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Civil War, Native American Issues, Keystone XL Pipeline, Reparations, and Klu Klux Klan

Taking a deeper look at Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine, one quickly finds allegories with the United States Civil war. One of the most profound similarities has to do with the way both conflicts act as watershed moments, changing the way war is viewed in the public eye. The Civil War was the first conflict to be exclusively photographed, where citizens witnessed first-hand the carnage and battlefields from their home front (Cederman & Vogt, 2017). Similarly, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is the first significant conflict to be documented extensively across the world owing to the existence of speed internet. The conflict is being captured using high pixels, fast internet uploads and unprecedented viral replies. Another aspect that cuts across both wars is the severe economic implications that have come with the war. During the civil war, major inflation followed the confederacy blockade. Similarly, the entire world is experiencing increased inflation, with the prices of essential commodities, including gas skyrocketing to a new high. Another similarity is that both wars targeted transportation and trade networks.

One of the issues Native Americans face today is lack of resources which leads to unemployment and poverty. Research points out that 1 in 3 Native Americas lives in poverty in the U.S. with a median income of a mere $23 000 a year. Poor living conditions are another problem with both tribal and non-tribal households being overcrowded. Low high school graduation rates are another problem for Native American students and the violation of their voting rights.

Both the gold mining of the 1800s and oil mining on native lands share the similarity that they had the same negative impact on the environment. New mining methods, such as the use of hydraulic jets and the population that happened during the California Gold Rush, altered California’s landscape permanently. Developed in 1853, the hydraulic mining technique had huge profits, but they destroyed a big part of the region’s landscape. Sediments from the mines clogged some rivers and dams meant to supply water to the mines changed the course of the rivers from farmland. Similarly, oil mining had a health risk on indigenous communities that lived near the oil facilities. The health risks were due to a lack of consistent housing, clean drinking water, access to health facilities, and sanitary waste and sewage disposal.

The Keystone XL pipeline is a 1897 kilometer pipeline that starts in the oil sands in the city of Alberta in Canada to Steel City in Nebraska. The proposed pipeline would join an existing pipe in Nebraska and could transport 830,000 barrels of oil to the United States each day. Currently, the projected was halted by President Joe Biden and is yet to begin construction. The project is quite controversial because of numerous reasons. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) advised former president Obama against approving the project saying that it would not create sustainable jobs, reduce petrol prices or affect energy dependence. The US State Department first advised exploring alternative routes in Nebraska, citing that Sandhills region had a fragile ecosystem.

Some of the successes of the Freedmen’s Bureau is that it established 40 hospitals, more than 4000 schools, and distributed 21 million rations. Moreover, it helped former slaves locate their lost relatives and legalize marriages. One of the failures is that it was understaffed and underfunded. By the time it reached its peak, the Bureau only hand 900 agents. Another disadvantage is that it was strongly opposed by the white Southerners as racism was prevalent.

Reparations refer to a redress system where individuals receive compensations for historical injustices. At the center of the American Dream is the assumption that we all have the chance to create wealth that gives meaning to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness as stated in the Declaration of Independence. Japanese Americans were to be paid $1.5 billion to those interned in World War II. Native Americans have received billions of dollars and land as benefits for being forcefully evicted from their ancestral lands. Black Americans are yet to receive reparations for racial discrimination that is state-sanctioned. People of color need reparation seeing how brutal American slavery used to be where up to 15% of slaves being shipped from West Africa succumbed along the way (Feagin & Ducey, 2018). Reparations were not a possibility. The redress meant well but it was farfetched.

The Klu Klux Klan started with the aim of restoring the white supremacy through violence and intimidation. The organization was used as a vehicle for underground resistance against Radical Reconstruction. The organization originally started as a social club which was started by Confederate veterans in 1866. They coined their name from “kyklos”, a Greek word where the English word “circle” comes from. Today, no supremacist terrorist groups exist with the purpose of intimidating citizens into accepting white supremacists. Although society has a long to go way, the world is much more equal today than it was a decade ago.

References

Cederman, L. E., & Vogt, M. (2017). Dynamics and logics of civil war. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(9), 1992-2016.

Feagin, J. R., & Ducey, K. (2018). Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future reparations. Routledge.

My nursing philosophy

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My nursing philosophy

Being a registered nurse with the community Hospice of Albany County, and having practiced nursing for some years now, I am a holder of the belief that; to practice nursing effectively and professionally, one must be having their own personal philosophy. On my part, it is fortunate for me because I am in my career of choice. One aspect of life that motivates me, and keeps me going, is my unique perspective of looking at the profession of nursing. My nursing philosophy explains my beliefs, attitudes, values and the guiding principles of the professional and ethical practice of nursing.

Although people have argued differently concerning nursing being either an art or even a science, I tend to believe that nursing is both an art and a science. In the care of patients, one has to apply artistic and scientific skills in order to achieve a better outcome for the patient. I believe nursing is an art because I have to use my hands artistically to do for the patient that which they are not able to do for themselves. In the practice of nursing, it gives me relief to the patient being free. Seeing a patients struggling to do something that I can help gives me a lot of pain. This empathetic feeling has given me a lot of motivation in my profession. I use my hands to apply my artistic skills in order to help the patient. When I see my patients comfortable, the joy of my life is accomplished. I say nursing is also a science because I have to develop my knowledge base. I believe in taking action to a patient with the basis of taking that action. I believe in having scientific rationale for every action I do for the patient. In this case, I cannot do for the patient anything I wish, without considering the implications of doing it, or even failing to do it.

