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INDIVIDUAL STRATEGIC MARKETING ANALYSIS AND PLAN

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Project Outline and Executive Summary

According to a study carried out by UNESCO, more than fifty percent of the international historical and cultural heritage is concentrated in Italy. Even if debates might ensue over the accuracy of this figure, Italy is without a doubt one of the richest nations in the world as far as history and culture goes. Numerous, ancient civilizations have touched the country as much as recent and modern cultural and artistic influences. History, art and culture are essential motives for a considerable percentage of the number of individuals visiting the country each year. In addition to this, they form a strong promotional feature for destinations, towards market segments that are less sensitive to heritage and culture. Not forgetting the fact that, the tourism industries and authorities until recently, have accomplished exceedingly little to render impressive stock of historic and cultural resources available. Even less has been achieved to further the accessibility of the modern Italian traditions and culture (Moller & Deckert, 2009). This then forms a basis for and explains why the traditional cultural and artistic commodities and their use by international and national tourists is the focus of the paper.

Through research of the market, the paper will examine the characteristics of both the supply and demand of cultural and heritage tourism commodities, to have a sound foundation through which to set a tourism marketing strategy is more scientific and with decreased risk. For instance, research estimates that today 55 percent of Italians go on holiday annually. In these cases, 15 percent usually purchase a package tour for a minimum of seven days. Research shows that more young people involved in these travels are between 30 and 20 years old, though individuals aged over 55 make up for a larger percentage of the 55% of tourists. As a result, of the exceedingly high demand for arts, historical and cultural tourism in Italy, the paper will propose a project to begin a new business supplying the demand for arts, historical and cultural tourism (Consulting & Promotion 2011).

Company Description

The company will deal with tourism in arts, history, culture and religious paths. When it comes to religious tourism, more than 3000 structures are available in Italy, more than 56 ancient and modern convents, 25 Euro house receptions, 30 Euro monasteries that are available to be exploited by this kind of tourism. The company will focus on these areas to supply religious tourism demands by targeting individuals between the ages of 70 and 40. The company will also deal with material culture. The key to excellence for culture tourism in Italy is in the ability to deliver and create an efficient diversification crossing the right artistic, historical and monumental traditions with food, crafts, folk territory and wine. Culture in a wide sense to harmonize the traditional view to protection with improvement of local identity in culture (Richards 1996).

The company will also exploit tourism in museums, as there are not enough visitations to museums. The company needs to breathe to the tourists in Italy that the emotions and atmosphere in museums offer a unique experience worth coming back for. The company will carry out an operation to communicate the new tourism features the company is offering within the country, that is involving the people of Italy in processes of systematic rediscovery of their own traditions (Richards 1996).

Goals of the Company

The main goal of the company is to supply the unsupplied tourism demands in Italy especially in the area of arts, history, religious paths and history. The company will exploit all the available and underutilized tourist features related to culture, traditions and religion.

Situation Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses

Art, history and culture are essential motives for a significant number of tourists.

The considerable casual attitude of policy makers in relation to heritage is changing to the advantage of tourism companies as a response to the pressure of the competitive of Italian competitiveness as a destination for numerous tourists.

Not much has been done by the industry and authorities to render the impressive cultural and historic stock resources available.

Accessibility to cultural tourism stock is low.

Opening periods and times for cultural attractions are low and many are usually opened after a special request.

Demand for tourism is contracting.

Opportunities Threats

Given the huge presence of cultural heritage, the supply of accessible historic and cultural tourism products is marginal.

Although the number of traditional and cultural heritage institutions is increasing, it has not led to a corresponding increase in heritage- supply for use in tourism.

Interests in consumption of culture and traditions are growing.

Italy has a significant stock of culture and heritage.

Competition is low in the market. Rigid frameworks in legislature

Lack of control of finances

Inadequate and insufficient management

(Richards 1996).

Customer Analysis and Market- Target segmentation

To speak of cultural consumption in the country means that one has to speak of the number of tourists visiting the tree distinct cultural commodities possessed by the state namely monuments and galleries, museums and excavations. Research indicates that national heritage is popular in Italy with respect to regionally and locally owned resources, which stems from importance of national tradition and heritage and from the fact that not less than seven institutes out of ten do not charge for entrance fee. Recent research shows that within the time span of ten years from 1984 to 1994, periods of decline in art and cultural tourism in Italy were followed by renewed growth (Organization for economic Co- ope 2002).

Up until 1991, the trend was worrying. Signs of tourism recovery were observed in 1993 with admissions to galleries and museums increasing. The number of free admissions has also declined leading to corresponding decrease in tourism. The percentage for paying tourists is lowest in excavations and monuments and highest in galleries. The museums are, therefore, between two extremes with 46 percent of visitors paying to enter. The issue of accessibility does not seem to be, as a result, of policies in pricing. Not only, does a larger number of guests pay, but tourists of culture are also assumed insensitive to price changes. Culture and art are presumed to be critical motives for visitors to choose Italy as a destination for holidays (Organization for economic Co- ope 2002).

