beliefs concerning their origin, gods, heroes, etc.; the science of myths; a treatise on myths. Webster says a myth is a legend; poetic fiction; a fabulous narrative founded on some event; especially in the early existence of people, and embodying their gods, natural phenomena. The terms myth and mythological often carry with them negative or untrue meanings.

The myths and sages we can read about hold powerful traditional stories that cultures have used and have passed down to unfold their own explanation of the universe a couple of thousand years before there were the theories of science. We now have created what some would consider to be a modern day myth of god creating the world in seven days and thus creating a world of science for us to explore. The myths we read of with the Titans has its own explanations for the creation of the universe. The Titans in myths are the family of giants born of Uranus and Gaea and who rule the earth until overthrown by the Olympian Gods. Though our imagination struggles to even begin to believe these myths we use them in relation to our modern day happenings with each other every day. ******************************************

We tend to use the name of characters from myths as words in our modern vocabulary in relation to the character’s personality for definition. Take Tantalus for example, he was an immortal character who that fed his son to the gods and in return was sent to Hades where he was placed in a pool of water up to his neck, and fruits hung from a tree above him out of his reach. Tantalus was punished with always having his food slightly above his lips and water just out of his tongue’s reach. We now know the word ‘tantalize’ in our vocabulary carrying the meaning of keeping in sight but out of reach.

In myth, Mnemosyne was the goddess of memory. We now use the word mnemonics to refer to the study of memory. Then there was Hypnos, who was the god of sleep, relating to the word hypnosis we use to mean a sleep like state. The echo in our vocabulary means the repetition of sound, when read in myths Echo refers to the character who could only repeat the last word. AT LAST there is the character Atlas would held the world on his shoulders, and we use Atlas to refer to a book of maps. Odyssey meaning an adventure or journey comes from the classical Greek myth by Homer, the Odyssey. The hero Odysesseus is returning from the Trojan War, it takes him nine long years, where along the way he has a multitude of adventures, from the Lotus Eaters to Cyclops.

A person who is always lucky is said to have the ‘Midas touch’ stemming from one of the most famous tales of King Midas who was granted the wish that everything he touched turned to gold. However, he soon realized that he could not eat or drink, or even hug his daughter. We use the word Lesbian to refer to a women who is homosexual. Again coming from the Greek mythology, based on a legend of a Greek island of Lesbos. When it is hot outside you may here someone say “it is as hot as Hades today”, referring Hades the ruler of the underworld. Do you ever ask someone to stop ‘harping’ on you, well the word harp actually originates from the animals in myths called Harpies. The Harpies are winged womanly creatures who constantly snatch the food and drink from Phineus.

You can see through these examples we have carried the personalities of mythological characters through out our definitions of modern day English. Much of the modern day scientific discoveries have carried on the meaning behind traditional myths.

The Planets of our solar system have been named after great mythological gods. Pluto being the God of the underworld is the planet furthest from the sun. Neptune, god of the sea, is the eighth planet from the sun. Uranus the father of the Titans is the seventh planet from the sun. Saturn god of agriculture and father of Jupiter in the sixth planet from the sun. Mars who in myth is the god of war is the forth planet from the sun. Venus, who represented the great goddess of love is the second planet from the sun. Mercury, god of merchandise, trade and theft, also known as the closet planet to the sun.

We have even named constellations of the stars after mythological characters, such as the constellation Hercules which sits between Opiuchus and Draco. The inner most moon of Saturn is named after the strongest of the Gods Atlas; who was supposedly punished for his part int revolt against the Olympians by being forced to hold the world upon his shoulders for an eternity. The brightest group of stars in the constellation of Cassiopeia is named Cassiopeia Chair, for the distinct outline of a chair.

Hephaestus created the mythological character Pandora, whom he gave to Epimetheus along with a box in Prometheus had confined all the evils of the world. Pandora opened the forbidden box and this released into the world all the troubles of mankind. Science now knows Pandora to mean one of the nine satellites of the planet Saturn. Prometheus, who in myth was punished by Zeus for giving fire to man is also known to science as a satellite around Saturn.

