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13th The Documentary

Amyiah Burton

History 232-06

1/22/2020

African Americans have never been absolutely free even after the emancipation. The ratification of the 13th Amendment was a chance for slave owners and supporters to draft a law that had loopholes to keep African Americans in chains, literally and figuratively. It was a clause that shifted the definition of slavery from a ‘legitimate" business to a legal method of punishment for lawbreakers. African Americans are suffering from the legacy of slavery a century almost two centuries after 1867. The institutionalization of slavery and the wide racial and partisan disparities and the position of African Americans in American society has been nothing short of slavery. America boasts of these lofty ideals, but on the other hand, it has subjected Negroes to a second class status with the political elite selecting the nobility of their civic creed at the expense of social arrangements that have been in existence for many years.

The black race in America is subjected to extreme stereotyping, economic inequality, and stigmatization for their way of life and isolated by the society. Their purported criminality has resulted in racial profiling by law enforcement to the extent that black people are arrested, and many of their rights are violated in the process. There have been documented and undocumented cases of black people being physically beaten by the police during arrest and held at police stations beyond the requirements of the law.

The 13th is a documentary by Ava DuVernay, which focuses on the Thirteenth Amendment very significant legislation that resulted in mass incarceration in the United States. Besides covering this epic event in history, the film is gorgeous, reminiscent, and infuriating exploration powers, roots, and permanence. The film showcases the account of those wielded power and those made to kneel by this power, their roots, and their permanence. From history, the economy of the Southern state was decimated. The primary sources of income for the South, slaves, were no longer obliged up and serve as free labor for their fields. There was, however, an exception was made for criminals who, according to the law, were eligible for enlistment as slaves as part of their punishment. In the first restatement of a strategy by the South, hundreds of slaves who had started enjoying their freedom were enslaved again courtesy of trivial mistakes and minor charges. This informed the beginning of Duvernay’s examination of the evolving iterations.

The cycle was such that when one method of subservience-based injustice and terror subsided, another rose in its place. The list used by Duvernay in this documentary included the Jim Crow era, lynching if black people, Nixon’s race for the presidency, Reagans War on Drugs, President Clinton’s three strikes, and the compulsory sentencing rulings and the cash-for-prisoners in effect today. The cash for prisoners is a model that bail and incarceration firms use to generate millions of dollars.

The 13th, however, concentrates a bit more on the cash-for-prisoners model and even portrays the tally of the prisoners to go through the system on-screen. The use of context, in this case, is very important because although history still has significance, it is necessary to create awareness of the situation of black people today. The other does a perfect job to remind the world and black people that they are still not considered nothing more than just that, African Americans. America does not see beyond their color. The use of the 13th Amendment as the thesis for this film is appropriate and creates a path that allows the film director to exhaust the evolution of prejudice against black people over the years.

Bibliography

Harris-Perry, Melissa V. Sister citizen: Shame, stereotypes, and Black women in America. Yale University Press, 2011.

Luxe. "Thirteenth Amendment Documentary." YouTube. Video file. October 16, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WU608Z2678.

Pope, James Gray. "Mass Incarceration, Convict Leasing, and the Thirteenth Amendment: A Revisionist Account." New York University Law Review 94, no. 6 (2019): 1465-1554.



Quality Management

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IntroductionQuality is a saying which has been used for quite a while, heaps of books have been composed about it, and large portions of the world researchers have characterized it in a wide range of ways. In this study, I will accentuation on the Quality Management System, why is it imperative? What is it used for? What is the significance of having a Quality Management System? Numerous individuals think performing QMS costs a ton and all the profit is a bit of a paper which say that your organization is confirmed in having QMS so you can just hang this picture or authentication on the divider and tell your keen client that you have it (Kelemen, 2000). Truth be told, no faults on them, they have not used this system yet, they don’t have the foggiest idea about that this system spare a ton and a great deal of cash for organizations. They don’t have the foggiest idea about that this system make an element movement inside the organizations so everybody comprehend what he/she is doing, everyone comprehends his/her part, and everybody can feel being a critical piece of the methodology then everyone can work towards an agreeable and brought together target (Kelemen, 2003). On the other hand, having a considerable measure of profits obliges a sensible expense and in the same time it worth. There are a few association which are concerned and included in this issue, those associations have created a brought together gauges and those norms have its necessities. The International Standardization Organization which placed in Switzerland which have a commitment of 157 nations have created a standard which is worried about the QMS. It is known as ISO 9000 family and the ISO 9001 is the particular case that is worried about the prerequisite of the QMS. Obviously, that makes the requirements for comprehension these benchmarks with a specific end goal to get the declaration from the association which is approved by the ISO (Kelemen & Bansal, 2002). That likewise makes the requirement for the preparation which is vital for organizations to actualize the QMS. The measures have been produced the course of the quality history from requiring a quality control to a quality confirmation. Definition Quality by and large has been characterized as “How great or terrible something seems to be.” (Kelemen & Bansal, 2002). Specialists have a typical definition about Quality Management System, they have characterized it as “An arrangement of co-composed exercises to direct and control an association so as to persistently enhance the viability and proficiency of its performance.”What is a QMS?A quality management system gives organizations an arrangement of techniques that guarantee an ability to think way to the management of organizations. The Quality Management System guarantee consistency and change of working practices, which thus give items and management s that meet client’s necessities. ISO 9000 is the most ordinarily used universal standard that gives a system to quality management system. What is ISO 9000?

ISO 9000 is a bland name given to a group of benchmarks created to give a structure which a quality management system can viably be actualized in view of. What does it mean? (Kelemen & Bansal, 2002). To profit from ISO 9000:2000 there are ventures to consider. At First, an organization needs to characterize why it is ready to go or what for it is working together. At that point the following thing to do is to characterize the principle procedures or what to do. At that point the organization needs to characterize how to destroy it composing. So it needs to portray in composing how to do these courses of action and who is capable to do them. Finally, there must be an assertion amongst the organization.

Actualizing a Quality Management SystemThere are steps that each organization actualizing a QMS need to consider: Get the Standard Prior to an organization can start get ready for performing the Quality Management System, it will need to oblige a duplicate of the standard (Kelemen & Bansal, 2002). The standard is ISO 9001:2000 which is worried about the QMS. The organization needs to comprehend the prerequisite and be acquainted with it. Relegate a group and concur your method. The organization ought to start the whole performance transform by planning hierarchical method with top management. Obligation regarding a QMS lies with Senior Management; thusly it is essential that Senior Management is included from the earliest starting point of the procedure (Kelemen & Papasolomou-Doukakis, 2004).