Marketing Program Guidelines

To market tourism for the company, cultural events can be used as tools of marketing as in the case of Rovereto. Rovereto is a cultural city, and as such is more attractive to visitors if it has a bi- seasonal mountain for both winter and summer. A successful marketing strategy can also include the creation of a brand in which the company deals with. In addition to this, establishment of a strong relationship between the regional or central players and the public body can work as a marketing tool for the company (Consulting & Promotion 2011).

The company can market its tourism commodities by marketing existing cultural events to enhance its new ones. For instance, if the company wants to launch a new festival in the country to attract tourists it has to work on the events’ quality and create an adequate communication channel. Next, the company should launch the calendar of events. Identification of market orientation references and cities such as Vicenza and Brescia, cities in which to emphasize a specialist in communication are also essential. Launching of the planned events then should follow (Consulting & Promotion 2011).

Conclusion

Since Italy is a hot spot for tourism, the company should intend to launch tourism events and activities by following a marketing plan and strategy that intends to attract tourists from all over the region.

References

Consulting & Promotion 2011, ‘The importance of marketing in the tourism sector. New challenges for a growing market’. Viewed 27 February 2012 http://www.slideshare.net/enrico.castiglioni/the-importance-of-marketing-in-the-tourism-sector-english-version

Moller, A & Deckert, M 2009, ‘Project report. Market analyses. Crosscultuour. Viewed 27 February 2012, http://www.central2013.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Downloads/outputlib/CrossCultour_Market_Analysis.pdf

Organization for economic Co- ope 2002, Siena, Italy, OECD publishing, Italy.

Richards, G 1996, Cultural tourism in Europe, Greg Richards, London.

12 Senators That Changed TexasThe voters of Texas elect members into the State Legislature to represent the people’s will in Texas decision making. These members have an obligation to their constituencies to speak and vote on the bill’s brought before them. The income they receive for their duty to the state comes directly from the taxpayer’s within the state. In The Miracle of the Killer Bees: 12 Senators Who Changed Texas Politics by Robert Heard, the negligence of 12 Texas Senators toward their political and constitutional responsibilities is unrightfully exonerated. Heard’s descriptions of the Senators, legislative actions, and political importance are extremely bias, and he does not portray the incident fairly.

The legislative bill, which instigates the controversy and events taking place in this book, calls for two separate days for primary elections. The presidential primary would be held on a different day than other political offices. The Senate, however, is to discuss another bill concerning the election, bill 1149, but it is foreseen that the house will send back the bill amended, providing for a separate-day primary. The reason for converging thoughts on bill 602, the one concerning a separate-day primary, was its effect on the democratic elections coming up. The anticipation of a close race between Ronald Reagan and John Connelly in upcoming Republican Party’s primary election created a strong desire for conservative Democratic voter’s to participate. However, with the more conservative democrats voting on the Republican primary, the more moderate and liberal Democrats would dominate in nominating their candidates for other political offices.

This took place in 1979, a time when Democrats were the Texas majority; only four of the thirty-one members of the Senate being Republican. The 602 bill would require a two-thirds majority in the Senate, which would keep it from being considered due to lack of support, but if 1149, which is more favorable, gets to the house and then sent back with provisions for 602 only a majority in Senate would pass it. Lieutenant Governor, presiding officer in the Senate, Bill Hobby posted notice that the Senate would be switch to a less traditional rule. This gave Hobby ability to switch to “regular order of business” on Friday, which allowed for the pending election bill, 1149, to be decided on. That prior Tuesday, a filibuster by some of the killer bees kept the bill from being resolved; therefore, this overcame their hope to kill it. The name, killer bees, was actually first given to Senator Lloyd Doggett and Senator Ron Clower by Hobby for their use of filibusters in anti-environment and anti-consumer legislation. These two and Senators Parker, Mauzy, Schwartz, Jones, Patman, Truan, Kothman, and Vale made up the ten that together met at Parker’s legislative aide, Dora McDonald’s for breakfast on that Friday and refused to go to the capital building and perform their Senatorial duties. Also missing were Longoria, who had a previously scheduled court date, and Brooks, who did not clearly take sides with either the bees or Hobby.

The Senate, therefore, did not have two-thirds or 21 of its members, which is necessary for them to hold session. The killer bees accomplished their mission, to break the quorum, and defeat Hobby’s attempt to pass the new bill. The rest of the book describes their hiding in the McDonald’s one room apartment and the call placed on the Senate issuing a statewide search involving the DPS for the missing Senators including Longoria, whom sided with the bees and Brooks, who was in Oklahoma and kept his intentions covert to everyone. Two Senators need to be found in order to conduct business in the Senate giving them the two-thirds attendance. Heard gives many accounts of Hobby and the remaining Senator’s anger and disgust of the current situation.

