Category: Uncategorized

Personal History

Education to me has been a journey of learning that I started as a child, its direction has changed severally down the road, but the destination has always remained the same; to become an academic scholar. In order to achieve this, I need to have motivation, need to have knowledge and fill in a lacuna with information and at the same time have a degree. I remember, this one time when I was ten, my dad took me to a visit his younger brother, my uncle, who was in college. It was a scene to be longed for; the tall buildings, the lecture halls, the student hostels with music and pictures all over. What caught my eye, however, was the library; standing strong in the middle of the college like it was the heart, with shelves full of books about our history and opening a chance to defining our future. That night, I remember I made the resolution that I had to become one of those students I saw there.

Coming from a large family of five siblings, we were taught embrace our culture as a family. I know when I say culture most people think about ethnicity and heritage, but to me culture is what one believes in. Culture to me is not the fact that I am an Arab, culture is the things I do every day in the same way because of the course my life has taken. An Arab and an African can have different heritage, but the same culture especially when they interact on an intellectual and social setting.

Without all the support I got from my family I probably would not be where I am currently. Having many siblings enables you to be able to socialize with people of different personality and characters and learn how to accept them. This enabled me to find a family at school. My teachers became like my parents, they would guide me, point out my mistakes and congratulate my achievements. My classmates became like my siblings, even though at times we would disagree we would always look out for each other. And the school became a home, where my dreams were cherished and my potential noted and exploited for my greater good. I have made wonderful friends and memories in school; made mistakes as well, learnt lessons from all challenges and grown in terms of who I am. However, I can’t wait to make new friends, new memories all over again. I can’t wait to experience new challenges, learn life lessons and mostly expand in terms of knowledge. Since knowledge is power, increase my power to influence and enact changes in the contemporary society.

As I write this letter, I can’t help but recall my academic journey. As an Arab, whose religion is Islam, I have experienced racism and discrimination based on those two factors. While in school I used to be teased because of my ethnicity and heritage; at times it would get to me but I would always redirect my frustrations into positive energy. I studied hard and became at the top of my class most of the times. This boosted my confidence enough to be able to speak up against racism, discrimination and prejudice of any kind.

Even though I have experienced challenges in my life as I was coming up, there are several achievements in my life that I am proud of and they have made great impacts in shaping the person that I have become;

In 2003: Earned my bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from King Saud University, Saudi Arabia in 20034/2003 -12/2005: Worked with National Company for Cooperative Insurance, Tawuniya, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia as Customer Service Executive after graduation. My tasks were:• Acquired managerial skills, evaluated risks and analyzed customers’ financial and risk related statements.Guided and directed marketing representatives, brokers in medical and auto insurance services as a professional consultant.In 2006: Earned King Abdullah Scholarship in 2006 in order to finish my masters at U.S

After receiving a scholarship to do my masters in America, I was exposed to a different social setting. This brought out an aspect in me that I had never known existed; curiosity and acceptance. I wanted to know all there is to know about the American economy and social life and I was willing to accept certain changes in ideology and opinion as a result.In 2010: Graduated from California State Polytechnic University, Pomona with a Master of Science degree in Economics with specialization in Financial EconomicsIn 2011: worked with the Saudi Credit Bureau (SIMAH) at their Research & Advisory Centre as a Researcher and an Economist.In 2012: Chosen by SIMAH to work with Standard & Poor analytics and Capital IQ division in S&P’s headquarters in the financial district of New York to design the first probability of default model by using a Logit model tailored for the Saudi economy. The main objective of this model is to anticipate the creditworthiness of potential borrowers.

The highlight of it all was when my book under the title of: Does the U.S. dollar have an effect on the price of crude oil?, was chosen by a German publishing house, known as Lambert Academic Publishing House, in order to be published and sold by whole sellers worldwide. It was a reward that inspired me more and more to know that I can be able to solve problems in the society using my knowledge. Currently, I want to continue with all my achievements by doing a Phd in economics in the UC Santa Cruz.

UC Santa Cruz is my choice because it embraces diversity. I am a strong believer of what Emile Durkheim once said that cohesion in a society is not based on the similarities of individuals, but is strengthened by differences and diversity because it builds dependency and responsibility. Having been brought up in a relatively cosmopolitan society, I believe differentiation gives people a chance to work hard. This is not only in terms of opportunities but also in terms of social class and household income. I also believe that a person is more than what simply meets the eye. We are all given the same opportunities and the law equalizes us, however what we do with these opportunities defines who we are. Heritage and genetics can offer us so much.

