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“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost

The poem “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost written in 1923, pictures a setting of a scene with wood and in a snowing evening that is hauntingly barren and pastoral. The great works of Frost were seen as a gift and his poem stopping by the woods in a snowing evening is presented and viewed to be a musical poem with the application of great rhythm and having a direct touch that enhances the calmness and assuring nature of the poem(Heitman, 35). The analogy of the poem presents two varying messages that could be liked with the blues music whose rhythm would be sly and charming inspiring smiles on the audience even though their messages are sad and dread. The calm rhythm used by the author suggests on how everything was alright s the message of the words showed how everything was not alright. Through an in-depth analysis of the poem this essay shows the major theme of the poem that is the central concentration of fulfilling promises and accomplish duties of life without distractions presented by the pleasures of life, thus showing the theme of duty and responsibility that is generated from the last stanza, ‘The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promises to keep’ (Heitman, 35). Fulfilling promises and accomplish of duties presented in the poem is a lesson that is projected for the audience especially being adult thoughts. The lesson shows that no matter how one needs to stop and need to stay for the pleasure of nature promises have to be met as well as responsibilities. The idea of accomplishing and fulfilling duties and promises is developed throughout the poem by the use of literary elements such as repetition, rhythm, personification, mood, euphony and the title of the poem.

Most people have often assumed the poem to be a contemplation of death with most of the power based on the line and notion of the author that the woods were “lovely, dark and deep” (Frost, 13). The poem developed by frost was open to interpretation and with the bittersweet complexity of his life, it was assumed to show the complex mix of the transcendent and the tragic in the human experience (Heitman, 36). The author shows the theme of fulfilling promises as well as accomplish duties when he states that before he can rest, he “had miles to go” (Frost, 15&16). Analyzing the poem title ‘stopping by woods on a snowing evening’ shows how the author could not help but be arrested by the beauty and lovely sight of the woods which elaborates on how nature provides a respite from the society and work demands. The author, however, even though allowing himself the small respite from worldly concerns, he pulls himself together nudging himself to move on. The theme is developed clearly in the concluding passages that elucidate the central theme of fulfilling promises and accomplishing duties through the following passages. ‘The woods are lovely, dark and deep. But I have promises to keep. And miles to go before I sleep. And miles to go before I sleep’ (Frost, 13-16), these last sentences to reveal that he was aware that he had miles to go as well as emphasize the responsibilities that are pressing through the use of repetition in the poem. By analyzing this last stanza, the author shows the use of regular rhythm that ends with ‘deep, keep, sleep and sleep’ capturing the conflict between human and nature, as well as showing the differences between the promises and obligations that adults have in life. The main point of the poem is shown through analyzing the traveler from an adult perspective, stopping in woods to admire beauty until when he decided to restart his journey when he realizes his duties. The second stanza analyzing shows use and application of personification whereby the author personifies the thinking of the horse when it stands as if it understood the owner’s urge to stop ‘My little horse must think it queer’ (Frost, 5). Imagery is used to develop the setting of the poem helping the audience to picture the woods, how dark they were and snowy showing the power of nature that made the traveler stop despite having responsibilities ‘Of easy wind and downy flake. The woods are lovely, dark and deep’ (Frost, 12-13). The story applies euphony when the author takes us through the woods that ought to be scary but the pleasing sound provides calmness and comfort that the traveler wishes to stay without the troubles of the world. “the only other sound’s the sweep / of easy wind and downy flake” (Frost, 11-12) lines of the poem sets the artful mood of the poem which is relaxing that as well shows the realization of the traveler that he has to move on. Parini as well quotes Robert Penn Warren in support of the theme whereby “A native takes, or may take, a place for granted; if you have to earn your citizenship, your locality, it requires a special focus.” (Heitman, 36). this shows that in the poem concentration is required to fulfil the promises and accomplish responsibilities as well.

Developed with many themes the poem “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening” by Robert Frost was open to interpretation by the reader. The literary devices used in the poem, however, analyses the central theme of the poem to be duty and responsibility that shows on fulfilling promises and accomplishing duties one needs concentration. Use of repetition, rhythm, personification, mood, euphony and the title of the poem emphasizes on the important lesson the poem intends to articulate which is everything is alright as compared to the interpretation of the poem meaning death. The regular rhythm that is steady throughout the poem shows that there is nothing odd from the ordinary in the poem at all. The poem tends to show the realization and the self-awareness the traveler had on his duties as compared to the argument that the author was contemplating death.

Works cited

Frost, Robert, and Susan Jeffers. Stopping by woods on a snowy evening. New York: Dutton, 1978.

Heitman, Danny. Verses and Adverse. 2014. Pdf file

How Risk Affects Corporate Financial Strategy

Financial strategy is a practice that a corporate or a business implements to pursue its objectives. The corporate delegates the top leadership with the task of formulating a financial strategy. An adequate financial plan helps in the smooth running of the business and the achievement of both short-term and long-term goals. In order to experience success, it is important for businesses to manage different types of risks (Shechtman, 2004). The notable risks that affect the financial strategy adopted by an organization include credit, reinvestment, political, and default risk.