Finally after 4 days with no sign of the Bees, Brooks back from Oklahoma claims he had no affiliation with the Killer Bees and their cause, but had just found out about the happenings in the Texas Senate. He sets up to meet with Hobby that night to talk about negotiations for the return of the Killer Bees. He acts as spokesman for the Bees, though never discusses this with any of them or even makes them aware of his conference. Brooks never actually associating himself with the Killer Bees and seems to have waited for either another senator to be caught or a popular opinion from the public to be visible, following the general rule in politics. The next day Hobby was ready to negotiate, after also receiving a call from Gene Jones, whom remained hidden but split with the other nine in McDonald’s apartment the first day, because the compact living conditions were intolerable. Schwartz called Hobby they discussed the conditions of the Killer Bees return: none of the Killer Bees could make personal privilege speeches against Hobby or any of the other senators, the call on the Senate would be lifted, and the Senate would handle routine business at a time after 3 p.m. letting the Bees have a press conference to share their feelings with the press, and the 1149 bill would then be laid out for a second reading, but no further moves could be made without the traditional two-thirds vote to suspend the rules. This was agreed upon and the Bees came back to the Senate.

The 1149 bill did not receive sufficient votes for the two-thirds majority and was killed in the Senate. This gives the impression that the popularity of the Killer Bees might have had some influence on whether the senators should oppose the bill, again wanting to please the Texas voter. Their popularity was strengthened through the press’ support of the Killer Bees. Heard writes,

The Dallas Times Herald came down much stronger, saying the Bees “deserve to be remembered as heroes” for the fight against the “rigged presidential primary.”(81) Another possible explanation for their popularity would be the Killer Bees’ actions show a certain rebellious and unconventional behavior that grabs the attention of the people, deviating from the predictable, seemingly boring routine of a congressional office to those that follow politics closely. The Killer Bees also mislead the public about their motives and against Hobby; such as Schwartz’ press statement:

We understand that some of the members of the Senate have been prompted to speech-making about all the wonderful bills not being considered while the rest of us are protecting Texas from an unwanted, rigid bill. There has never been any question of our willingness to work under the same rules we started with this session. Bills require a two-thirds vote in the Senate to be considered but now the pressure is on and the rules have been changed in midstream for one

The Senator claims the Lieutenant Governor changed the rules in midstream; however, the switch is justified constitutionally. If the constitution calls for terms unfavorable to Texans, What better position to work for a change than State Senator? He later goes on to say the senators favoring the bill are trying to save their own political career at the expense of the voter, yet, the rejection of this bill will strengthen the vote of moderate and liberal Democrats. It would seem that living in a 19 by 14 foot room with 8 other men for five days in order to avoid an unwanted bill as a fairly liberal action. The Five Million dollars appears incredibly large when alone, however, after divided by all the taxpayers in Texas comes to be greatly minute. In 1980 the Texas population stood at 14,229,191 according Texas Census records.

Heard’s account of the “miracle” of the Killer Bees shows obvious favoritism of not only the Democratic party but the moderate to liberal side of it. Heard exonerates the actions of these 12 senators. The actions of these Texas Senators much resemble a small child when he sees something he wants, but knows can not have. First, the child will try take it with out confronting anyone about it; similarly, the Bees try to filibuster not letting anyone even have a say in the matter. When that does not work then the child will be completely stubborn and obstinate, not cooperating, crying “that’s not fair” and making the parent look guilty in front of peers and those they respect. In the same way, these twelve want the bill in their favor. When they find out they can not have things how they want they refuse to cooperate with Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby and the majority, obvious authority in the Senate. The Bees then cry not to Hobby himself, but to the media and the public, whom Hobby must respect and appear loyal to. As a parent might give in to a whining child in order to regain cooperation and tend to more important matters, Hobby, having more important priorities, must also give in to the senators to regain their cooperation in order to accomplish priorities. The difference between the child and the senators is that a child has not yet learned the skills of persuasion and the senators have made a career out of it.

Heard’s use of the media in the account depicts only one side of general opinion. Robert Heard himself is a news writer. Any event that calls for news coverage is already good to one who works for the media. Important happenings attract the public eye. In order to win viewers, listeners, or readers concerning stories of conflict, the media picks a victim and an assailant, and then imposes their side of the story on the public. As though fiction, the writer, or newscaster only portrays characteristics corresponding with the perceived connotation of good and bad or right and wrong. In this incident, the ones claiming to be taking the side of the people and working for justice in the Senate are easily targeted as victims of Bill Hobby’s selfish and unfair personal wants. When this preconceived notion is already in the heads of Texans, little room is left for convincing otherwise. Heard’s report of the nine Senators living in the small apartment, which would probably make for an entertaining reality show, is interesting; however, his one-sided sources and descriptive characterizations make for good reading but little room for personal interpretation. In a nonfiction book on political persons and events, the information should not be blinded by an author’s personal viewpoint. The facts should speak for themselves.

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ARTH 334 6210

May 23, 2014

12 Years a Slave

In 12 Years a Slave, Steve McQueen blends hostility and passion simultaneously during the duration of the film to produce a sense of time passing slowly. One particular scene in which this is evident is when Tibeats (Paul Dano), an abusive slave driver sings a racist song while overseeing the cotton fields and then there is a quick transition to Solomon Northup (Chiwetel Ejiofor), an African American slave playing a fiddle to perform a classical piece of music. This draws the audience in, producing a sense that not only time but also progress for Solomon has slow down drastically and there is no escape for him to return to freedom.

