food and culture

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Food and culture

The speech invokes debate on human food, source, consumption and consequences of such behaviors. Michael Pollan looked at various issues that affect human consumption of food. As omnivorous, the food choices and factors that determine the consumption are influenced by human morality, political, technological and environmental issues.

The major argument that forms that thesis of the speech is the dilemma that man faces in choice of food. Man is the most complex and intelligent animal, yet frequently faced with dilemma with regards to food choices. Most of the human eating habits are not determined by nutritional needs but shaped by external forces. While many people strive to become thin, they end up becoming fatter, thus faced with dilemma on food consumption. I agree with the speaker on the emergence of eating disorder in America due to influences on consumption patterns. Many people are influenced by the media on the choice of food and eating habits. While Pollan identifies the possible sources of omnivorous’ dilemma on food choices, he failed to offer any solutions to the issues raised.

Pollan argued that the agribusiness industry controls the political class. This is why corn prices remain low due to subsidy. While corn can be used for many purposes, it is largely used to feed cows, whose beef is sold in America. I agree with Pollan in this argument. In America, lobbyists have always ensured that the political class protects the interest of the business community. American authorities have not always come out forcefully to deal with eating disorders and fast food culture that leads to diseases like obesity.

I agree with Michael’s argument that we need to know where food we eat come from. By going through the food chain, we get to realize that the food we eat come from various sources, and certain social, cultural and political issues shape food production and consumption. By having appreciation of these facts, we would all end up eating humanely and organically. Eating humanely require that we take care of the needs of current and future generations ,while focusing on organic foods encourage environmental protection and healthy eating habits. It is also factual that the animal food industry may not sustain itself without natural balance ensured by nature. If man fails to respond to the nature needs that balances animal population, the food industry may collapse. Argument that animals should be cared for well and their health guaranteed is a ways of ensuring their long life and continuity of their species. If the animals are not taken care of well, it is possible that they may fall sick before they are slaughtered and such disease may affect the human consumers.

I disagree with the speaker on certain points. The speaker argued that if people realize how unsustainable their eating practices are, they will actually stop the behaviors. This argument is vague and not substantiated. Not everyone will stop his or her eating habits on account of suitability of their actions. The world today has over 30% of its population facing hunger and starvation. Impliedly, this group of people, mainly in the developing world, will do anything to have a meal. Whether their actions lead to destruction of wild animals for food, they will do so, unsustainability of the same notwithstanding. Those facing grave starvation actually live for the day, or from hand to mouth, and care less about the environmental sustainability and their consequences of their actions on the environment and nature.

Flow Chart Summary

Flow Chart Summary

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

A Flow Chart of the Juvenile Justice Process in the State of Washington (Clallam County)

(Clallam County, Washington, 2013)

The primary objective of the Juvenile Justice System is to ensure that the juvenile is rehabilitated. The chart shows the process that has to be followed in order to ensure that a juvenile suspected of committing a crime is prosecuted. In case the juvenile will be tried as an adult, they will be transferred to an adult court. This means that the case will go on differently as opposed to the one that would have taken place in an adult criminal process. The first part of the process is the committing of the offense. A person who has witnessed a crime should report to a law enforcement agency or the concerned party in the crime area. Secondly, an initial investigation of the crime will be carried out by an officer once the crime has been reported. The witnesses and the victims will be interviewed and an initial report will be prepared. The initial report will be given to detectives once it has been prepared

A follow-up investigation is conducted by an investigator and they contact witnesses to obtain formal statements. For example, if it is robbery, a description of the stolen items should be provided by the victims or witnesses. A photographic line up takes place and the suspected juvenile offender can at times be in the line-up. In case the youth has been identified and evidence exists, a Juvenile prosecutor has to be provided with a Delinquency Referral/Complaint. Depending on whether the juvenile has ever committed a crime, the case is diverted. If there is evidence to prove that the juvenile committed an offense, a Criminal Information is filed.

The juvenile is arrested then proceeds to custody and is put in detention at the Juvenile & Family Services complex. A court then makes a decision as to whether the juvenile should wait arraignment or be held in custody. During the first hearing a juvenile respondent is made aware of the charges and they can have an attorney. The juvenile has to enter a plea based on the charges against them and if they enter into a guilty plea, a disposition hearing date is then set. Before the arraignment hearing occurs, the defense and the prosecutor have to disclose information to all parties and the juvenile’s defense attorney has to be provided with a police report copy.

The Washington Law claims that if a juvenile is either seventeen or sixteen years old, they are to be filed in an adult court. This is depending on whether the crime is a robbery or a violent offense, among others. In case, there is reason to believe that the juvenile cannot be adjudicated, psychiatric evaluation on the juvenile should be conducted. There are times when the juvenile can enter into a plea agreement and a judge has to make decision on this matter. Thereafter, an adjudication hearing occurs and a judge can set a disposition hearing date if the delinquent pleads guilty. The delinquent can then be found not guilty or guilty and be put on parole, commitment to Juvenile Authority or probation. Lastly, the juvenile can either accept the sentence or file for an appeal to review the case.

I would change the process of the Washington juvenile Justice process if given an opportunity. Firstly, I would ensure that the process time is shortened and secondly, I would ensure that repeat offenders are given harsh punishments. There would be no need of giving repeat offenders an opportunity to plea. In turn, the Washington juvenile justice process will be performing well.

Reference

Clallam County Washington. (2013). The Juvenile Court Process. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.clallam.net/courts/juvenilecourt.html”http://www.clallam.net/courts/juvenilecourt.html

Food Irradiation

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Food Irradiation

Food irradiation is a form of technology which treats food rendering it free from micro-organisms by slowing down their division. Irradiation involves exposing food to an ionizing radiation process which covers the food with a protective cover. Most research has shown that food irradiation is safe both on the food and to the people eating the food. Although the process involves exposure to radiation amounts, this does not mean that the process is harmful to the food. The radiation is controlled and in fact more benefits have been derived from the process. Though it has been regarded to be a safety measure in preserving, it has its disadvantages (UW 1).

The important part in irradiation is that pathogens that cause food to spoil are eliminated in the process thus preserving the food for longer periods. In cases which involve food being subjected to radiation, it is expected that the nutritional structure of the food might be altered. When the nutritional component is changed then people do not consider the food healthy to be eaten since it has lost its nutritional value. This is rather surprising, since even when food undergoes irradiation, the nutritional content still remains unchanged. In addition, food does not in any way absorb radiation thus the dangers of the food being radioactive are eliminated. Therefore, this indicates that the process is a safe (UW 1). During the irradiation of food, energy which is absorbed into the chemical structure is used to break the chemical bonds. This leads to disintegration of the DNA strand which renders the microorganism unable to multiply (Keener 3).

Although, food irradiation has enabled even packaged food to be irradiated, it is not a permanent measure since once the package is opened; the food is exposed to the microorganisms (Keener 3). The irradiated foods are known to cost more than the non-irradiated foods. Even the slightest increase in the price of the foods, is bound to discourage the consumers from buying. Therefore, if buying the irradiated foods is a problem then its acceptance is going to prove to be difficult. Although, some groups in the food industry argue that the slight increase in the prices is catered for by the benefits which come from buying foods that are irradiated (FDA 8).