This brings me to the question of who am I? I am the young child who had a dream of going to college and dared to make it come true against all odds. I am the person who chooses to focus more on the solution rather than the problem. I am the person who believes that education is not the end; it gives me a chance to do much more. At the same time I am the person who believes that Heroes still exist, that swimming is a fun sport and ice cream is not only for children.

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My Opinion on Human Existence

What gives your life meaning? As for me, I believed it was God but not anymore. Some people would hold a different opinion on that issue as some will say God, love, games, money, fiction, among other things. I always believed that God created me with a particular essence, and nobody would fault me for wanting my life to be meaningful. Many philosophers argue that all of the above aspects can provide one the meaning of their lives, but at the same time, others say that none of them can. My opinion is none of them can.

Two ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, held everything in life that has an essence (Gordon, 1). By essence, they meant that existence of specific core properties vital for something to be given that particular meaning.

After reading the literary works of Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre, my belief changed on the essentialist ideas of being imbued with any purpose. Friedrich believed in the ultimate meaningless of life that he called Nihilism. Sartre challenged essentialism by asking, what if humans exist first without any imbued essence (Sartre and Philip 1)?  However, it is upon individual responsibility to figure out their identities. In other words, existentialism holds that existence precedes essence. Humans’ existence happens first; then, they later determine what they will become as they grow older through the way they choose to live. I now believe that human beings do not have any predetermined purpose and no set path to follow.

In my previous beliefs, it was difficult to explain how radical the ideals were back then since, for many decades, people did not have to follow absolute paths, but God did it for them. I am now critical of the notion that God made human beings or the world with a fundamental essence in his mind. I believe in God’s existence, but it is somewhat different when it comes to instilling me, my life, and the cosmos with meaning. It is not what God is all about

One may adhere to a religion, government, etc. but they are people just like you. Those authorities cannot give people their respective life meanings since they do not have any answer; instead, they figured out how by themselves how to live. As such, humans should live authentically. Humans should accept the full weight of their absurd and acknowledge that it’s only them who can determine any meaning regarding their lives.

Works Cited

Gordon, Jill. Plato’s erotic world: from cosmic origins to human death. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Sartre, Jean-Paul, and Philip Mairet. Existentialism and humanism. London: Methuen, 1960.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. Existentialism is a Humanism. Yale University Press, 2007.

Remember to use the first person when explaining your reasoning. Use words as “my personal journey”, “my experience”, “I have found that”, and so on. Give personal examples where necessary.

In few sentences, can you tell us what your study is all about?

To answer this question, you need to know every detail of your research project from chapters one to the end. The question needs an answer in form of a summary of the entire study, therefore, to ace this particular question you need to know every detail in your abstract. Recite a few key lines from the abstract if this question is asked.

This research firstly, seeks to explore if including tourism and cultural studies lessons in Lebanese secondary school curricula will lead to youngsters paying more attention to tourism in the future. As a result, we question ourselves, “Do we want this to change?” Isn’t it time for youths to get more involved in civic education and tourism? This research, through its scope, sets to assess the current situation in valorizing Lebanon’s natural and cultural resources and to see how the Lebanese Secondary students and its youth in general, from both technical and academic levels see their importance, especially after the economic crisis Lebanon faced.

What is your motivation for this study?

This question can be very tricky and it goes a long way in convincing your panel members that your study is worth their time. Another way this question could be twisted is WHAT IS THE RESEARCH PROBLEM? To answer this question, you may decide to elaborate on the problem investigated in the study.

Education is a potent instrument that a nation may use to exert influence over subsequent generations. This is because the success or failure of any tourist education study is dependent on whether or not the authorities are willing to consider changing the system (Airey & Tribe, 2006). As a consequence of this, we have an urgent and critical need for young people to be the guardians of Lebanon, while also training them to concentrate on getting a good education in order to lessen the influence of the oligarchy and accomplish great things in terms of long-term sustainability, tourism, and economic growth, with the primary emphasis still being on Lebanon.

Did you bridge any gap from your study?

Every research study must have a problem. Your ability to solve this problem and explore into areas not yet researched on gives you the full marks allocated for answering this question. You must be able to convince the committee members that your approach is unique and it has covered areas where much have not been done by other researchers.

It is necessary to incorporate civic education and tourism classes into secondary education programs so that we, as educators, can raise awareness among our students about the bleak future that awaits them if Lebanon continues to exist in its current state. Because of this, there is a strong desire to protect the tourist sector via the promotion of sustainable tourism growth (Shunnaq et al., 2008). Therefore, developing nations that have a solid resource base consisting of unspoiled natural and cultural richness have a significant competitive edge in their potential to attract visitors who are looking for one-of-a-kind new experiences all over the globe.