A corporate may opt to borrow extra credit from banks or other financial bodies. The credit borrowed has to be repaid after an agreed period. An corporate faces serious consequences it fails pays its obligated debts. To reduce the businesses credit risk, it is advisable that the business checks the prospective lenders, or seeks credit guarantees besides any other strategies.Interest rates of financial institutions and firms that own important interest bearing assets vary from time to time. The business should also analyze the risks because higher risks will mean higher interest rates (Reuvid, 2005). These firms often focus on the strategies of reducing the amount of interest rate risks to increase the number of firms and individuals taking loans. Before any business firm takes a loan, it is relevant for it to analyze the interest rates and ensure that it is favorable for the business.Proper financial strategies are a major asset for a business in order to borrow loans at low interest rates. Businesses incur political risks in two major ways. First, if a business is running in a foreign country, political instability may occur. In this case, the government may chase away international investors and take away the business assets. The second risk is political regulation environment such that the government may hinder the existence of other businesses. A valid example is the sale of pork in Muslim dominated countries.Although there may be a few potential buyers, the government does not allow the sale of such a commodity. Default risk is a situation where a company is unable to make the required payments on the debts obligated. When businesses face to default risks corporate strategies get compromised in all forms of credit extensions. To reduce the impact of default risk, businesses should ensure that the lenders often charge return rates that directly correspond to the debtors’ level of default risk. Reinvestment risk is the chance that a business or a corporate has to be able to reinvest cash flow from an investment at a rate that is equal to the investments current rate of return (Reuvid, 2005). Reinvestment risk occurs when the ability of businesses to reinvest coupons payments falls since the probability of losing the coupons in the first place is high. A business should put in place financial strategies that enable it to invest in bond investing since investing in bonds does not entail the generation of cash flow (Shechtman, 2004). A business that invests where there is a lot of cash flow exposes itself to risks. Reduction of reinvestment risks occurs by investing in non-callable securities that keep the issuing companies from calling away extremely high coupons investment when the market rates are not favorable and fails.

Reference

Reuvid, J. (2005). Managing business risk a practical guide to protecting your business (2nd ed.). London: Kogan Page.

Shechtman, M. R. (2004). Working without a net: how to survive & thrive in today’s high risk business world. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.



Somali Famine

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A stable government is the solution for the famine in Somalia

This paper seeks to give an analysis on how the recurrent famines in Somalia can be solved through having a stable government. Somalia is experiencing the worst drought in about 60 years, as they try and struggle with the civil war. Around 3.7 million people are affected by the drought, and many lives are being lost. The children of Somalia are the ones, who are suffering greatly, as a result of the famine (Dixon, 2011). According to the United Nations, malnourishment levels among children are at 30%. UNICEF has confirmed that in every six minutes, a child dies in Somalia, due to famine. The country is extremely insecure, thus making it difficult for the United Nations to deliver food and aid.

A stable government needs to exist, so that the security issue is addressed, and a solution found. Most Somalis have to travel dangerous land in search of food, not knowing if they will be alive, before they reach the food. Most of the Somali people are finding their way into Kenya. It is estimated that around 1800 people enter Kenya on a daily basis. These numbers are extremely high and they cannot be all catered for by the Kenyan government. Since the Somalia government is supporting the activities of the United States, the group known as Al-Shabaab is causing a lot of problems. Somalia is guarded by militia, who are in support of the existing federal transition government.

The Somali government ought to become stable, so that the international community is able save the people who are starving. Aid in the form of medicine, water and food, is needed urgently (Qasim, 2011). Those working in the United Nations and transitional government should work together if the problems of the famine are to be solved. A strategy must be set up by the transitional Somalia government to eradicate famine, as this should not be taking place in the 21st century. The warring parties in Somalia, who are all fighting for power, are the cause for the famine tragedy .Instead of focusing on the needs of the citizens; they are only interested in matters concerning power.

The Somali people have for a long time suffered due to the civil war. In the year 1991, President Siad Barre was over thrown, thus becoming a failed state. There are no human rights in Somalia, as well the country being extremely poor. The worst hit regions by famine are Lower Shebelle near Mogadishu and Bakool near Ethiopia. The government is the root cause of all the problems affecting the Somalis (Allison, 2011). The existing Somali government has not done anything to control its population from exploding. The result is that the food resources in Somalia cannot fully cater for all the citizens.

Currently, famine occurs as a result of people not receiving food supplies, which they need to receive. In all the famines, which have occurred in the world, 90% have been in Africa. Politics has been the lead cause of the famine in Somalia, which is as a result of the malicious government. The other reason is that the Somalia government has not come up with effective policies to govern the country (Arab news.com, 2011). Politics in the country has brought about nothing but conflict. Famine would not be in Somalia, if there was a responsible, united and stable government. Unfortunately, the government has left it self be affected by Civil war. There are at least ten warring parties who are all competing for power. Thus ignoring what is important as the expense of its people. Somalia should not be facing famine.