Memorable and single shots drawn out to lengths enable the audience to become quiescent in observing the realities and brutal action of inequality long after the initial shock. A memorable scene involves the camera focusing on Solomon in the far right corner of the screen as he looks out into the distance. There is no music being played and you are unable to identify what he is looking at. His body language along with the camera shot resonates a sense of being powerless and hopeless towards regaining his freedom. Similar shots occur repeatedly throughout the film producing a painful lingering and sometime uncomfortable feeling as you wait for the next event. In particular the scene in which Solomon is hung from a tree and he prevents suffocation by remaining on the tips of his toes. The camera shot is set at a distance so that the audience can see the other slaves meandering in the background. It also captures their lack of interest depicting this event as the norm. Once again the audience must witness this event as the camera shot is held for a few seconds making it seem like eternity.

The intermixed shots found throughout the film such as that of the cotton fields, streams, trees and other elements of nature demonstrates how time and Mother Nature continues on despite the injustice and inequalities of the world. The long drawn out camera shot provides emotion but also appreciation for which Steve McQueen developed the film. McQueen’s camera shots are plentiful but are not over worked and are very effective in eliciting an emotional response with the audience. Finally there are times in which the different camera shots assist in providing perspective from the different characters’ points of view.

12 Years A Slave. Dir. Steve McQueen. Perf. Chiwetel Ejiofor, Michael K. Williams, Michael Fassbender. 20th Century Fox, 2013. Film.

Industrial Culture

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Socialism should incorporate human rights but not property rights. The middle (bourgeoisie) and lower class (proletariat) continued to develop. The low class earned their living from work were vulnerable to market fluctuations. The machine development and division of labor has adversely affected their work decreasing their wages. They have become slaves and have neither sex nor age difference because everyone labors and exploited by the higher social classes. The lower category of the middle class has receded to the low class due to lack of capital and technology. The lower class has struggled with the middle class as individual laborer and as a group of workers against the exploitation. The workers however, were disorganized, geographically apart and competed with each other. They formed unions under middle class’ influence thus furthered their objectives.

However industrial developments have resulted to increase in proletariat who are strong and concentrated. They have become closer and have formed associations and trade unions. This has been facilitated by the developed communication thus nationalizing the struggle. Marx’s points out proletariats are the only revolutionary class while others are conservative and fights to preserve their positions. Proletariats lack properties to expand or safeguard and therefore has no subjection over the other classes. They destroy all means of attaining private property. They are vast majority and acts in their interest. Their struggle is a national one since the civil war through their open revolution to their conguering the middle class. This formed a base of the society through class oppression due to sustainable existence and steadiness. In the present time, laborers are being deteriorated in status and have become extremely poor. This shows that the middle class cannot rule since they cannot guarantee their existence and are falling while proletariats are succeeding. Modern laborer has become a machine and what he produces is what matters while their wages reflects exploitation (Marx & Engels, 2002).

Communist’s movement aims at overthrowing the bourgeois supremacy and private property rights abolition. Laborers acquires no property through their labor but are instead are exploited by the capital or labor they produce. The bourgeoisie owns power as a common property socially which is threatened by the communist. Marx points out that communism do not restrain people from use of products of their labor but restrains the subjugation of others in the process. He claims that philosophy and religion are based on existence of the people. Those ideas that prevail serve the ruling class’ interest. This shows that the ruling class structures the society by the rules they make and serves their own interest. Property rights are glorified by the bourgeoisie due to the fact that they are the owners. Proletariat abolishes class antagonism and eventually their class supremacy.

Marx views revolution where workers would be rulers and struggle to abolish private property. Communism portrays history as a force that is unchangeable and one that has morally desirable results. Critics of communism are harshly addressed by Marx in a sarcastic manner. If private property is abolished, some claim that there will be no workers and communism would end up destroying the intellectual products. However, Marx claims that workers acquire nothing while those who acquirers never works. He points out that class culture disappearance is different from all culture disappearance. Communists aim at freeing the property from the ruling class. Communists have been criticized to aim at abolishing nationality and a country but Marx claims that the workers have no country and national differences are insignificant where industrialization has continued to standardize people’s life.

Reference

Marx Karl, Engels Friedrich. (2002). The Communist Manifesto. England; Penguin Classics

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Influential Factors that will Shape the Future of Religion in America

Religion is often defined as the existing cultural followings and beliefs, which relate to life, with an order to existence. It usually attempts to provide the meaning of the origin and purpose of life. There are many religions in the world such as Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, Hinduism, and Christianity. Furthermore, various religions have holy books, places of worship, rules that guide their members, as well as clergy or people in charge of leading its members. Some unique characteristics exist among the various religions such as holding funeral services, marriage services, initiation rites as well as other religions functions. In the United States, the society accepts all forms of religions and this has promoted its expansion, even in schools. However, in the past, this was not the case as only certain religions thrived and people were skeptical of other religions. This paper seeks to give a critical analysis of the American religion will be shaped in the future.