This technology has widely been used because a lot of incidents of food spoilage were becoming a concern to the society. Bacteria and parasites infesting food causing heavy losses to be experienced, promoted the use of such a technology. Food-borne diseases due to contamination were on the rise and irradiation created a remedy for this problem. Increased and strict regulations on using chemicals in pests and microorganism control pushed companies to concentrate in food irradiation since it had no harmful effects on the food (ICGFI 4). The technology found a great importance in the space exploration industry. NASA uses food that has been irradiated while in space. The food is usually sterilized and stays for a long period of time before it spoils. This is effective for the astronauts since they spend a considerable amount of time in their exploration activities. Therefore, they need food stuff that would not spoil in a few days (USEPA 1).

Food irradiation is expected to eliminate microorganisms and make them inactive but concerns are growing that the process has failed to deactivate toxins which are produced by bacteria; for example, C.botulism which are considered harmful and are a hazard to human life. In the case of C. botulism, the bacterium is not the harmful organism but the toxin that it produces. Although, irradiation might be successful in killing the microorganisms, it does not have the power to deactivate the toxins of several species of microorganisms (USEPA 1).

The reason why irradiation is used is because of its ability to preserve food for longer periods but it has a huge disadvantage: the aging of the food stuff is not prevented. This means that fruits and vegetables go bad while appearing to be fresh. This idea of making old food appear fresh is thought to lessen the nutrients and also change the taste of the fruits or vegetables. This is due to the fact that, the sprouting and ripening process are slowed by the ionizing radiation. The presence of bacteria, especially in fruits, makes it possible for humans to notice whether the fruit is spoilt. Therefore, the elimination and destruction of these bacteria makes it hard for anyone to realize whether the fruit is spoilt or not. This might lead to people feeding on fruits that are not fit for human consumption (USEPA 1).

Microorganisms which quicken the ripening of fruits for example, in strawberries, are prevented from multiplying thus making it possible for them to last up to three weeks. This is in contrasting with the strawberries that have not been irradiated which only take up to a maximum of five days. The American Medical Association confirms irradiation to be a healthy way in increasing food safety only when done under the rules and conditions of its application. Therefore, the moment when the set regulations and measurements are not followed, negative effects are bound to occur (FDA 2-4).

The irradiation of food is an expensive venture which has a lot of complications especially in the licensing part. The operating cost of companies dealing in this kind of technology is high. In the early years of its operation, there were difficulties which were encountered especially in finding sources of ionizing radiation. The technology was faced with heated debated in several countries while still at its infancy. Health agencies refused the commercialization of the process in their respective countries (Nordion 1-2).

Due to the increase in international trade, there is need to maintain strict importation standards that meet the expected quality in the country receiving them (ICGFI 4). The concerned agencies and health authorities should ensure that, the foods that have been approved for irradiation are indeed the only ones undergoing that process. They should also ensure that the necessary standards are met and that all the irradiated foods bear a logo and confirm that they have been irradiated. Those found going against the rules and regulations set for food irradiation should have heavy penalties leveled against them (USEPA 1). In an effort to see improvements in the safety of food, American Nuclear Society has proposed that, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) should conduct additional research on more foods to approve for irradiation. The department of agriculture in collaboration with FDA should create awareness programs and initiatives in sensitizing the consumers on the technology of food irradiation (ANS 1). Since any form of radiation if not well regulated can be harmful to vegetation and humanity, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRS) oversees the regulation of the companies licensed to perform the process (UW 1).

Irradiation has been credited in eliminating pathogens which cause food to spoil, smell and taste bad. This technology cannot however reverse the effects of spoilage once it has already taken place. Even when the spoilt food is subjected to irradiation, the bad smell and taste will still be apparent in the food. There is no criterion or process of improving food that is already spoilt (ICGFI 14-15).

Many debates have arisen concerning whether it is necessary to use the irradiation technology to improve on food safety. This process can be compared to the pasteurization process which was a way of ensuring that the milk taken is safe even after a few days. Studies show that the commercialization of the process of pasteurization took a lot of years to become accepted as a safety way of preserving milk. This happens to be the same scenario with irradiated foods. Research and studies conducted have indicated that food irradiation is a safety way of preserving food; the idea has not been accepted by many. This creates an obstacle in the commercialization of the technology. Misconceptions and uninformed perspectives have contributed largely in causing difficulties in the adoption of the technology (ICGFI 14-15). The organizations responsible for implementing this technology should strive to create awareness so as to ensure its success.

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Picture Illustrations

All picture illustrations are taken from (ICGFI. Facts about Food Irradiation. Vienna: International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation, 1999. Print).

Sprouting losses in stored potatoes can be prevented by irradiation

Nham (fermented pork sausage) is commercially irradiated

and marketed in Thailand

Irradiated fresh fruits and vegetables on sale in USA

Most commonly used food packaging materials are suitable for irradiated

Foods

Works Cited

ICGFI. Facts about Food Irradiation. Vienna: International Consultative Group on Food

Irradiation, 1999. Print.

UW .The food irradiation process. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin, 2009. Print.

USEPA. Food Irradiation. Radtown: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2006.

Print.

FDA. Food Irradiation: A Safe Measure. New Hampshire: Food and drugs administration, 2000.

Print.

Nordion. The History of Food Irradiation. Ottawa: Nordion Science Advancing Health, 2011.

Print.

Keener, Kevin M. Food Irradiation: To Zap or not to Zap?. North Carolina: North Carolina State

University, 2013. Print.

ANS. Food Irradiation: Position Statement. Illinois: American Nuclear Society, 2009. Print.

Flowers versus eyes

Flowers versus eyes

It is very clear that most people act towards ethical behavior when there are being watched therefore, I will clearly state that it was not unethical for the professor to conduct the experiment without making them aware. If the professor had announced the experiment it was likely that his colleagues would be cautious and would have change the behavior of taking up the coffee without paying it up.

The result from this experiment are not surprising, it is often that most people seems to do what is good when they are been closely watched. The idea of putting “starring eyes” gives the impression that one is being watched therefore the staff acted towards ethical behavior due to the fact that they are been watched.

Kohlberg’s level of moral development constitute on the adaptation of psychological theory, according to the experiment clearly refutes that there should be a correlation between the score of an individual and the general behavior of the people. It is evident that the staffs of this faculty are learned people therefore they should always be guided by their ethical behavior other than on the idea they are being watched. I think that there would be no difference if the coffee drinkers were either men or women.

In my view, I believe the scheme by the police department will work. This is because people will think that they are being watched therefore, it is most likely they will do what is right.

Promise versus lie

In my view, what the secretary did is considered as both personal and organizational level. Personal ethics go hand in hand with organizational level, for instance by her not telling her friends about applying for another job can be considered as lack of personal ethics whereas her giving her manager a two week notice because of her new job can be considered as ethical dilemma in an organizational level.

In the case on promise versus lie, there are very several ethical principles which can be at stake. On the issue of justice, the secretary did not act fairly on not advising her colleagues on applying for a job since they shared talks almost on everything. On the principle on rights, the secretary had the right to apply for a job and he acted accordingly through issuing the two weeks notice to her manager. The principle of caring is at stake due to the fact that the secretary did not care how the manager was going to replace her within the two week notice.