For me to exercise what I believe in relation to my nursing philosophy, there are certain aspects of care that should be available. For example, there must be an environment of care, I as the nurse, the patient and also the state of health must be considered. For nursing to accomplish what it is meant for, I believe all these components should interact to control and improve the environment of care. The environment of the person as a whole, has to be looked through using the lens of care, in order to determine how best to achieve the objectives of the nursing philosophy. In this case, for nursing to distinguish itself as a profession, it should consider the continuum of health, from health, all through to illness and even to death.

The patient counts as the focus point for nursing. The mission of the hospice I am working for has a very important statement that completely rhymes with my view on a patient as a component of my nursing philosophy. It states that; the hospital aims at treating all the patients with compassion, dignity and hospitality, as it is possible, with all the available human potential. As I care for my patients, I have always wanted to think of myself lying in that bed. This provokes my mind to think of what I would like done to me. This is what guides me in planning patient’s care. Going by this, the goal of a nurse that I believe in is trying my best to improve the health results of my patient in the health continuum. To make sure I accomplish this, I view the patient holistically, and consider how best I can make them enjoy life in the state they are in. through this, I believe that the environment of care should be controlled by the nurse in order to achieve the health of the patient. In a broader sense, these components interact in a certain relationship. In the event that the nurse has not taken care of the environment of the patient, the patient will not realize their health. Therefore, the interrelations that exist between the patient, nurse and the environment, determine the health of the patient. In lieu of this, the nurse intervenes to control the environment in the health continuum, and make sure the patient realizes their health.

As a nurse leader, educator and practitioner and as a believer I nursing as both an art and a science, I do not hold a fixed mind about my conceptual model in nursing. Instead, I am a believer in nursing research that is both qualitative and quantitative. This is the best model through which the body of knowledge will be developed. As a nurse leader and practitioner, I am directly involved in the management of patient care. The cases of patients are diverse and they differ greatly. The diversity of this field points to the diversity of the need of knowledge. Therefore, I embrace scientific research in nursing to widen the knowledge base, which can even be applied to modify my nursing philosophy. Again as a nurse educator, I have a role of preparing nurses who will demonstrate a wide base of knowledge in the practice, and be equipped enough to handle the challenges in the ground. For me to achieve this as an educator, I have to embrace a wide base of knowledge and skills, which comes only through research. This shows why I am a believer and advocate of nursing research. If I am able to accomplish all these, I am sure I will be living my dream.

Personal History

Education to me has been a journey of learning that I started as a child, its direction has changed severally down the road, but the destination has always remained the same; to become an academic scholar. In order to achieve this, I need to have motivation, need to have knowledge and fill in a lacuna with information and at the same time have a degree. I remember, this one time when I was ten, my dad took me to a visit his younger brother, my uncle, who was in college. It was a scene to be longed for; the tall buildings, the lecture halls, the student hostels with music and pictures all over. What caught my eye, however, was the library; standing strong in the middle of the college like it was the heart, with shelves full of books about our history and opening a chance to defining our future. That night, I remember I made the resolution that I had to become one of those students I saw there.

Coming from a large family of five siblings, we were taught embrace our culture as a family. I know when I say culture most people think about ethnicity and heritage, but to me culture is what one believes in. Culture to me is not the fact that I am an Arab, culture is the things I do every day in the same way because of the course my life has taken. An Arab and an African can have different heritage, but the same culture especially when they interact on an intellectual and social setting.

Without all the support I got from my family I probably would not be where I am currently. Having many siblings enables you to be able to socialize with people of different personality and characters and learn how to accept them. This enabled me to find a family at school. My teachers became like my parents, they would guide me, point out my mistakes and congratulate my achievements. My classmates became like my siblings, even though at times we would disagree we would always look out for each other. And the school became a home, where my dreams were cherished and my potential noted and exploited for my greater good. I have made wonderful friends and memories in school; made mistakes as well, learnt lessons from all challenges and grown in terms of who I am. However, I can’t wait to make new friends, new memories all over again. I can’t wait to experience new challenges, learn life lessons and mostly expand in terms of knowledge. Since knowledge is power, increase my power to influence and enact changes in the contemporary society.

As I write this letter, I can’t help but recall my academic journey. As an Arab, whose religion is Islam, I have experienced racism and discrimination based on those two factors. While in school I used to be teased because of my ethnicity and heritage; at times it would get to me but I would always redirect my frustrations into positive energy. I studied hard and became at the top of my class most of the times. This boosted my confidence enough to be able to speak up against racism, discrimination and prejudice of any kind.

Even though I have experienced challenges in my life as I was coming up, there are several achievements in my life that I am proud of and they have made great impacts in shaping the person that I have become;

In 2003: Earned my bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from King Saud University, Saudi Arabia in 20034/2003 -12/2005: Worked with National Company for Cooperative Insurance, Tawuniya, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia as Customer Service Executive after graduation. My tasks were:• Acquired managerial skills, evaluated risks and analyzed customers’ financial and risk related statements.Guided and directed marketing representatives, brokers in medical and auto insurance services as a professional consultant.In 2006: Earned King Abdullah Scholarship in 2006 in order to finish my masters at U.S

After receiving a scholarship to do my masters in America, I was exposed to a different social setting. This brought out an aspect in me that I had never known existed; curiosity and acceptance. I wanted to know all there is to know about the American economy and social life and I was willing to accept certain changes in ideology and opinion as a result.In 2010: Graduated from California State Polytechnic University, Pomona with a Master of Science degree in Economics with specialization in Financial EconomicsIn 2011: worked with the Saudi Credit Bureau (SIMAH) at their Research & Advisory Centre as a Researcher and an Economist.In 2012: Chosen by SIMAH to work with Standard & Poor analytics and Capital IQ division in S&P’s headquarters in the financial district of New York to design the first probability of default model by using a Logit model tailored for the Saudi economy. The main objective of this model is to anticipate the creditworthiness of potential borrowers.