References

Allison, Simon. (2011). Al-Shabab: Bruised but not beaten yet. Daily Maverick. Retrieved from http://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-08-08-al-shabab-bruised-but-not-beaten-yet

Dixon, Robyn. (2011).Famine in Somalia: Will U.N. Aid be enough. International Business Times. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/184491/20110721/somalia-famine-un-declares-al-shabaab-united-states-aid.htm” http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/184491/20110721/somalia-famine-un-declares-al-shabaab-united-states-aid.htm

Editorial. Famine in Somalia. (2011). Arab news.com Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://arabnews.com/opinion/editorial/article475366.ece” http://arabnews.com/opinion/editorial/article475366.ece

Qasim, Maryan. (2011). Why can’t we end famine in Somalia? Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/28/somalia-famine-crisis.

Film Studies

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How Sound, Cinematography and Mise en Scene have produced Masculinity in the film ‘Brokeback Mountain’

The 2005 film by Ang Lee, known as ‘Brokeback Mountain’ is one that is keen on matters that concern sexuality. Mostly, it focuses on the sexuality of the homosexual males who attempt to explore their masculinity. The film has introduced a new form of genre, which focuses on the relationship that exists between the two protagonists. The cinematography used mostly in the film is referred to as lush paranomaric vistas (Bronski, 2008). The mentioned aesthetics is used as part of the modern cinematography methods. It should be known that the mountain mentioned in the film symbolizes the protagonists’ masculinity. The word mountain is, in fact, a metaphor, which symbolizes the relationship that the two leading men have. This shows that landscape can be used as a method of expressing masculinity as has been used in the film. The two protagonists explore their sexuality as the mountain environment provides them with an opportunity. Furthermore, the mountain area is described as being primal in nature (Bronski, 2008).

It is quite evident that the film ‘Brokeback Mountain’ created a lot of controversy because it focused on homosexuality. In fact, many people seem to believe that this film is one of the few to attempt to reach perfection. The cinematography displayed in the film is flawless as witnessed in various scenes. For example, perfect cinematography is witnessed when the sheep were seen on a green slope running up and about, and long shots were being taken at the same time. Also, intelligent mise en scene can be witnessed when the sexuality portrayed by Anne Hathaway dies slowly (Gilbey, 2006). Thereafter, one can view her sexuality from her exceptionally long nails as well as her blond coif. The film had a spare script, which in this case, was another vital aspect of its mise en scene. The film’s cast acted their roles well and the most outstanding character being Heath Ledger. He is portrayed as a man who utters words that he cannot be able to control in turn; most times he is tampered down (Williams, 2008).

In other movies that have been directed by Lee, focus had been on women who were oppressed in the societies they lived in. In this film, he chose to focus upon homosexual men, who are victimized in society. The latter are often denied an opportunity to express their masculinity, but Lee made a perfect attempt in demonstrating this. The cinematography made sure that when a non -gay person watches the film, they will not be prejudice against those who are gay. Most people who have watched the film claim that it is a tearjerker, because one feels compassion for the protagonists (Gilbey, 2006). The extremely purposeful and powerful mise en scene shows how Ennis and Jack demonstrate their masculinity, when they engage in acts of seduction. Each of the various scenes, where foreplay and seduction take place is in an almost slow motion. This ensures that the person watching the film becomes fascinated by the mysterious love story.

It is clearly evident from the film that males can also express their masculinity and sexuality, just as women do. In the first scene, a long shot is taken to show how the two protagonists meet each other. In this scene, bogy language is expressed well and one notices that Jack is the one who seduces Ennis. He does this by holding himself suggestively as he waits for a response from Ennis. In the coming scenes, close up shots have been used to show how Ennis reacts after being seduced. It is evident that Ennis is trying to hide his true character by not responding to the advancements made by Jack (Williams, 2008). The shot that comes after shows how Jake views Ennis from his mirror, which suggests that he is still trying to seduce him. In the last shot, Jake is seen trying to shave, while at the same, time talking to Wood and Ennis. Jake seems to appreciate male masculinity as shown by the film’s cinematography. For example, when Ennis strips to bathe, Jake tries extremely hard not to look at him, and this shown from the shots taken in the scene. While the two are warming up at the fire, the sound heard at the background is quite romantic. Moreover, the atmosphere created by the fire seems to increase the attraction they have towards each other.

The use of sound to show how it affects masculinity in the film was well put together. It all starts when Ennis and Jake get drunk and they fall asleep in different places. Jake sleeps comfortably in his tent, while Ennis is left to sleep out in the cold. Thereafter, Jake invites Ennis to his tent, and this is where the action starts to unfold. The scenes that take place in the tent make one to clearly use their sense of hearing. The two wrestle in what can be described as a way of making love, as Ennis makes an attempt to avoid Jakes advances. This scene continues for a quite a long time, until Ennis finally gives in to Jakes advances (Bronski, 2008). Sound is extremely vital in this love making scenes as it helps one to understand what is taking place, as the men are panting and grunting heavily. Also, the visual focus is quite commendable as one can see the sexual positions, which the two men are in. For example, Jake is the one facing down while, on the other hand, Ennis is standing. The camera focuses on the positions of the men, rather their facial expressions, while having what seems to be sex (Williams, 2008). At the same time, the movement of the camera is either going downwards or upwards, without focusing much on the men’s faces. The scene ends abruptly after hearing a loud grunting sound coming from inside the tent.