Consider TrainingIn the event that the organization trying to execute a Quality Management System, there are a scope of workshops, classes and instructional classes ought to be brought by representatives concerned with the performance. These courses qualify the workers to be inside inspector of the system and outer evaluators for sub-contractors or suppliers.Review Consultancy OptionsThe organization can get guidance from free specialists on the most proficient method to actualize the quality management system. They have the involvement in performing a QMS and can guarantee to evade expensive slip-ups.Choose a registrarThe recorder is the third party, who come and evaluate the viability of the quality management system, and issue an endorsement in the event that it meet the prerequisites of the standard. Build up a Quality manual. A Quality manual is an abnormal state report that diagrams the organization expectation to work in a quality way. It diagram why the organization is good to go, what the organization proposition is, and the manner by which the organization is applying the standard and how the business is worked.

Develop support documentationThis is a systems manual that backings the Quality manual. It figure out what you do to finish an errand. It depicts who do what, in what request and to what standard.Implement your Quality Management SystemTo execute the system, correspondence and preparing are critical. Amid the usage everybody work to the strategies and gather records that depict you are doing what you said you are doing.Consider a pre-assessmentA reassessment by your enlistment center typically occur around 6 weeks after the start of the performance of the quality system. The reason for the reassessment is to distinguish territories where you may not be taking after the standard. This permit you to amend any zone you might before the genuine appraisal.Gain registrationThe organization ought to mastermind the genuine appraisal with the enlistment center. Right now the enlistment center will audit the Quality Management System and figure out if the organization ought to be suggested for enrollment.The Benefits of Implementing a QMSPerforming the Quality Management System advantages organizations from multiple points of view. The principal advantage of performing this system is to spare time. Since this system is concerned with the management of an organization’s every day rehearses which influence the work process which is in the end delivers the items to the client, this system tells where time squandered and why (Kelemen & Papasolomou-Doukakis, 2004). This system examination every single point in the entire procedures and serves to reject a percentage of the routine which is more often than not will be redundant. In some cases work process makes more strides, marks and inclusion of individuals who don’t increase the value of the work forms or to the last state of an item: thusly, taking out these little dreary points of interest can spare have of the creation time. Case in point, if a client needs to purchase an item, a management can be characterized as an item, and for the client to get his obliged item, the time is critical.

Client dependably asks this common inquiry, to what extent would take to accomplish this? In the event that an organization actualizes the Quality Managements System then the inquiry is effortlessly replied. Since it is anything but difficult to figure out what precisely expected to deliver an item then the estimation can be make effortlessly. In addition, if a client can’t hold up, then superfluous steps can be effectively avoided (Lewis & Kelemen, 2002). From here I move to the consumer loyalty which is the second advantage in my exploration of performing such system. Consumer loyalty is an essential component for organizations to develop. In the event that an organization has the system up and running then the client is guaranteed that every item is in the same conditions, shape and quality. Client require not to stress since the organization receiving the system and tailing it correctly.

The system tells everybody in the organization how every last process is carried out, so the outcome is ensured. The procedures are changing an info into a yield. To have a wanted yield, the way the techniques are planned assumes a critical part of the creation of an item which can be a management as specified prior. The third advantage is the procedures enhancements, a methodology can’t be enhanced until it is characterized and depicted in any case. Along these lines, implementing the Quality Management System requires the entire portrayal of techniques and methods. When courses of action are depicted and used, it is less demanding to wipe out unneeded ventures inside every procedure. Every time the methodology is used and the more the experience is increased then the more change can be made. Client necessities can create and differ in every venture, so since the organization has officially executed the system, if a client prerequisite has changes then it is less demanding for the organization to enhance the system process from where they stand instead of beginning planning all once again which obviously cost cash. From here, I go to the last and the most essential advantage which chopping down the expense and sparing cash. On the off chance that time is spared, and time obviously implies cash for all organizations, then cash is spared.

Pursuing continuous improvementQM theory additionally holds that “quality is a moving target and the quest for approaches to enhance performance is an endless mission.” Accordingly, directors ought to urge workers to always address how well they are getting along and take in lessons from their encounters, and use lessons figured out how to enhance authoritative achievement. Doing this guarantees to persuade representatives who wish self-improvement, gives them a feeling of achievement, and offers chances to have any kind of effect. This additionally permits open supervisors concentrate on accomplishing significant results as opposed to concentrating on maintaining a strategic distance from politically humiliating missteps. Constant change implies that quality turns into “the way the workplace works together.” Promoting proactive initiative QM theory additionally holds that “quality is less controlled by individual conduct than by system variables.” Accordingly, “quality is at last the obligation of top administrators on the grounds that they make the systems that generally focus performance results.” The idea of reliant work systems diverts chiefs’ endeavors from controlling and coordinating representatives’ conduct to enhancing the systems inside which workers work (Kelemen & Bansal, 2002). Also, as opposed to be faulted workers when things happen, directors ought to look to encourage continuous, aggregate, critical thinking. This practice holds that while there will dependably be above and beneath normal entertainers, when the system itself is enhanced, then the association’s performance makes strides. Human Relations Theory as a theory of brilliance for a school confirmations office QM is a participative management demonstrate that spotlights on fulfilling client desires by constantly enhancing the way business is directed or management conveyed. QM advances a “client first introduction.” Accordingly, the client first introduction holds that the complete figure any business examination ought to be its effect on the client. Also, the objective of the QM model is to give a deliberate approach to live up to clients’ desires.ConclusionQuality Management system is a subject which cannot be cover in such a short research paper. On the other hand, I attempted to raise the fundamental information about this staggering system which permit organizations to achievement and develop in the global business sector. Organizations which have used this system have ended up extraordinary overall and we can’t discover a global organization in Europe or somewhere else does not have it. Quality Management system advantage organizations in various ways.

Reference

Kelemen, M. (2000). Too much or too little ambiguity: the language of total quality management. Journal of Management Studies, 37(4), 483-498.

Kelemen, M. (2003). Managing quality. Sage.

Kelemen, M., & Bansal, P. (2002). The conventions of management research and their relevance to management practice. British Journal of Management,13(2), 97-108.

Kelemen, M., & Papasolomou-Doukakis, I. (2004). Can culture be changed? A study of internal marketing. the service industries journal, 24(5), 121-135.

Lewis, M. W., & Kelemen, M. L. (2002). Multiparadigm inquiry: Exploring organizational pluralism and paradox. Human Relations, 55(2), 251-275.

Information Management Systems

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Chapter Eight

Protecting People and Information-Threats and Safeguards

It is quite unfortunate that the woman in the story known as Janella was a victim of an email scam. There is evidence to show that she is educated, as she worked as a CPR teacher, as well as a nursing administrator. It is a common occurrence to hear about such stories from various media sources. Unfortunately, people do not learn, and they continue to send money to fraudsters. Others even go the extent of selling their property, such as cars and houses. Janella was naïve on matters that concern email scams, thus fell victim. In the story, it is only after most of her money had been taken, when Janella realized the truth concerning the scam issue. From this story, one can conclude that there is nothing new, which one has never heard or seen before. To some people, this story is nothing but pure entertainment, as they cannot understand why some people are extremely naïve and ignorant (Haaq, 2009).