A person faced with this ethical situation in real sense should move if the other job opportunity if it offers better services compared to the current. It is good to tell other colleagues of opportunity especially in situation where you and your colleagues share almost all information. It also important that you give notices to your managers so that they can be made replacement for the vacancy you have created.

Higher goals, more pressure, lower ethics?

In this practical case there are various ethical issues affecting an individual and the company. For example, the issue on trust, it is very important that there should be trust between the sale representative and her supervisor the fact that the representative does not meet the required goals does not mean that she is not pushing for the sale of the products. Other ethical issues being faced are that of well being of others and basic justice.

This case illustrates both personal and organizational level of ethical issues due to the fact that it affects the sale representative in a personal and industrial level.

Should one meet her self in such a situation he should not succumb to the pressure rather she should talk to her supervisor and try to find if there are other ways to tackle the problems. There should be dialogue between the company and her employees.

It obvious that it is not a practical ethics for companies to come up with goals which forces people to achieve what is impossible by all means. In this case you should talk to the supervisor and let her know that selling in order to fix the situation will only damage the image of the company.

Flows as constituting urban life

Flows as constituting urban life

Introduction

“I adored the city. We were nameless, and still, after all that I had the feeling that urban communities were yielding; that they moved over and made room. Just urban life is the life and society of towns and urban communities. It is fundamentally the sort of life connected with urban communities and real towns and it may incorporate things, for example, overwhelming activity, a few sorts of frameworks, streams and urban exercises. Same as block to building and an item to buyer the constituents of urban life are interconnected and stacks of courses of action are included in the congruity of urban life. All streams contain material, human and non-material measurements. In nowadays overall created urban areas are the image of advancement and speak to the part of nation in the worldwide economy. As urban communities are becoming so it got to be important to recognize the streams constituting urban life and how they can be moved forward. This report will clarify about the streams In CBD (Parramatta) as a constituting urban life (Kyle, 2009).

The role of Capitalism flows

A free market system streams are blend of generation, utilization and amassing streams. A free market system streams are prevailing piece of monetary arrangement of urban life. Creation streams are giving urban life assets like materials, which utilize further for the generation of merchandise and demonstrated accommodating in keeping up the store network. For running of the creation streams work is obtained for cash compensation, capital increases collect to private holders, and the cost system is used to dispense capital products between employments. This (a free market system streams) brings monetary maintainability inside the urban life by giving business to the individuals at diverse creation destinations.

Despite what might be expected cost swelling, insufficient wages, and an expanding surplus to the prerequisites of the urban work checked can prompt a high level of casualness in the salary creating exercises. Utilization streams makes the more space and income accumulation by buyer using and diverse sorts of charges (GST) they pay for buying the merchandise. After the duty accumulation from shopper this capital (Tax) utilized for the subsidizing of advancement and to encourage the individuals. A free market system streams are site for gathering with in a urban life.

The role of court flows

The human is a social creature. After the root of urban communities and urban life the organization of equity was a standout amongst the most imperative assignments of ahead of schedule current urban governments. Towns and urban areas pulled in individuals in light of the fact that legal insurance was offered through laws and enactment, and urban populaces could utilize different common and criminal courts to settle clashes or to manage viciousness, abuse or put-down. Urban communities gave instruments to settle clashes through common and criminal courts, furthermore through debate settlement by corporate and neighborhood affiliations and religious associations. Courts assume a paramount part to bring social manageable quality inside the urban lives, by giving laws and parameters of discipline, in the event that when someone truly dedicated an offense or attempt to mischief the life of individuals. Courts characterize the tenets and laws for the arranging and advancement procedure of urban life for instance; Land and Environment Court NSW (New South Wales).courts are furnishing help with adapt the circumstances like issues of social equity, separation, and abuse concurred to people and gatherings inside urban connections. Family courts, criminal courts are available in Parramatta CBD for this reason.

Role of Cultural does this include social flows? Flows

Lively urban communities offering a show of social qualities will be the most attractive spots to live expend and produce, in like manner, the most focused in the learning economy. More continuous association in neighborhood connections between individuals from distinctive social and social foundations makes a general public cute. Without further ado, urban areas use more in social projects and expansive Infrastructure ventures, which should be drivers of maintainable advancement. For instance as of late Parramatta City Council Organized a social capacity named as Parramatta celebration that commends the worldwide effect of expressions of the human experience and societies of western Sydney’s groups. Such sort of exercises makes agreement and brings closer one another.

Role of Entertainment flows

The continuous centrality of more seasoned urban communities, alongside the development of fresher ones in ceaseless rivalry, obliges thoughtfulness regarding the city as a diversion machine, creating utilization opportunities and leveraging social preferences. With the progression of time and adequate stream of cash in numerous urban areas, first class inhabitants are determined by new personal satisfaction requests. Shoppers would not have liked to venture out immense separations to experience a glorious differences of utilization and recreation exercises. Amusement and recreation are the rise of another worldwide economy established in a base of diversion ends, for example, themed restaurants& bars, night clubs, club, sport stadia, coliseums and show corridor/music Venues, multiplex silver screens and different sorts of virtual arcades, rides and theaters. It is additionally clear that mainstream culture and nightlife have since quite a while ago assumed an imperative part in urban life.

A decent sample of stimulation foundation for economy object is Wet’n’wild water stop in western Sydney, which is prepared for opening. The building powers are expecting enough income accumulation from that site separated from giving the stimulation to the group and vacation destination.

Excitement streams demonstrated extremely accommodating for people who effectively tired from day by day routine life (work), on weekend or different occasions they can appreciate and get revive for beginning of the work from next beginning working days.

Role of Environmental Flows

Cities and towns are efficient places to live. Successful city cannot operate efficiently in isolation from its environment. It must balance social, economic and environmental needs. Cities can use different instruments to integrate environment in to urban planning and management approaches that could be policy instruments, planning instruments, and management instruments.

Parks are considered as major part of environmental flows, there are following roles of Parks (environmental flows) affecting urban life; Helping youth choose rewarding paths to adulthood by providing programs and opportunities to build physical, intellectual, emotional, and social strength. Employment opportunities in the community (Gardeners, Security, management, food or cafe stalls in parks). Helping community residents improve their health by providing a place to enjoy fresh air and exercise. Helping citizens join together to make their communities better, by encouraging them to participate in park planning and management.

Example: I would like to put example of environmental flows and their role in urban life from Parramatta CBD. Collection and recycling of waste by Parramatta city council are a good example (environmental flows) to keep the environment clean, which is necessary for the living and health of urban life.

Role of Police Flows

Security is a common good, an essential component of sustainable city development. Police plays an important role in urban life by maintaining the discipline with in city/town (traffic control), providing security at public events (sports, cultural) and local crime prevention. There is partnership between police, health and local government in urban life. For example, police has role in minimizing street-based injecting drug use which can be very destructive for youth in urban life. At the time of natural disaster the responsibility of police force increase, as they provide rescue and controlled the emergency situation within affected area.

Role of infrastructure flows

Infrastructure and their improvement helps destitution diminishment by impelling monetary development, empowering undertaking open doors, creating job and giving destitute access to essential needs in urban life. In this way water and sewerage frameworks, streets and rail systems, interchanges frameworks, human administrations offices, for example, schools and healing facilities are incorporated, alongside parks and open space. Framework streams helps venture and development through expanded gainfulness and productivity in light of the fact that it interfaces assets to industry, individuals to employments and items to business sectors. It likewise gives access to physical and social advantages, for example, crucial transport, water, vitality and data and correspondence engineering administrations.