Why this topic and what does it mean to you?

This question wants you to expound on the purpose of the study.

The goal of this study is to ascertain whether or not including cultural tourism and civic education in the curricula of secondary schools will increase the students’ interest in the tourism industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether or not incorporating tourism education into secondary school curricula will increase these students’ interest in the tourism industry. This is important because it is anticipated that in the not-too-distant future, sustainable tourism and eco-tourism will be the way in which the industry should orient itself after the pandemic.

Significance of the study

Just like stating how your study will contribute to the body of knowledge, you will need to state the importance of your study. To answer this question, you will need to highlight how your study will aid the government in policy development and implementation, how it will help other students who may wish to conduct research studies on the subject matter and how organizations and the society will benefit from your study.

In light of research carried out by Fidgeon (2010), Li (2013), Gould (2018), and Bou Melhem, this study is directed for all parties that may be possibly interested in the tourist business, as well as educators and young people who would benefit from a richer curriculum that adds value to cultural heritage.

Methodology chosen and justification?

To answer this question, you must be familiar with your research methodology. Your chapter three must be at your fingertips. Your ability to justify your sample size and technique will be highly rewarded here.

Based on the aforementioned, we chose action research, which is a mixed-methods approach requiring data gathering methodologies from both interviews and structured surveys, in that sequence. Both Creswell (2012) and Saunders et al. (2019) concur that these are instances of mixed-methods approaches, which is why we ultimately opted to adopt it. I will be using this technique since surveying is a strategy that is used in both numerical and non-numerical research. Since I need to find a solution to this problem, pragmatism requires that I do action research, as Creswell pointed out. The aforementioned research strategy necessitates the employment of sequential exploratory techniques, which are among the most valuable tools applicable to action research. The study starts with interviews and then continues on to surveys; in this section, the researcher will describe the participants, instruments, ethical procedures, validity and reliability of each technique used. The study starts with interviews, followed by questionnaires. As the research shifted toward a hybrid technique, two distinct procedures were combined (mono means single methods, irrespective if mono quantitative, or mono qualitative). For the purpose of clarity, the research will not use multimethods, which would include using two or more qualitative or quantitative methodologies. In accordance with Saunders et al. (2019), thus, basic mixed techniques were used. This is due to the combination of two distinct methodologies, namely interviews and surveys, with the study starting with interviews and concluding with surveys. In the next three subsections, the researcher will describe how he intends to conduct his study in terms of tools, participants, and ethical standards.

Civic Disturbance Emergency Response (Sentinel City)

Lucreshia Jackson

American Sentinel College of Nursing & Health Sciences

SIM432PE

28th September 2022

Civic Disturbance Emergency Response (Sentinel City)

Civic disturbance refers to the situation that disrupts the community and therefore requires to be intervened to maintain safety within the public (Moeller, 2018). The situation could be a strike, a riot, or a demonstration within a community. These situations can result in disorder, violence, assault, or vandalism within the community. The following report, therefore, focuses on the civic disturbance in Sentinel City.

During my bus tour in Sentinel City, there were reports through the media and public of the incident along Coty hall that contributed to civil disorder. According to the laws in Sentinel City, the City Hall is a point where the residents in the City gather t raise their issues and concerns about the city government. However, on this particular day, the number of residents that had gathered along the City Hall was huge, and they could be heard complaining about the huge tax increments in the City. Most of these demonstrators were from low businesses tired of being blown by the huge tax increment, and the city Mayor was not addressing their issue. This demonstration was accompanied by a few hours of confounding between the city residents and the law enforcers.

Therefore, this scenario resulted in two significant effects on the public’s health and needed an emergency reaction. This incident resulted in so many death cases and others suffering both minor and major injuries. According to the media reports, the affected included the disabled, the children and the elderly, who constituted 40% of the overall deaths. The incident had no red flags, and therefore, the authorities delayed responding since they were unaware. The death of hundreds of residents created public tension, and those affected were at risk of suffering mental disorders, which could result in another public health concern. Secondly, this incident created a significant risk and spread of the COVID-19 virus. This is due to the breaching of the protocols set to prevent the spread of the virus. The residents in the scenario interacted freely without keeping a social distance, and during confrontations with the police, the residents came into contact with each other. This is against the COVID-19 protocols set by the health ministry. If residents were infected with the virus, they infected hundreds of the residents. The residents who burnt cars during the demonstration caused air pollution due to the smoke from the burning tires, which could have affected the respiratory health of many residents.

