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Civil Disobedience in Relation to the Letter from Birmingham

Introduction;

Civil Disobedience is a native’s dynamic, pronounced refusal to comply with particular laws, requests, requests, or directions of an administration or universal authority. Common insubordination is characterized here and there to be called common defiance as being peaceful. Therefore, there is a popular rebellion here and there compared to peaceful resistance. Your brother is the letter from Birmingham, also identified as the letter from the jail in Birmingham City or the Negro. It’s an internal memo published on April 16, 1963, by Martin Luther King Jr. The letter protects the technique of peaceful protection against bigotry. It says that individuals have an ethical duty to break unreasonable laws and move directly, rather than trusting that equity will be passed via the courts. King says, “Anywhere in bad shape is a risk to equity,” reacting to being called “untouchable.”

In his 1848 exposition, Henry David Thoreau instituted the term ‘ Civil Disobedience’ to portray his refusal to pay the U.S. government’s actualized state survey charge to indict a war in Mexico and uphold the Fugitive Slave Act. In his exhibition, Thoreau sees that only a few individuals–legends, saints, loyalists, reformers in the best sense–with their still, small voices serve their general public, thus fundamentally oppose society in general, and are usually treated as opponents by it.

Although common defiance is viewed as a statement of contempt for law, Martin Luther King Jr. respected common resistance as a showcase and routine of worship for code; for as “On any man who breaks a law that lets him know is out of line and enthusiastically recognizes the punishment by remaining in prison to stimulate the still, small voice of the network at the threshold.

Body;

The letter reacted to a few reactions crafted by “A Call for Unity” ministers, who consented that there were shameful cultural acts yet argued that the fight against ethnic isolation must be battled solely in the courts, not on the roads. As a clergyman, King reacted on religious grounds to these reactions. He contended as a lobbyist testing a socially settled one on legal, political, and recorded properties. He spoke about the nation’s abuse of dark people, including himself, as an African American.

Thoreau’s scriptural suggestions are entirely another issue. They negatively support his article. Rather than instilling in the peruser, for example, King’s, a feeling of pride and expectation, they represent just a few things that aren’t right with society. This was Thoreau’s expectation undoubtedly, and they function better with the piece’s tone, yet the fundamental reality is that King’s specific hallucinations work superior to Thoreau’s negative references to an enthusiastic dimension.

The creators address shameful acts submitted by the legislature within “Common Disobedience” and “Birmingham Jail Letter.” Henry David Thoreau and Martin Luther King use two very surprising viewpoints: Thoreau is a white American residing in the 1800s who stopped paying a bonding administration for administrative expenses, and King is a dark man at the cutting edge of the Civil Rights Movement. The ruler is liable to the laws he contradicts; Thoreau is not. Two of them, despite their varying perspectives, advance comparable belief systems.

Martin Luther King and Henry David Thoreau each compose unique, convincing exhibitions that delineate social foul play and examine common non-compliance, which is the refusal to consent to a point by the law. King addresses a particular gathering of people in his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail”: the African Americans, and examines why he feels they should end isolation. Thoreau then again addresses, in “Common Disobedience,” a more extensive, untenable collection of people as he mostly communicates his emotions towards what he feels is an unreasonable government.

Although Thoreau and King both address these decent quality and equity themes throughout their exhibitions, their articles are not the slightest bit comparable recorded as a style, tones, and goals of hard copy. Lord speaks to his perusers about the injustice independently served by African Americans. He uses a passionate intrigue to make a move to end isolation as he argues his perusers. Together with his idealism for the opportunity, this intense intrigue sets him and his composition not precisely the same as that of Thoreau. Thoreau’s article, then again, condemns the most for American government of the uncalled.

The use of scriptural mention is one powerful system that each creator updates to help his thoughts sincerely. In any case, King’s method is more grounded in the examination, because the tone of his references speaks to the peruser all the more. The inferences of Lord make the peruser need to move against shame, while Thoreau’s are darker-bound to make the peruser need to submit to and acknowledge the treacheries depicted.

“Civil Disobedience,” by Henry David Thoreau, and Martin Luther King, Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” fuse the feelings of the equity of the creators. Each creator effectively demonstrates their central issue; Thoreau manages reality as he identifies with the government, he asks, “not on the second no administration, but a superior government immediately.

Kings letter from a Birmingham jail was a demonstration of his unreasonable support for a challenge against the white conventions. Lord, a pioneer of bunches of social freedoms, as opposed to customary perspectives; King supported the challenging meeting and created unreasonable laws. In his Birmingham letter Jail King states, “All things being equal, I am certain that if I had lived in Germany at the time, I would have helped and improved my Jewish siblings. I would advocate straightforwardly resisting the anti-religious laws of that nation on the off chance that today I lived in a Communist nation where certain standards dear to Christian trust are smothered.”

Dr. Ruler himself was inspired by his “Fantasy” for a superior America, by his religious vision for another world, and by the enormous number of supporters who, for a remarkable reason, were customary individuals. He was, considered all things, a minister, and evangelists are estimated by their ability to move to a great extent. “Birmingham Jail Letter” is not just a smug-conservative analysis. It’s a suggestion for everyone who can hear the message to take action routed.

The two creators address the common defiance issue, or the refusal to accept laws as a kind of quiet political challenge, as an approach to achieving social goals. I agree that general insubordination is a supporting device in the formation of an administration and that both King’s and Thoreau’s goals on the subject can give an extraordinary stage of social equity. Common non-compliance with scholar Socrates can be followed back to Ancient Greece. He would not reverence the normal divine beings, and he was imprisoned and condemned to death because he went to bat for what he had faith in.