Role of Transport flows

Incredible transport base reduces the cost of cooperating and upgrades access to organizations and social organizations. Inadequate transport base withdraws aggregates and reduces the opportunities people need to control and upgrade their future. Without protected, sensible and trustworthy transport access dejected experience issues getting to organizations to buy and offer stock, families can’t accomplish wellbeing offices in a sensible time, urban extents don’t act as satisfactorily or beneficially as could be permitted and people’s opportunities to be possessed with political activities, social activities and social activities are confined. As a result of the much vitality of transport streams, Parramatta’s vehicle trade join 50,000 people to Parramatta conventional.

Role of Education flows

Generally, Educational streams incorporates, schools, universities, colleges, religious focuses, and specialized training (professional preparing establishments). Training is an obligatory instrument to proficient and makes acculturated the people. Instruction plainly is a driver of better gainfulness offering ascent to a higher aggressive capacity and subsequently more occupations and higher monetary development rates which empowers more cash to be put resources into. In urban areas, training approaches should ordinarily serve profoundly assorted populaces; it ought to accommodate all, especially young ladies, persons with incapacities, transients and destitute. These are the accompanying parts training can play in constituting the urban life, Creating a quality learning and instructive environment that advances supportability, providing deep rooted learning open doors in urban areas, Teaching tolerance and common seeing in urban social orders. Empowering youngsters and youth to figure out how to live and take part in urban life, Enhancing figuring out how to make comprehensive social orders in comprehensive urban areas, and Developing adapting in all its various structures, As of late, clergyman of instruction reported another Education strategy for that next 10 years. The intriguing thing is that the past instructive arrangement from 1998 to 2010 is still not terminated. Despite the fact that it is anticipated to give new plans and to make more guarantees with the country. It is said in this arrangement that all the government funded schools will be raised up to the level of tuition based schools. No arrangement of activity have been talked about, yet a notice is issued to tuition based schools to enlist government course in fifth and eighth class and these classes will bound to take board exams. This aggravated the understudies of private area likewise.

Traffic Flows

Stream Caritas prides itself on offering lasting, contract and transitory recruitment answers for the philanthropy and non-benefit segments. We help to build gathering pledges, proficiency and gainfulness by matching the right applicant to the right association. By and large, the group has picked up an unparalleled knowledge into the philanthropy division and also the premonition to anticipate slants and exhort foundations on their recruitment methods, from gathering pledges to advanced. This is the manner by which we have earned our notoriety for being THE philanthropy recruitment masters.

Activity blockage is a discriminating issue which happens on streets which make movement occupied in light of the fact that streets brimming with autos and transports. Movement clogging difficulties activity stream in urban region and is anticipated smooth movement. A becoming urban range makes complex issues in day by day existence with activity. Clogging marvel’s can not be ended just by applying physical developing, for example, fabricate connect, motorways and expanding street limit. It is important to construct engineering framework for transportation administration which is utilized for control of the movement wonder. Movement control frameworks have immediate impact on activity issues which is help to enhance movement stream and diminish activity blockage. Typically, automobile overloads are brought about by numerous reasons, for example, episodes, lives up to expectations in streets, streets support. More or less, activity blockage happens at top times in the morning or nighttime when individuals are flying out to work. Likewise, transportation frameworks are one of the fundamental reasons bringing about movement clogging in a few nations. Movement streets have an immediate impact on roads turned parking lots which identify with little ways utilize or harmed ways

Firstly, when K. Macmillan imagined the first autos had fitting shape and wooden casing in 1839 which included numerous sorts of preferences, for example, movement pace; solace; control; economy; furniture and security. The Automobiles business got to be more mainstream and vital for the life and it expected to enhance auto’s mechanical plan and make more autos by organizations. Toward the end of eighteenth century, the first movement blockage showed up on the old Parramatta Bridge which made a genuine issue. After that, the Parramatta government chose to discover way out for this sensation which prompted the development of control framework to tackle movement clogging by introducing activity lights on the old Parramatta span. Moreover, the Parramatta government included an alternate control framework by partitioning the Parramatta old scaffold into two ways, one for vehicles and an alternate for walkers.

Transportation issues have been contemplated by numerous scientists and numerous arrangements have been proposed to settle it. Enhancing transportation incorporates numerous approaches to enhance movement execution in significant urban areas and motorways. The Government is in charge of enhancing the effectiveness of transportation in urban areas and parkways between urban areas which decrease movement issues. Transportation blockage has an acceptable impact on monetary circumstance and it causes expanded in live cost.

Summary of the Flows

For running and legitimate operations of all streams “there is need of cash or capital known as the financing prerequisite” of that particular stream. These financing prerequisites are satisfied by Government finances and plan, privately owned businesses may be rely on upon the advances from banks, customers likewise help towards the financing prerequisite and numerous different courses from which a stream , organization ,division and associations gathers income for its operations. This table will clarify about the financing necessities of a few streams constituting the urban life and it will likewise exhibit about the routes through which income can be produced by client charges.

Setting judicious client charges needs to adjust the accompanying target;

Cost Recovery

Cost recuperation is the fundamental reason for client charges. It obliges that, after accumulation client charges recuperated from purchasers ought to create income equivalent to the money related expense of the administration.

Economic Efficiency

Monetary proficiency can be attained by setting client charges equivalent to their pertinent minor expenses.

Equity

Value can be accomplished when client charges treat comparative clients just as, and that clients in diverse circumstances are not treated the same.

Affordability

While the fundamental target of client charges is to recuperate administration costs, the charges imposed ought to be moderate to the clients.

5. Resource protection

Client charges ought to fill the need of debilitating “intemperate” or “inefficient” employments of open administration, accordingly advancing the protection of exhausting assets.

6. Acceptability

An effective client charge is one that is free from open feedback and not shocking to political pioneers.

7. Simplicity, possibility, and transparency

The client charge ought to be easy to see, there ought to be transparency in every angle and client ought to be given entire data.

References

Adams, S., Wing, T., Haski-Leventhal, D., & Hems, L. (2010, June). Awareness for Action: Parramatta. In The Third Sector as Civil Society in Australasia: Identity, Role and Influence in the New Century.

Council, P. C. (2010). Parramatta City Council.

Kyle, M. (2009). Local Government and Homelessness: The Example of Parramatta. Parity, 22(9), 41.

Five Pillars of Islam

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Five Pillars of Islam

Introduction

Religion is a sensitive cultural aspect that has profound importance on the way of life of an individual. Essentially, it comprises of various norms, values and practices that prescribe a certain way of life. Adherence to the prescribed code of behavior is a vital practice of the relative faith. Islam religion has distinctive practices that are adhered to by the religious community. These are fundamental and they form the basement upon which the entire religion is anchored. In other words, all religious practices revolve around this. One such aspect is the five pillars. These were founded during historical times and provide a strong framework within which the religion is inclined. It is against this background hat this paper provides an explicit analysis of the five pillars of Islam. In detail, it underscores its historical significance and illustrates why it is considered a classic in Islam.