Now we have seen the relationship between myth and science, let us explore some other ways our society incorporates the meanings and personalities of mythology into our everyday living. Companies have realized the power of these mythological characters and the great heroism the carry behind their names, thus they have put this to use for advertising purposes.

Majority of use has or have had some type of Nike apparel. The Nike name originated from the goddess of victory named, Nike. The Nike company is attempting to tap into women’s inner deity. As part of their marketing strategy to target women, Nike has created nikegoddess.com to be followed by Nike Goddess Magazine. Ever ate a ‘Mars’ candy bar while viewing a movie produced by ‘Orion’ films. Looking for a new vehicle with historical meaning try a Saturn, Aurora, or a Mercury. Even some of our basic household items have picked up on the revelation of mythological marketing, referring to products such as Ajax, the cleaner, also know a character from myths.

Lets look at some ideologies that have survived thousands of years. A couple falling head over heals in love for each other might be referred to as being struck by cupids arrow. Cupid was the God of erotic love, when struck with his arrow you were cursed to fall in love with and long for the next person you saw. Today the tendon that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone is called the Achilles tendon, also referring to a small but dangerous weakness is known as the “Achilles heel”. This dating back to the greatest warrior in the Greek war against the Trojans, Achilles. As an infant Achilles was dipped in the River Styx, which in turn made him invulnerable everywhere expect the heel by which she held him. You may refer to things being chaotic or in chaos, meaning disorderly or extreme confusion. According to the Latin poet Ovid, chaos represented the disorder before the gods.

A myth about two monsters by the names of Scylla and Charybdis, who were situated in the Strait of Messina to trap sailors between them. Caught between Scylla and Charybdis is a phrase that has come to mean being stuck between two equal alternatives, neither of which can be passed without encountering the other, commonly known for being caught between a rock and a hard place. The modern band ‘Police’ have a song, ‘Wrapped around your finger’ that contains in it lyrics a referral to Scylla and Charybdis.

“You consider me the young apprentice

Caught between the Scylla and Charybdis

And I know how it feels to be weakened like Achilles

With you at my heals” The band Indigo Girls in their song “Ghost” say

To bring your heart back to my island” This verse is referring to the Helen of Troy, who is said to have been so beautiful that her abduction was the cause of the Trojan War, which in turn led to the launching of a thousand ships.

The idea of modern Olympics came from the archeological discoveries at Olympia during the ninth century, but the Olympics in ancient timers was more local. There idea was to have an event in replace of War. It obviously did not work considering the twentieth century we had the worse wars ever. The ancient Greeks also had a torch, the winner would light the torch on the altar. The marathon race is based on the run during the Persian Wars to announce the victory at Marathon in 490 B.C.E.

Though languages change over time; the relation between time and language should be obvious to all of us. If we listen to radio and tv programs recorded thirty or forty years ago, we notice differences in the choice of words, in sentence structure and even in pronunciation, but seldom will find a word’s definition to be altered. The lessons of Myths need not be forgotten but they must be handled with care to maximize their intended benefit. When a flaming bush speaks to a character in a story, we must not be tempted to take this literally. As seas become parted, dragons slain, witched reduced to puddles and water turned to wine, we must realize that these stories have guided and set social mores for societies for more than two thousand years.

This is the Works Cited section of your paper.

Bibliography:

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Classical music has various musical forms that include themes and variations, Rondo, symphony and the sonata (Adorno,2018). From refers to the arrangement of the sections within a piece of music. Theme and variations are a common type of the classical music where the entire song is based on a theme. A theme can be a group of small phrases that are added up to make a complete musical idea. A theme is presented in the beginning while the rest of the music consists of the variations of the main theme, and the variations can be identified through the change of tempo, pitch texture, tonality as well as the overall emotional expressions. During composition, a composer may choose to apply one or several manipulations. An example of theme and variation music form is that of the ‘Ah Vous dirai-je, maman’ composed by Mozart and consists of 12 variations.