There are two writings on what they feel is “minimized,” known as Martin Luther King, Jr’s. “Letter from Birmingham Jail” and “Group Names and Mascots” by Robert Schmidt. Both used comparable techniques to approach their subjects during their arguments; for example, the claim was used, and incredible evidence was used to clarify theoretical articulations. Similarly, their announcements or cases are intended to assist their assumptions and persuade others. These two articles deal with two unique issues. Be that as it may, these articles shared moved towards segregation of societies.

There are numerous talk claims in this letter that are used to induce perusers. Lord uses ethos, logos, and feeling throughout his argument to show the group of onlookers that he is tenable, consistent, and on an individual dimension he can identify with others. The most grounded intrigue used in this letter is feeling as it is usually used in most messages.

People’s gathering allows the creator to focus on specific collections or individuals. Both Thoreau and King go for large crowds. It can be very well understood that Thoreau’s group of onlookers is centered on U.S. residents as he regularly composes the foul play that the administration shows to his kin. For example, Thoreau says, “Why doesn’t it urge its natives to be on the alarm to draw attention to its weaknesses and show improvement over them?”

Conclusion;

Either way, King’s gathering of people is acknowledged to have been the eight ministers who composed with King’s activities, but it is still suggested that King’s group of spectators also include U.S. and world residents. Both of these writers have large groups of viewers who have a significant influence on the measurement of the effects of the two exposures. The voice described in an article is the speaker of an exhibition. And both King, as well as Thoreau, talk to various sounds to assist the group of onlookers in understanding the origin of the creator.

In conclusion, the two articles also have numerous distinctions that are evident throughout the investigation of the two expositions that separate individual understanding of each content, except that the general reason for these two papers is to induce people’s gatherings that common defiance is essential if there is an awful social form in the legislature that administers someone.

Works Cited

Bloom, Lynn Z. (1999). “The Essay Canon” (PDF). College English. 61 (4): 401–430. doi:10.2307/378920. ISSN 0010-0994. Retrieved January 18, 2012.

Brooks, Ned. “Meet The Press: Martin Luther King, Jr. on the Selma March.” NBC Learn. NBCUniversal Media. Retrieved 22 November 2017.

King, Martin Luther, and C. T. Vivian. “Letter from Birmingham jail.” Arguing about the law (2013): 254-264.

Thoreau, Henry David. Civil disobedience. Broadview Press, 2016.

Name:

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My Opinion on Human Existence

What gives your life meaning? As for me, I believed it was God but not anymore. Some people would hold a different opinion on that issue as some will say God, love, games, money, fiction, among other things. I always believed that God created me with a particular essence, and nobody would fault me for wanting my life to be meaningful. All people crave or even need to have a sense of meaning in their lives. However, how do people understand the purpose of their lives as being meaningful? The vast majority of people devote a tone of energy to find meaning for their lives through religion, community development, fighting for civil liberties, among others. No matter how one does it, my research on humans’ existence gives two options based on existentialists. Many philosophers argue that all of the above aspects can provide one the meaning of their lives, but at the same time, others say that none of them can. My opinion is none of them can.

Two ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, held everything in life that has an essence (Gordon, 1). By essence, they meant that existence of specific core properties vital for something to be given that particular meaning. The absence of such properties in that particular thing would lead to the meaninglessness of that thing. For example, it does not matter if a knife has a metal or wooden handle as long as it has a blade. However, it would be different if it lacked the blade since it will not be called a knife. The knife’s essential property is the blade since the blade predetermines the defining function of a knife. When it comes to life, Plato and Aristotle insisted that humans’ essences existed in them before they came to live, and God preloads humans with their respective identities.

Part of the essence is to be a good human who adheres to their essences. One may be somewhat confident in defining his/her identity, thus standing a great chance of living up to your essence. The most important thing in my previous beliefs is that I was born to become a particular thing. Philosophers term this kind of view as essentialism, and a significant number of people still hold on to it. After reading the literary works of Friedrich Nietzsche and Jean-Paul Sartre, my belief changed on the essentialist ideas of being imbued with any purpose. Friedrich believed in the ultimate meaningless of life that he called Nihilism. Sartre challenged essentialism by asking, what if humans exist first without any imbued essence (Sartre and Philip 1)?  However, it is upon individual responsibility to figure out their identities. In other words, existentialism holds that existence precedes essence. Humans’ existence happens first; then, they later determine what they will become as they grow older through the way they choose to live. I now believe that human beings do not have any predetermined purpose and no set path to follow.

In my previous beliefs, it was difficult to explain how radical the ideals were back then since, for many decades, people did not have to follow absolute paths, but God did it for them. I am now critical of the notion that God made human beings or the world with a fundamental essence in his mind. I believe in God’s existence, but it is somewhat different when it comes to instilling me, my life, and the cosmos with meaning. It is not what God is all about. I believe humans are born in the universe, which they, their world, and their actions lack any real inherent significance. Human beings’ quest for the meaning of absurdity, but they are abandoned in a meaningless universe. Since there are no teleological facts, humans are not created or exist for any given purpose. If there is no reason for our existence or that of the universe, what is the justification for abiding by such things? Things like cosmic justice, fairness, order, and rules do not even exist, and even they do, its upon humans to put them by themselves.

I believe people are shockingly free, and if their actions lack guidelines, then its upon people to create their moral code and invent morality to live by. One might think to find answers from some authority, but they are fake. One may adhere to a religion, government, etc. but they are people just like you. Those authorities cannot give people their respective life meanings since they do not have any answer; instead, they figured out how by themselves how to live. As such, humans should live authentically. Humans should accept the full weight of their absurd and acknowledge that it’s only them who can determine any meaning regarding their lives. And if one follows a different path rather than that of his/herself, then I presume that person to be having a bad faith. In other words, one refuses to accept the absurd.