According to Asad, the five pillars constitute the core beliefs that the Muslims hold in high regard (45). In particular, they give meaning to the different religious practices that are assumed by the adherents. Unlike the commandments that are prescribed in Christianity and Jewish religions, the pillars prescribe a practical way of life that puts in consideration that different aspects that impact on human life. This practical nature is an important facet that accords the pillars a classic status. In addition, the fact that the information contained therein is timeless and can be applied to everyday living, regardless of time and age qualifies the pillars as a real classic (Asad 52).

In his review, Grieve indicates that the pillars are prioritized in order of importance (76). The first one is Shahadah that lays emphasis on the need to practice monotheistic faith. It indicates that there is only one God who is also referred to as Allah. This is followed by salat that ascertains the importance of prayer. The relative ritual prayer is said in Arabic, usually five times a day. Adherents perform this while facing Mecca that has spiritual significance in Islam. Zakat is the third pillar and it prescribes the need to provide assistance to poor individuals. It is a religious obligation that can be likened to tithing in Christianity. The fourth pillar is referred to as Siyam and it emphasizes on the need to fast during Ramadan. This is the ninth month in the religious calendar in which all individuals who are able bodied are expected to fast during the day. Finally, Hajj is the last pillar and it encourages the adherents to make an effort to visit Mecca on an annual basis. In this respect, Lewis perceives this a Jihad because of the fact that the journey is challenging (88). The inherent suffering can be equated to the suffering that Prophet Muhammad experienced.

The pillars are fundamental aspects of Islam and are religiously adhered to by Muslims in order to experience a sense of spiritual satisfaction and fulfillment. According to religious studies, a Muslim’s faith is considered worthless and pointless without complete devotion to the five pillars. Notably, the five pillars provide guidance and offer direction with regards to religious faith. Notably, they can be intricately woven in the daily activities of a Muslim and are a sign of religious devotion. Further, they provide a rich source from which the adherents derive their value system. Therefore, failure to adhere to these can be equated to contravention of the value system which then amounts to immorality. The Muslim community holds these in high regard and irrespective of the fact that certain factions do not adhere to all the prescriptions, they still consider the pillars fundamental (Lewis 77).

From a religious point of view, fundamentalism refers to the practice of conserving one’s faith (Grieve 63). It is an importance aspect of faith as it encourages strict adherence to the religious teachings and therefore has a sense of satisfaction. Effective interpretation of the five pillars is important as it enables one to uphold religious faith. At this point, it is worth acknowledging that fundamentalism practice ensures that the pillars are defined appropriately and mainstreamed in one’s life accordingly. It cushions the religious practices against the intrusive and devastating effects of the secularized society. As such, it plays a leading role in ensuring that the intrinsic information is not distorted to suit emerging practices of the modern society. In general, it can be contended that it plays a critical role of preserving the Muslim faith and avoiding possible erosion that is likely to compromise its credibility. This is imperative especially considering the fact that the pillars provide a basement for Islamic faith.

Conclusion

At this juncture, it can be ascertained that the five pillars are an important aspect of Islam. As it has come out from the study, these not only provide guidance to behavior but align the same to Islam faith. Most importantly, the pillars offer credible prescription with regard to the beliefs, norms, practices and value system of this religion. Without them, it can be posited that Islam will lose meaning and its value system is likely to be eroded. It is a classic segment of the religion that should therefore be upheld. Fundamentalism should be encouraged as it cushions the religion against detrimental impacts.

Works Cited

Asad, Muhammad. The Road to Mecca. USA: Muslim Academic Trust, 1998.

Grieve, Paul. A Brief Guide to Islam: Faith, Religion, Politics. USA: Running Press, 2006.

Lewis, Bernard. The World of Islam: Faith, People, Culture. USA: Thomas & Hudson, 1991.

five skills that forensic accountant needs to possess

Following are most important five skills that forensic accountant needs to possess

Effective oral communicator

Simplify information

Critical or strategic thinker

Identifying the important issues

Auditing skills

Entire, what they indicate has been that the communication skills have been important towards effectiveness of forensic accountant as well as must be focused. Compared with important traits as well as features results, there had been that lesser agreement within 3 groups of the respondents on the core skills. Attorneys chose Effective oral communicator much frequently on the average, thus reflecting requirement towards effectively representing verbally the position in the court of law. CPAs concurred through choosing that 3rd most frequently in Top five as well as Effective written communicator 2nd, perhaps indicating importance of preparing the internal reports as well as documentation for review through colleagues, or submission of the written report to court. Same as, ability for simplifying information (ranked 2nd most important through attorneys) becomes much more critical while giving oral testimony prior jury & giving the demonstrative evidence in the court of law.

Academics as well as CPAs chose Critical or strategic thinker much most frequently in Top 5 core skills. This has been regular with higher frequency of choosing analytical trait. Interestingly, the academics chose ‘Auditing’ skills 2nd most frequently when such skill did not make that in Top 5 for CPAs, much of whom have that skills. Attorneys rated the “Auditing skills” 5th most frequently in Top 5 core skills.

Five States of Grief – Expressed Throughout Lament for a Son

5 States of Grief – Expressed Throughout Lament for a Son

“Insert name”

“Insert institution”

“Insert Course”

“Insert Date”

The Way Wolterstorff Discovered Joy after the Loss

Quite a while after this heart-twisting misfortune, Wolterstorff perceived that the injury “is no cruder. Anyway it has not vanished. That is as it ought to be. On the off chance that he was worth cherishing, he merits lamenting over. Distress is existential affirmation to the value of the one cherished…. Each mourn is an adoration tune.” Two thousand years back, Jesus announced, “Favored are the individuals who grieve.” (Matthew 5:4) It must have struck his first listeners as strangely as it strikes us (Watson, 1971). What’s attractive about melancholy? What’s alluring about misfortune or enduring? These inquiries lead numerous ministers and researchers to spiritualize the truism. Doubtlessly Jesus signifies “the individuals who grieve over their transgression.” Perhaps not. Clinicians diminish sadness to different stages—dissent, resentment, bartering, discouragement, and acknowledgement. We’ve considered it and arranged it. We’ve figured out what’s ordinary and what’s definitely not. Each stage or segment has a time span. We need to comprehend it … and get over it. Yet, in our rush to minimize sadness maybe we minimize love (Watson, 1971). The heart is just broken when it loses what it cherishes. Along these lines, our woundedness discusses our delicacy. It may not feel that path at the time. Anyway in the demonstration of cherishing we are most like God. The expressions of Jesus strike us as unusual for an alternate reason. Shouldn’t it read in an unexpected way? “Favored are the individuals who at long last get over grieving.” After all, bitterness drives no place yet to the storm cellar of the spirit and no one finds copious life there.

Clair (2013), then again maybe Jesus ought to have said, “Favored will be the individuals who grieve in light of the fact that it won’t keep going forever.” But He amazes us by proclaiming that the individuals who lament are honored amidst their lamenting. It opposes our desires. Yet, Nicholas Wolterstorff recommends that the tears of a broken heart stream from its delicacy. Furthermore a delicate heart, sufficiently supple to love conciliatorily, is a genuine gift not on account of it is impenetrable to agony but since it interfaces us all the more nearly with the Father (Clair, 2013). Regrets really are adoration melodies, and the individuals who lament help us to remember a significant benefit, the endowment of affection. Furthermore for the individuals who take after Christ, we have the endowment of affection as well as the certainty of restoration. We might be ameliorated. Maybe our tears offer confirmation to our souls and our faith—barely something to stifle. “Favored are the individuals who grieve”.