The highlight of it all was when my book under the title of: Does the U.S. dollar have an effect on the price of crude oil?, was chosen by a German publishing house, known as Lambert Academic Publishing House, in order to be published and sold by whole sellers worldwide. It was a reward that inspired me more and more to know that I can be able to solve problems in the society using my knowledge. Currently, I want to continue with all my achievements by doing a Phd in economics in the UC Santa Cruz.

UC Santa Cruz is my choice because it embraces diversity. I am a strong believer of what Emile Durkheim once said that cohesion in a society is not based on the similarities of individuals, but is strengthened by differences and diversity because it builds dependency and responsibility. Having been brought up in a relatively cosmopolitan society, I believe differentiation gives people a chance to work hard. This is not only in terms of opportunities but also in terms of social class and household income. I also believe that a person is more than what simply meets the eye. We are all given the same opportunities and the law equalizes us, however what we do with these opportunities defines who we are. Heritage and genetics can offer us so much.

This brings me to the question of who am I? I am the young child who had a dream of going to college and dared to make it come true against all odds. I am the person who chooses to focus more on the solution rather than the problem. I am the person who believes that education is not the end; it gives me a chance to do much more. At the same time I am the person who believes that Heroes still exist, that swimming is a fun sport and ice cream is not only for children.

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My Opinion on Human Existence

What gives your life meaning? As for me, I believed it was God but not anymore. Some people would hold a different opinion on that issue as some will say God, love, games, money, fiction, among other things. I always believed that God created me with a particular essence, and nobody would fault me for wanting my life to be meaningful. Many philosophers argue that all of the above aspects can provide one the meaning of their lives, but at the same time, others say that none of them can. My opinion is none of them can.

Two ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, held everything in life that has an essence (Gordon, 1). By essence, they meant that existence of specific core properties vital for something to be given that particular meaning.

After reading the literary works of Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre, my belief changed on the essentialist ideas of being imbued with any purpose. Friedrich believed in the ultimate meaningless of life that he called Nihilism. Sartre challenged essentialism by asking, what if humans exist first without any imbued essence (Sartre and Philip 1)?  However, it is upon individual responsibility to figure out their identities. In other words, existentialism holds that existence precedes essence. Humans’ existence happens first; then, they later determine what they will become as they grow older through the way they choose to live. I now believe that human beings do not have any predetermined purpose and no set path to follow.

In my previous beliefs, it was difficult to explain how radical the ideals were back then since, for many decades, people did not have to follow absolute paths, but God did it for them. I am now critical of the notion that God made human beings or the world with a fundamental essence in his mind. I believe in God’s existence, but it is somewhat different when it comes to instilling me, my life, and the cosmos with meaning. It is not what God is all about

One may adhere to a religion, government, etc. but they are people just like you. Those authorities cannot give people their respective life meanings since they do not have any answer; instead, they figured out how by themselves how to live. As such, humans should live authentically. Humans should accept the full weight of their absurd and acknowledge that it’s only them who can determine any meaning regarding their lives.

Works Cited

Gordon, Jill. Plato’s erotic world: from cosmic origins to human death. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Sartre, Jean-Paul, and Philip Mairet. Existentialism and humanism. London: Methuen, 1960.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. Existentialism is a Humanism. Yale University Press, 2007.

Remember to use the first person when explaining your reasoning. Use words as “my personal journey”, “my experience”, “I have found that”, and so on. Give personal examples where necessary.

In few sentences, can you tell us what your study is all about?

To answer this question, you need to know every detail of your research project from chapters one to the end. The question needs an answer in form of a summary of the entire study, therefore, to ace this particular question you need to know every detail in your abstract. Recite a few key lines from the abstract if this question is asked.

This research firstly, seeks to explore if including tourism and cultural studies lessons in Lebanese secondary school curricula will lead to youngsters paying more attention to tourism in the future. As a result, we question ourselves, “Do we want this to change?” Isn’t it time for youths to get more involved in civic education and tourism? This research, through its scope, sets to assess the current situation in valorizing Lebanon’s natural and cultural resources and to see how the Lebanese Secondary students and its youth in general, from both technical and academic levels see their importance, especially after the economic crisis Lebanon faced.

What is your motivation for this study?

This question can be very tricky and it goes a long way in convincing your panel members that your study is worth their time. Another way this question could be twisted is WHAT IS THE RESEARCH PROBLEM? To answer this question, you may decide to elaborate on the problem investigated in the study.

Education is a potent instrument that a nation may use to exert influence over subsequent generations. This is because the success or failure of any tourist education study is dependent on whether or not the authorities are willing to consider changing the system (Airey & Tribe, 2006). As a consequence of this, we have an urgent and critical need for young people to be the guardians of Lebanon, while also training them to concentrate on getting a good education in order to lessen the influence of the oligarchy and accomplish great things in terms of long-term sustainability, tourism, and economic growth, with the primary emphasis still being on Lebanon.

Did you bridge any gap from your study?

Every research study must have a problem. Your ability to solve this problem and explore into areas not yet researched on gives you the full marks allocated for answering this question. You must be able to convince the committee members that your approach is unique and it has covered areas where much have not been done by other researchers.

It is necessary to incorporate civic education and tourism classes into secondary education programs so that we, as educators, can raise awareness among our students about the bleak future that awaits them if Lebanon continues to exist in its current state. Because of this, there is a strong desire to protect the tourist sector via the promotion of sustainable tourism growth (Shunnaq et al., 2008). Therefore, developing nations that have a solid resource base consisting of unspoiled natural and cultural richness have a significant competitive edge in their potential to attract visitors who are looking for one-of-a-kind new experiences all over the globe.

Why this topic and what does it mean to you?