In the past decades, many traditional religions were fundamental as well as being conservative. As time passes, religion seems to evolve and become quite inclusive and thus the issue of alienation is evaded. People now have a variety of choices to pick from when seeking to join a religion that appeals to them. There are no strict rules regarding joining a religion and this has made many people to develop more appreciation for religion (Rorty & Vattimo 117). The United States is known all over the world for its religious diversity as well as the impact this has had on its corporate world, communities, and society. Religion is meant to ensure that individuals are aware about the meaning of life; hence, there is a sense of meaning and coherence in various life issues.

The United States is accommodating too many religions with the most prominent one being Christianity, which is mainly made up of Catholics and Protestants. In this 21st century, America has witnessed the rise of various forms of religion that have their own unique worship and belief systems. In addition, there has been a rise in the number of atheists since some people do not believe that there is a higher power or even an afterlife. Most times, people will be in a particular religion based on certain factors, such as their culture, ethnicity, and up-bringing among others. For example, if children were brought up in a Christian household, it is most likely that they grow up practicing Christian beliefs and values.

The future of religion in America will most likely be shaped by various factors, especially since it is a diverse nation. Firstly, the religious sects continue to diversify quite intensely because of various reasons. These include leadership wrangles, tough rules, which some members cannot follow, as well as the need to find better religions that will satisfy an individual. Some of the sects that exist in the Christian protestant church are the Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, and Lutheran church (Newport 149). They all have different beliefs, especially in terms of how they view gay issues. Some do not support gay people, while others do, therefore, leading to their break-up. In the future, more sects and denominations will come up because of opposing views on issues that exist in society.

During the 1950’s, America mostly had the presence of Jews, Protestants, and Catholics but this has now changed quite significantly. When the September 11th attacks took place, Americans started blaming the Muslims for committing terror acts. Muslims who were living in America endured the humiliation of being viewed with suspicion and often treated like suspects in many crimes. At the moment, Islam is a religion that is fast gaining popularity in America even though most times people seem to believe that Americans hate Muslims. However, this is not the case as people are now aware that Islam is a religion that upholds good moral values. Those who commit acts of terrorism and claim that they are Muslims are just lying in order to give the religion a bad name. It is evident that the number of Muslims in America will increase because people now know a lot concerning this religion.

Many Americans apparently seek to know more concerning spiritual matters and continue to join any religion that can sufficiently address this issue. They want to know more about the meaning of life and what happens to human beings once they die. There are many problems affecting people that prompt them to relate to a higher being in order to feel or have a sense of belonging. In this case, science will make a lot of progress in a bid to give people evidence and information about such issues. For example, neuroscience will definitely continue to discover and develop more information regarding how the human psychology works, as well as the brain and body. It could be even correct to suggest that scientists will be looked upon to give their findings about human existence as religion progresses in the future.

Lastly, the future of religion in America will be influenced by the ideals that exist among the youth. This group of people is often easily influenced into becoming members or joining certain sects that will benefit them. In order for young people to join a religion, it should be able to appeal to them in many ways. The Hollywood craze has gained popularity among American youth who will do anything to be like their idols. It is no wonder that many youth want to join the Scientology Church because it has many celebrity members. In the future, religions that want to attract the youth need to find ways that can attract them. This then brings in the issue of technology being used to promote religion in America. In this case, the social media will have to be improved so that people who use it can know more about religion. For example, churches can stream in their live church services through Facebook. Therefore, it will ensure that a wider population is able to receive the gospel without having to be in an actual church.

Conclusion

It is quite evident that the future of American religion will be affected by various factors. People need to understand that religious identity is just but an existing social construction. It thus should not have a lot of power over people because it seems to be in America. There is an urgent need to resolve many of the global crises and problems, and if religion can help then it must be taken into consideration. Therefore, in the future, religion should be able to accommodate the nature of human beings, which is being open-ended, generous and deep.

Works Cited

Newport, Frank. God Is Alive and Well: The Future of Religion in America. New York: Gallup Press, 2012.Print.

Rorty, Richard. & Vattimo, Gianni. The Future of Religion. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.Print.

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4g and Beyond: Convergence of Networks, Devices and Services

Technology experts have been innovating different ways that people can use to communicate with one another from a distance without using face-to-face communication. The high need for sharing information through communication has led into different developments in the telecom sector from primitive modes of communication to the modern advancements. Ability to have free and instant access to information characterizes the present age of telecom, also referred to as the digital era. The innovation of 4G network provides end users with the ability to communicate and share information effectively through the internet. 4G refers to the fourth-generation mobile communication standard and experts go beyond to innovating fifth, sixth, and many other generation standards. Presence of 4G and beyond mobile telecommunication standards plays a role in promoting convergence of networks, services and devices in the industry. The presence of these application services, which easier to use through many mobile devices and their ability to ensure convergence and interworking between different domains ensures the success of next-generation telecom needs (Lee, Modarressi & Mohan 16).