Meaning & Significance of Death within the Light of the Christian Narrative

Smith (2010), God is love. That is the reason he endures. To love our torment world is to suffer…The one who does not see God’s agony does not see his love. Thus, enduring is down at the inside of things, where it counts where the importance is. Enduring is the significance of our reality. For love is importance. What’s more love endures. The tears of God are the significance of history. Joy is central to human presence and prosperity, yet it is a subtle sensation that opposes definition (Smith, 2010). For more than two centuries, the enunciation and development of joy was at the core of Jewish and Christian scripture, philosophy, and practices—a verbalization and development that thus was grounded in and developed over hundreds of years of lived human experience, perception and acumen (Childs, 2005). Despite the significance of joy to human prosperity and the profound, antiquated religious establishments for understanding and developing joy, the general concept of joy has everything except vanished from present day philosophical reflection, is everything except overlooked by the sociologies, and is progressively missing from lived experience. The outcome is a “straightening out,” a “turning gray,” of human life and groups and a sharp sprout of individual and common brokenness (Childs, 2005).

We ought not to overlook the individuals who have kicked the bucket, or hustle to get over the torment and bitterness of misfortune. In this regret, we feel with Wolferstorff his agony and displeasure, his vulnerability and dissatisfaction, his misery and perplexity. We ask the same inquiries he does, and are tested not to hurry to the trust of the restoration without first shedding tears of shock and annoyance at the detestable of death. Wolterstorff holds this shock and trust in excellent pressure, not fulfilled to determine the perpetual inquiries encompassing enduring and God’s affliction with basic theodicies.

The Way the Resurrection Hope Acted In Comforting Wolterstorff

Wolterstorff welcomes us into his distress, to rejoice with him over the life of his child, and to sob with him over the sudden loss of his kid. He is no more finish, his family is not finish. It will make you cry, or if nothing else it ought to. Passing is un-characteristic. Wolterstorff reflects after touching the cheek of his inert child. Wolterstorff glories in the revival yet advises us that even in the restoration Christ kept the characteristics of the injuries of death. For reasons unknown God decided to make individuals as they are – restricted and enduring and subject to distresses and passing – he had the trustworthiness and fearlessness to take his own prescription. Whatever amusement he is playing with his creation, he has kept his own tenets and played reasonable. He can correct nothing from us that he has not claimed from himself. He has himself experienced the entire human experience, from the paltry disturbances of family life and the cramping confinements of diligent work and absence of cash to the most noticeably awful revulsions of torment and embarrassment, thrashing, sadness, and passing.

According to Wolterstorff, when Jesus was man, he acted has man. He was conceived in destitution and kicked the bucket in disrespect and thought it all advantageous. A religious philosophy of joy that imagines joy as the summit of human prosperity has the ability to change lives and groups; to be sure, this is the Christian and Jewish trust.

References

Childs, B. S. (2005). Speech-act theory and biblical interpretation. Scottish Journal of Theology, 58(4), 375-392.

Clair, J. (2013). Wolterstorff on love and justice. Journal of Religious Ethics, 41(1), 138-167.

Smith, S. D. (2010). A response to nicholas wolterstorff. Christian Scholar’s Review, 40(1), 101-103.

Watson, T. (1971). The Beatitudes: Ellaboration on Matthew 5: 1-12. (New ed.). London: Banner of Truth Trust.

five types of equipment used to determine tidal measurements.

Name

Professor

Course

Date

Geology

Identify five types of equipment used to determine tidal measurements.

A tide staff refers to a tide gauge that constitutes of a vertical staff from which a geologist can directly read the height of a tide. There are two types of tide staffs, a fixed staff and a portable staff. A fixed staff is one that cannot be easily removed and hence it is secured on one place. On the other hand, a portable staff can be removed from water when not in use.

Self recording tide gauges refers to an instrument that measures changes in sea level in relation to a datum. There are different types of tide gauges, such as: Kelvin type gauge, Fuess type gauge, Geographical Satellite Information (GSI) type gauge, High Accuracy Automatic Tide Gauge and High Resolution Automatic Tide Gauge.

RBRs loggers measure tides and waves. They measure the tide pressure. RBRs are accessible in various configurations such as: the RBR Virtuoso and the RBR Duo.

Radar Tide Gauge Recorder is an instrument that has the capacity to register an array of environmental factors of wind (direction and speed), space, temperature as well as humidity. The device can either be installed permanently for port businesses or can serve the function of a portable device.

A stilling well and float is a device designed in a manner that when hit by water waves, it stills the waters and only lets the energy possessed by the water waves to pass through it, thanks to its mechanical design. The filtered waves are then measured to determine scalar and vector quantities of the wave.

What are the features of potential sources of errors for the equipment?

The tide staff system cannot be transported from one place to another safely and without any trouble. It is therefore not suitable for making short-term tide measurements from one place to another. Besides, the tide staff system requires that a structure for erection of a tide-well and related components be constructed, prior to its installation. Furthermore, the tide staff system requires a long tube to guide the tide staff which is impossible in areas where the wind force keeps increasing.

Tide gauges face a number of difficulties in monitoring long term sea levels. Due to its features of internal memory, having a sensor, and dependence on power, it may experience technical problems. Some of these challenges include: tide gauge errors, datum errors, analysis errors as well as geophysical effects. Tide gauge errors include: technical issues like gauge setting and clock errors as well as accumulation of sediments in the stilling well. Datum errors may also arise as a result of anthropological related factors. If these errors are not corrected, they can completely invalidate the log of sea levels. Geophysical factors such as isostatic adjustments and tectonic movements affect the viability of results of the tidal gauges.

The utility of the RBR systems such as the surface recorder, the sea bed recorder and software are prone to failure. The failure of RBR software for instance, may lead to the storage as well as the transmission of inaccurate data to the geologists. Therefore it is advisable that this equipment be kept under constant maintenance to achieve the desired results. The RBR Virtuoso mainly runs on computerized systems which require electricity to run. In case of a power shortage, the RBR cannot register any tidal measurement necessitating the need for power backup.

The stilling well has a cylinder shaped cage installed within a tank to protect level instrumentation, like the displacer from fluid agitation which would lead to measurement error. It should be perorated so as to ensure the level of the stilling well is always uniform. There should be an adequate gap between the well and the displacer to avoid the liquid being clogged in between. The utility of Stilling well however does not guarantee 100% accuracy at all times. Failure of the mechanical system of the well may adversely affect the anticipated results. Conventionally, just like any other mechanical equipment, it is associated with mechanical breakdowns. The radar tide gauge recorder also experiences a similar problem. Besides, its utility may also be reduced if water clogs between the displacer and the stilling well. A good stilling well should therefore have a large aperture between the stilling well and the displacer.

What is the procedure to incorporate that information into the reductions of soundings, including connection to sounding datum?