To affirm that human essence is predetermined by themselves, Jean-Paul Sartre gives an analogy of a student who was in a dilemma of choosing between to go for a war to help his country or being left behind to stay with her elderly mother. The student consulted his teacher for advice. Perhaps, if he had gone to war, it would have impacted millions of people, but still, he will make a small number of considerable army troops. Also, she risked never seeing her mother again. If the person had stayed with his mother, he would only make an impact on one person. Sartre said that nobody could answer, and his decision will be the only authentic choice (Sartre 1). Reading such arguments, I became an existentialist believer. I now believe that humans are not created with any particular essences, but it is upon them to give their life meaning.

Works Cited

Gordon, Jill. Plato’s erotic world: from cosmic origins to human death. Cambridge University Press, 2012.

Sartre, Jean-Paul, and Philip Mairet. Existentialism and humanism. London: Methuen, 1960.

Sartre, Jean-Paul. Existentialism is a Humanism. Yale University Press, 2007.

Unit IV (4) Journal

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Tittle

Professor’s Name

Date

My opinion on Intelligence Assessment

After reading chapter 8, my opinion on intelligence assessment is that it implies the capability to comprehend complex ideas, take part in various forms of reasoning, learn from experience, adjust effectively to the environment, and overcome obstacles through psychological effort. Intelligence signifies a feature of life that scientists have for a long time attempted to assess, measure, and define ever since its origin. A number of models on intelligence originated in the early 1900s, momentarily after contemporary intelligence assessment appeared. With different models come different forms of intelligence assessment. Different intelligence is assessed to determine their validity. To begin with, the Pro-certified IQ test of the International High IQ Society is an example of the intelligence assessment. It was a timed assessment made up of eight pattern identification questions. Contemporary intelligence assessment usually focuses on abilities such as memory, spatial perception, language abilities, and mathematical skills. The capability to solve problems, see relationships, and remember information are significant intelligence elements, so they are usually the skills on which IQ assessments center. The assessment is recorded in terms of intelligence quotient, or IQ, an idea initially proposed by German psychologist William Stern and adopted by Lewis Terman in the Stanford-Binet Scale. The perception of intelligence draws back to the Latin verb intellegere, denoting the acquirement, processing, and storage of information. From this perspective, intelligence is limited to the intellectual, psychological capabilities of the individuals. 

Whether We Have a Better Job of Making It Less Biased Than It Was In the Past or Room for Improvement

So far, we have done a better job making intelligence assessment less biased than in the past. However, there is still much room for improvement. Improved and better intelligence assessments are reliable, signifying that they are consistent over time. They also show concept validity, meaning that they, in reality, measure intelligence instead of something else. The intelligence assessments done in the modern time gave some information about their particular text and what made it good and had their own advantages and disadvantages. However, some assessments tend to be the best generally is actually measuring as a whole. Intelligence assessments are developed son how we comprehend intelligence- our theories. One of the theories that best explain intelligence is the multiple-factor model of intelligence. Some intelligence assessments cover an extensive range of diverse psychological abilities, permitting it to assess an individual’s numerous bits of intelligence more systematically. So far, we do a better job of making intelligence assessment less biased than it was in the past. There is only a small room for improvement. Most intelligence assessments are good, and the fact is that they are not culturally biased increases their validity. However, at other times, the intelligence assessment is too narrow in its questions and does not assess multiple intelligences the same way a good assessment is supposed to do.

Whether IQ is a relevant, culturally-competent concept

IQ is a relevant, culturally-competent concept. It is evident that culture impacts IQ scores. However, some researchers assert that intelligence is a concept specific to a certain culture. According to them, intelligence’s cultural specificity makes IQ assessment biased towards the settings in which they were developed. One actual thing is that intelligence cannot fully or meaningfully be understood outside its cultural context. The connection between different intelligence features can be different across cultures, with positive relationships in one setting demonstrating to be negative in another. IQ is a relevant culturally-competent concept signifying that culture impacts IQ scores. Something that we think of as intelligence in a particular state means a lot in some regions and somehow little in others. An individual cannot just disregard IQ scores he does like, as most people do at times, as invalid as a result of cultural differences. Intelligence cannot completely or even expressively be comprehended outside its cultural context. A certain thing that is well-thought-out as intelligent in a particular culture might be well-thought-out as unintelligent in another culture, and vice versa. Furthermore, individuals in diverse cultures have dissimilar implicit models of intelligence, so they might not even signify a similar thing by the word. The associations between diverse features of intelligence can differ across cultures, with optimistic connections in one environment demonstrating to be undesirable in another.

History

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Civil religion is a concept to which dates its origin from the French political thoughts and eventually becoming a major topic for the American sociologists. The idea was first used by Robert Bellah in the 1960s. Civil religion means the inherent religious values of a nation as they are expressed via the public rituals and symbols such as the national flag and the ceremonies on the sacred days as well as at sacred places that include the battlefield, monuments and national cemeteries. Churches are excluded from the civil religion though at sometimes they are incorporated to be part of the civil religion in America. In the sociology of religion, the civil religion is regarded as the folk of the nation and as well as the political culture of the nation.