The 4G networking system offers more than half a million mobile applications that utilize huge quantities of date, and the number will keep on increasing as experts make more advancements in the coming years. In addition, it works on all broadband networks making it more efficient for most mobile applications. The main issue with the present mobile network is its inability to handle the high number of traffic created by users from all corners of the world. User experience promotes convergence networks through connections on the internet recorded on daily basis and the number of data sent from one user to another. On the other hand, the introduction of wireless networks such as the Wi-Fi promotes user experience and allows more interaction between users that provides a tremendous boost in the telecom industry (Rysavy 5-6).

4G plays a role in generating a boom in the mobile communications through offering a means of spreading the internet to new places with the assistance of service providers such as mobile companies. Service providers’ financial benefits also help in the convergence of networks, services and devices in the telecom industry. The next-generations services provide third parties such as end users with the capability of enjoying financial gains through charges on mobile networks and data bundles used on the internet surfing. Service providers provide API addresses used by internet users in connecting to different sites, hence promoting convergence of networks. In addition, the API addresses provided by service providers allow users of mobile and other network applications communicate effectively with others through efficient access to the internet through fast and reliable 4G networks.

The 4G network provides service providers with an opportunity to enter new markets and offer services to a bigger group leading to increasing in revenues. The telecom sector benefits from these services by getting a share of revenues since it manages these networks. Financial benefits from service providers promote the work of the telecom industry because they manage to introduce other advancements in terms of more innovative networks. In addition, service providers offer fixed-mobile convergence that ensures users from different locations communicate effectively using both cellular systems and Wi-Fi (Rysavy 10).

Finally, bundle services offer convergence of networks in the telecom a great advantage because people purchase bundles on a daily basis for internet use. Service providers provide data bundles to mobile and other internet-application users at varying prices depending on the type of network provider and the number of bundles purchased. Availability of bundles offers users with a more conducive environment for browsing. 4G network saves users the amount of data consumed per minute because it is a high-speed network compared to 2G and 3G.

Works Cited

Lee, Anne, Y., Modarressi, Abdi & Mohan, Seshadri. Convergence of application service in

Next-Generation networks. IEEECommunication Magazine. March 2012

Rysavy, Peter. Convergence of 3G/4g and Wi-Fi. Information Week Reports, October 2011.

Philosophy

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Reason and moral virtue according to Immanuel Kant

Kant set the foundation for his Moral philosophy on three main writings: Critique of Practical Reason, Metaphysics of Morals, and Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Emmanuel Kant, in the Groundwork, used a technique which involved attempting to change human’s daily, apparent, rational knowledge of morality into idealistic knowledge. His latter two writings were based on a technique of using sensible reason that is grounded only on things about which rationale can tell us as opposed to obtaining any principles from past experience in getting to conclusions that are able to be applied to the world experience.

He is renowned for his philosophy that there is a solitary moral responsibility. He referred to this theory as Categorical Imperative, which is generated from the idea of responsibility. He defines the requirements of the moral law as definite imperatives, which are values that are fundamentally valid. These principles are superior in and of themselves. According to him, these principles ought to be observed in their entirety, and by all, circumstances as well conditions if human character and conduct is to follw the moral law. “From these principles all our moral duties and obligations are obtained or created, and by which all moral duties can be evaluated”. He also argues that the moral means as well as outcomes can be applied to these principles, that reasoning humans can seek particular ends using the most proper means. “The moral law is a principle of reason itself. It is not based on dependent facts about the world, including what could make us happy, but to act upon the moral law that has no other intention or goal apart from worthiness of being happy. Moral obligation only applies to rational (reason) agents”. He supposed that in case an act is performed with the intention of responsibility, then it lacks moral worth. Instead, any action ought to have absolute goal (reason) driving it or the act would lack meaning. According to him, the outcome of an action is not the most significant aspect of an action, rather it is how an individual feels while doing the act that value is attached to the outcome of the action.

J.S. Mill’s understanding of human nature (for example, individuality) and rationality in his approach to liberty

According to John S. Mills, logic characterizes human nature. An individual behaves in a specific manner as directed by reason. “The human nature is driven by reason, which overrides all other elements which could appear to be taking place in his life. On Liberty, Mills argues that the human has the sole right to conduct himself in a manner that he deems benefits him most, and should be free to conduct himself in that manner”. This forms the base for his utilitarianism perspective, which argues that human nature is one that aims at giving him optimum benefits. In such a way, an individual is the sovereign.

Mills argues that individuality is a prerequisite to attaining higher pleasures. According to him individuality has an inalienable, indivisible and inherent value to humanity. It is individuality which thrive the human to attaining higher pleasures. Mills believes that a society must try to promote individuality since it is a pre-condition for diversity and creativity in human nature. According to him, conformity is disastrous. He believes that actions do not matter so much. Instead, he argues that the person or individual behind the action together with the action are valuable. According to him it really of significance, not only what people do, but also what cadre or types of men they are that do the action.

On rationality, Mills argues that man is naturally rational. He asserts that reason is the main element that shapes and drives an individual. “Man is hence naturally rational and is guided by reason. In this sense therefore, there should be limited control on an individual by other surrounding individuals, society or a government”.

How John Rawls’ Theory of Justice carry forward the modern social contract theory while also drawing on Kant.