This question wants you to expound on the purpose of the study.

The goal of this study is to ascertain whether or not including cultural tourism and civic education in the curricula of secondary schools will increase the students’ interest in the tourism industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether or not incorporating tourism education into secondary school curricula will increase these students’ interest in the tourism industry. This is important because it is anticipated that in the not-too-distant future, sustainable tourism and eco-tourism will be the way in which the industry should orient itself after the pandemic.

Significance of the study

Just like stating how your study will contribute to the body of knowledge, you will need to state the importance of your study. To answer this question, you will need to highlight how your study will aid the government in policy development and implementation, how it will help other students who may wish to conduct research studies on the subject matter and how organizations and the society will benefit from your study.

In light of research carried out by Fidgeon (2010), Li (2013), Gould (2018), and Bou Melhem, this study is directed for all parties that may be possibly interested in the tourist business, as well as educators and young people who would benefit from a richer curriculum that adds value to cultural heritage.

Methodology chosen and justification?

To answer this question, you must be familiar with your research methodology. Your chapter three must be at your fingertips. Your ability to justify your sample size and technique will be highly rewarded here.

Based on the aforementioned, we chose action research, which is a mixed-methods approach requiring data gathering methodologies from both interviews and structured surveys, in that sequence. Both Creswell (2012) and Saunders et al. (2019) concur that these are instances of mixed-methods approaches, which is why we ultimately opted to adopt it. I will be using this technique since surveying is a strategy that is used in both numerical and non-numerical research. Since I need to find a solution to this problem, pragmatism requires that I do action research, as Creswell pointed out. The aforementioned research strategy necessitates the employment of sequential exploratory techniques, which are among the most valuable tools applicable to action research. The study starts with interviews and then continues on to surveys; in this section, the researcher will describe the participants, instruments, ethical procedures, validity and reliability of each technique used. The study starts with interviews, followed by questionnaires. As the research shifted toward a hybrid technique, two distinct procedures were combined (mono means single methods, irrespective if mono quantitative, or mono qualitative). For the purpose of clarity, the research will not use multimethods, which would include using two or more qualitative or quantitative methodologies. In accordance with Saunders et al. (2019), thus, basic mixed techniques were used. This is due to the combination of two distinct methodologies, namely interviews and surveys, with the study starting with interviews and concluding with surveys. In the next three subsections, the researcher will describe how he intends to conduct his study in terms of tools, participants, and ethical standards.

Civic Disturbance Emergency Response (Sentinel City)

Lucreshia Jackson

American Sentinel College of Nursing & Health Sciences

SIM432PE

28th September 2022

Civic Disturbance Emergency Response (Sentinel City)

Civic disturbance refers to the situation that disrupts the community and therefore requires to be intervened to maintain safety within the public (Moeller, 2018). The situation could be a strike, a riot, or a demonstration within a community. These situations can result in disorder, violence, assault, or vandalism within the community. The following report, therefore, focuses on the civic disturbance in Sentinel City.

During my bus tour in Sentinel City, there were reports through the media and public of the incident along Coty hall that contributed to civil disorder. According to the laws in Sentinel City, the City Hall is a point where the residents in the City gather t raise their issues and concerns about the city government. However, on this particular day, the number of residents that had gathered along the City Hall was huge, and they could be heard complaining about the huge tax increments in the City. Most of these demonstrators were from low businesses tired of being blown by the huge tax increment, and the city Mayor was not addressing their issue. This demonstration was accompanied by a few hours of confounding between the city residents and the law enforcers.

Therefore, this scenario resulted in two significant effects on the public’s health and needed an emergency reaction. This incident resulted in so many death cases and others suffering both minor and major injuries. According to the media reports, the affected included the disabled, the children and the elderly, who constituted 40% of the overall deaths. The incident had no red flags, and therefore, the authorities delayed responding since they were unaware. The death of hundreds of residents created public tension, and those affected were at risk of suffering mental disorders, which could result in another public health concern. Secondly, this incident created a significant risk and spread of the COVID-19 virus. This is due to the breaching of the protocols set to prevent the spread of the virus. The residents in the scenario interacted freely without keeping a social distance, and during confrontations with the police, the residents came into contact with each other. This is against the COVID-19 protocols set by the health ministry. If residents were infected with the virus, they infected hundreds of the residents. The residents who burnt cars during the demonstration caused air pollution due to the smoke from the burning tires, which could have affected the respiratory health of many residents.

The emergency response team in Sentinel City includes the public teams, such as the local authority and the private teams, which include the media and the Red Cross crew. The local authorities have the duty of communicating the progress to contain the incident and ensuring that the COVID-19 protocols are taken into account. The police officers’ job is to disperse the demonstrating residents to restore law and order and prevent vandalism and looting during the incident. The Red Cross teams would provide first aid services to injured residents or officers during the incident. On the other hand, the media would air all the ongoing activities during the incident, including the measures being taken to contain the situation.

Risks and benefits can accompany the media involvement in the civil unrest incident. The advantages include ensuring that information quickly reaches the local authorities about the incident to take action to contain the situation. The media will also act as a mediator between the public and local authorities by urging them to come together and find a solution to the situation to avoid more incidences leading to such civil unrest. The risk of media being involved would create public tension. This is because the media usually air scary images of dead or badly injured individuals, creating fear in public.

Some of the public resources that would be used to help respond both in the short and long term include telehealth services and electronic posters. Telemedicine is appropriate since communication through telemedicine services ensures constant communication between the healthcare officers and the patients’ families in virtual settings through online and doctor services or video calls. Electronic posters are another method that would help the healthcare officers in Sentinel City provide information on how to stay safe from the COVID-19 virus. The posters could include images of people keeping social distance, washing their hands using clean running water and soap, wearing masks and other protocols. The images could also display inappropriate behaviours such as not observing social distance or sneezing uncontrollably in public settings.