Sociologist Robert Bellah in his seminal 1967 essay, he argued that the United States had an elaborate and well and a well-instituted civil religion that existed alongside and was rather clearly differentiated from the religion conducted in the churches (Bellah & Tipton, 2006). Civil religion is also referred to as religious nationalism, public piety, shared faith and public religion, and that it provides a religious sanction for the political order as well as the divine justification for and the support for the civil society and the practices of the nations. Also, civil religion may be used to imply the state’s use of the consensus religious concepts, sentiments as well as symbols for its purposes. As a system for the established rituals, norms, values, allegiance and symbols, the civil religion is deemed to function as the social glue that binds the people of a nation together giving them an overarching sense of spiritual unity. Civil religion involves beliefs, events that reveal the purposes of God such as the American Revolution and the civil war, sacred places such as shrines to Washington, prophets such as Jefferson and Lincoln, sacred texts such as the constitution. Also, the civil religion further includes the ceremonies such as the Independence Day, hymns such as God bless America and my country as well as rituals that include the prayers at the public events such as the national day of prayers.

The Constitution in the American civil religion

Max Lerner in his classic article, the constitution and court as symbols, he pointed out to the role of the United States Constitution to what later the analysts termed as the American civil religion (Levinson, 1979). Lerner said that every tribe cling to something to which they believe to possess supernatural powers as an instrument for controlling the unknown forces in the hostile universe. The American tribe is no different from the others, and, the same and very habits of the mind derived from the authoritarian bible, as well as the religion of submission to a higher power, have also been carried over to the American authoritarian constitution. Also, philosophy to the submission to a higher law and a country like America in which its early traditions had prohibited a state church, ends by attaining a state church after all, although in a secular state. The United States Supreme Court plays a significant role in seeing to it that the constitution is followed to the letter and that the violators of the constitution do not go unpunished. The constitution being the supreme authority in the region helps to keep all the aspects in check including regulating the powers of the president and making sure that everyone is fairly treated even if not fully.

The hymn ‘God Bless America’ as a civil religion in America

The hymn God bless America is a popular song to which majority of the American population are conversant with and can be able to sing at any time if necessary. The song is taught in the American schools, and it is regularly performed at the sporting events. The hymn ‘God bless America’ sheds light on the cultural tensions that are within the US that are both past and present offering a historical chronicle that is full of surprises, and that will both edify and delight readers from all walks of life (Kaskowitz, 2013). The performance of the song at major sporting events qualifies the song to be incorporated into the components of the American civil religion as it binds all the people at the event making them be one. Furthermore, the song is taught in all schools, an indication that it is an important factor in the American population and that each person needs to know about it as well as the generations to come. The song has been passed to generations for quite a long period for now and has continued to be passed to the later generations to signify a common culture and embrace the symbolism of unity derived from the song. After the attacks of September 11th, the song God bless America was sung on the steps of the capital, at spontaneous memorial sites as well as during the seventh inning stretch at basketball games. The performance of the song at the majority of the events have made Americans become even more deeply embedded in the Americans collective consciousness. Civil religion has existed since the birth of the American republic and has continued to be present in all of the forms of the civil life, emerging with unusual strength in the times of a national crisis as evident from the hymn God Bless America. The hymn has some significant efforts to connect America with both divine blessings and guidance.

The president of America as a prophet and leader of the civil religion.

The president is a national figure and a symbol of unity, and that’s the main reason behind being led by a single president. Throughout the American history, the president has provided the leadership in the public faith. At sometimes, the president has primarily functioned as a political prophet just as the likes of Abraham Lincoln, at some occasions acting as the nation’s pastor like Dwight Eisenhower while at some times perform basically as the high priest of the civil religion like Ronald Reagan (Grinder & Shaw, 2016). In the prophetic civil religion, the president examines the nation’s actions about the transcendent values, calling upon the citizens to make sacrifices in times of crisis and also to repent of their corporate sins at the times when their behaviors fall short of the national ideals. As the national pastor, the president provides for spiritual inspirations to the people by affirming the American core values and urging them to appropriate those values and through the comfort of their afflictions. By assuming the role of the priest, the president makes America itself the ultimate reference point, leading the citizens in affirming and celebrating the nation and reminding the citizens of the country’s mission while at the same time praise and glorify his political people.

The American civil religion has been in existence since the nation became a republic. The founding fathers of the nation were responsible for the initiation of the civil religion, especially the post of the president, the constitution, national flag as well as the national currency. The components of the American civil religion are the symbols that are used to show unity among the American citizens in the manner of conducting their daily activities. The constitution acts as a check of balance and a supreme authority ensuring that justice is enforced through the courts. The hymns such as God Bless America are passed from one generation to the other as part of the American culture.

References

Bellah, R. N., & Tipton, S. M. (Eds.). (2006). The Robert Bellah Reader. Duke University Press.

Grinder, D., & Shaw, S. (2016). The Presidents & Their Faith: From George Washington to Barack Obama. Elevate Publishing.

Kaskowitz, S. (2013). God Bless America: The Surprising History of an Iconic Song. Oxford University Press.

Levinson, S. (1979). ” The Constitution” in American Civil Religion. The Supreme Court Review, 1979, 123-151.

Civil religion

OUTLINE

IntroductionOrigin and Concept of civil religion-

Civil religion is a concept to which dates its origin from the French political thoughts and eventually becoming a major topic for the American sociologists. Civil religion means the inherent religious values of a nation as they are expressed via the public rituals and symbols such as the national flag and the ceremonies on the sacred days as well as at sacred places that include the battlefield, monuments and national cemeteries.