The emergency response team in Sentinel City includes the public teams, such as the local authority and the private teams, which include the media and the Red Cross crew. The local authorities have the duty of communicating the progress to contain the incident and ensuring that the COVID-19 protocols are taken into account. The police officers’ job is to disperse the demonstrating residents to restore law and order and prevent vandalism and looting during the incident. The Red Cross teams would provide first aid services to injured residents or officers during the incident. On the other hand, the media would air all the ongoing activities during the incident, including the measures being taken to contain the situation.

Risks and benefits can accompany the media involvement in the civil unrest incident. The advantages include ensuring that information quickly reaches the local authorities about the incident to take action to contain the situation. The media will also act as a mediator between the public and local authorities by urging them to come together and find a solution to the situation to avoid more incidences leading to such civil unrest. The risk of media being involved would create public tension. This is because the media usually air scary images of dead or badly injured individuals, creating fear in public.

Some of the public resources that would be used to help respond both in the short and long term include telehealth services and electronic posters. Telemedicine is appropriate since communication through telemedicine services ensures constant communication between the healthcare officers and the patients’ families in virtual settings through online and doctor services or video calls. Electronic posters are another method that would help the healthcare officers in Sentinel City provide information on how to stay safe from the COVID-19 virus. The posters could include images of people keeping social distance, washing their hands using clean running water and soap, wearing masks and other protocols. The images could also display inappropriate behaviours such as not observing social distance or sneezing uncontrollably in public settings.

To avoid this incident, the response team in Sentinel City has to re-adjust its plans by employing the four phases of emergency management. The faces include the preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery phases (Nojavan et al., 2018). The first phase will help lessen the probable impact of the disaster as there will be the identification of hot spots, emergency operations will be set up, and an action plan will also be formulated. The second phase will involve taking quick actions such as training officers to handle civil unrest or training the residents on how to run for their safety during civil unrest to prepare for emergencies. The third phase involves protecting the public after the disaster strikes, such as setting centers for offering first aid or a partial curfew that limits people’s movements, thus minimizing civil unrest. The fourth phase involves the creation of protocols or action plans to solve civil issues peacefully, lowering strike incidents (Nojavan et al., 2018).

The emergency management team in Sentinel City should therefore utilize the four phases to prevent future occurrences of fatal incidents such as the one experienced along City Hall. Therefore, they should look for loopholes in their emergency management plans to avoid the occurrence of unaware civil unrest in the City.

References

Moeller, S. D. (2018). Dangerous Exposures. In Journalists in Peril (pp. 115-122). Routledge.

Nojavan, M., Salehi, E., & Omidvar, B. (2018). Conceptual change of disaster management models: A thematic analysis. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 10(1), 1-11.

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Civil Disobedience in Relation to the Letter from Birmingham

Introduction;

Civil Disobedience is a native’s dynamic, pronounced refusal to comply with particular laws, requests, requests, or directions of an administration or universal authority. Common insubordination is characterized here and there to be called common defiance as being peaceful. Therefore, there is a popular rebellion here and there compared to peaceful resistance. Your brother is the letter from Birmingham, also identified as the letter from the jail in Birmingham City or the Negro. It’s an internal memo published on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter protects the technique of peaceful protection against bigotry. It says that individuals have an ethical duty to break unreasonable laws and move directly, rather than trusting that equity will be passed via the courts. King says, “Anywhere in bad shape is a risk to equity,” reacting to being called “untouchable.”

In his 1848 exposition, Henry David Thoreau instituted the term ‘ Civil Disobedience’ to portray his refusal to pay the U.S. government’s actualized state survey charge to indict a war in Mexico and uphold the Fugitive Slave Act. In his exhibition, Thoreau sees that only a few individuals–legends, saints, loyalists, reformers in the best sense–with their still, small voices serve their general public, thus fundamentally oppose society in general, and are usually treated as opponents by it.

Although common defiance is viewed as a statement of contempt for law, Martin Luther King Jr. respected common resistance as a showcase and routine of worship for code; for as “On any man who breaks a law that lets him know is out of line and enthusiastically recognizes the punishment by remaining in prison to stimulate the still, small voice of the network at the threshold.

Body;

The letter reacted to a few reactions crafted by “A Call for Unity” ministers, who consented that there were shameful cultural acts yet argued that the fight against ethnic isolation must be battled solely in the courts, not on the roads. As a clergyman, King reacted on religious grounds to these reactions. He contended as a lobbyist testing a socially settled one on legal, political, and recorded properties. He spoke about the nation’s abuse of dark people, including himself, as an African American.