To avoid this incident, the response team in Sentinel City has to re-adjust its plans by employing the four phases of emergency management. The faces include the preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery phases (Nojavan et al., 2018). The first phase will help lessen the probable impact of the disaster as there will be the identification of hot spots, emergency operations will be set up, and an action plan will also be formulated. The second phase will involve taking quick actions such as training officers to handle civil unrest or training the residents on how to run for their safety during civil unrest to prepare for emergencies. The third phase involves protecting the public after the disaster strikes, such as setting centers for offering first aid or a partial curfew that limits people’s movements, thus minimizing civil unrest. The fourth phase involves the creation of protocols or action plans to solve civil issues peacefully, lowering strike incidents (Nojavan et al., 2018).

The emergency management team in Sentinel City should therefore utilize the four phases to prevent future occurrences of fatal incidents such as the one experienced along City Hall. Therefore, they should look for loopholes in their emergency management plans to avoid the occurrence of unaware civil unrest in the City.

References

Moeller, S. D. (2018). Dangerous Exposures. In Journalists in Peril (pp. 115-122). Routledge.

Nojavan, M., Salehi, E., & Omidvar, B. (2018). Conceptual change of disaster management models: A thematic analysis. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 10(1), 1-11.

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Civil Disobedience in Relation to the Letter from Birmingham

Introduction;

Civil Disobedience is a native’s dynamic, pronounced refusal to comply with particular laws, requests, requests, or directions of an administration or universal authority. Common insubordination is characterized here and there to be called common defiance as being peaceful. Therefore, there is a popular rebellion here and there compared to peaceful resistance. Your brother is the letter from Birmingham, also identified as the letter from the jail in Birmingham City or the Negro. It’s an internal memo published on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter protects the technique of peaceful protection against bigotry. It says that individuals have an ethical duty to break unreasonable laws and move directly, rather than trusting that equity will be passed via the courts. King says, “Anywhere in bad shape is a risk to equity,” reacting to being called “untouchable.”

In his 1848 exposition, Henry David Thoreau instituted the term ‘ Civil Disobedience’ to portray his refusal to pay the U.S. government’s actualized state survey charge to indict a war in Mexico and uphold the Fugitive Slave Act. In his exhibition, Thoreau sees that only a few individuals–legends, saints, loyalists, reformers in the best sense–with their still, small voices serve their general public, thus fundamentally oppose society in general, and are usually treated as opponents by it.

Although common defiance is viewed as a statement of contempt for law, Martin Luther King Jr. respected common resistance as a showcase and routine of worship for code; for as “On any man who breaks a law that lets him know is out of line and enthusiastically recognizes the punishment by remaining in prison to stimulate the still, small voice of the network at the threshold.

Body;

The letter reacted to a few reactions crafted by “A Call for Unity” ministers, who consented that there were shameful cultural acts yet argued that the fight against ethnic isolation must be battled solely in the courts, not on the roads. As a clergyman, King reacted on religious grounds to these reactions. He contended as a lobbyist testing a socially settled one on legal, political, and recorded properties. He spoke about the nation’s abuse of dark people, including himself, as an African American.

Thoreau’s scriptural suggestions are entirely another issue. They negatively support his article. Rather than instilling in the peruser, for example, King’s, a feeling of pride and expectation, they represent just a few things that aren’t right with society. This was Thoreau’s expectation undoubtedly, and they function better with the piece’s tone, yet the fundamental reality is that King’s specific hallucinations work superior to Thoreau’s negative references to an enthusiastic dimension.

The creators address shameful acts submitted by the legislature within “Common Disobedience” and “Birmingham Jail Letter.” Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King use two very surprising viewpoints: Thoreau is a white American residing in the 1800s who stopped paying a bonding administration for administrative expenses, and King is a dark man at the cutting edge of the Civil Rights Movement. The ruler is liable to the laws he contradicts; Thoreau is not. Two of them, despite their varying perspectives, advance comparable belief systems.

Martin Luther King and Henry David Thoreau each compose unique, convincing exhibitions that delineate social foul play and examine common non-compliance, which is the refusal to consent to a point by the law. King addresses a particular gathering of people in his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”: the African Americans, and examines why he feels they should end isolation. Thoreau then again addresses, in “Common Disobedience,” a more extensive, untenable collection of people as he mostly communicates his emotions towards what he feels is an unreasonable government.

Although Thoreau and King both address these decent quality and equity themes throughout their exhibitions, their articles are not the slightest bit comparable recorded as a style, tones, and goals of hard copy. Lord speaks to his perusers about the injustice independently served by African Americans. He uses a passionate intrigue to make a move to end isolation as he argues his perusers. Together with his idealism for the opportunity, this intense intrigue sets him and his composition not precisely the same as that of Thoreau. Thoreau’s article, then again, condemns the most for American government of the uncalled.

The use of scriptural mention is one powerful system that each creator updates to help his thoughts sincerely. In any case, King’s method is more grounded in the examination, because the tone of his references speaks to the peruser all the more. The inferences of Lord make the peruser need to move against shame, while Thoreau’s are darker-bound to make the peruser need to submit to and acknowledge the treacheries depicted.

“Civil Disobedience,” by Henry David Thoreau, and Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” fuse the feelings of the equity of the creators. Each creator effectively demonstrates their central issue; Thoreau manages reality as he identifies with the government, he asks, “not on the second no administration, but a superior government immediately.