The film’s ending is one that is quite memorable as well as beautiful, due to the long shots. Firstly, during the night, there is a truck on the road, which has both symbolic and literal meanings. The latter represents the goings and comings of Ennis, who has had a rough time finding about his masculinity and sexuality issues. Furthermore, Lee has used tight close ups, which have not assisted in making his real intentions about the film known. It seems that Lee is trying to foist the various characters in order for one to identify with them. Other memorable moments where the shots portrayed the men’s masculinity are many. They include; the time a dog ate one of the sheep that was being herded, as well as the image of the boys herding sheep.

Lee has ensured that the issue of gay closets is addressed in the film ‘Brokeback Mountain’. There are many people who are afraid to explore their sexuality because they fear that they will be condemned by society. The Mise en Scene has helped explain why gay closets are reluctant to be known. Therefore, the film has played a vital role in making sure males explore their masculinity, despite them being rejected by society. In fact, most people claim that when one is gay they lose their masculinity, but this claim has been refuted by Lee (Williams, 2008). It is possible to be gay and still retains one’s masculinity. Most of the activities undertaken by Ennis and Jake are those considered to be done by ‘macho’ men. In this case, Lee seeks to ensure that people know that gay people are normal just like everyone else. Other scenes show that Ennis is a devoted father figure to his young son, and his sexual preference does not affect the relationship that the son and father have (Bronski, 2008).

In conclusion, ‘Brokeback Mountain’ deserves recognition for the message its send to its viewers, as well as the excellent use of cinematic styles of production. It is evident that Lee wanted the issue of masculinity, especially among homosexuals, to be known. Also, his use of Sound, Cinematography and Mise en Scene has been acclaimed globally. The performance of the actors was also exceptional, and it contributed towards the success of the film. More films should be filmed in the same manner as Lee did, also to address issues facing society.

References

Bronski, M. (2008). ‘From the Celluloid Closet to Brokeback Mountain: The Changing Nature of Queer Film Criticism’, Cineaste, 33, 2, 22-26.

Gilbey, R. (2006). ‘Brokeback Mountain’, Sight and Sound, 16, 1, 50-51.

Williams, Linda. (2008). Screening Sex. New York: Duke University Press.

How to break into the Indian Market

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How to break into the Indian Market

The article ‘How to break into the Indian Market’ by Bryan Borzykowski gives vital information, which can help medium and small sized companies, penetrate into new markets. Furthermore, it has vital information regarding why India is an emerging market that people need to do business with, in order to achieve maximum profits (Borzykowski, 2012).

In the article, various concepts and terminologies have been implied or used. Also, some of them are similar to the ones, which I have the read in the course text. There is mention of the Gross Domestic Product, and this refers to the revenues that are earned by a country. In this case, India has a 7.7 per cent GDP growth, which means that the country’s economy is doing extremely well (Borzykowski, 2012). Also, in the economy, there are various sectors such as agriculture, fishing and defense, among others. They all contribute in different ways towards improving the economy of a country through the various services and products that they produce. The terminology demographic usually refers to a certain group of people who are located in a particular market.

In order to tap into the Indian Market, Mr. Kenny sent some of the people working for him on trade missions. This refers to business trips, which are meant to ensure that one becomes familiar with the environment where they hope to carry out their business. It means meeting with key officials or stakeholders, who will give advice concerning how to effectively carry out business in a foreign country. Mr. Kenny also wants to ensure that the Indian market contributes towards making his growth strategy for his company become successful. Growth strategy refers to the goals that have been established and have to be met as well as achieved, in accordance with the established objectives. In order for Mr. Kenny to penetrate into the market in India, it is key that he obtains help from trade associations. These are organizations that assist companies or businesses by providing them with financial assistance and advice, among other issues. It is a fact that India is an emerging market; therefore, it has valuable opportunities for investment (Borzykowski, 2012).

The article has provided an insight on what needs to be done if Mr. Kenny wants to succeed in the Indian Market. Moreover, the Indian market is one that is sure to be easy to break into as there is a conducive environment for doing business. Also, the country has a large population of one billion people, and they will assist in purchasing the products, which Mr. Kenny is offering. Mr. Kenny has also identified the needs of the target market, and this means he knows what products will suits them most. For example, many Indians are now eating seafood, and the technology they use to catch the fish is outdated. Therefore, Mr. Kenny’s company has a product, which can satisfy the wants of the Indian population (Borzykowski, 2012).

The manner, which Mr. Kenny, is handling the matter is commendable, as he is interested in knowing a lot concerning the Indian culture and how they conduct their business. The recommendation given by experts in the article should be looked upon by Mr. Kenny. They recommend that Mr. Kenny seeks assistance from trade associations, organizations, as well as the government. Also, he needs to have a business partner, who is based in India and in turn, he is sure to break into the prospective Indian Market (Borzykowski, 2012). In conclusion, this article is extremely informative as well as helpful for people who want to break into the emerging markets.