On the other hand, I feel sympathy for Janella as she has lost an enormous amount of money. Also, it is a pity that a women living in the modern world is ignorant about matters that concern email scams. There is a lot of information passing around warning people about such scams, yet Janella fell victim to this problem. Furthermore, she should have thought twice when the people were asking her to send money, yet they were the ones meant to give her. I sympathize with her as her relationship with her husband might be affected, as she used all his retirement savings. Also, I sympathize with her as there were no people who gave her advice concerning this matter. Her husband should have been the one to warn her against sending the fraudsters the money (Haaq, 2009).

I have been a victim of a scam, like the woman in the story, but it had a different outcome. There was an advertisement in the internet, and I thought that I should know more about it. The scam was a competition whereby, the hundredth person to send their entry, would win a brand new car. At first, I did not ponder about it, until I got a message after only twenty minutes had passed, that I had won the car. They told me to send my account number as well as money for registering the vehicle. I realized early enough that this was a scam, as they were asking for money, yet I had won after a short time (Haaq, 2009).

If I found out that my parents were responsible for being the ones who caused their victimization, I would respond positively. I would not rebuke or blame them, as they deserve respect, and they have a right over me, as I am their child. I would make sure that they have useful information, to make informed choices. If my parent were to fell victim to scams, it would in turn affect me in many ways. For example, they provide me with my upkeep, and that would drastically affect me if they lost money to a scam. It is vital that my parents are aware of such matters, in order to protect them from fraudsters. In conclusion, I would ensure to protect and safeguard them (Haaq, 2009).

Chapter Nine

Emerging Trends and Technologies- Business, People, and Technology Tomorrow

There have been changes in the mobile internet industry, in terms of viewing television programs. An example is the Sling programming, which allows one to watch television programs from their smart phones. It means that people can access their favorite programs, regardless of thier location, so long as they have Sling technology. I would like to enjoy the benefits that occur as a result of mobile television programming. I like watching television, and there are times I have to miss out on certain programs, due to lack of accessibility to a television. By having the mobile television programming technology, I will benefit from the convenience. I will watch various programs at my own convenience without having to rush home to watch them on television. At the same time, smart phones are not that big in size as compared to television sets. It would be extremely difficult to watch programs comfortably on the small mobile screen. In conclusion, I will personally have to obtain the services of the television mobile programming technology (Haaq, 2009).

There is a high possibility that technologies such as TiVo will soon be phased out of the market. The latter technology assists in helping viewers to watch programs, which have been recorded. It is a fact that people are attracted to new technologies and will do anything just to acquire it. In this case, people will no longer have a need to record programs, as they can watch them in real time through their mobile phones. TiVo will run out of business and will only be purchased by people who cannot afford the television mobile programming technology. Also, manufacturers of Sling will profit from high revenues and margins. It is also possible that those with technologies such as TiVo have to upgrade, in order to meet the demands of the customers. In conclusion, a lot needs to be done to ensure that those who develop technology are aware of evolving trends. In turn, they should seek to exceed the expectations of customers in order to earn high revenues (Haaq, 2009).

Lastly, there are other areas in my personal life, which would be made better if they were to become mobile. I would be impressed if they could make houses be viewed from the comfort of one’s mobile. One would always be assured that their houses are safe as they can view the activities at their houses. For example, if there are burglars in the house, the mobile phone should be able to detect. This will in turn reduce the number of burglaries that occur as it is a measure against insecurity. Furthermore, it would assist the police in finding criminals who committed crimes in people’s houses. Also, I would be pleased if I could read my books through my mobile phone. This would occur even if the books are at home and are not easily available. Moreover, I would read the books anywhere I am, without having to rush home just to get the books. Also, this would be advantageous to me due to convenience, and it would be less bulky to carry, as compared to a book. In conclusion, technology is advancing at an extremely fast rate that it will be possible to have technology everywhere one goes (Haaq, 2009).

References

Haaq, Stephen. (2009). Management Information Systems for the Information Age. New York: Mc Graw Hill.

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Inception and the Bechdel Test

The film industry has been accused of being gender biased, with most of the movies produced being dubbed as being distinctively misogynistic. Accordingly, critics such as Allison Bechdel, have identified a need for the creation of films whereby the female characters are not limited to the role of supporters for their male counterparts. Evidently, most movies, both past and present have failed in the achievement of this. More movies, even the award-winning films, continue to be produced without a gender consideration, with most putting the male characters on a pedestal and the women at the bottom. However, some films such as Wanted and Salt, have a female as the lead character illustrating the lengths to which Hollywood producers are willing to change the trends in film production. In her argument regarding gender bias, Allison Bechdel argues that reduction of gender bias in films goes beyond giving women lead roles. She explains that the number of women, their relationship with each other, as well as, their conversations have play a major role in determining whether a film is gender biased or not. Fundamentally, Bechdel introduces the idea of the Bechdel test to determine the level of gender bias in a particular film or movie (bechdeltest.com 1a). This test consists of three main components including the need for having two or more female characters in the film, having these females engage in a conversation, and the exclusion of men in the conversation. Put simply, the Bechdel test demands that a film have two or more female characters who talk to each other about issues other than men. Interestingly, many movies have failed this test at one point or the other (bechdeltest.com 1a). Movies may have many female characters but they do not engage in any conversation with each other, and when they do, the conversation revolves around a man.

One such movie that has failed the Bechdel test is Inception by Christopher Nolan. As critics would argue, this movie has passed the first two requirements of the Bechdel test, failing to attain the third requirement (bechdeltest.com 1b). The movie has two female characters namely Ariadne, graduate student and Mallorie, Cobb’s deceased wife. Though these two characters meet with each other about three times throughout the movie, they engage in only one conversation. The conversation, which is the basis of the third requirement of the Bechdel test, is about love, which, when considered from a relative interpretation of the film, the conversation was about Cobbs (bechdeltest.com 1b).

The above is the most basic and accepted analysis of the movie based on the Bechdel test. However, if one was to look examine the movie from a different dimension, it is evident that the movie may have failed the Bechdel test in other ways. For example, between the two female characters, only one is a real person, the other is just a figment of imagination. Based on the theme and the context of the movie, we cannot be sure whether, Mallorie, who is the imagined character, is in reality a female. Secondly, because Mallorie was a figment of Cobbs imagination, then it would be justified to assume that the conversation between Ariadne and Mallorie was actually a conversation between Cobbs and Ariadne. The complexity of the movie makes it even harder to decipher in terms of the Bechdel test, but one thing is certain, Inception, fails the Bechdel test of gender bias.

Having established that the movie, Inception, fails the Bechdel test, this paper explains how the relative absence of multi-dimensional female characters influences the film’s understanding of men and women.