John Rawls is basically recognized for his philosophy of “Justice as Fairness”. Rawls’ theory of Justice establishes a framework which elucidates the importance, in a community presumed to comprise of liberal and equal citizens, of individual as well as political freedoms, of equal chance, and supportive strategies that promote the needs of the more as well as the less privileged and vulnerable individuals in a society or citizenry.

Rawls’ idea of righteousness is an associational conception. It primarily centers on relationships between individual members of an association. He is basically concerned with the political association referred to as the modern nation-state. Rawls’ theory of Justice is founded on the relationships between individuals within an association. “The theory urges us make a society which is a fair system of cooperation and good relations over time. The relationships referred to by the theory are those of citizenship, which is interaction of citizens within the primary structure of society. This is a structure in which individuals only enter by birth and exit only by death”.

Rawls theory of Justice develops principles of justice that are vital in governing a modern social order based on the theory of social contract. This is basically how Rawls’ Theory of Justice carries forward Modern Social Contract Theory. Moreover, one of the most revisited components on Rawls’ perspective of Justice as Fairness according to his theory is his ‘designing’ device referred to as Original Position. “The Original Position has always been compared to the ‘state of nature’ or rather pre-political state of humanity that was significant in philosophies of earlier Modern Social Contract philosophers”. In reference to ideas of political thinkers including Kant, Hobbes, Locke among others, so as to conceptualize political duty, one must, firstly, understand what human societies were like prior to the conception of ordered societies under laws as well as governments, and in that case, ask himself what basis would have driven individuals to establish an ordered society. Lastly, one should try to know what values individuals in the pre-political state could have selected to control their relations in a community under set law system and government. Rawls’ Theory of Justice hence carry forward Modern Social Contract Theory, which according to Kant, the sovereignty lies with the people and the leaders are expected to do justice to the citizens by achieving what they are expected of them according to law

Bibliography

Gert, Bernard. Morality Its Nature and Justification. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=138257>.

Hellsten, Sirkku. In Defense of Moral Individualism. Helsinki: Univ, 1997.

Mill, John Stuart, and Stefan Collini. On Liberty. Cambridge: Univ. Press, 1995.

Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=28 2760>.

Rawls, John, and Erin Kelly. Justice As Fairness: A Restatement. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap, 2001.

Sullivan, Roger J. Immanuel Kant’s Moral Theory. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

4G Technology For United Arab Emirates University (UAEU)Due to increased demand for high speed internet connective within the university, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) upgraded their internet connectivity services from using 3G to a more advanced technology referred to 4G in 2011 after automating their student registration and introduction of e-learning. 4G is an acronym for fourth-generation wireless [1]. 4G technology is an enhancement of the 3G technology with VOIP, data, gaming services and high quality streamed multimedia on movable devices with transmission speeds that can be compared to cable connection transmission speed [4].

Since the university installed its web-based information system that allowed students to register online, check their results online, drop course, interact with their lecture among other services offered by the eService system, have restrain/used up the internet bandwidth and consequently slowing the whole system and sometimes halting services completely. The 3G network that was being used offered limited capability to its user. United Arab Emirates University opted to adopt a new and enhanced 4G wireless technology. The 4G technology is expected to provide an ultra-mobile broadband which is provide ‘super’ fast rate of the available wireless network transmission. This technology transmits at a rate between 100 megabits per second (MBPS) and one gigabit per second (GBPS). Compared to the predecessor 3G networks, which transmitted at an average speeds of approximately 200 kilobits per second (KBPS), which is relatively slow. Furthermore 4G provide a more effective and stable connection than any of the previous technologies for roaming devices such as users travelling by car or data transfer between towers. The increased speed and accurate connectivity support the transmission of large bandwidth of data than its predecessors [3]. With 4G technology user would be able to access information-rich applications such as real time video chat, high definition digital television signals among others. Adoption of 4G technology within the university have enabled the staff, students and the community surrounding the university to enjoy fast and stable internet connectivity [6]. The university is now using the VOIP technology to make voice calls at cheaper rates and lecturer and students are now able to fully utilize the E-learning platform that was being threatened by unstable internet technology.

The history of 4G technology dates back to 1G, 2G and 3G technologies, where the first depicted the shift from analog to digital transmissions, availing data services like short text messages and email to cell phones to the third generation (3G) which enabled the global roaming and a high data transmission rates. The wireless technologies get better [4], stable and feature-riched as newer technologies are availed. For example the available 3G networks allowed internet users to stream videos, but at a relatively low speed, but with the advent of 4G users are able to access the same features but with a higher speeds and this facilitate the development of new applications [1].

Despite the good features bundled in 4G technology, users have used this technology to hurt the institution [5] . Due to high connectivity within the university security issues to the university’s ICT resources are eminent. Since users are connected to the internet all the time, keeping a user privacy has been a challenge [3],[5]. Furthermore in the case of hackers getting unauthorized access to the university’s information system will take the shortest time to download or route crucial information for use to harm the image of the university.

To address the security issue to the university’s information system, the whole security issues associated with this technology will be analyzed and new approaches to the information security would be taken explored. The details of the steps to be taken in seeking for a compromised solution would be discussed in the next section.