Symphony is another form of Classical music (Reich,2017). The structure of the symphony has four movements. The first movement (Allegro) that is fast and in sonata form, the second movement (Adagio) is slow, the third movement (Menuetto) is dance like while the fourth movement is (Allegro) is fast. An example of the symphony is the work of Mozart, symphony number 41 in C Major. The other form of classical music is the Sonata which is a more complex version (Burnham,2017). The Sonata has several sections with each of the sections having a specific name and purpose. The first section is the exposition that introduces the themes that are often two and forms the basis of the entire movement. The second section is the development, concentrating on the themes that were presented in the first section, and the primary purpose is manipulation of the theme in several ways. The recapitulation is the third section and is a restatement of the entire exposition with the second them appearing at the pitch level of the home key rather than in a different key as for the case in exposition (Swinkin,2017). An example of the Sonata form of classical music is the work of Ludwig Van Beethoven References

Adorno, T. W. (2018). Beethoven: The philosophy of music. John Wiley & Sons.

Burnham, S. (2017). Beethoven’s Hero. In Beethoven (pp. 13-44). Routledge.

Reich, M. (2017). Subtle Irony in Personal Growth: Beethoven and Prokofiev’s” Classical” Symphonies.

Swinkin, J. (2017). About a Key: Tonal Reference in Beethoven’s Sonata-Form Works. The Journal of Musicology, 34(4), 515-558.

Classification and division paper

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Classifying the Different Types of People at a Specific Type of Party

When well defined, a party signifies a gathering of individuals for the purposes of recreation, socialization, conversation, as part of other commemoration, or as part of a festival or celebration of a special occasion. A party will generally have food and drinks, and time and again music and dancing and many other forms of entertainment. In most Western nations, parties for adults and teens are associated with taking alcohol such as distilled spirits, beer, and wine. One of the examples of parties is a dinner party. It is a formal social congregation upon which individuals take dinner together, commonly in the host’s personal home. A buffet of food is offered on the table for at least formal dinner parties, and the visitors pick kinds of stuff from the buffet and eat as they mingle and talk. In most formal dinner parties, food is served at a dining table with a place setting. Women might wear cocktail dresses.

Another type of party is the birthday party. They are designed for the most unforgettable time of a child and adult. It happens to be a celebration of the anniversary of the birth of an individual who is honored. People normally wear different types of clothes. Some might wear a common dressing code attire for uniformity, like an all-white dressing code. A tea party is also a type of another party. In Anglo-American culture, a tea party is an official assembly for midafternoon tea. The tea is accompanied by cookies, thin sandwiches, and cake slices. These bashes are conventionally attended only by women and commonly categorized by striking tableware, such as silver and bone china. The last type of party is a pool party. It is a party that includes activities like in a swimming pool for individuals. It can be a wild and wet time if kids are invited to the party. It is always enjoyable gathering with friends to have fun during the hot summer periods.

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My Writing Experience

Writing has always played a significant part in my life. Learning something new can be undoubtedly tricky, and I can relate this with my writing experience. Since I was a small kid, I can comfortably state that I have always had great interest and awareness regarding writing. As a kid, I had a smooth experience of learning because of the eminence of teaching and support that I was receiving from my family members particularly my father. Initially, I started writing by drawing simple objects and symbols which I could later name afterward. I can remember very well my father teaching me how to write by giving me a draft book and then asking me to write about some simple topics like “My Family,” “My Pet,” and I seemed to enjoy the whole process. In the start, there were some struggles while writing for example like coming up with a complete sentence. Moreover, my grammar and vocabulary were poor, but with time, my writing skills were significantly improving.

It was during the early education that I achieved to sharpen my writing skills and this played a significant role in my life. Therefore, all the support that I received provided a good ground for me in learning first the reading and writing basics of the English language. The support made my learning to seem more manageable, and thus I had enough time to relish writing about anything that fascinated me outside my school work as well as handling the tasks that were set in front of me.

The availability of many reading and writing materials at home, as well as my passion for writing, made me grow up being a creative child. I stopped writing funny essays about my parents, friends, and pets and started writing things like becoming a superman and building robots. I could read or watch a movie and then write down small writing concerning the content and later come up with my piece. I could feel like I was living outside of this world as most of the time I experienced some strange imaginations. I liked reading and writing real fiction as well as some stuff of fantasy that could make my mind stray from realism. This kind of stuff made kept my spirit alive, and I enjoyed it. The nature of pictures that I was able to put into my mind made me think and therefore I continued to write. When my mother saw my writings, she was shocked and said that I was too young for writing such content and she saw it a strange thing. However, my father always had my back. He continued bringing more materials to read and as he said he saw a great author in me.