References

Borzykowski, B. (2012). How to break into the Indian market. Globe and Mail. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/sb-growth/the-challenge/how-to-break-into-the-indian-market/article2367866/” http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/sb-growth/the-challenge/how-to-break-into-the-indian-market/article2367866/

Week 4 Discussion

“Bobby McFerrin – Don’t Worry Be Happy”

left34861500https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-diB65scQU

The song “Don’t Worry Be Happy” was written in 1988 by a renowned American artist Bobby McFerrin. At the time, he was only 38 years old. The song is intended for when one is going through many pressure or problems; this song calms down the listener and motivates to smile. The artist’s intention to calm the listener is clear from the beginning wherein the first verse he sings, “Here’s a little song I wrote. You might want to sing it note for note. Don’t Worry, Be Happy. In every life, we have some trouble. But when you worry, you make it double” (Bobby Mc Ferrin, n.d.). After listening to this song, the overall feeling and mood are expected to be more peaceful and less problematic. He also encourages one to mind people around so as not to spread the low mood,” ‘Cause when you worry your face will frown. And that will bring everybody down. So don’t worry, be happy” (Genius, n.d.). The song went ahead to win the coveted Grammy Awards for “Best Song of The Year,” 1988, while the album to which the song belongs won Album of the Year (Harrington, 1989).

References

Bobby Mc Ferrin (a). (n.d.). http://bobbymcferrin.com/dont-worry-be-bobby/Genius. (n.d.). Don’t Worry, be Happy. https://genius.com/Bobby-mcferrin-dont-worry-be-happy-lyricsHarrington, R. (1989, February 23). McFerrin Wins 4 Grammys. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1989/02/23/mcferrin-wins-4-grammys/83ffc3cb-48c4-4cfe-9e8c-3bb7d65c6e4f/

Essay 2

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Introduction

Out of the three articles, the article “Change Your Diet to Combat Climate Change” from CNN is the most credible because it does the most thorough job covering the issue it is reporting on.

The article “Change Your Diet to Combat Climate Change” from CNN mainly focuses on thinking about the whole population of human beings changing to nutrition that comprises only consumption of plant based diet, which is difficult to visualize how someone would go about applying such a radical modification. There are many reasons why individuals initially go vegetarian that either relates to their moral principles about slaying other organisms, well-being-related problems, and the most critical factor in global warming. Vegetarian and vegan foods can result in even lesser conservatory gas releases (Harwatt, 2019). Still, a vegetarian diet is the minimum severe that is equally healthy and may decrease conservatory gas releases adequate for us to live within ecological limits.

First, the article talks about being aware of a plant-based diet making someone healthier by lowering the risk for obesity, heart disease, and Type 2 diabetes. It reports on a study that was done at the University of Oxford, which is a renowned research institution. The writer caution that a global modification in nutrition and food manufacture is required as many individuals across the universe are malnourished, which consists of those people who are over and undernourished, and food manufacturing is surpassing environmental targets, controlling climate variation, biodiversity damage, and pollution.

The article establishes its credibility by inserting a statement from a licensed nutritionist known as Sharon Palmer that tells that in today’s agricultural system, we grow plants to feed animals that require resources and input like water, land, pesticides, and fertilizer to grow. And then we provide plants to animals and care for them, while they give manure and methane.

The article “Change your diet to combat climate change in 2019” is similar to the Veganism article. They both have a positive view of eating a meatless diet. This article seems the same to the Beef magazine because they both campaign for a meatless diet and focus more on a vegetarian diet. However, The CNN article is different from Beef magazine because CNN focuses more on a vegetarian diet, while Veganism focuses on the alternatives for plant protein. Beef magazine tells that scientists have long established that the alternatives can give health benefits, including helping the brain, bones, heart, and even longevity. The CNN article says that a plant-based diet can make someone healthier by lowering the risks for heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.

Out of the three articles, the article “Change your diet to combat climate change in 2019” is the most credible because it does the most thorough job covering the issue it is reporting on. The article reports on research that was done at the University of Oxford, which is a renowned research institution. It adds a statement of a licensed nutritionist Sharon Palmer who is a nutrition expert.

Even if these articles have some slight differences, the only significant difference is that CNN article does the most thorough job covering the issue it is reporting on. The article interviews and gives information on professional dietician in the field and also quotes credible sources. In contrast, the other article does not do a thorough job reporting on the issue it's reporting on and does not quotes any credible sources

Reference

Harwatt, H. (2019). Including animal to plant protein shifts in climate change mitigation policy: a proposed three-step strategy. Climate Policy, 19(5), 533-541

HYPERLINK "https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1528965" https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1528965

Song, G., Li, M., Fullana-i-Palmer, P., Williamson, D., & Wang, Y. (2017). Dietary changes to mitigate climate change and benefit public health in China. Science of the Total Environment, 577, 289-298.

HYPERLINK "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.184" https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.184

Effects of News Media

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Introduction

The effects of the media in society have been a topic in the center of most debates today. This is because the media is known to influence people, as well as, their way of thinking regarding a particular subject matter (Curran & Gurevitch, 1991). As academicians would explain, the news media can make or break a nation owing to the high influence they have on the society. Accordingly, most have identified the need to control information passed by the media to the people, as it can be destructive, as opposed to, being constructive. Because the role of Media personnel in the world is to provide the world with all information regarding the events taking place all over the world, there is need for control of information passed to people, so as to avoid negative effects.

This paper presents a discussion of the diverse effects of the News media on the society. Specifically, the paper examines how information and news media have affected American culture and shaped political opinions. The paper also examines the media’s social responsibility and concludes by explaining how electronic media and its convergence have transformed journalism and news consumption.