Sounding datum refers to the depths recorded on nautical charts from selected sea and water levels. Generally, the reduction of sounding depends on the surface elevations as recorded in the gauge. It is quite a similar principle of determining a sounding datum. In this case however, transfer of water is dependent on a single reading at the ending of the line. It also does not benefit from the average of the previous readings. It is for this reason that in order to obtain accurate sounding reductions, the sounding region should be close to the control gauge. Determining the distance from the gauge beyond which this sounding should not be performed is difficult as the decision must consider factors of the needed survey accuracy, the slopes of the local surface which are affected by wind, river discharge and seiche among others. Sounding data is important on offshore gauging, non tidal waters as well as cotidal charts.

However, when the sounding datum cannot be obtained from the already existing bench marks (BMs), it may as well be determined by transfer of water from a location close to the gauge operation. The accuracy of this method depends on a set of heights which are obtained when the tide range is high. The gauge should be examined daily as this will be to ensure that no installations have been tampered with by the tides. For instance the gauge shelter, the staff gauge, the pressure sensor should all be inspected. The data is recorded in the comparison forms, leveling sheets as well as the gauge data forms for interpretation.

Works Cited

Hannah, John. An Updated Analysis of Long Term Sea Level Change in New Zealand. Geophys. Res. Letters. 2004.

Pugh, Danny. Changing Sea Levels, Effects of tide, Weather and Climate. Cambridge University Press. 2004.

Flaws in marketing tips

Introduction

Marketing needs deliberate organization of an organization’s most delicate stage of all operation processes in an organization. Several research studies have been embarked on in the recent times in an attempt to discover the best approach likely to handle marketing flawlessly. In the discourse below, the authors present well researched topics that the modern market faces and relevant examples are used to illustrate the topics. Bearden, Ingram and LaForge (2001) as well as Hartley (2001) have been selected for the discourse that in turn presents useful links that modern comprehensive marketing exercise needs to touch on. In 2001, Bearden, Ingram and LaForge, the publication under the title Marketing: Principles and Perspectives was produced in one of such platforms of relaying such marketing information. In the same year, Harley published the book by the title Marketing Mistakes and Successes, detailing several cases where classical marketing tips were flawed or followed and the results obtained. Lessons learnt from the text contained in these books have been highlighted in the following book review, with regard to marketing principles.

Management issues surrounding decisions taken regarding marketing in the current market practices that are flanked by information appear to be an increasingly tricky business for managers. Mistakes are likely to be scrutinized using all resources available from the information that is now within the reach by the management. Mistakes of omission and commission can now be handled with clearer research approach than it used to happen before (Hartley, 2). Current management is buoyed by the fact that rare analytical resources are possible to be accessed to enable; early detection of problems, clear determination of the problems origin, creativity for alternative reactions to problems, fast reaction before havoc is caused and interpretation that mistakes can be used to learn useful operational practices in future and across organizations.

Bearden, W. O., Ingram, T, N. & LaForge, R. W. Marketing, principles and perspectives, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Print

Market orientation

In Bearden, Ingram and LaForge (2001, 4), winning organizational practice regarding presence in the market is defined by how well the management assists the organization to create a market orientation. The authors predict that in order to understand the marketing experience that can favor the organization in a competitive manner, a foundation must be created in the initial orientation. To facilitate a winning advantage over the competitors, market study must be performed with respect to two important aspects. One of these aspects is the consumer factor while the other involves understanding competition awareness. Such a practice is a continuous practice that sustains and maintains the existence of the competitive edge that marketing ultimately aims to achieve.

Orientation for winning marketing practice entails collection of information of these two factors. Regarding the consumers, the organization needs to understand customers’ needs. After obtaining information on consumers’ needs, production and marketing considerably get shaped up as they must respond to the information obtained in such processes. The consumer is the driving factor for quality and quantity of the product that an organization presents to the market. Possessing market information, for instance regarding the various preferences held by customers should act as a pointer of how well prepared a company is to tap orientation strength for that particular market.

Besides customer awareness, collection of information regarding competitors’ capabilities in that particular market is essential in creation of a competitive advantage. It useful to learn how the competitors manage to survive in the market as a survival skill, but it would be important to have the same information to launch competitive warfare. Regarding the collection of such information, market research must be handled professionally to avoid unnecessary commotion between different organizations. A philosophy must be developed on how to maintain up to date information of the operation detail of the business rivals for strategic competitive advantage.

After obtaining the relevant information, the author recommends that the information is shared with the appropriate departments for action. Every role player in the company must be aware of the available information and the likely application that the organization ought to formulate. It would be useless for the relevant department to collect the needed information about customers and competitors. Every department touched by the information is required to translate the information thus obtained by applying the information to generate customer value. Sharing and conversion of the collected information into a useful tool needed for market orientation have proved to be very vital marketing foundations. Entrenching the practice into a routine by the organization creates yardstick by which performance can be hinged upon.

Strategic marketing

The author states that principles of marketing would be compromised within an organization if there is lack of strategy or clear action plans. Strategic planning for marketing in the organization must comprise of all relevant information about the organization decision that elastically translates into changes in performance. A marketing strategy considers the short term and long term objectives set prior to operation of the exercise. By the end of the exercise, the organization should position itself better than the rivals, having first tackled the customer issues involved. The author provides us with information regarding key decision to be made during the designing and launching of strategic operations in marketing (2001, 10). Decisions must be made to resolve vital areas of strategic marketing as highlighted below.

Firstly, decisions touching on product development must be coupled with brand development must be formulated as a matter of response to the market. Customers buy what they think would increase utility while satisfying their needs as well. Product quality and quantity of packaging must be done in a manner that clearly sets out the path that depicts customer demands. Secondly, pricing decision must be on an analysis that competitively positions the organization without any adverse effects to profitability. Competitive pricing responds to principles of fairness in setting of prices. Pieces should be allocated depending on the cost analysis. Profitability seems to be directly related to the pricing mechanism adopted. Thirdly, distribution of the commodities into the market to promptly meet the customer well being as remain attract to prospective. Fourthly, marketing communications are useful in determination of appropriate steps to take in a strategic marketing decision. Mix blending of the agreed product must then be adopted in response to the factors that the above decisions respond to. Mix blending adopted usually contains production of a combination of commodities driven by the issues highlighted for decision making.

Advertising and Promotion

Marketing communication that enables delivery of relevant brand results in the market is usually a strong tool used in the formulation of relevant advertising strategy as explained in Bearden, Ingram and LaForge (2001, 393). There are various ways of achieving a winning promotional advantage over the rivals in the market. For instance, personal selling (374) which entails the creation of marketing formulae that deals directly with the clientele for creation of brand loyalty should be assessed. The system should be completed by some strong integration of multiple means of marketing communication. During the relaying of the communication contained in the promotion, a comprehensively conclusive but consistent message should be disseminated.

The company must formulate specific and direct marketing objectives from the onset, in order to facilitate consistent results from the exercise. This is because brand name generation and a strong market existence are difficult ventures in the beginning (469). The most important positioning resource that the manager ought to exploit for the company is by establishing relationships with the market in such a way that immediate reaction and feedback can be achieved. Alternatively, the author reports that it is important to maintain and continually uphold the created relationships at the market level. Various sales promotion techniques should be explored but the author warns that over-reliance on sales promotion for market sustainability would certainly be devastating (435). It is indicated that the danger is mainly posed by the apparent consumer notion that initially emphasize on other aspects other than the real commodity benefits.