After joining I school, things became even more interesting. My school library was stocked with many books, and I never imagined setting my foot there possibly because of shyness. One day I decided to visit the library during my free time while carrying my notebook and pen which I never left behind while going into an important place. Inside the library, I felt in a different world. The place was terrific, and the books were well placed. There was a serene environment, and everybody was busy with their stuff, some reading while others were writing. My attention was caught by the book entitled “Harry Potter” on one of the shelves. I decided to read the first pages of the book before the library time was over.

The story was about a young boy named Harry Potter who lived with his wand-wielding friends at the time of witchcraft and wizardry. The book had an epic story such that I could not control myself from further reading while down some important notes. I thought this was the most astonishing book in the whole world. The book had the most delightful sparky pictures. This experience made me start thinking about how I could come up with such a beautiful story and put it into writing. This increased my interest in writing, and therefore I started coming up with some short, fascinating epic stories which I could read in front of my classmates.

However, I feel that my interest, as well as my desire to write, grew once I reached middle school. There before I used to read a lot with some little writing but in middle school, we were required to write some stories for a test. Our English teacher was so encouraging, and she supported us where necessary. Her proficiency in the language made to see her as my mentor. I used to go to her for assistance, and she would give me some topics and articles to write about where she later corrected me where I was wrong. She demanded a one hundred percent score from me in her subject and most of the time I gave out my best my emerging to be the top student. She encouraged me to keep writing as she saw I had a great passion for it.

Presently I enjoy writing a lot since it consents me to express my feelings, establish my beautiful thoughts and to study information. Consequently, writing helps me to get my beliefs as well as opinions out in the open. I feel like I can write about anything that have ever crossed up my mind. Writing has helped me not only in school work but also in communication. As a form of communication I can write some nice speeches and articles that can be advantageous both at individual and national level. Thus I tend to be very obsessive about literacy since I regard both writing and reading as the basis of learning as well as finding oneself. I consider writing as my talent and I feel like I can write forever.

Myers Briggs Analysis

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Institutional Affiliation

Introduction

A person’s personality type plays a critical role in their communication and management style. It identifies how best this person interacts with their coworkers as well as interactions with people in their social circles. The personality type in this case is based on the Myers/Briggs analysis and is then compared with the communication and managements styles available to pinpoint on the ones that work best in this regard. The writer will detail their appropriate personality type, alongside the communication and management style identified. 83

Body

The writer found that there are three personality types that stand out following the Myers Briggs analysis. These are INFJ – the counselor, ISFJ – the protector, and ENFJ – the teacher. The first type identifies the creativity and dedication to helping others; the second type identifies compassion, care, and practicality of a person; and the third type identifies a person’s organization capabilities on top of being a humanitarian (Truity, 2020). The writer’s communication style, as can be identified from their experiences, is a combination of the passive-aggressive style and the assertive style. There is a balance of situations through which there might be a difficulty in communicating their feelings while there are times when they are clear in what they want, with the latter applicable in open communication environments and the former applicable in restrictive environments.

On this note, the writer uses the assertive communication style in their investment of time and resources into trying to help out others with their difficulties and to the best of their ability. They will forego having their needs met just to see the meeting of the needs of others. At the same time, they are motivated to lead others in having their goals met through strategic means. In this case, therefore, the writer applies a combination of affiliative and strategic management styles through delegation of work to help spread out the work for other goals to be met while they are happy to lend a hand when needed to do so (Sling Team, n.d.). As the protector, they combine passive-aggressive and assertive styles where the former is present when they feel that there is too much pressure placed on them to act as needed but with a lot of restrictions, resorting to subtle complaints (VIP, 2019). The latter is present when they consider the traditional way of doing things works right while trying to provide care for others, especially when they are in a sad state. As the counselor, the assertive style of communication comes in handy since they are able to hold the hands of those who require assistance in understanding situations as well as helping those who are in difficulty and in dire need. This is how the personality types identified shape and will shape the writer’s communication and management styles, when needing with others.