Bellah’s contributions in civil religion

Sociologist Robert Bellah in his seminal 1967 essay, he argued that the United States had an elaborate and well and a well-instituted civil religion that existed alongside and was rather clearly differentiated from the religion conducted in the churches

Forms of civil religion in America

The American constitution

Max Lerner in his classic article, the constitution and court as symbols, he pointed out to the role of the United States Constitution to what later the analysts termed as the American civil religion

The hymn God bless America

The song is taught in the American schools, and it is regularly performed at the sporting events. The hymn ‘God bless America’ sheds light on the cultural tensions that are within the US that are both past and present offering a historical chronicle that is full of surprises, and that will both edify and delight readers from all walks of life

The American president as a prophet

Throughout the American history, the president has provided the leadership in the public faith. At sometimes, the president has primarily functioned as a political prophet just as the likes of Abraham Lincoln, at some occasions acting as the nation’s pastor like Dwight Eisenhower while at some times perform basically as the high priest of the civil religion like Ronald Reagan

Conclusion

The American civil religion has been in existence since the nation became a republic. The components of the American civil religion are the symbols that are used to show unity among the American citizens in the manner of conducting their daily activities.

Bibliography

Bellah, R. N., & Tipton, S. M. (Eds.). The Robert Bellah Reader. Duke University Press. (2006). 

Grinder, D., & Shaw, S. The Presidents & Their Faith: From George Washington to Barack Obama. Elevate Publishing. (2016). 

Kaskowitz, S. God Bless America: The Surprising History of an Iconic Song. Oxford University Press. (2013). 

Levinson, S. “The Constitution” in American Civil Religion. The Supreme Court Review, 1979, 123-151. (1979).

Assignment 1

My Opportunities

Student’ Name

Student’s ID

MWL 101 Personal Insight

Lecturer’s Name

Trimester: 201903

Word Count:

Executive Summary

I would utilize this report to present, analyze and evaluate my skills, traits and characteristics that with respect to my career growth and desire to work in the Tourism and Hospitality industry. Accordingly, this document would rely on my professional and industrial dashboards its basis. Precisely, I would utilize different tools including the 16 personalities test, shapes, academic review, personal performance style and values to test, identify and present my characteristics, skills and traits. Subsequently, I would respond to the findings from the different tests that I conducted. Moreover, the report presents my strengths and weaknesses, analyze and evaluate them (strengths and weaknesses) with regards to my desired job and industry. Thus, I would explain the importance of every strength and negative impacts of my weaknesses. Further, the report illuminates on the trends shaping the Tourism and Hospitality industry, analyze and evaluate such trends to determine employability level of the industry in the next couple of years. Finally, the document offers detailed analysis and evaluation of gaps in my skills with regards to the requirements of the selected industry. Conversely, the findings indicate that the Tourism and Hospitality industry is a highly-competitive industry that continues developing due to the ever-changing demands of its varied groups of customers. Luckily, I exhibit some of the essential skills and traits that are vital in the Tourism and Hospitality industry. Such skills include altruism, leadership, tolerance and reliability. As the industry strives to remain relevant and ensure provision of quality services and products, it focuses on recruiting highly-qualified individuals. Thus, this report presents my skills gap that I should handle to increase chances of succeeding in my career.

1.0Introduction

The Tourism and Hospitality industry serves as the most dynamic industries that continuously evolve since it focuses on offering quality products and services to a wide array of clientele. Tourists’ demands and expectations tend to change with time and differ from one category of individuals to the next. Moreover, the advancing technology impacts significantly on the industry as relevant tourism firms that entail hotels, travel agencies and airlines strive to establish, install and utilize the most suitable technologies for seamless communication and related processes. Consequently, individuals working under the industry of Tourism and Hospitality are expect to demonstrate particular skills and capabilities to ensure they remain competent in the highly-competitive environment. The relatively challenging processes of handling diversified types of tourists rely significantly on the ability of an individual to critically analyze and evaluate the business environment, determine and deliver the most appropriate products and services that meet or exceed expectations of the clients. Currently, I could adequately work as a management trainee in the industry following my limited scope of skills and experience. Accordingly, this report strives to illustrate and explain my current skills, characteristics and traits. Moreover, the report presents appropriate improvements that I ought to accomplish to attain better chances of excelling in my career. Therefore, this document presents descriptions, analysis and evaluation of my skills, characteristics and traits while focusing on necessary adjustments to remain relevant and competent in the dynamic industry.

2.0My Capabilities

2.2 My Capabilities – Analysis

2.2.1 Findings of My Tests

I strongly agree with the results since they paint my picture at a relatively high degree. I am an extrovert who likes hanging out with different persons including friends, relatives and family members. I spend most of my mental energy on handling intuitive processes rather than making mere observations of prevailing conditions. Consequently, emotions greatly influence my decision-making activities. Even so, I rely significantly on judgment to evaluate and determine suitable approaches with regards to my decisions-making processes, planning and execution of my duties and responsibilities. My overall identity is turbulent because I always desire more improvements, performances and developments (See Appendix personality 3).

I am a great Hospitality and Tourism enthusiast with desired traits and characteristics. For instance, I demonstrate excellent attitudes to tourism and hospitality related processes and operations. Moreover, I have great strategies, preferences, habits and skills that facilitate better development and growth in the industry. Unfortunately, I have a little weak experience in the hospitality and tourism industry since I have spent most of my time in studying with extremely limited industrial experiences (See appendix 1).

2.2.2 My Strengths and Weaknesses (Areas of Improvement)

As a protagonist, I exhibit some of the most crucial traits and characteristics that would contribute immensely in my career growth and development. I am a reliable individual who can be entrusted with varied activities and processes. Moreover, I am a charismatic person who can easily win attention of my audience and develop suitable communication environment. Still, I can tolerate varied situations and individuals, hence can work effectively in teamwork. Naturally, I am a true leader. My teammates would probably request me to lead them in handling varied events. Also, I am an altruistic person who strives to attract goodness for the largest number of parties (See appendix 3).