Effects of Information and News Media on American Culture

Recent studies explain that the media has a great effect on public opinion as it shapes the way people think concerning the issues presented (Curran & Gurevitch, 1991). Accordingly, the effects of the media have been identified as being both positive and negative depending on the viewpoint the media takes in certain issues. Americans today tend to believe every bit of information presented in the media, which has in turn influenced the overall American Culture. The American society today is very dependent on the information presented in the media, and for that reason, each American’s daily activities are determined by what is presented in the media. Examples of how the media has influenced American culture include determining how Americans purchase goods and services, politics, and entertainment among other things. Specifically, researchers have identified the media’s influence on body image and beauty as the most significant one in modern America (Curran & Gurevitch, 1991). A thin body has been posed by the media as being the beautiful, and for that reason, most Americans are looking into ways in which they can have or maintain a thin body figure. Empirical research on the issue argues that this implausible body ideal presented by the media has had a negative effect on the thoughts and perceptions of Americans, especially women, regarding their bodies.

How Information and News Media has Shaped Politics

The influence of the media can best be seen in the field of politics, as it is clear that Americans rely on views from the media when deciding their political affiliations (London, 1993). The media is known to criticize political groups, by identifying the said groups’ failures with regards to their political achievements for the state. One show that has taken the frontline in illustrating how the media has influenced American politics is the Colbert report, a satirical news show aimed at providing a sardonic view of the politics practiced in the United States (London, 1993).

News Media’s Social Responsibility

Just like any other corporation, institution of organization, the News media has a social responsibility with which they are expected to adhere to at all times. According to Middleton (2009), there media’s social responsibility ranges from bringing to light real issues affecting the public to providing proper guidance to the people to whom the information is presented. These issues should, however, be accurate and patent, so as to, ensure that minimal negative effects to the society. The Media’s social responsibility also includes working towards the resolution of issues, as opposed to accelerating the issues in such a way that affects the public (Middleton, 2009). The media is also expected to promote social responsibility among individuals that make up a nation through creating awareness on certain social issues that are of concern to the society.

How Electronic Media and Its Convergence have Transformed Journalism and News Consumption

Owing to technological advancements, the electronic media has undergone various changes. This means that the electronic media in the modern society is much different from that of the older times. Unlike the past, where electronic media only consisted of the television and radios, the current forms of electronic media have advanced to include the internet (Curran & Gurevitch, 1991). As a result of internet news reporting, individuals today have easy access to news happening all over the world. Further still, individuals do not need to have their computers to access news from the internet. Instead, they can access news through their mobile phones, which is either sent directly as a message to the phone or through mobile internet access (Curran & Gurevitch, 1991). Notably, the current electronic media forms have transformed journalism in such a way that Journalists have an increased market with whom they report information to. This has, in turned, influenced how news is presented both positively and negatively, as more journalists seek to influence the thoughts of their audience to suit their own.

References

Curran, J. & Gurevitch, M. (1991). Mass Media and Society. London: Edward Arnold.

London, S. (1993). How The Media Frames Political Issues. Retrieved from:

http://www.scottlondon.com/reports/frames.html

Middleton, M (2009). Social Responsibility in the Media. Retrieved from:

http://www.cimethics.org/en/docs/SR_media.pdf

How Lightening is formed

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Lightning

Even before, human beings existed on earth, lightning stroked the earth. It is even believed that the planet’s evolution is due to the effects of lightning. All over the world, the sky is usually lighted at around one hundred in terms of seconds. Furthermore, when lightning occurs, the bolts do not all reach the ground. For example, in the United States, it is estimated that lightening occurs twenty five million times. Most people associate lightning with negative aspects, but it should be known that it has its positive aspects. Lightning is known to cause extreme damage particularly for objects and people that are not well protected. It should be known that when compared to other natural disasters, lightning does not kill many people. On a yearly basis, lightning strikes at least one aircraft, which is in the sky. Luckily, modern aircrafts have been constructed in a way that they are not affected by lightning strikes. Moreover, many forest fires, as well as failure of electric power lines are caused by lightning. The advantage of lightning in forest fires is one that cannot be ignored. It helps in ensuring that the forests constantly have a life cycle that is natural (Dwyer, 2005).

Lightning is described as being an electric discharge that has an extremely high current. It then releases pulses that are in the form of energy at one hundredth millionth seconds. It is usually measured in terms of miles, and it has a diameter that measures two or one inches. Most lightning bolts have tens of thousands of peak currents in the form of amperes. They have temperatures, which are as high as 50000 Fahrenheit degrees. The heat is hotter than even the sun, as its heat is five times more deadly. Lightning columns have plasma’s, which are extremely high in temperature (Rakov & Uman, 2003). The plasma has broken atoms that exist in the form of gas and are usually particles, which are charged electrically. They also have positively charged ions and negatively charged ions. The gases are known to be ionized in nature. The charged particles movement is the one responsible for creating a lightning channel. The latter is what makes up the electrical current whereby, the electrons move.