Thoreau’s scriptural suggestions are entirely another issue. They negatively support his article. Rather than instilling in the peruser, for example, King’s, a feeling of pride and expectation, they represent just a few things that aren’t right with society. This was Thoreau’s expectation undoubtedly, and they function better with the piece’s tone, yet the fundamental reality is that King’s specific hallucinations work superior to Thoreau’s negative references to an enthusiastic dimension.

The creators address shameful acts submitted by the legislature within “Common Disobedience” and “Birmingham Jail Letter.” Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King use two very surprising viewpoints: Thoreau is a white American residing in the 1800s who stopped paying a bonding administration for administrative expenses, and King is a dark man at the cutting edge of the Civil Rights Movement. The ruler is liable to the laws he contradicts; Thoreau is not. Two of them, despite their varying perspectives, advance comparable belief systems.

Martin Luther King and Henry David Thoreau each compose unique, convincing exhibitions that delineate social foul play and examine common non-compliance, which is the refusal to consent to a point by the law. King addresses a particular gathering of people in his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”: the African Americans, and examines why he feels they should end isolation. Thoreau then again addresses, in “Common Disobedience,” a more extensive, untenable collection of people as he mostly communicates his emotions towards what he feels is an unreasonable government.

Although Thoreau and King both address these decent quality and equity themes throughout their exhibitions, their articles are not the slightest bit comparable recorded as a style, tones, and goals of hard copy. Lord speaks to his perusers about the injustice independently served by African Americans. He uses a passionate intrigue to make a move to end isolation as he argues his perusers. Together with his idealism for the opportunity, this intense intrigue sets him and his composition not precisely the same as that of Thoreau. Thoreau’s article, then again, condemns the most for American government of the uncalled.

The use of scriptural mention is one powerful system that each creator updates to help his thoughts sincerely. In any case, King’s method is more grounded in the examination, because the tone of his references speaks to the peruser all the more. The inferences of Lord make the peruser need to move against shame, while Thoreau’s are darker-bound to make the peruser need to submit to and acknowledge the treacheries depicted.

“Civil Disobedience,” by Henry David Thoreau, and Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” fuse the feelings of the equity of the creators. Each creator effectively demonstrates their central issue; Thoreau manages reality as he identifies with the government, he asks, “not on the second no administration, but a superior government immediately.

Kings letter from a Birmingham jail was a demonstration of his unreasonable support for a challenge against the white conventions. Lord, a pioneer of bunches of social freedoms, as opposed to customary perspectives; King supported the challenging meeting and created unreasonable laws. In his Birmingham letter Jail King states, “All things being equal, I am certain that if I had lived in Germany at the time, I would have helped and improved my Jewish siblings. I would advocate straightforwardly resisting the anti-religious laws of that nation on the off chance that today I lived in a Communist nation where certain standards dear to Christian trust are smothered.”

Dr. Ruler himself was inspired by his “Fantasy” for a superior America, by his religious vision for another world, and by the enormous number of supporters who, for a remarkable reason, were customary individuals. He was, considered all things, a minister, and evangelists are estimated by their ability to move to a great extent. “Birmingham Jail Letter” is not just a smug-conservative analysis. It’s a suggestion for everyone who can hear the message to take action routed.

The two creators address the common defiance issue, or the refusal to accept laws as a kind of quiet political challenge, as an approach to achieving social goals. I agree that general insubordination is a supporting device in the formation of an administration and that both King’s and Thoreau’s goals on the subject can give an extraordinary stage of social equity. Common non-compliance with scholar Socrates can be followed back to Ancient Greece. He would not reverence the normal divine beings, and he was imprisoned and condemned to death because he went to bat for what he had faith in.

There are two writings on what they feel is “minimized,” known as Martin Luther King, Jr’s. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” and “Group Names and Mascots” by Robert Schmidt. Both used comparable techniques to approach their subjects during their arguments; for example, the claim was used, and incredible evidence was used to clarify theoretical articulations. Similarly, their announcements or cases are intended to assist their assumptions and persuade others. These two articles deal with two unique issues. Be that as it may, these articles shared moved towards segregation of societies.

There are numerous talk claims in this letter that are used to induce perusers. Lord uses ethos, logos, and feeling throughout his argument to show the group of onlookers that he is tenable, consistent, and on an individual dimension he can identify with others. The most grounded intrigue used in this letter is feeling as it is usually used in most messages.