On the contrary, I exhibit some traits and characteristics that attract negative consequences with regards to my career development. As a protagonist, I am overly idealistic, and thus could realize many instances of conflicts with my workmates. Moreover, I am too selfless and hence my end up spending virtually all of my energy and time helping my workmates. Still, I am too sensitive and could end up suffering from relatively minor and less-relevant issues. Finally, I exhibit a fluctuating self-esteem that could attract detrimental effects with regards to my motivation (See appendix Personal 3).

2.2.3 Impact of these Strengths and Weakness on My Job Choice

Being an outgoing person would enable me to interact effectively with some ease while handling my managerial duties. Such a desirable aspect would enable me to overcome fear and socialize with persons from varied backgrounds, a practice that is expected of every hospitality and tourism personnel. Moreover, leadership skills would contribute significantly to effecting delivery of my duties as a manager. Also, I would be striving to attract more successes and improvement of applicable processes through the effect of my turbulent identity and altruism (See appendix personal 3).

Unfortunately, the weaknesses in my experiences, traits, skills and characteristics would adversely impact on my capacities to perform as a manager. Emotions would negatively impact on decision-making processes my forcing me to make conclusions that may be inappropriate to the industry, instead, I would be developing decisions that favor my desires and those of my organization. Similarly, limited exposures and experiences would negatively impact on my effectiveness and efficiencies when handling my managerial roles (See appendix 1).

Additionally, my selfless nature could adversely impact on my service delivery capacities. I would be spending more time helping others other than handling my duties. Also, the fluctuating self-esteem could result in loss of motivation. Moreover, my tendency to spend lots of time handling a given role could result in unwanted delays (See appendix 3).

Conclusion

Various tests as seen in my professional dashboard reveal that I exhibit lots of positive traits, characteristics and skills that are critical in the dynamic Tourism and Hospitality industry. My extrovert nature empowers me to effectively interact and work with persons from varied backgrounds, a practice that is inevitable in the industry. Moreover, my excellent attitudes and preferences toward the industry processes and operations are invaluable in encouraging more growth and development. Similarly, my capacity to intuitively handle situations and make appropriate judgments would allow me to properly execute my duties as a manager by facilitating development of informed decisions. Similarly, my turbulent identity contributes significantly in ensuring that I yearn for better performances and improvements at personal and organizational levels. Furthermore, I am a charismatic person who is a leader by nature. Even so, I am too sensitive, tolerant and idealistic, conducts that could attract unwanted consequences that include unnecessary focus on minor or irrelevant issues and wastage of time. Nonetheless, my relatively limited experiences in the industry coupled with my practice of making decisions under the influence of emotions could attract undesired consequences. Accordingly, I strive to develop such areas of weaknesses to remain more competent in the industry whose jobs become more competitive with time. I endeavor to acquire more knowledge and skills to close the existing gap and gain more competing capabilities to improve chances of prospering in my career. Thus, establishment and evaluation of professional and industry dashboards at regular intervals are invaluable in facilitating career development.

Appendix 1: SHAPE

Weaker areas Strengths

0-5 5-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50

Non-existent Very weak Weak Quite weak A little weak SHAPES OK Quite good Good Very good Excellent

Skills Habits Attitudes Preferences Experience Strategies Appendix 2: PPF Table

PPF Aspect Score Level and direction of preference

Structure 25 A score of 20 – 30 for the ‘More structure’ column suggests you have a strong preference for working or studying in an organised and systematic way. This can be a very productive way of working, and you are likely to be someone who gets things done and in an organised and timely fashion. It is worth considering whether more flexibility and openness to new ideas would benefit your performance. Danger points to watch for are over-rigid ways of thinking and working (79).

External Direction 21 A score of 20 – 30 for the ‘Less external direction’ column suggests you have a strong preference for taking control over how you work. This can be very useful in developing as an independent, autonomous learner, capable of taking on new projects and setting targets for yourself. It is worth considering whether you need to be more open to ideas from others. Danger points to watch for are possible weaknesses in team working and not fulfilling the requirements for an assignment (81).

Working with Others 27 A score of 20 – 30 for the ‘working with others’ column suggests a strong social preference when working or studying. This can be very useful for gaining a wide set of perspectives and ideas, for developing social skills, for team working and for developing mutual support. It is worth considering how far you would benefit from more time studying independently. Danger points are possible over-reliance on others and not developing your own ideas in an independent way (80).

Physical Stimulus 2 Scores of 2 for any item suggests that your performance might be affected if that stimulus is not present (81)

Global / Serialist 22 A score of 20 – 30 for the ‘Serialist styles’ column suggests you take a logical, analytical approach to study. This can be very useful in ensuring clarity and structure in your work. It is worth considering whether you need to create opportunities for developing your imagination and intuition. It may help to experiment with searching out links and connections between ideas. Possible weaknesses may be in drawing together your ideas into a strong whole and in making connections between what you are studying and the bigger picture (83).

Pressure 27 Scores of 20– 30 for ‘low pressure’ suggest that you may be good at protecting your health and well-being, and at producing good work even when there isn’t external pressure to do so. You need to beware of over-sensitivity to stress and to external requirements and conditions.