Kings letter from a Birmingham jail was a demonstration of his unreasonable support for a challenge against the white conventions. Lord, a pioneer of bunches of social freedoms, as opposed to customary perspectives; King supported the challenging meeting and created unreasonable laws. In his Birmingham letter Jail King states, “All things being equal, I am certain that if I had lived in Germany at the time, I would have helped and improved my Jewish siblings. I would advocate straightforwardly resisting the anti-religious laws of that nation on the off chance that today I lived in a Communist nation where certain standards dear to Christian trust are smothered.”

Dr. Ruler himself was inspired by his “Fantasy” for a superior America, by his religious vision for another world, and by the enormous number of supporters who, for a remarkable reason, were customary individuals. He was, considered all things, a minister, and evangelists are estimated by their ability to move to a great extent. “Birmingham Jail Letter” is not just a smug-conservative analysis. It’s a suggestion for everyone who can hear the message to take action routed.

The two creators address the common defiance issue, or the refusal to accept laws as a kind of quiet political challenge, as an approach to achieving social goals. I agree that general insubordination is a supporting device in the formation of an administration and that both King’s and Thoreau’s goals on the subject can give an extraordinary stage of social equity. Common non-compliance with scholar Socrates can be followed back to Ancient Greece. He would not reverence the normal divine beings, and he was imprisoned and condemned to death because he went to bat for what he had faith in.

There are two writings on what they feel is “minimized,” known as Martin Luther King, Jr’s. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” and “Group Names and Mascots” by Robert Schmidt. Both used comparable techniques to approach their subjects during their arguments; for example, the claim was used, and incredible evidence was used to clarify theoretical articulations. Similarly, their announcements or cases are intended to assist their assumptions and persuade others. These two articles deal with two unique issues. Be that as it may, these articles shared moved towards segregation of societies.

There are numerous talk claims in this letter that are used to induce perusers. Lord uses ethos, logos, and feeling throughout his argument to show the group of onlookers that he is tenable, consistent, and on an individual dimension he can identify with others. The most grounded intrigue used in this letter is feeling as it is usually used in most messages.

People’s gathering allows the creator to focus on specific collections or individuals. Both Thoreau and King go for large crowds. It can be very well understood that Thoreau’s group of onlookers is centered on U.S. residents as he regularly composes the foul play that the administration shows to his kin. For example, Thoreau says, “Why doesn’t it urge its natives to be on the alarm to draw attention to its weaknesses and show improvement over them?”

Conclusion;

Either way, King’s gathering of people is acknowledged to have been the eight ministers who composed with King’s activities, but it is still suggested that King’s group of spectators also include U.S. and world residents. Both of these writers have large groups of viewers who have a significant influence on the measurement of the effects of the two exposures. The voice described in an article is the speaker of an exhibition. And both King, as well as Thoreau, talk to various sounds to assist the group of onlookers in understanding the origin of the creator.

In conclusion, the two articles also have numerous distinctions that are evident throughout the investigation of the two expositions that separate individual understanding of each content, except that the general reason for these two papers is to induce people’s gatherings that common defiance is essential if there is an awful social form in the legislature that administers someone.

Works Cited

Bloom, Lynn Z. (1999). “The Essay Canon” (PDF). College English. 61 (4): 401–430. doi:10.2307/378920. ISSN 0010-0994. Retrieved January 18, 2012.

Brooks, Ned. “Meet The Press: Martin Luther King, Jr. on the Selma March.” NBC Learn. NBCUniversal Media. Retrieved 22 November 2017.

King, Martin Luther, and C. T. Vivian. “Letter from Birmingham jail.” Arguing about the law (2013): 254-264.

Thoreau, Henry David. Civil disobedience. Broadview Press, 2016.

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My Opinion on Human Existence

What gives your life meaning? As for me, I believed it was God but not anymore. Some people would hold a different opinion on that issue as some will say God, love, games, money, fiction, among other things. I always believed that God created me with a particular essence, and nobody would fault me for wanting my life to be meaningful. All people crave or even need to have a sense of meaning in their lives. However, how do people understand the purpose of their lives as being meaningful? The vast majority of people devote a tone of energy to find meaning for their lives through religion, community development, fighting for civil liberties, among others. No matter how one does it, my research on humans’ existence gives two options based on existentialists. Many philosophers argue that all of the above aspects can provide one the meaning of their lives, but at the same time, others say that none of them can. My opinion is none of them can.

Two ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, held everything in life that has an essence (Gordon, 1). By essence, they meant that existence of specific core properties vital for something to be given that particular meaning. The absence of such properties in that particular thing would lead to the meaninglessness of that thing. For example, it does not matter if a knife has a metal or wooden handle as long as it has a blade. However, it would be different if it lacked the blade since it will not be called a knife. The knife’s essential property is the blade since the blade predetermines the defining function of a knife. When it comes to life, Plato and Aristotle insisted that humans’ essences existed in them before they came to live, and God preloads humans with their respective identities.

Part of the essence is to be a good human who adheres to their essences. One may be somewhat confident in defining his/her identity, thus standing a great chance of living up to your essence. The most important thing in my previous beliefs is that I was born to become a particular thing. Philosophers term this kind of view as essentialism, and a significant number of people still hold on to it. After reading the literary works of Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre, my belief changed on the essentialist ideas of being imbued with any purpose. Friedrich believed in the ultimate meaningless of life that he called Nihilism. Sartre challenged essentialism by asking, what if humans exist first without any imbued essence (Sartre and Philip 1)?  However, it is upon individual responsibility to figure out their identities. In other words, existentialism holds that existence precedes essence. Humans’ existence happens first; then, they later determine what they will become as they grow older through the way they choose to live. I now believe that human beings do not have any predetermined purpose and no set path to follow.