Effects of the Absence of Multi-Dimensional Female Characters

As observed in the film, there are only two main female characters, who, upon a closer examination, may have been used symbolically to bring out a message concerning the relationship between men and women (wordpress.com 1). At the outset, the two female characters embrace names that are symbolic to society. Ariadne, for example, is the name of the Greek princess who assisted the hero Theseus in navigating the labyrinth, the prison of the Minotaur. Ariadne embraces a similar role in the movie, as she is chosen to help cobs create the mazes, which he intends to use in infiltrating people’s dreams. Here, the female is seen as a male aide, for the achievement of his goals and desires. Her recruitment into the team shows that she is needed for the task to be completed, but expectedly, she does not play a minor role in this. Observably, her role as the architect is considered the main role in the movie, for it is only after she constructs the mazes that the team can be able to infiltrate the dreams. From this, one can conclude that the women play the role of helper in male-female relationships. Additionally, Ariadne also reveals her manipulative side by making Cobbs open up to her, and then using the information gathered to influence his actions into what she wants (wordpress.com 1). With this, the audience is exposed to the manipulative character of women in their relationships with men, and how they use men’s personal issues to achieve this.

Mallorie’s role in the movie, on the other hand, is the total opposite of that of Ariadne. This is because her role has a feel of sabotage, and she is the only character whose role was to stop Cobbs from achieving his mission. Her role as a woman is quite complex as she is brought out as both a positive character and influence on Cobbs, as well as, a negative character. In relation to her positive attributes, Mallorie’s activities can be translated as protecting Cobbs, as well as, his victims form himself. She is well aware of the destructive nature of dream infiltration, and for that reason, she is committed to preventing Coobs and his victims from the effects of this (wordpress.com 1). Here the role of the woman in male-female relationships is one of a protector, as well as, that of a passive guide. Both women try to directly and indirectly guide Cobbs throughout the mission. While Ariadne might have been guiding him towards the completion of the mission, Mallorie guides Cobbs towards the realization of his vices. Because Mallorie is out to sabotage Cobbs activities, it is evident that she embraces a negative role as a woman. She will do anything to prevent Cobbs from completing his mission, even if it means killing his victims during the dream so that they fall back into reality (Fisher 37). Obliquely, we see how women may or may not prevent a man from achieving his goals and ambitions. Women are depicted as a distraction, to the achievement of both personal and professional goals, something that men may agree to undoubtedly.

Just as Ariadne and Mallorie are used to bring out the role of women in relationships, Cobbs is also used to bring out the role of the man. For example, the fact that Mallorie is a figment of his imagination, and he managed to infiltrate her thought to the point where she committed suicide, it is evident that men are a tad bit controlling. Evidently, Cobbs loves controlling others, in fact he enjoys controlling other so much that he has made it his career (Fisher 39). The women are not receptive to the idea of being controlled, with one woman committing suicide nd killing others as a way of refusing control, whereas the other tries to attain that control and instead control the male. This inherently exposes the nature of male-female relationships, which is characterized by the need for control. Both men and women wish to have control over each other, and they will do almost anything to attain this. Conclusively, in addition to illustrating the relationship between men and women, the absence of multi-dimensional female characters is also used to bring out the male-male impassive relationships. The relationship between the males in the film is that of business and nothing more. Apart from the relationship between father and son, which appears to be slightly emotional, the rest of the male-male relationships are purely work related. They all have a mission that they intend to take on to the end, and each male has a specific input in the movie that is of minimal emotional nature. The absence of multi-dimensional female characters in the film reveals plenty of things regarding the relationship between men and women. However, one thing can be learned from this film, a woman is a man’s helper and guide.

Work Cited

“Bechdel Test”. Bechdeltest.com n.d. Web. 20 October 2011. <<http://bechdeltest.com/>>

“Comments for Inception” bechdeltest.com, 13 July 2010. Web. 20 October 2011. <<

http://bechdeltest.com/comments/1169>>

Fisher, mark. The Lost Unconscious: Delusions and Dreams in Inception. Film Quarterly 64.3

(2011): 37-45.

Okinawa Assault. Inception and the Bechdel Test. wordpress.com. n.d. Web. 20 October 2011.

<< http://okinawaassault.wordpress.com/2010/07/19/inception-and-the-bechdel-test/>>

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Introduction

Security is one of the most crucial aspects in any part of the world. It is no mistake, that almost every government in all parts of the globe spends a considerable proportion of their budgets on defense and security. This is especially because security safeguards almost all rights in which case all other rights would be inexistent without security. Unfortunately, insecurity always rears its ugly head in countries in general, and institutions in particular. This is the case in the college environment.

Thesis statement: Insecurity results from fragmentation between students, the administration and security, in which case it can only be resolved through collaboration between the three arms.

Students have known their fair share of problems as far as insecurity in their halls of residence is concerned. There have been quite a large number of cases involving robbery, loss of property and break-ins in the halls of residence both during the day and night. In the last three weeks, seven students have had their houses broken into and even lost property worth thousands of dollars. The culprits quite a lot of time to do that, at least, going by the thoroughness of the job that they carry out. It is worth noting that these break-ins involve the use of master keys or even breaking the doors. This, therefore, breeds the notion that the cases are inside jobs, where some students or even security agents are the key culprits in the crimes, or are working in cohorts with the key culprits. In addition, there have been cases where students have been mugged in areas close to the halls of residence. Of course, it is expected that students would be in their rooms in normal hours. However, it is also inevitable that some students will be late in getting to their rooms in which case they may fall victim to such criminals. As much as the security agents may not be expected to be patrolling every single part of the compound, the fact that the muggings occur close to the halls of residence means that they some people are lax or are sleeping on their jobs. In addition, it goes without saying that some people may have information that may lead to the resolution of this issue but do not speak out. This serves as an indication that cooperation is deficient between the various components making up the university community.

Needless to say, insufficient security far-reaching and negative consequences as it threaten the peace of the university. It goes without saying that insecurity cripples students’ capability to pursue their academic goals. In fact, it will only be a matter of time before the disruption of peace boils over and disrupts other aspects of the community. In addition, insecurity leads to tremendous loss of resources. It is worth noting that quite a large amount of money is used in replacing the lost property, as well as repairing any infrastructure that may have been destroyed. In the case of muggings, students have been lucky enough to lose their property only. It is common knowledge that individuals may be injured or even have fatal results. All these effects revolve around disruption of academic discourse of the student, in which case the fundamental pillar of the academic institution is at risk. This underlines the seriousness of the problem, as well as the need for a comprehensive and all inclusive solution to be devised so as to bring the problem to a close.