People’s gathering allows the creator to focus on specific collections or individuals. Both Thoreau and King go for large crowds. It can be very well understood that Thoreau’s group of onlookers is centered on U.S. residents as he regularly composes the foul play that the administration shows to his kin. For example, Thoreau says, “Why doesn’t it urge its natives to be on the alarm to draw attention to its weaknesses and show improvement over them?”

Conclusion;

Either way, King’s gathering of people is acknowledged to have been the eight ministers who composed with King’s activities, but it is still suggested that King’s group of spectators also include U.S. and world residents. Both of these writers have large groups of viewers who have a significant influence on the measurement of the effects of the two exposures. The voice described in an article is the speaker of an exhibition. And both King, as well as Thoreau, talk to various sounds to assist the group of onlookers in understanding the origin of the creator.

In conclusion, the two articles also have numerous distinctions that are evident throughout the investigation of the two expositions that separate individual understanding of each content, except that the general reason for these two papers is to induce people’s gatherings that common defiance is essential if there is an awful social form in the legislature that administers someone.

Works Cited

Bloom, Lynn Z. (1999). “The Essay Canon” (PDF). College English. 61 (4): 401–430. doi:10.2307/378920. ISSN 0010-0994. Retrieved January 18, 2012.

Brooks, Ned. “Meet The Press: Martin Luther King, Jr. on the Selma March.” NBC Learn. NBCUniversal Media. Retrieved 22 November 2017.

King, Martin Luther, and C. T. Vivian. “Letter from Birmingham jail.” Arguing about the law (2013): 254-264.

Thoreau, Henry David. Civil disobedience. Broadview Press, 2016.

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My Opinion on Human Existence

What gives your life meaning? As for me, I believed it was God but not anymore. Some people would hold a different opinion on that issue as some will say God, love, games, money, fiction, among other things. I always believed that God created me with a particular essence, and nobody would fault me for wanting my life to be meaningful. All people crave or even need to have a sense of meaning in their lives. However, how do people understand the purpose of their lives as being meaningful? The vast majority of people devote a tone of energy to find meaning for their lives through religion, community development, fighting for civil liberties, among others. No matter how one does it, my research on humans’ existence gives two options based on existentialists. Many philosophers argue that all of the above aspects can provide one the meaning of their lives, but at the same time, others say that none of them can. My opinion is none of them can.

Two ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, held everything in life that has an essence (Gordon, 1). By essence, they meant that existence of specific core properties vital for something to be given that particular meaning. The absence of such properties in that particular thing would lead to the meaninglessness of that thing. For example, it does not matter if a knife has a metal or wooden handle as long as it has a blade. However, it would be different if it lacked the blade since it will not be called a knife. The knife’s essential property is the blade since the blade predetermines the defining function of a knife. When it comes to life, Plato and Aristotle insisted that humans’ essences existed in them before they came to live, and God preloads humans with their respective identities.

Part of the essence is to be a good human who adheres to their essences. One may be somewhat confident in defining his/her identity, thus standing a great chance of living up to your essence. The most important thing in my previous beliefs is that I was born to become a particular thing. Philosophers term this kind of view as essentialism, and a significant number of people still hold on to it. After reading the literary works of Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre, my belief changed on the essentialist ideas of being imbued with any purpose. Friedrich believed in the ultimate meaningless of life that he called Nihilism. Sartre challenged essentialism by asking, what if humans exist first without any imbued essence (Sartre and Philip 1)?  However, it is upon individual responsibility to figure out their identities. In other words, existentialism holds that existence precedes essence. Humans’ existence happens first; then, they later determine what they will become as they grow older through the way they choose to live. I now believe that human beings do not have any predetermined purpose and no set path to follow.

In my previous beliefs, it was difficult to explain how radical the ideals were back then since, for many decades, people did not have to follow absolute paths, but God did it for them. I am now critical of the notion that God made human beings or the world with a fundamental essence in his mind. I believe in God’s existence, but it is somewhat different when it comes to instilling me, my life, and the cosmos with meaning. It is not what God is all about. I believe humans are born in the universe, which they, their world, and their actions lack any real inherent significance. Human beings’ quest for the meaning of absurdity, but they are abandoned in a meaningless universe. Since there are no teleological facts, humans are not created or exist for any given purpose. If there is no reason for our existence or that of the universe, what is the justification for abiding by such things? Things like cosmic justice, fairness, order, and rules do not even exist, and even they do, its upon humans to put them by themselves.