Conclusion

To summarize, the writer understands that the personality type is defining of the communication and management style that they practice. On this note, therefore, a protective, counseling, and teaching personality style works well with the combination of assertive and passive-aggressive communication styles, and the combination of affiliative and strategic management styles. This is dependent on the environment and situation in which the writer operates.

References

Sling Team. (N.D.). 10 Types Of Management Styles For Effective Leadership. Sling. https://getsling.com/blog/types-of-management-styles/Truity. (2020, Jun 29). The TypeFinder Personality Test. Truity. https://www.truity.com/personality-test/17335/test-results/22301084VIP, U. The four basic styles of communication. University of Kentucky Violence Intervention and Prevention Centre [Online]. Available at https://www. uky. edu/hr/sites/www. uky. edu. hr/files/wellness/images/Conf14_FourCommStyles. pdf (Accessed 10 July 2019).

Classification of Drugs and Incidence and Prevalence of Crime

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Institutional affiliation

Classification is the act of arranging items into similar groups. Drug classifications categorize drugs according to categories. Classifying drugs according to chemical composition is helpful because drugs with the same chemical content have similar risks and impacts. Additionally, treatment is effective for drugs that have similar chemical compositions. Worth noting, despite having generalities, drugs that have the same chemical composition have different medical and legal implications. There are various drug classification systems. Drugs are classified according to chemical make-up, effect and legal definitions (Alamgir, 2017). Examples of drugs categorized according to chemical make-up include alcohol, opioids, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, and barbiturates. Alcohol is one of the most used drugs across the world. In the United States, alcohol is legal to some extent. Alcohol has numerous effects on users. Alcohol severely impairs perception and judgment. It also lowers inhibition and creates feelings of euphoria. Forms of alcohol include liquor, wine, and beers. Opioids are made from opium of chemicals designed to mimic the drug. Opioids are some of the most addictive drugs and they pose a severe challenge in American society today. They function by acting on brain receptors and mimicking effects of neurotransmitters. Examples of opioids include fentanyl, heroine, and oxycodone. Benzodiazepines are highly addictive and are mostly used to treat sleep and psychiatric conditions. Cannabinoids include hashish and marijuana. They contain tetrahydrocannabinol which negatively impacts physical and mental functioning. Barbiturates function by slowing down the functioning of the central nervous system. Drugs classified according to effect include inhalants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Stimulants such as cocaine increase performance and productivity. Hallucinogens affect a person’s perception of reality and inhalants are ingested through huffing or breathing them in. Examples of Drugs that are classified according to legal definitions include schedule I, schedule II, schedule III, schedule IV, and schedule V drugs. They are categorized according to legitimacy, risk of addiction, the potential of abuse, and medical use.

As regards crime, prevalence is the total number of incidents or cases that occur in a given population. In essence, the prevalence of crime has to do with the proportion of targets, households, or properties likely to be victimized if crime occurs in a given area. There are two types of prevalence in crime, namely point prevalence and period prevalence. Point prevalence of crime is the specific number of crime cases occurring at a particular point. On the other hand, period prevalence points to the number of people affected by the crime within a stipulated time period. On the other hand, incidence refers to the number of new cases of crime that occur within a specific time frame. Incidence of crime takes into account the time that the crime takes place. Prevalence is different from incidence as it considers both new and existing cases of the population at a specific time, while incidence is only limited to new cases (Sherman, 2020). Essentially, the relationship between prevalence and incidence of crime is that incidence factors the proportion of people affected by a given crime with a given period of time while prevalence only incorporates the people affected by the crime during a given time frame. The factor connecting crime incidence and prevalence is the length of time it takes for the crime to affect a person. Crime incidence is often a product of crime concentration and prevalence. It is the number of crimes recorded to have occurred in a given place and is expressed according to the rate per head of the area population.

References

Alamgir, A. N. M. (2017). Classification of drugs, nutraceuticals, functional food, and cosmeceuticals; proteins, peptides, and enzymes as drugs. In Therapeutic Use of Medicinal Plants and Their Extracts: Volume 1 (pp. 125-175). Springer, Cham.

Sherman, L. W. (2020). Shattering the paradox of guns and crime: Incidence, prevalence, and the 2020 Stockholm.