Numerous and different suggestions have been made as to the appropriate way in which security in the halls of residence could be beefed up. These solutions have varying levels of effectiveness, costs and take different durations to implement. This underlines the importance of being cautious with the solution as it has to be cost effective, efficient, as well as effective and take a short time to install. Obviously, only a combination of strategies would meet these requirements. The halls of residence must develop their own security plan that is tailored and customized for that hall. Professional security consultants should be contacted to help in making well-targeted, physical improvements to the halls of residence to improve security. It is imperative that multiple monitoring cameras are installed in every hall of residence and especially in the entrances. In addition, the security lock system must be changed so as to recognize the thumbprints of the occupants or a secret code known only to the occupants of that room. It has been recognized that, as much as the crime rates have been on the rise the institution has a sufficient number of security guards. This means that the guards have either been participating in the crimes, or they did not undergo sufficient training to cover the halls of residence effectively. This could, however, be remedied through constant rotation and training so as to equip them appropriately. On the same note, students and the school administration must play their role in exhibiting vigilance in so as to ensure that security is beefed up. Obviously, the various players in the school community must be involved, both in devising the appropriate mechanism for their halls of residence, as well as apprehending the culprits of this menace.

The advantage or benefit of this method lies in the fact that it incorporates technology in which case it is safe and secure. In addition, all stakeholders are involved in which case they will own the process. They can always hold meetings to appraise on the progress and the effectiveness of the solution, and rectify any loopholes. In addition, no system would be similar for all halls of residence in which case the customization ensures that the systems are suitable for the needs of specific halls of residence.

8.5 FELONY BATTERY (3rd degree felony)

§ 784.041, Fla.Stat.

To prove the crime of Felony Battery, the State must prove the following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt:

(Defendant) actually and intentionally touched or struck (victim) against [his] [her] will; and

(Defendant) caused (victim) great bodily harm, permanent disability, or permanent disfigurement.

“Great bodily harm” means great as distinguished from slight, trivial, minor, or moderate harm, and as such does not include mere bruises.

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1. In this book, I list 14 reasons why someone is alone, and why it sucks. Choose any 5 of these, describe them in detail, and let me know why you chose each, and if they have any significance to you

Human beings are largely considered social and they need to live with other people to increase their chances of survival. Although people often need to be in the company of others, this is not usually the case. When one is separated from people especially their loved ones for too long, they become vulnerable and lonely. It is no secret that each person feels lonely at one point of their lives although in extreme cases this can be serious. People feel lonely for a variety of reasons including when they lose a loved one, change jobs, fall sick or moving. Feeling lonely is a natural phenomenon that should not worry anybody if it is temporary. One should be worried if they are feeling lonely for extended periods such as several months or years as this can enslave people emotionally and mentally. Extended periods of feeling lonely can negatively determine how people cope with it and this can change their behavior by sidelining them from other people.

The first and most common reason why people are lonely is due to their low self-esteem. Many people who have low self-esteem tend to be critical of them as they feel that nobody can enjoy their company. For a person to have adequate self-esteem, they must first love themselves even before another person can tell them that they are lovely. For instance, if a person feels that they have not achieved as much as his/her peers academically, they will tend to feel less important when in the company of ‘those who have accomplished more academically. In such a scenario, one would easily start pitying their situation and slowly they will start developing signs of lonely. The loneliness that one develops in such a situation would be piling and it is a direct result of low self-esteem.

Many children often tend to have self-esteem issues during their teen years and if not properly checked, it could lead to depression and a feeling of loneliness. The primary reason why I chose this factor is because it is something that I can relate to and I am sure many people can. Every human being has their low moments in their life when they feel like the whole world was against them. Self-esteem has a lot of significance because growing up I battled low self-esteem. As a teenager, I was very uncomfortable with my appearances as I seemed taller for my age. My peers used to make fun out of it and their actions significantly eroded my self-esteem. It made me doubt my capabilities in a lot of thins especially sports although I eventually got to manage the situation.

Another factor that I choose is ‘No effort to be a friend.’ For far too long, people always want to have friendships with people they can trust and who can be there for them (Klinenberg, 2020). What people never realize is that the first friend one should have is themselves. It is vital for anybody who aspires to have good friends to ensure that they themselves are ‘friend material.’ Friendships are vital for our social lives and they are often the social safety nets that can keep us going. Before one can start making friends, they should try and ensure their behavior makes them approachable and likeable. People who have a likeable personality are more likely to attract friends than those who have one that makes them less likeable. In the quest to make friends as a way of escaping loneliness, one must make an effort to be friendly with others. Friendships are built and people will want to be friends with you if they see that you will be beneficial to their lives. If you make an effort to be friends with others by putting their interests first, you will have many people who want you as their friend.

‘No effort to be a friend’ has a lot of significant for me because in most instances, people are always looking for good friends yet themselves are horrible friends. I chose this reason because I do understand that friendship is a two or more people affair. There are a lot of instances when somebody who is supposedly a friend complains of me not reaching out to them without realizing that they also did not reach out to me. When people are true friends, they always look out for each other and in such a scenario nobody will complain for being neglected. I feel that most people are not friends and their interactions with each other are often situational or accidental. If one is not making an effort to create true friendships, they should not expect to have it.

The third reason that I chose is ‘hiding out.’ The perfect example of how ‘hiding out’ can result in loneliness is the impacts of the covid-19 pandemic. At the height of the pandemic when the spread of the corona virus was very high, governments imposed curfews and movement restrictions. Many people found themselves grounded in their homes and for those who live a lonely, it was a horrible experience. People in such situations are vulnerable to loneliness and in most cases they will end up being sad (Morris & Verdasco, 2019). Hiding out alienates people from their loved ones and friends and this is likely to result in loneliness.

I chose this reason because I do know from experience that people tend to hideout when faced with challenges in life. Although people could mistake hiding out as a solution to managing their stress or difficult situations, it can be counterproductive and result in loneliness. Take for instance a person who is experiencing a financial crisis and they decide to hide out in their apartment. Although one might see this as a reprieve and escape route for their problems, they will end up feeling lonely in their apartment as they cannot interact with anybody.

The fourth reason that I chose is misguided assumptions. Some of the things that make people feel lonesome are baseless and founded on misguided assumptions. This especially applies when largely dealing with loneliness that stems from romantic relationships that people have with others. Many people often do not make the effort of trying to make friends my the mere fact that they have assumed they will be rejected. People often assume that they will be rejected, their friendship is not desirable to others or their intellectual capacity does not match that of others and in the end fear making relationships with others. It is vital for a person to acknowledge that it is vital to try doing something than not trying at all. If you want to make friendship with a person, you should reach out to them and see how they react. This is the only way you can know if they need your company or not. Nobody can predict the future and the misguided assumptions that people make can be the underlying factor for their loneliness. Misguided lonesomeness can also be attributed to low self-esteem and lack of communication.

The fifth reason that I chose is ‘you lie to yourself.’ Many people tell themselves lies very often until they look like truth in their minds. Lust can make one believe that they have experienced love in the first sight and continue lying to themselves that they are in love. Human beings are created to love each other although people often fear getting into relationships for the fear of being heartbroken. When people lie to themselves, they fail to take certain steps that could turn their lives around and ensure they are not lonely. If you want to experience love, you must not lie to yourself that you could be cheated on. What you need to do is find a partner and experience it and develop serious relationships. Such a move would ensure you have someone close to you and you never feel alone again. People who are in love are companions to each other and this helps shield them from feelings of loneliness.