I believe people are shockingly free, and if their actions lack guidelines, then its upon people to create their moral code and invent morality to live by. One might think to find answers from some authority, but they are fake. One may adhere to a religion, government, etc. but they are people just like you. Those authorities cannot give people their respective life meanings since they do not have any answer; instead, they figured out how by themselves how to live. As such, humans should live authentically. Humans should accept the full weight of their absurd and acknowledge that it’s only them who can determine any meaning regarding their lives. And if one follows a different path rather than that of his/herself, then I presume that person to be having a bad faith. In other words, one refuses to accept the absurd.

To affirm that human essence is predetermined by themselves, Jean-Paul Sartre gives an analogy of a student who was in a dilemma of choosing between to go for a war to help his country or being left behind to stay with her elderly mother. The student consulted his teacher for advice. Perhaps, if he had gone to war, it would have impacted millions of people, but still, he will make a small number of considerable army troops. Also, she risked never seeing her mother again. If the person had stayed with his mother, he would only make an impact on one person. Sartre said that nobody could answer, and his decision will be the only authentic choice (Sartre 1). Reading such arguments, I became an existentialist believer. I now believe that humans are not created with any particular essences, but it is upon them to give their life meaning.

Works Cited

Gordon, Jill. Plato’s erotic world: from cosmic origins to human death. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Sartre, Jean-Paul, and Philip Mairet. Existentialism and humanism. London: Methuen, 1960.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. Existentialism is a Humanism. Yale University Press, 2007.

Unit IV (4) Journal

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My opinion on Intelligence Assessment

After reading chapter 8, my opinion on intelligence assessment is that it implies the capability to comprehend complex ideas, take part in various forms of reasoning, learn from experience, adjust effectively to the environment, and overcome obstacles through psychological effort. Intelligence signifies a feature of life that scientists have for a long time attempted to assess, measure, and define ever since its origin. A number of models on intelligence originated in the early 1900s, momentarily after contemporary intelligence assessment appeared. With different models come different forms of intelligence assessment. Different intelligence is assessed to determine their validity. To begin with, the Pro-certified IQ test of the International High IQ Society is an example of the intelligence assessment. It was a timed assessment made up of eight pattern identification questions. Contemporary intelligence assessment usually focuses on abilities such as memory, spatial perception, language abilities, and mathematical skills. The capability to solve problems, see relationships, and remember information are significant intelligence elements, so they are usually the skills on which IQ assessments center. The assessment is recorded in terms of intelligence quotient, or IQ, an idea initially proposed by German psychologist William Stern and adopted by Lewis Terman in the Stanford-Binet Scale. The perception of intelligence draws back to the Latin verb intellegere, denoting the acquirement, processing, and storage of information. From this perspective, intelligence is limited to the intellectual, psychological capabilities of the individuals. 

Whether We Have a Better Job of Making It Less Biased Than It Was In the Past or Room for Improvement

So far, we have done a better job making intelligence assessment less biased than in the past. However, there is still much room for improvement. Improved and better intelligence assessments are reliable, signifying that they are consistent over time. They also show concept validity, meaning that they, in reality, measure intelligence instead of something else. The intelligence assessments done in the modern time gave some information about their particular text and what made it good and had their own advantages and disadvantages. However, some assessments tend to be the best generally is actually measuring as a whole. Intelligence assessments are developed son how we comprehend intelligence- our theories. One of the theories that best explain intelligence is the multiple-factor model of intelligence. Some intelligence assessments cover an extensive range of diverse psychological abilities, permitting it to assess an individual’s numerous bits of intelligence more systematically. So far, we do a better job of making intelligence assessment less biased than it was in the past. There is only a small room for improvement. Most intelligence assessments are good, and the fact is that they are not culturally biased increases their validity. However, at other times, the intelligence assessment is too narrow in its questions and does not assess multiple intelligences the same way a good assessment is supposed to do.

Whether IQ is a relevant, culturally-competent concept

IQ is a relevant, culturally-competent concept. It is evident that culture impacts IQ scores. However, some researchers assert that intelligence is a concept specific to a certain culture. According to them, intelligence’s cultural specificity makes IQ assessment biased towards the settings in which they were developed. One actual thing is that intelligence cannot fully or meaningfully be understood outside its cultural context. The connection between different intelligence features can be different across cultures, with positive relationships in one setting demonstrating to be negative in another. IQ is a relevant culturally-competent concept signifying that culture impacts IQ scores. Something that we think of as intelligence in a particular state means a lot in some regions and somehow little in others. An individual cannot just disregard IQ scores he does like, as most people do at times, as invalid as a result of cultural differences. Intelligence cannot completely or even expressively be comprehended outside its cultural context. A certain thing that is well-thought-out as intelligent in a particular culture might be well-thought-out as unintelligent in another culture, and vice versa. Furthermore, individuals in diverse cultures have dissimilar implicit models of intelligence, so they might not even signify a similar thing by the word. The associations between diverse features of intelligence can differ across cultures, with optimistic connections in one environment demonstrating to be undesirable in another.