In my previous beliefs, it was difficult to explain how radical the ideals were back then since, for many decades, people did not have to follow absolute paths, but God did it for them. I am now critical of the notion that God made human beings or the world with a fundamental essence in his mind. I believe in God’s existence, but it is somewhat different when it comes to instilling me, my life, and the cosmos with meaning. It is not what God is all about. I believe humans are born in the universe, which they, their world, and their actions lack any real inherent significance. Human beings’ quest for the meaning of absurdity, but they are abandoned in a meaningless universe. Since there are no teleological facts, humans are not created or exist for any given purpose. If there is no reason for our existence or that of the universe, what is the justification for abiding by such things? Things like cosmic justice, fairness, order, and rules do not even exist, and even they do, its upon humans to put them by themselves.

I believe people are shockingly free, and if their actions lack guidelines, then its upon people to create their moral code and invent morality to live by. One might think to find answers from some authority, but they are fake. One may adhere to a religion, government, etc. but they are people just like you. Those authorities cannot give people their respective life meanings since they do not have any answer; instead, they figured out how by themselves how to live. As such, humans should live authentically. Humans should accept the full weight of their absurd and acknowledge that it’s only them who can determine any meaning regarding their lives. And if one follows a different path rather than that of his/herself, then I presume that person to be having a bad faith. In other words, one refuses to accept the absurd.

To affirm that human essence is predetermined by themselves, Jean-Paul Sartre gives an analogy of a student who was in a dilemma of choosing between to go for a war to help his country or being left behind to stay with her elderly mother. The student consulted his teacher for advice. Perhaps, if he had gone to war, it would have impacted millions of people, but still, he will make a small number of considerable army troops. Also, she risked never seeing her mother again. If the person had stayed with his mother, he would only make an impact on one person. Sartre said that nobody could answer, and his decision will be the only authentic choice (Sartre 1). Reading such arguments, I became an existentialist believer. I now believe that humans are not created with any particular essences, but it is upon them to give their life meaning.

Works Cited

Gordon, Jill. Plato’s erotic world: from cosmic origins to human death. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Sartre, Jean-Paul, and Philip Mairet. Existentialism and humanism. London: Methuen, 1960.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. Existentialism is a Humanism. Yale University Press, 2007.

Unit IV (4) Journal

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My opinion on Intelligence Assessment

After reading chapter 8, my opinion on intelligence assessment is that it implies the capability to comprehend complex ideas, take part in various forms of reasoning, learn from experience, adjust effectively to the environment, and overcome obstacles through psychological effort. Intelligence signifies a feature of life that scientists have for a long time attempted to assess, measure, and define ever since its origin. A number of models on intelligence originated in the early 1900s, momentarily after contemporary intelligence assessment appeared. With different models come different forms of intelligence assessment. Different intelligence is assessed to determine their validity. To begin with, the Pro-certified IQ test of the International High IQ Society is an example of the intelligence assessment. It was a timed assessment made up of eight pattern identification questions. Contemporary intelligence assessment usually focuses on abilities such as memory, spatial perception, language abilities, and mathematical skills. The capability to solve problems, see relationships, and remember information are significant intelligence elements, so they are usually the skills on which IQ assessments center. The assessment is recorded in terms of intelligence quotient, or IQ, an idea initially proposed by German psychologist William Stern and adopted by Lewis Terman in the Stanford-Binet Scale. The perception of intelligence draws back to the Latin verb intellegere, denoting the acquirement, processing, and storage of information. From this perspective, intelligence is limited to the intellectual, psychological capabilities of the individuals. 

Whether We Have a Better Job of Making It Less Biased Than It Was In the Past or Room for Improvement

So far, we have done a better job making intelligence assessment less biased than in the past. However, there is still much room for improvement. Improved and better intelligence assessments are reliable, signifying that they are consistent over time. They also show concept validity, meaning that they, in reality, measure intelligence instead of something else. The intelligence assessments done in the modern time gave some information about their particular text and what made it good and had their own advantages and disadvantages. However, some assessments tend to be the best generally is actually measuring as a whole. Intelligence assessments are developed son how we comprehend intelligence- our theories. One of the theories that best explain intelligence is the multiple-factor model of intelligence. Some intelligence assessments cover an extensive range of diverse psychological abilities, permitting it to assess an individual’s numerous bits of intelligence more systematically. So far, we do a better job of making intelligence assessment less biased than it was in the past. There is only a small room for improvement. Most intelligence assessments are good, and the fact is that they are not culturally biased increases their validity. However, at other times, the intelligence assessment is too narrow in its questions and does not assess multiple intelligences the same way a good assessment is supposed to do.

Whether IQ is a relevant, culturally-competent concept

IQ is a relevant, culturally-competent concept. It is evident that culture impacts IQ scores. However, some researchers assert that intelligence is a concept specific to a certain culture. According to them, intelligence’s cultural specificity makes IQ assessment biased towards the settings in which they were developed. One actual thing is that intelligence cannot fully or meaningfully be understood outside its cultural context. The connection between different intelligence features can be different across cultures, with positive relationships in one setting demonstrating to be negative in another. IQ is a relevant culturally-competent concept signifying that culture impacts IQ scores. Something that we think of as intelligence in a particular state means a lot in some regions and somehow little in others. An individual cannot just disregard IQ scores he does like, as most people do at times, as invalid as a result of cultural differences. Intelligence cannot completely or even expressively be comprehended outside its cultural context. A certain thing that is well-thought-out as intelligent in a particular culture might be well-thought-out as unintelligent in another culture, and vice versa. Furthermore, individuals in diverse cultures have dissimilar implicit models of intelligence, so they might not even signify a similar thing by the word. The associations between diverse features of intelligence can differ across cultures, with optimistic connections in one environment demonstrating to be undesirable in another.