I chose ‘you lie to yourself’ because I can personally relate with it. There are several instances when I had the opportunity to introduce myself to a lady and I cpould not take it. This is usually the case if I consider a lady ‘too hot’ or ’too picky’ and the fear that I could be turned down makes me single and lonely. If one does not go outside their way to try and make relationships by telling themselves lies, they will continue living lonely.

2. What can you do if you’re alone, and you don’t want to be alone? List 3 solutions and describe them.

There are several instances when I feel lonely due to a variety of reasons. As a person, I have developed strategies aimed at ensuring I can effectively manage the feeling of loneliness. I feel that loneliness is a mental struggle that anybody can go through and understanding ways to manage them comes in handy. When I am lonely, the most common thing that I do is to listen to soft music as a way of unwinding. For many years music had had a therapeutic impact on my life and this has always been helpful when feeling lonely. Music is medicine to my soul and listening to it always uplifts my mood and creates an atmosphere that feels like I am not alone. Through the music, it is as if I am communicating with the singer. Feeling lonely can be mentally and physically draining and people often get discouraged from engaging in different social activities. For instance, when I feel lonely, I find it challenging to get out of my room and go visit a friend hence listening to music becomes a priority. For any person who is alone and does not want to be alone, listening to music can be of much help in creating an atmosphere as if they are not home alone (Berg-Weger, & Morley, 2020).

There are days when I am home alone and I don’t want to be alone and music cannot be the solution, I try and invite a friend or two for a couple of hours. Having friends around you when you are feeling down and lonely is important in dealing with it. Being in the company of a friend around me gives me a ventilation of my loneliness. Talking to someone about my feelings is always a relief and it goes a long way to brighten up my mood. There are many instances when I have felt lonely and picked my phone and invested a friend for dinner and I will never hesitate to do it if need be. As the saying goes, ‘a problem shared is a problem half solved,’ whether it is heartbreak or a general life problem, having a friend to confine my concerns to be always a priority.

When I am alone and I do not want to be a lone, I sometimes decide to go to the gym. Working out and keeping fit is one of my hobbies and I often visit the gym to avoid a lonesome situation for me. I love going to the gym because I am almost guaranteed that it is never going to be a lonely encounter. There are several instances when I feel lonely and I have decided to hit the gym. I love the gym as it always ensures that I am healthy and energetic enough to move forward. Weight lifting and other exercises helps in releasing stress and keeps me focused on what I want to work on. Going to the gym is a priority for me and it has always helped me ensure I do not have to feel lonely for extended periods of time.

3. What are the DANGERS ( if any) of being alone, living by yourself, or not wanting people in your life?

It is estimated that about half of the human population comprises of introverts who prefer spending time a lone without interacting with people and enhancing their productivity. However this is not usually the case for the other 50 % who are extroverts. Many extroverts thrive in an environment where there are a lot of people. When left alone, extroverts struggle a lot in terms of feeling lonesomeness and this can be problematic in the long term.

The first danger of being lonely for extended periods of time is becoming vulnerable to self-criticism. Scientific research has shown that being a lone is never a good thing for people. When you are a lone, you are likely to start developing self-critical thoughts which often end up being negative. Being alone or feeling lonely can significantly result in one becoming critical of themselves and this can lead them to doubt their capabilities. People who are not sure of their abilities tend to be less productive and successful in their lives due to them being their worst enemies.

Another common cause of loneliness is depression. Many scientists acknowledge that people who are lonely are more liked to be depressed than those who live with others. If people are lonely, the way they perceive their environment changes and their neural responses tend to be suppressed. People who are lonely tend to belief negative thoughts about their abilities hence they are more likely to be depressed in the end. Take for instance a person who is lonely and experiencing financial difficulties. If such a person does not have a promising source of money, they can start thinking that they cannot create wealth and there is no hope for them. Although this might not be the case, these negative thoughts could result in one being depressed (Khalil, 2020).

Generally, being in a state of lonesome can significantly alter your overall well-being and compromise your health. Scientific research have shown that isolation can increase the possibility of mortality increasing. This is attributed to the lack of a strong social network that could help people in depression to avoid suicidal thoughts when they are faced with calamities. Human beings are social beings and having social relations with others can go a long way in helping us cope with loneliness. By so doing, we could be increasing our chances to live a prosperous future for them.

References

Berg-Weger, M., & Morley, J. E. (2020). Loneliness in old age: an unaddressed health problem.

Dor-Haim, P., & Oplatka, I. (2021). Feelings of loneliness among school principals: experiences, causes and copying strategies. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 20(2), 261-276.

Khalil, T. (2020). Managing loneliness as a risk factor in the suicidal behaviour of elderly people in Sweden: A case study in Region Skåne.

Klinenberg, E. (2018). Is loneliness a health epidemic?. International New York Times.Morris, A., & Verdasco, A. (2019). ‘I really have thought this can’t go on’: loneliness looms for rising numbers of older private renters. The Conversation, retrieved on the 12th of June.

Consumer behaviour

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Abstract

Understanding consumer behaviours is very important when planning to market or sell a firm’s products or services. It is vital to understand the factors that influence consumers’ decision-making processes in the target market, based on the nature of the product and other factors surrounding consumer’s decision making. This paper evaluates factors influencing decision-making processes of consumers of Sony Company. The paper examines the following aspect; product positioning, market segmentation, pricing as well as distribution and promotion. The paper indicates that Sony has gone an extra mile in understanding the decision-making processes for their consumers and has used information that it has acquired in devising innovative brands and marketing strategies that have enabled the organization to achieve a remarkable success in its industry.

Introduction

Consumer behaviour is the study of individuals, organisation or groups and the psychological, sociological processes that consumers go through in purchase decision making. The actions that consumers take in purchasing various goods and services is an ongoing process since taste and needs change overtime. Companies are always evaluating the success of current efforts by implementing changes when necessary to attain maximum profitability or success. Consumer interest to purchase products and services is usually as per their taste need and money. The study of consumers helps firms and organisations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues such as environmental factors, buyer characteristics’, and decision process and buyers response. This study deals with the marketing stimuli or the four P’s of marketing, product, price, position and promotion. Consumer behaviour explores on why people purchase things what motivates them and the decisions they make following their actions. The Consumers prefer distinguished products because they feel the products reveal their unique personality, needs and lifestyles.

Selection of the target Market

There are various factors that influence target markets and are all involved in the product or market mix. One of the most recognized consumer electronic brands in the market or world today, Sony Corporation. The need for segmentation tends to be a major issue because people vary from one another. This is as a result of needs, motivation, and perception, decision making process and buying behavior (Noel, 2009). The attractiveness of a market segment should consider the following factors size, growth rate, competition, brand loyalty, Attainable market share sales and required market share. Sony invested in India and opened its operation where the main focus was sales and marketing. They targeted the second largest city they targeted a market that they could own a higher market share and competition would be minimal. Consumers are usually focused on the adoption of new technology. Buying behavior is changing to adapting to new technological advances so fast and this makes markets and consumer based enterprises sometimes not keep pace.