Hartley, R. Marketing mistakes and successes, Hoboken, NJ; John Wiley and Sons, 2001. Print

Entrepreneurial Adventures

The author dedicates a whole chapter to entrepreneurial adventures where new operation practices are explored from across the industries (Hartley, 9). Marketing at leading global corporations that can best fit in the description of a successful adventure are articulated in the entrepreneurial adventure section. The author attributes success of these corporations to some of the best marketing practices adopted at the various levels of operation that these model cases. Google on one end represents a modern innovation solutions corporation in the example, illustrating internet marketing success that an organization can achieve in the current market flanked by access of relevant information. Starbucks growth as attributed to winning market authority has been visited by the author to drive the point further home. Similar lessons are made with regard to the past and recent performances posted by Boston Beer. Marketing can be singled out from the entrepreneurial track enjoyed by the organizations that the author uses in the discourse that locates principles of marketing.

Marketing Wars

It is perhaps timely and appropriate that the author decides to include marketing wars between two of the top global soft drink manufacturers (Hartley, 61). Pepsi and Coca Cola have had one of the most accurate descriptions of marketing wars that modern market has witnessed. These organization have established themselves in the market in an almost nearly a synonymous format. In a similar manner, the author uses HP and Dell to illustrate how marketing can determine the fortunes of the entire performance of the company. Pricing has been applied in the marketing wars, where Dell once used low pricing strategy to edge past other competitors including Hewlett Packard (HP). Change of guard at HP with an aim of resurfacing as an all inclusive market participant presented marketing trouble for Dell which had to act in reaction. Main areas of marketing include brand identity where personal computer market battles have particularly been witnessed. The author clarifies marketing wars with further illustration that presents the rivalry between Boeing and Airbus in commercial aircraft market. Airbus initial limited capacity was not a hindrance to rising to glory, especially after learning that marketing flaws at Boeing could be used advantageously.

Comebacks

It is not until the author dedicates a section of comebacks by corporations that marketing adventure and wars start to appear definitive of the remainder of the discourse. Competition can lead to adverse performance where companies bow out while others rise up. The most important is how those that falter come to rediscover their position and make interventions. Using classical case studies, the author illustrates the importance of strategic attempts to launch comebacks where faltering has been recorded (127). The author presents McDonald’s rebirth by explaining the importance of operation moderation (129). McDonald’s diversification formula appeared ineffective in the repositioning that the Company needed in the immediate reaction plan. Alternatively, the case of Harley-Davidson is outlined for explanation of how corporations can launch comebacks (147). Competition with rivals such as Honda appeared to pose a severe threat than the management expected reducing effective market share to less than five per cent, up from 70 per cent in only a few years. The expected comeback was hard to achieve within three decades, which proves the importance of maintaining a market niche that is sustainable. Performance at Continental Airlines faltered to such an extent that employee motivation was at a record low but rediscovering operations coupled to management of marketing facilitated a rapid turnaround of events (161). Appointment of a new CEO at Continental Airlines was part of the package that the company needed to instill order back at the company and position the Company to one of the best in the country.

Marketing: Mistakes and Success

Up to that level, the author deals with issues that might not directly relate with marketing but clearly devotes the rest of the book to unravel pertinent issues related to marketing. Mistakes and success can be used to illustrate both weaknesses and strengths respectively in managerial practices. While mistakes ought to be avoided in all management roles, they certainly emerge and the lessons learnt can be used to inform management decisions. In the first section of this segment, the author presents marketing management mistakes, perhaps in a deliberate merit that creates a therapeutic impact on the reader who follows it up with the success section.

Under the topic Marketing Management Mistakes, the author presents the first deliberate attempt to directly deal with marketing (175). It is perhaps more important to disclose major marketing mistakes that managers make and dip their organization to trouble that would otherwise have been avoided. Aware of this fact, the author presents some classical mistakes made by model corporations that the modern manager should be aware of. The author equips the manager with marketing don’ts that managers should be on the lookout against, in an indirect manner that uses practical cases. Borden success in the dairy industry seemed to wane upon an acquisition that broadened its product range (177). Dissecting the possible cause of the problem, the author predicts that the brand strength could have been weakened by extended brand range without appropriate capacity extension. United Way of America suffered image destruction that tampered with public relations (190). According to the author, the publication of management flaws at the organization could have affected its market status. Contributions from well-wishers dropped drastically upon scandalous revelations that were made regarding the organization by the Washington Post. Mistakes of the management in the organization seemed to ignore the impact that such revelations would have on direct stakeholder equivalent to a consumer.

Assimilation and coordination issues affecting Daimler-Chrysler merger constitutes a major concern that modern management should beware of. Mistakes in creation of mergers for large corporations such as Daimler and Chrysler trickle far than operations, particularly dealing with repositioning at the hybrid market which needs special definition different from their discrete markets (203). Similar acquisition issues that the author uses to articulate the issues involved in such marketing decisions is demonstrated by use of Rubbermaid acquisition by Newell’s (220). Euro Disney wrongly relied on the records theme parks posted by establishments elsewhere outside Europe. Wrong market projections applied wrong success format to cause a serious flop in fortunes in France (233). Had Disney made the correct market positioning and orientation, the assumption held that the Paris market would be a replica of those in other places would not have occurred. Unique markets are only entered flanked by information on both all market factors. England’s outsourcing and sales promotion outfit, Mytag could not handle an overwhelmingly swelling demand following a mistake in an aggressive campaign (251). Using a merger example like those used before, the author closes the section with Kmart and Sears who failed to turn their low performances into success (267). The reason cited by the author to be the cause of the failure was mistakes of performance feasibility tests done by the management.

Deceptive sales practices have been visited by the author under ethical mistakes as some of the mistakes that management or staff make to destroy the opportunity of success for the company (351). Using the Ford and Firestone example of such deceptive and defective practices, the author explains how potent ethics is to business success (365). Upright business conduct enables business to thrive where all stakeholders feel protected and not taken for a ride.

According to the author, marketing success can be mentioned with reference to records posted by some corporations (281). Examples used to illustrate this point are Southwest airlines (283), Nike (302) and Vanguard (319). Using strategic marketing skills, some of the above highlighted mistakes have been resolved by the author.

Conclusion

Some of the basic lessons that the authors contribute to important principles of marketing include; mistakes and success that management in charge of marketing makes, comebacks that failed management decisions need to reposition organizations, marketing wars that companies enter into, advertising and sales promotion practices that rivalries enter into, strategic marketing in modern business, market orientation for competitive advantage among other themes brought out. Besides the main argument lines developed by the authors in these books, there are other themes that are brought out upon keen reading. Some of these splinter themes illustrate the impact of finding out that management needs to be alert for various roles including accountability.

Modern business practices will increasingly be altered by the influx of technology and innovations that define present operation and technology levels. It is therefore imperative that the management remains vigilant and alert to be able to react to changes in a sober and informed manner. Research from the market for instance cannot be replaced by any other operation since orientation is the best tool for market positioning. Using case studies in different perspectives, the management is able to learn useful tips of handling issues in future cases.

Works Cited

Bearden, W. O., Ingram, T, N. & LaForge, R. W. Marketing, principles and perspectives, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Print

Hartley, R. Marketing mistakes and successes, Hoboken, NJ; John Wiley and Sons, 2001. Print