VAK 45 No strong preference: If your scores for all three areas are similar, then you may not have a strong sensory preference for learning. If your scores are high (40– 48 for each area), then you use all of your senses well to assist your learning. If scores are low (between 0 and 24), you may need to use your senses more consciously to assist your learning and experiment more with your learning

Appendix 3: 16 Personalities

My organization is fairly small and does not have any form of PMO within the structure. As such, I choose to focus on Intel, one of the global tech leaders of the current decade. Intel has a formal PMO that works to define and maintain project management best standards as well as guidance in a repeatable process and system within the company. Intel’s PMO has an added role of overseeing coordination, implementation, and assessment of projects directly and indirectly in a support role. Intel formally calls its PMO within its IT department the Program Management Office. Over the years, Duggan (2009) notes that Intel has used its PMO to advance its transformation by way of focused investments and smarter prioritization of projects. Intel adheres to its unique Agile PMO referred to as the focused Agile Persistent Team that use a self-direction structure in decision-making and prioritizing objectives (Calhoun, 2020). To make sure that their goals are in line, Intel’s Agile Project Management Office (PMO) and Agile Persistent Team collaborate closely with members of the business on a daily basis. Additionally, Intel has chosen a portfolio investment method for the work that emphasizes decision-making via a cost and benefit oriented perspective and considering the IT portfolio as a whole. This enables the examination of systemic risks, the ability to make decisions involving trade-offs, and a thorough understanding of the strategic value that the portfolio is meant to provide.

Recent projects at Intel including the Project Apollo cloud services and software utilized the Agile PMO to foster data driven process of decision making, transparency, accuracy, and accurate, consistent, and complete information for better products (Intel, 2022). The Agile PMO applied in the project helped to determine the value of the project, align it to industry standards, and ensure that it creates value for the organization. As Intel goes ahead into the future, the Agile Project Management Office (PMO) will enable lean ideas that give a clear line-of-sight from strategy to execution. Intel wants to keep up its cross-capability road-mapping in order to make it easier to prioritize future capabilities and innovation initiatives. This will be carried out as part of Intel’s endeavor to generate commercial value via better project management.

References

Calhoun, B. (May, 2020). IT@Intel: Modernize IT Portfolio Management with an Agile PMO. IT Project Management Office. Available at https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/it-management/intel-it-best-practices/it-portfolio-management-with-agile-pmo-paper.html

Duggan, L. I. (2009). Intel IT PMO: journey to maturity. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2009—North America, Orlando, FL. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute. Available at https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/intel-it-pmo-journey-maturity-6748Intel. (May 10, 2022). Intel Announces New Cloud-to-Edge Technologies to Solve Challenges of Today and Tomorrow. Available at https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/newsroom/news/vision-2022-news-overview.html#gs.3yyj0n

Response to Veronica Yan

Your presentation is very clear and highlights a key methodological approach to PMO that IBM applies. Your use of external references is also important as it allows one to read deeper and to better understand your position. The project you have selected is also an excellent example of how PMO can be applied in a real-life organization to foster shareholder and stakeholder objectives.

Circular Dichroism of Globular Proteins

Name of Student

Institutional Affiliation

Experiment 2: Circular Dichroism of Globular Proteins

Results

b. Myoglobin Far UV

C Con A far UV

D Myoglobin near UV

E. Lysozyme near UV

F. Con A near UV

G. Week 2 Spectra 1

H. Week 2 Spectra 2

2. Qualitative comparison of CD spectra for Proteins with Different structures

Protein Minimum (nm) Minimum (nm) Maximum (nm)

Lysozyme 207.4 207.5 191.5

Myoglobin 222.2 222.1 193

Concanavalin A 224.1 195.7

3. For the lysozyme, the type of secondary structure that dominates is the – -structure because it has a double minimum at 207.4 and 207.5 and a strong maximum at 191.5. It is, therefore, a – -helical protein.

For the Myoglobin, the type of secondary structure that dominates is also the – – structure because it has a double minimum at 222.2 and 222.1 and a stronger maximum at 193. The type of secondary structure that dominates in this type of protein is the -helical structure of the protein.

For the Concanavalin A, the type of secondary structure that dominates is predominantly -Sheet protein because it has an intensity that is lower than the -helical proteins. It has a single minimum of 224.1. The type of secondary structure that dominates is the -structure of the protein.

4. The differences between the values of the recorded spectral minimum and the expected ones are small considering they fall in the range of the minimum for the different types of proteins. The differences are therefore minimum.

5. The far-UV spectra are within the range of values as those in the paper. It is very similar to the one in the paper. The process was therefore highly accurate and consistent to those of the actual data.

6. The near –UV spectra for lysozyme, myoglobin and concanavalin are similar in many forms. The three spectra have similar trends over the different wavelengths.It therefore means that they show similar properties in the near-UV region as evidenced by the shape of their overlay spectra. However, the difference comes in in the specific molar ellipticity values. They share similar trends.

7. From an analysis of the three-dimensional structures of the proteins at first glance, the number of Trp is 3 while the Tyr is 2. On the other hand, the Phe’s are 3 in number. The number of disulphide bonds, on the other hand, is 4.

8. Associated inhibition mechanisms in the buffered solution greatly cause the yielding of completely different results. The buffer solution greatly affects the absorbance of the protein complexes. This is because the amino acid sequence is altered or enhanced to an extent. Signals in the near UV are caused by the absorption of the aromatic amino acids. Changing the environment significantly affects the structure of the bonds. The spectra of the complexes are virtually different in the buffered solution because it affects the absorption spectrum.

9. The protein is unstructured and flexible in the solution form. On addition of the higher TFE, the protein becomes increasingly unstructured. It increases the flexibility of the protein and the formation of a helix-like complex. TFE is a structure inducing solvent. It, therefore, leads to the formation of a stable structure due to the effects of secondary stabilization.