There is various target market strategies that organizations should seek to enter a market and should attract segments that match its capabilities. One market company is served with one market mix, different market mixes are served in different segments and full market coverage involving mass market strategy in which a single undifferentiated market mix is offered to entire market. This is done because target selection of the market needs essential dedication and effort to employ a suitable and targeted market mix. Important factors such as climate, geographical locations are important in deciding the target market (S. Ramesh Kumar, 2009).

Segmentation, Targeting, positioning (STP)

Segmentation is a tool in marketing that assist marketers differentiate and pull towards growing consumer base. This is done by geographical, demographic, psychological, psychographic, socio-graphical, hybrid and used related segmentation. The process that organizations segregate the market into different groups to be reached with a distinctive market mix is segmentation. Marketers focus on customer behavior and develop marketing mix for specific target markets. Sony Corporation is a good example when it began selling electronic products in developing countries such as India where population growth is high. The market also had a need for new technology which Sony delightedly offered. After market is segmented consumers are classified and targeted and relevant product price can be developed (Khan, 2007).

Targeting as defined and indicated above is where organizations target products amongst various segments. Targeting involves evaluating the attractiveness of markets, size growth and market power. Sony offers electronic gadgets for various marketing segments. They understand audience and each electronic device fulfills needs and expectations of the target market.

Positioning is actually the last stage that involves implementing your target .Marketers try to create image or identity and values in target market mind for products, brand or organization. Sony as a whole entity diversified there electronic brands to venture into the American entertainment industry where they were involved in making movies. They segregated the American love for films and they decided that was their target market .They launched an advertisement campaign after their Companies Co Founder died. The company increase total resources devoted to hot areas for instance digital products.

Determination of product positioning

Product position is ideal in an organisations profits and growth. A company will position a product or create an image in the consumers or target market minds. This is an important step for long-term success of a company. The desired position helps to identify the competition. Positioning of product is essential and challenging because the product message should consistent, reliable and simple. This entails defining market segmentation and then understanding the target market. Once consumer perceptions are understood it’s to select the best product position. The position can be defined by understanding process and goals of market segmentation. Some include quality, reliability and unique features benefits. Sony Company developed a product and a market plan that would appeal to selected market segment. To maintain the pace of consumers for advanced technologies and cutting edge digital product that have enriched and promoted peoples lifestyles. It introduced the gaming consoles of play station where they targeted the young and made an impact in the gaming industry .Sony was almost certain to be the frontrunner in broadening consumer electronics and related platform services. Sony created what they want their market to think about the product. The business segment become more familiar with the product and through this Sony created a brands image (S. Ramesh Kumar, 2009).

Structuring the elements Marketing Mix

Markets have to be effective in coordinating and integrating appeal to the appropriate group of customers in a marketing strategy which require the element of marketing mix. The marketing mix involves the main 4 P’s of marketing which help in decision making process .Product, price, place, and a promotion are some of them and is mainly of two types, product market mix and service marketing mix. Marketing plan was essential in putting Sony as the second runner in electronic brand distribution. They have invested in India and have used this for variables in maintaining the leadership role of almost every product in India. The importance of marketing mix is essential in consumer behaviour. High quality products will satisfy most consumers as marketers will advise product through certain channels.

Products are Goods and services offered by a company to target market. It usually revolves around the product life cycle and the customer life cycle. PLC centers on development of a product while CLC centers on the formation and delivery of lifetime value to the consumer. This is the physical qualities that vary from competitors and the benefits they give. Product is the first thing an organization considers before setting up business (Khan, 2007). A company takes note of the niche in the market and ceases the market by securing the product. Sony has been developing products over the year’s .This electronic gadgets such as, walkman; CD play station is what has made the company become more relevant. The products and services were also seen after Sony acquired Columbia pictures in 1989 making it a giant in the entertainment industry. Product position is essential for the success of a company to be desired by consumers. Product positioning is done to create an image in the consumers mind set. Product position is very important in the marketing world as indicated above under product position (S. Ramesh Kumar, 2009).

Price; Amount of money that customer pay to obtain goods and includes, selling price, time payments and deductions. This is amount of price a product should be used to remain relevant to the consumer. Factors considered in price are ,perceived value of product by consumers, market share of the business, competition, tax regulation and distribution, logistics cost. Pricing considers profit margins and probability of competitors pricing response. The price sensitivity of consumers determines how many goods and services will be sold. The product being purchased should be of greater value than perceived by consumer regardless of sum of costs. Consumers can compare the stated price and the price range they are thinking in mind. This is referred to as the internal reference price where consumers will think they have a cheaper price. This is generally a guide to study where the stated price is acceptable. The role of pricing is a role that influences consumer’s ability to purchase product. Reducing price of a product when entering the market is an important strategy that will ensure ones pricing is competitive. Pricing should also be done by comparing the price of competitors. Competitive advantage is a factor that helps one define the price.

Place: This is where a company sells its product and services and how it gets them to the customer. The distribution channel has an effect on profitability, firms have to have a logistics and supply chain that is effective and efficient. Lack of attention to the distribution channel will be disastrous in the market as distribution is important in having a competitive advantage. This activity involves, goods distribution channels, supply locations, inventory and transportation. Sony has footprint across major states in the United States of America and they can be used for effective distribution of their products. Distribution has a great effect on firm’s profitability and supply chains and logistics decisions are considered as very important in a firms cost decision process.

Promotion: All activities available to inform consumers about product. They include advertising, sales, personal selling, sales promotion and direct marketing. There are other P’s that fall under the Customer Lifecycle Cycle they include, people, process and physical evidence. Advertising influences consumer’s attitudes, knowledge and image concerning brands. It is relevant to promote a product that exposes a consumer, and captures their attention .Selection of the best media to use will be critical in reaching the target audience. All companies have referred their marketing to online social media sites as more consumers are logged in the internet around 90% time. Consumers are usually subject to buying behaviors such as impulse buying, routine response and extensive and limited decision making this would be a relevant platform to advertise. Promotions require a huge budget and thus it is a marketing expense and should be considered while deciding the costing of the product. It is advisable to select an appropriate distribution channel, with high quality products, desired and priced appropriately need to reach the consumers

Conclusion

Evaluating consumer behaviour is a priority since consumers tastes and needs change overtime. By considering what may impact buying habits a business can create products that may appeal larger consumers. There are factors that influence consumer behaviour and it’s necessary to understand these factors and utilize those behaviours in a manner that motivates consumers to make purchases (Khan, 2007). Sony sought diversification in US entertainment companies and it gained access to 20% of Japanese market after buying Apples Computer Hard disk technology operations, this helped increase sales derived from institutional customers.