When ice crystals and soft hail are electrically charged when in the air, lightning arises. Thereafter, negative and positive charges accumulate and in various, diverse regions. In turn, large voltage develops at the regions, which have been charged. The regions are at the ground and the charged region. The voltage then expands in size until it has a million volts ranging from fifty to five hundred. There is also a chance that ionization of the air may take place. Furthermore, a plasma column is formed, and it has a channel that is electrically conducted. This is the time people are able to see lightning in the sky. It should be known that there are various ways as well as directions through, which lightening develops. At most, in the cloud to cloud lightening that occurs globally, there is a 90% chance of it hitting the ground. The latter is due to negative charges, which are transported to the ground, from the clouds. This is referred to as negative downward lightening. The other types of lightening, which exist, are positive upward, negative upward and positive downward discharges. In some rare instances, lightning usually moves upwards even in buildings, such as the New York Empire State Building (Dwyer, 2005).

Lightning occurs at an extremely fast speed that people cannot view it well. It even becomes impossible for people to appreciate its complex structure as well as its development stages. Fortunately, it is possible to determine the lightning development direction. Most times, one can view lightning’s main channel as well as its branches. There are many individual strokes in any given lightening flash. Also, they follow a similar cloud to ground path when lightning occurs. In any given channel, the constant recreation of the plasma takes place on a regular basis. In between the strokes, there are dark intervals and they last up to many milliseconds. The latter is the reason why people often see flickering light during a lightening episode. During a flash of lightning, there are usually five or three stokes. Moreover, people can observe strokes ranging from about one even up to twenty six (Rakov & Uman, 2003).

In every stroke that is downward, there are leaders, which always move downwards. Later on, there is a return stroke that moves in an upward direction. A conducting path is created by the leader, which intersects between the ground and the cloud. Furthermore, negative charges are distributed on the route that has been created. Also, in the path, the return stroke moves to the cloud from the ground. In turn, positive charges are distributed in order to neutralize, and at the same time, make the leader become negative. In any lightning flash, there are electrical currents, and they have diverse strokes. There is usually a rapid, current rise by the return stroke, and it can even reach up to many thousand amperes. During the current’s initial phase, many amperes move and in a second, can transmit even thousandths of amperes. The channel is in turn heated up due to the return stroke that is high. In some cases, it reaches up to 50000 degrees Fahrenheit. Also, the pressure is higher than that of the usual atmospheric pressure. Later on, intense light is produced by the channel. This is what human beings view and it can even expand. Shock waves are usually produced, and people hear thunder, which is a sound wave (Rakov & Uman, 2003).

It is extremely impossible, as well as impractical, to extract energy that is useful from lightning. In every cloud to ground lightning, there is a lot of energy consumption. The flashes usually last and has energy that is 360 kilowatts in every hour. The same energy can be used in lighting light bulbs that have a 100 Watt capacity, and for one month duration. Also, energy produced by the lightning flash varies from one hundredth to one thousandth. It is then taken to a strike point, and most energy is usually lost at this stage. Moreover, other energy then exists in the form of radio waves, light and thunder, after air has been heated up. If people had the ability of containing the energy produced by lightning flashes, they would have many difficulties. The latter is because there are extremely low chances that lightning can strike the ground. An example is a lightning incident that took place in Florida. There was a tower that was sixty meters in length and lightning struck it. Ever since, lightning strikes it on a yearly basis. Florida does not have many incidents of lightning as compared to other American states. Thus, in order to capture strikes created by lightning, many towers would have to be built (Gosline, 2005).

It is possible to test and to research about lightning concerning how it can be triggered. When this is done, it can be extremely beneficial in protecting buildings and people. The most common and safest way of inducing lightning is by using a rocket. It is then charged over head where the cloud is located. The rocket usually has a grounded wire, which is thin, and it trails behind it. There are other regions other than in the atmosphere of the earth where lightning occurs. There is evidence, which shows that, in Jupiter, lightning discharges exist. Furthermore, the discharges are said to be larger than the ones, which occur during lightning on earth (Gosline, 2005). There is a lot of information regarding lightning, but more research needs to be conducted. Concerns regarding radiation that is high energy, and which is obtained from lightning needs to be known. The latter is deadly to human beings and makes them be at harm. During lightning flashes, there is the production of nitrogen oxides, and it can cause global warming. For example, ball lightning needs to be research more upon, as it is not well understood. In conclusion, lightning is a fascinating phenomenon that needs to be known. People should have knowledge on how they can protect themselves from the effects of lightning. In turn, property and human life can be saved.

References

Rakov, V. & Uman, M. (2003). Lightning: Physics and Effects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Dwyer, R. (2005).”A Bolt Out of the Blue,” Scientific American, 292, 5, 2005, 64-71.

Gosline, Anna. (2005). HYPERLINK “http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18624981.200” “Thunderbolts from space”. HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist” o “New Scientist” New Scientist 186, 2498, 30–34.

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“Coffin of Pedi-Osiris” Analysis

“Coffin of Pedi-Osiris” is a well carved and attracting art by Egyptian drawn between 332-30 BC demonstrating traditional cultural beliefs and customs. The engraved coffin portrays that Pedi had a high rank on that particular religion regarding how the body is wrapped with multiple linen clothing, gold face and some painted necklaces signifying a high rank on the religious community. The painting has been preserved especially to the extent of being in a glass frame which can be a symbol of loyalty and respect the entire community towards the deceased. The annotated catalog states that Egyptian designed the coffin in the likeliness of their entire gods who are believed to protect Pedi throughout his journey to eternal life. Generally, the artist uses the visual elements as well as principles of design in a sophisticated and impressive way to bring out a sacred outlook in describing the paramount Pedi-Osiris. In Egyptian’s “Coffin of Pedi-Osiris,” the author made use of composed proportion, active variety and unity acquiring a sense of coherence in representing the Egyptian cultural religion in an informative and exclusive way.