Cite and release outline

Introduction

It is a directive issued by law enforcement to issue quotations, tickets, and notices for certain minor offenses rather than arrests.

Permissible but not required under current state law.

One receives is summoned to come to a particular venue to pay the fine.

A warning is provided.

Texas came up with this initiative almost one decade ago.

The accused are put on summons.

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Cities

The late nineteenth century showed a marked change in the social geography of cities. Before that, most Americans lived in rural areas where they mainly practiced farming. Between the year 1865 and the early twentieth century, the country experienced one of the most significant immigration in history. About twenty-five million people moved into the United States with the majority of them coming from Europe (Mauk & Oakland). Most of these immigrants settled in the cities, further swelling the numbers. At the start of the twentieth century, the country had more people living in urban areas than in rural areas. The Industrial Revolution is the main reason for mass migration into the cities.

Many people moved to the cities in search of employment opportunities to be found in industries concentrated in urban areas. Some of the industries at the time included the clothing industry powered by the cotton gin, locomotives steamboats, and the telegraphs. Technology also grew fast at that time, leading to rapid growth in the telephone, automobile, and assembly industries. The city thus promised a life of prosperity compared to farming in rural areas. Many people found a steady job in the newly mechanized industries and thus they could afford to fend for their families. The wealthy also set up businesses and homes in the cities. Aside from the financial gains that came with moving to the cities, there was also a lot of diversity and vibrant life. Many of those living in the cities were immigrants from other countries and regions; hence, the cities became a melting point of cultures. People could meet to experience different cultures and activities foreign to them.

Despite the rosy picture that urban life presented to many Americans, there were many challenges in the cities. The poor and the rich lived very different lives, starting from the neighborhoods, social amenities, security, among others. New York City was the largest American city, with a population of roughly three million people at the end of the nineteenth century. The city had many activities, such as industries, finance, trade, and shipping. The very wealthy set up their homes in neighborhoods such as Fifth Avenue, while the poor thronged the Lower East Side (Mauk & Oakland). Conditions in the poverty-stricken neighborhood were appalling, with poor sanitation, lack of clean water, tiny rooms, and inadequate garbage disposal. The situation was the same in the poor neighborhood of the Near West Side in Chicago, the second-largest city after New York.

The mob bosses were the leaders of organized crime in the cities. They led gangs that terrorized the cities’ residents, and some of them enjoyed protection from the politicians and the wealthy in society. The cult of domesticity refers to the notion that women were meant to be homemakers while the men were the breadwinners. This idea developed in the nineteenth century, where the women had little say outside of the home and the family. Some of the principles underlying this cult of domesticity include submissiveness, piety, domesticity, and purity. Studies into life in nineteenth-century America are quite intriguing and led to many reforms in the social, economic, and political spheres to make the country what it is today.

Works Cited

Mauk, David, and John Oakland. American civilization: an introduction. Routledge, 2017.

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My native language English

In the past we have had some languages gaining good number of speakers while same, the number of speakers reduce. My native language is English. I have known and spoken English till birth and all my lessons I take in English. There are about 335 million people speaking English globally. This is great number and constitutes more than 7% of the entire world.

It has been funny people from different accents speaking in English. I have watched different international meetings where for example Chinse tries to communicate in English. It is funny, it is laughable, it is comic. The way he pronounces the words, plus the word connections makes it very clear that he is not a native speaker of English. I can say that is fun but people have to tolerate international speakers since they are not the native speakers.

I have been in situations where people speak a language I do not understand. Some scenarios can be categorized as bad. Finding myself between Chinese, then they start speaking in their own language was not a good scene for me. The scene was demoralizing and confusing.

Global relations are very essential for better understanding of other people with cultural diversity. This goes to include being reliable in communicating with people of other cultures. At the organizational level this is very important because it allows individuals from diverse cultures to work together for achievement of a common objective. This necessitates that the individual at the organizational level and the organization as a whole develop a particular model for gathering the skills needed to overcome and deal with all the challenges that come with cultural diversity.it also through the global relations that people from other nations are able to work in other countries.