The importance of marketing mix is essential in consumer behaviour. Marketing mix helps to characterize the marketing aspect in terms of product, price, place and promotion. This assists new entrants who will have to make a huge impact in the target market. Understanding consumers mind helps researchers and marketers know consumers from a different perspective to improve marketing strategies .Understanding of the issues helps marketers gain knowledge of public policy and how to develop campaigns.

Marketing deals with consumers since decisions on product development and pricing strategy mainly depend on them, The reason we study about consumers behaviour is because factors for the sale of a product is consumers responsibility. This helps marketers take great decisions on marketing strategies for launching new products. Consumer behaviour assists a company develop products as per specifications that meet consumer’s habits taste and preference. A good example is Sony Company the directors found that it was difficult to distribute movies with tapes so he enquired with consumers, The CD was then created and movies could now be distributed efficiently this then introduced the VCD and all this were products of Sony.

Consumer behaviour influences the marketing mix policies such as production policies, price policies, decision regarding channels of distribution and decisions regarding sales promotion (Noel, 2009). There are reasons consumer behaviour is essential in that we can understand the social factors that are influenced by preference. Factors such as, Personal, psychological factors make a marketer understand how to motivate consumers to buy products. Understanding consumer behaviour and marketing improve business efficiency in general. Marketers also consider how consumers use existing products and this will assist in spotting unsatisfied needs in serving profitability

Consumer behaviour helps us understand the customer and understanding why the consumer purchases the product. It helps marketers research about clients attitude toward certain products. Product appeal to lifestyle, culture and experience will make marketers promote consumption and gain competitive advantage over other competitors. Consumers usually look for ways in which a product will make them happier, improve lived or give them pleasure.

Referencing

Noel, (2009) Basics marketing 01: Consumer behavior volume 1 of basics marketing. (Vol. 1, pp. 56-126) Switzerland: AVA Publishing.

Khan, M, (2007) Consumer behavior (pp. 1-15) London: New Age International

S. Ramesh Kumar, S. R. (2009). Consumer behavior and branding: Concepts, readings and cases-the Indian context. (p. 75). New Delhi: Pearson Education India.

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19th Century Crime and Punishment in England

In London, the dispensation of justice has been of a great concern. Historically, there has been a lot of complains on the treatment of petty offenders from the low social classes in this country. While it is a common knowledge that felony is a small offense which does not cause a detrimental huge impact on a country’s economy, the way in which felony convicts have been punished has been so unfair. However, in most cases, such sentences have been made under the influence of the rich class.

During the 19th century, the London Police Court was manipulated by the rich to oppress the poor felon convicts. Despite being unjustified, this was done in order to protect the interests of the rich community. For instance, employers who were faced with cases of industrial action in their premises would greatly rely on the help of magistrates to restore sanity in their businesses. Similarly, the judicial process was used in favor of employers to help them to get rid of the workers involved in petty thefts (Universities of Hertfordshire, 1983).This was prominently used in the Shipping companies in which the magistrates were relied upon to help the employers punish dock thieves. Instead of punishing workers by interdiction or sacking it was felt imposing harsh punishments would absolutely eradicate such offenses.

The enforcement of the Criminal Justice Act worsened the situation because it allowed magistrates to impose harsher fines on petty offenders who would be unluckily convicted. In this case, it would be a win on the prosecutor team and the surest way of dealing with such offenses which were very difficult to detect. At the same time, the punishments prevented the offenders from repeating same acts and graduating into more dangerous offenses like murder. By eradicating all the fruits and vegetable thieves, traders would get an easier time of carrying out their activities without any obstacle. This would also challenge the thieves to work harder to provide for themselves.

Work Cited

Universities of Hertfordshire (1983) Proceedings of the Old Bailey, 8th September 1831, page

138. London: HRI Online Publications.

Individual and Interpersonal Behavior

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Personality testing case Study

Introduction

The importance of hiring the appropriate candidate for a particular task in any organization cannot be gainsaid as far as the profitability and sustainability of the entity is concerned both in the long-term and the short-term. Recruitment plays an immense role in this case with numerous techniques being used to reveal the true nature of an individual. Personality tests are considered quite crucial in interviews and recruitment process. They underline some techniques used to consistently and accurately measure and reveal elements pertaining to the character of an individual (Ivancevich et al, 2013). In the case presented, mark was wrong to drop the use of personality testing. This is especially considering the effectiveness of the same in revealing some hidden aspects of an individual. As much as there may be some controversies and the personality test results may even be faked, there are no express rules outlawing their use, not to mention the fact that the tests provide quantifiable data that enhances the ease of differentiation (Ivancevich et al, 2013). Rather than eliminate the test, he could have reduced his dependence on the same and incorporated other tests to enhance accuracy.

There are varied reasons as to why a candidate would fake personality tests. In most cases, however, job candidates fake the tests so as to cover up on weaknesses that may destroy their chances for advancement or that may invite increased scrutiny to their activities and proficiencies.

Personality testing may be used in other tasks apart from hiring. For instance, personality tests may be used in determining the individuals that are viable for promotion in the organization. Indeed, decisions pertaining to the restructuring of positions and individuals in the organization may be determined using personality testing.

Exercise 4.2

The performance of workers is of utmost importance to the achievement of the overall objectives and goals in an organization. This is especially considering the direct relationship between the performance of employees and the productivity of the organization. For sustained performance in an organization, it is imperative that impressive performance is rewarded appropriately. This was the case for Don, whose performance has been persistently recognized and rewarded (Ivancevich et al, 2013). Unfortunately, his performance has been below par in the recent times. His below-par performance may be attributed to varied factors.

Low motivation (1). It is unlikely that Don’s behavior emanates from low motivation as his performance has always been recognized and rewarded.

Low self-efficacy (4). It is difficult to discount this factor especially considering his recent hostility towards other workers.

Physical health problems (1). Physical health problems would have been visible and he would not even be ashamed of seeking help from workmates and informing the management of the organization.

Family problems (7). In most cases, individuals strive to manage conflicts between the workplace and the home. Family problems are usually hard to express even to close friends and may trigger some absentmindedness and cause sloppiness at work.

Poor management (1). It is unlikely that poor management is responsible as the decline in performance is demonstrated only in Don’s case.

Lack of creativity (1). Don has performed these tasks for close to a decade and has perfected his capabilities. The tasks are repetitive, in which case they do not require much creativity.

As a human resource manager, I would call him in to discuss my observations pertaining to his declining performance. This may allow him to open up on the issues that may be affecting his performance thereby paving way for some help. Alternatively, sending don of a counselor would be appropriate as he may find it easier to open up to a stranger than someone of authority. On the same note, the human resource management counselor would give professional services that may restore him too his previous state.

References

Ivancevich, J. M., Konopaske, R. & Matteson, M. (2013). Organizational behavior and management. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.