Discussion

Proteins have secondary structures which can be determined by a range of methods. Circular dichroism spectra is a good method of determining the secondary structure of proteins. The Alpha-helical, beta-structural, beta-bends and other irregular regions in proteins are determined by experiment to show the different spectra. The three proteins were used extensively as the reference proteins using the near and far-UV characteristics. The experiment was effective at giving a pedagogical advantage since the methods that were used provided more details about the protein structures using the spectroscopic methods. The position of the maximum and minimum peaks is a good indication of the type of protein structure that is predominant in the protein complex. The amplification of the peaks shows that the UV-spectra obtained is concentration dependent. Coincidentally, lysozyme is a protein that is involved in many enzyme activities in the body like the natural defence against bacteria in the intestine of an organism. This interaction was confirmed in the far-UV spectrum as observed in the enzyme activity. Through accurate and flexible analysis, it is easier to determine the secondary structure of the proteins (Sreerama and woody, 2000).

Variation in the biological function of many proteins plays a significant role in medicine and sterilization. Organic solvents stabilize the secondary structure of proteins. Secondary transitions are easily observable in the far-UV of between 190 and 250mm. The concentration of the TFE causes a significant change in the conformation and structure of a protein. Noticeable changes in the secondary structure are observed consequently leading to a loss in the enzymatic activity. The results which are based on the molar Ellipticity are based on a mean molecular weight which is residual in degrees of wavelength (Greenfield, 2006).

Circular dichroism greatly depends on the secondary structure of proteins and polypeptides. CD is a light absorption spectroscopy type that effectively measures the absorbance of light. CD spectra that range between 260 and 180 are effective and can be analyzed by the different secondary structure types which are an alpha helix, parallel and anti-parallel. Dichroism is defined as the different absorption of radiation that has been polarized in different directions as a function of frequency or intensity. In the case of this experiment, it was circular dichroism because of the use of circularly polarized light. Ellipticity was used as the unit of circular dichroism (Johnson, 1999).

CD is used to measure the secondary structure of the proteins and polypeptides. However, the major disadvantage of the method is that it lacked a standard reference. CD effectively determines the secondary structure of protein elements like the alpha-helix and beta sheet. The CD spectra in the far-UV are used to predict the percentage of the secondary element in the protein structure.

References

Greenfield, N. J. (2006). Using circular dichroism spectra to estimate protein secondary structure. Nature protocols, 1(6), 2876.

Johnson, W. C. (1999). Analyzing protein circular dichroism spectra for accurate secondary structures. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics, 35(3), 307-312.

Sreerama, N., & Woody, R. W. (2000). Estimation of protein secondary structure from circular dichroism spectra: comparison of CONTIN, SELCON, and CDSSTR methods with an expanded reference set. Analytical biochemistry, 287(2), 252-260.

Citing Sources in Oral Presentations

Properly citing sources is necessary when delivering your speech. Demonstrating subjective arguments are supported by objective data is necessary in both informative and persuasive speaking. Competent communicators establish their credibility by providing evidence, and providing content to make their presentation more memorable. You must avoid using less credible and non-scholarly sources.

In the writing phase, documentation should be provided for all specific information gained from consulting outside sources. This includes: textbooks, lectures, personal interviews, journal and newspaper articles, Internet sites, televised programs, or more.

Oral citation of sources requires less information than printed citations. However, there is still the need for academic rigor. The two obligations when citing data orally are attribution and recency.

Attribution is simply citing your source and your information.

“According to the Centers for Disease Control, 98% of all Zika virus cases in America were diagnosed in Florida.”

“As aired in a January 10th interview this year with Dr. Cynthia Bioteau, President of Florida State College at Jacksonville, 71% of all freshmen will earn at least a B in speech class.”

Recency demonstrates your references and evidence are current, salient and relevant.

“On January 1st of this year, the Centers for Disease Control predicted a strong flu season.”

“One week ago today the first man in space said, “We must teach young people more science.”

Remember, without proper source citation, you run the risk of losing credibility and being guilty of plagiarism. Any material drawn from a source must be properly cited. Plagiarism can be intentional or unintentional. If you have any questions, please ask them early to avoid any misunderstanding, confusion or delay in completing your work.

Economic

Student’s Name

Affiliation

Course

Date

Circular flow elaborates on the factors of production and income .In simple terms it describes the flow of money and products in an economy which shows the relationships between firms and households. The model shows how income between producers and consumers.

46228037020500 Goods and services

3300095240665Firms

00Firms

683260240665Households

00Households

170243541465500170243521272500 Consumer Expenditure

39941523368000 Wage, rent, dividends

Factors for production

The above model is represented in two market economies mainly households and business firms. This is because it represents the members in an economy as mentioned in the above statement (Tucker, 2012). The product market is where all businesses made by the firms are exchanged, in an economy where the economy is regarded as a free market. This is because decisions made in an economy are the ones influenced by price. The relationship between market price and quantity demand helps analyze income, wealth ,prices, taste as long as the mentioned are held constant(Oslo ,2009).

In the model households provide labor to business in exchange for income and the income is used to purchase the product the firms produce. Money that flows from households to business firms is consumption spending and can also be declared revenue to business firms. The firm is the supplier thus if price of the product increases there will be an eventual decrease in demand, but if income increase there will be increase in demand (Mankiw, 2014).

The resource market is where money is given to households in exchanged for economical resources used as factors of production. This is where inputs like land labor capital and other resources are exchanged. Since households spend on purchasing goods and services they can as well create savings. This can be classified as financial capital when a firm decides to borrow money (Tucker, 2012). The interest charged acts as a compensation to the borrower as banks will pay interest on the household deposit. The factors of production that flow from households to businesses are a source of income and inputs in the firms.

Reference

Tucker, I. (2012). Survey of economics (8 ed., pp. 176-126). Boston: Cengage Learning,

Mankiw, N. (2014). Principles of economics (p. 234). Boston: Cengage Learning

BIBLIOGRAPHY Oslo, C. F. (2009). Principles of micro Economics. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.