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Civil religion is a concept to which dates its origin from the French political thoughts and eventually becoming a major topic for the American sociologists. The idea was first used by Robert Bellah in the 1960s. Civil religion means the inherent religious values of a nation as they are expressed via the public rituals and symbols such as the national flag and the ceremonies on the sacred days as well as at sacred places that include the battlefield, monuments and national cemeteries. Churches are excluded from the civil religion though at sometimes they are incorporated to be part of the civil religion in America. In the sociology of religion, the civil religion is regarded as the folk of the nation and as well as the political culture of the nation.

Sociologist Robert Bellah in his seminal 1967 essay, he argued that the United States had an elaborate and well and a well-instituted civil religion that existed alongside and was rather clearly differentiated from the religion conducted in the churches (Bellah & Tipton, 2006). Civil religion is also referred to as religious nationalism, public piety, shared faith and public religion, and that it provides a religious sanction for the political order as well as the divine justification for and the support for the civil society and the practices of the nations. Also, civil religion may be used to imply the state’s use of the consensus religious concepts, sentiments as well as symbols for its purposes. As a system for the established rituals, norms, values, allegiance and symbols, the civil religion is deemed to function as the social glue that binds the people of a nation together giving them an overarching sense of spiritual unity. Civil religion involves beliefs, events that reveal the purposes of God such as the American Revolution and the civil war, sacred places such as shrines to Washington, prophets such as Jefferson and Lincoln, sacred texts such as the constitution. Also, the civil religion further includes the ceremonies such as the Independence Day, hymns such as God bless America and my country as well as rituals that include the prayers at the public events such as the national day of prayers.

The Constitution in the American civil religion

Max Lerner in his classic article, the constitution and court as symbols, he pointed out to the role of the United States Constitution to what later the analysts termed as the American civil religion (Levinson, 1979). Lerner said that every tribe cling to something to which they believe to possess supernatural powers as an instrument for controlling the unknown forces in the hostile universe. The American tribe is no different from the others, and, the same and very habits of the mind derived from the authoritarian bible, as well as the religion of submission to a higher power, have also been carried over to the American authoritarian constitution. Also, philosophy to the submission to a higher law and a country like America in which its early traditions had prohibited a state church, ends by attaining a state church after all, although in a secular state. The United States Supreme Court plays a significant role in seeing to it that the constitution is followed to the letter and that the violators of the constitution do not go unpunished. The constitution being the supreme authority in the region helps to keep all the aspects in check including regulating the powers of the president and making sure that everyone is fairly treated even if not fully.

The hymn ‘God Bless America’ as a civil religion in America

The hymn God bless America is a popular song to which majority of the American population are conversant with and can be able to sing at any time if necessary. The song is taught in the American schools, and it is regularly performed at the sporting events. The hymn ‘God bless America’ sheds light on the cultural tensions that are within the US that are both past and present offering a historical chronicle that is full of surprises, and that will both edify and delight readers from all walks of life (Kaskowitz, 2013). The performance of the song at major sporting events qualifies the song to be incorporated into the components of the American civil religion as it binds all the people at the event making them be one. Furthermore, the song is taught in all schools, an indication that it is an important factor in the American population and that each person needs to know about it as well as the generations to come. The song has been passed to generations for quite a long period for now and has continued to be passed to the later generations to signify a common culture and embrace the symbolism of unity derived from the song. After the attacks of September 11th, the song God bless America was sung on the steps of the capital, at spontaneous memorial sites as well as during the seventh inning stretch at basketball games. The performance of the song at the majority of the events have made Americans become even more deeply embedded in the Americans collective consciousness. Civil religion has existed since the birth of the American republic and has continued to be present in all of the forms of the civil life, emerging with unusual strength in the times of a national crisis as evident from the hymn God Bless America. The hymn has some significant efforts to connect America with both divine blessings and guidance.

The president of America as a prophet and leader of the civil religion.

The president is a national figure and a symbol of unity, and that’s the main reason behind being led by a single president. Throughout the American history, the president has provided the leadership in the public faith. At sometimes, the president has primarily functioned as a political prophet just as the likes of Abraham Lincoln, at some occasions acting as the nation’s pastor like Dwight Eisenhower while at some times perform basically as the high priest of the civil religion like Ronald Reagan (Grinder & Shaw, 2016). In the prophetic civil religion, the president examines the nation’s actions about the transcendent values, calling upon the citizens to make sacrifices in times of crisis and also to repent of their corporate sins at the times when their behaviors fall short of the national ideals. As the national pastor, the president provides for spiritual inspirations to the people by affirming the American core values and urging them to appropriate those values and through the comfort of their afflictions. By assuming the role of the priest, the president makes America itself the ultimate reference point, leading the citizens in affirming and celebrating the nation and reminding the citizens of the country’s mission while at the same time praise and glorify his political people.

The American civil religion has been in existence since the nation became a republic. The founding fathers of the nation were responsible for the initiation of the civil religion, especially the post of the president, the constitution, national flag as well as the national currency. The components of the American civil religion are the symbols that are used to show unity among the American citizens in the manner of conducting their daily activities. The constitution acts as a check of balance and a supreme authority ensuring that justice is enforced through the courts. The hymns such as God Bless America are passed from one generation to the other as part of the American culture.

References

Bellah, R. N., & Tipton, S. M. (Eds.). (2006). The Robert Bellah Reader. Duke University Press.

Grinder, D., & Shaw, S. (2016). The Presidents & Their Faith: From George Washington to Barack Obama. Elevate Publishing.

Kaskowitz, S. (2013). God Bless America: The Surprising History of an Iconic Song. Oxford University Press.

Levinson, S. (1979). ” The Constitution” in American Civil Religion. The Supreme Court Review, 1979, 123-151.