Works Cited

[1] BIBLIOGRAPHY FreeWiMaxinfor.com. 4G Technology. 2012. Oct 2012 <http://freewimaxinfo.com/4g.html>.

[2] Martin, Jim, et al. “Limitations of 4G Wireless Systems.” n.d.

[4] MOBILE TECHNOLOGY:EVOLUTION FROM 1G TO 4G. June 2003. October 2012 <http://www.electronicsforu.com/EFYLinux/efyhome/cover/jun2003/Mobile-tech.pdf>.

[5] Services’, ‘Cellular Mobile Systems and. 3G Technology Overview. April 2009. October 2012.

[6] Vilches, Jose. Everything You Need To Know About 4G Wireless Technology. 29 April 2010. October 2012 <http://www.techspot.com/guides/272-everything-about-4g/>.

8.4 AGGRAVATED BATTERY (2nd degree felony)

784.045, Fla. Stat.

To prove the crime of Aggravated Battery, the State must prove the following two elements beyond a reasonable doubt. The first element is a definition of battery.

1.(Defendant)

[intentionally touched or struck (victim) against [his] [her] will].

Give 2a or 2b as applicable.

2.(Defendant) in committing the battery

a.intentionally or knowingly caused

[great bodily harm to (victim)].

[permanent disability to (victim)].

[permanent disfigurement to (victim)].

b.used a deadly weapon.

Definition. Give if 2b alleged.

A weapon is a “deadly weapon” if it is used or threatened to be used in a way likely to produce death or great bodily harm.

“Great bodily harm” means great as distinguished from slight, trivial, minor, or moderate harm, and as such does not include mere bruises.

In Romantic Relationships: Opposites Attract

Professor

Course

Date

Introduction

Popular psychology encompasses claims that people hold on to, yet they are not backed by empirical evidence (Baumeister and Bushman 393). One of the common claims of such nature is that “in romantic relationships, the opposites attract.” In other words, people believe that two individuals with opposite personality traits are attracted to each other more than individuals with similar personality traits. Despite the fact that many people believe in the claim, it does not seem to be based on any scientific research. A study conducted in 2009 by Dijkstra on 760 young people who were members of a certain online dating site found that 85.7 percent of the respondents preferred to have romantic partners with opposite personality traits (Lilienfeld et al. 171). The purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of the identified claim, with regard to how it is portrayed in real life and how it relates to psychological concepts and theory.

Representation of the Claim in Real Life

The notion that “opposites attract” is widely portrayed in love stories in TV shows, magazines, novels, internet sites and films. Most of the love stories in these sources portray people with opposite personality traits falling in passionate love. A good example is a book titled The Opposites Attract, in which the author, Tim Lahaye, claims that people with the same temperament are not compatible and do not attract each other (Lilienfeld et al. 172). A 2007 TV comedy titled Knocked Up portrays Katherine Heigl and the starring, Seth Rogen as individuals with contrasting traits, yet they end up falling in passionate love (Lilienfeld et al. 172). The same is evident in a well known Hollywood movie titled The Opposite Attract, in which a man called Joe Cantgetadate falls in romantic love with a woman called Candice Blondebombshell, yet they have sharply contrasting traits (Lilienfeld et al. 172).

Psychological Concepts and Theories

In contrast to what the claim discussed above, psychological theories of intimate relationships suggest that individuals with similar personal traits are more likely to develop and maintain romantic relationships than individuals with contrasting personality traits. For instance, the matching hypothesis posits that individuals tend to pair up with romantic partners who have similar interests (Baumeister and Bushman 394). This happens to friends and lovers. According to the hypothesis, the inclination to pair up with somebody with similar traits is rooted in human psyche. The self-monitoring concept also suggests that people naturally pair up with friends or lovers with similar interests. The concept stipulates that each human being seeks to maximize social situations through self-monitoring and interacting with people who have similar interests. In short, the existing theories and concepts refute the claim that the opposites attract (Baumeister and Bushman 394). These theories are more reliable than the claim since there is vast scientific evidence to support them, unlike the claim, which is not backed by scientific evidence. For instance, a study conducted by Stanchfield and Gold in 2004 indicated that people who have similar personality traits are more likely to form close and lasting relationships than people who do not have similar traits (Lilienfeld et al. 173).

Conclusion

The claim that “opposites attract” is not true and thus, it can only be regarded as a myth. In addition to lack of scientific findings to support this claim, there is vast evidence that proves the contrary. The available psychological theories and concepts are in contrast to the claim. The claim, just like other pop psychology claims, is applied in numerous real life situations, but it does not represent the reality.

Works Cited

Baumeister, Roy F. and Brad Bushman. Social Psychology and Human Nature, Brief. New York:Cengage Learning, 2013

Lilienfeld, Scott O., Steven Jay Lynn, John Ruscio and Barry L. Beyerstein. 50 Great Myths of

Popular Psychology: Shattering Widespread Misconceptions about Human Behavior. California: John Wiley & Sons, 2011. Print