In this paper, the design principles and formal elements are discussed in an in-depth extent as they are the primary factors that convey an understanding of the image and are essential in carrying out its analysis. In “Coffin of Pedi-Osiris” artwork, the artist makes practical use of the visual elements which attracts the viewer’s attention. Some of these elements include texture, shape, form, line, value, color and space. The formal elements used have related to each other bringing out the in one piece image. For instance, the lines are the fundamental elements that act as the foundations of any drawing in signifying the shape and form of the image. Looking at the lines in the Egyptian’s artwork to a profound extent, the artist uses curved lines which suggests ease and comfort in expressing the intended facts. These lines are contour and expressive in their way that makes the author be able to have the real shape, form, and space that the artwork takes. The use of continuous lines leads the viewer’s eyes in a specific direction, and their thickness postulates the strength of the image.

The second visual element seen in the “Coffin of Pedi-Osiris” painting is the color. The color creates the viewer’s first impression towards the image, and with the overall outlook, the colors used to decorate the pictures are suggesting and dramatically communicates the author’s message regarding cultural values and norms. The face of the revered sculpture has been painted with gold color, its eyes are black-lined, and the fake beards are drawn in a unique color. The colors are associated with a kind of headship and supremacy postulating that the deceased Pedi was highly esteemed in the community. The act of appropriately using various colors enable the Egyptian to be able to accurately distinguish different clothing as well as the face of the carving. In this case, the clothes are painted red and covered by differently painted beads. The artist makes use of analogous colors to pain the drawing which effectively creates the rhythm of the image. The author somehow uses light value and consistent bright intensity color in the artwork.

The shape of “Coffin of Pedi-Osiris” scripture is organic as it represents a natural feature and in this case, it almost looks like that of a standing human being. According to the catalog, the carving acts as a drawing of a coffin seven inches in length which was made for the famous Egyptian priest Pedi. The artwork takes a solid shape thus represent in a three-dimensional form, and the curves and angles signify the artist is skilled and experienced in the drawing. The author applies the perspective of the picture and adequately uses art behavior to instigate a positive feeling to the viewers of the scripture. The form of the Egyptian’s image is three dimensional regarding that it has the length, width, as well as the depth and this, profoundly determines its shape.

The other formal element evident in the Egyptian’s artwork is the space. Space is the area around and between the object have been effectively used in drawing the “Coffin of Pedi-Osiris” carving. The artists have significantly utilized both the positive and negative space resulting in the proportionality between the real object and the free area in the image. The space in the artwork is real thus three-dimensional, and an atmospheric perspective is used. Through visual texture, the author has used his artistic skills efficiently in portraying a hard and rough texture. Texture determines the quality of work, and in this particular artwork, high value has been attained through the practical use of different colors while drawing. The artist’s skills in painting technique generate a positive illusion the illustrated texture.

Looking at the sculpture, the visual element goes hand in hand with the principles of design in making it a real and hilarious structure. These design principles evident in the Egyptian’s carving include balance, movement, pattern, emphasis, variety, unity, rhythm, and portion. They collectively describe how the artist makes use of the formal art elements in the painting. To start with emphasis, it is the underlying section of the artwork that attracts the viewer’s attention. In “Coffin of Pedi-Osiris” sculpture, the face of the image can be referred to as it emphasis. The author uses a gold color which is contrasting from the other defined red color of the clothing and black top head part to stress on the high rank and value of the deceased. The movement of the image is enhanced through the lines, color and shape which demonstrates the path in which the viewer’s eyes take to be able to differentiate between the actual object and space.

The author enhances balanced composition where the visual elements like color, shape the object weight, as well as the color, are well distributed throughout the image. The balance is asymmetrical as the elements such as shape and color in each side of the artwork seem to be different, and they still look balanced. The proportion of the image is competent as all the parts relate well in size creating a feeling of unity. In this case, the size of the head is proportional to the body of the sculpture signifying the standard form of human. The pattern of the image by Egyptian is coherent where elements such as the color of the clothing are repeated from the bottom to the top making the painting active and have a form of unity. The case is the same with the rhythm of “Coffin of Pedi-Osiris” carving where the color of the paint is put in an organized way. The artist significantly keeps the rhythm active and impressive thus effectively creates the mood of the viewer. The variety of the image is enhanced through various elements such as shape, color, and line ending up catching the audience attention. Also, the act of comprehensiveness of the art develops a feeling of accord among the viewer as a result of unity in using visual elements.

“Coffin of Pedi-Osiris” artwork by Egyptian appropriately employs the principles of designs and visual elements depicting the art skills and techniques the Egyptian had during those early days. The image conveniently portrays the cultural norms of the entire community regarding their religious beliefs and standards. The illustrated above analysis proves on how high quality the artwork is as it deploys balanced composition as well as the proportional and consistent use of art designs and formal rudiments.