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The FBI Virtual Case File Case Study

Any form of inconsistency among the models results in a model clash.

In the Virtual Case File system, there was a clash between the waterfall model and the product model.

The waterfall model calls for the progressive determination of the adopted system requirements such as its codes and design (Gabrys et al, 46).

On the other hand, product model demands the visualization of operational concepts together with their interrelationships.

The waterfall model has a number of assumptions that are to be considered for its successful implementation.

The first assumption is that the partakers in the project determine all necessities prior to implementation money (Kymmell, 241).

Secondly, the determined requirements must not have costly repercussions.

The partakers in the project must have sufficient knowledge about the architecture to be implemented in order to achieve the determined requirements.

The stakeholders’ expectation must be realized through the actual implementation of the requirements.

The project’s generic nature will not undergo mammoth transformation during its development.

Finally, the deadlines set for the project must permit ample time for sequential progress.

If any of the aforementioned assumptions proves to be false then the project that adopts this model will grind to a halt.

The Virtual Case File system second, third and fourth assumption of the waterfall model contradicted with the underpinning principle of property model (Kuhn and Hacking 304).

With regard to the second assumption under the waterfall model, the parties in the project determined requirements, which had high-risk consequences.

The SAIC devised a new management system, which would phase out the ACS. This was considered to be a high-risk maneuver since in the event of VCF failing to work there would be no contingency plan.

The other assumption that made the two models clash is the participants’ insufficient understanding of the right architecture for the successful implementation of the requirements.

Majority organizations rely on enterprise architecture acts as a blueprint, which guides vital determination of requirements.

The enterprise architecture gives a description, organizes the IT structure, and proceeds to outline the objectives of the project organization.

However, the problem with the VCF project was that the FBI did not have the enterprise architecture.

Results from numerous reports such as the one conducted by the National Research Council reveal that the FBI department without the blueprint could not make coherent determinations on the project’s requirements.

The final assumption that contributed to the model clash was that the determined requirement was not equivalent to the stakeholders’ expectations.

The FBI, working with the SAIC, approached Congress for more funds to quicken the process of developing the system. Congress accepted the request and in exchange to that act, it expected the system to be ready in December 2003 instead of June 2004.

However, the FBI had not mapped out a strategic course for the achievement of completion within the stipulated deadline.

The project contract was amended to show the new deadlines but the original software contracts were not amended to reflect the formal criteria for the FBI to accept the VCF system (Feenberg and Norm 71).

Works Cited

Feenberg, Andrew, and Norm Friesen. (re) inventing the Internet: Critical Case Studies. Rotterdam: Sense, 2012

Gabrys, Bogdan, Robert J. Howlett, and L C. Jain. Knowledge-based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems: 10th International Conference, Kes 2006, Bournemouth, Uk, October 9-11, 2006: Proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2006.

Kuhn, Thomas and Hacking Ian. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL [etc.: The University of Chicago Press, 2012.

Kymmell, Willem. Building Information Modeling: Planning and Managing Construction Projects with 4d Cad and Simulations. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008.

Fashion Design

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc376930990” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc376930990 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376930991” History of Textile PAGEREF _Toc376930991 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376930992” Textile innovations PAGEREF _Toc376930992 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376930993” Textile Designer PAGEREF _Toc376930993 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376930994” Fashion Design PAGEREF _Toc376930994 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376930995” How textile Designer and a fashion Designer collaborate to work together PAGEREF _Toc376930995 h 7

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376930996” Influential Fashion Designers PAGEREF _Toc376930996 h 8

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376930997” Issey Miyake PAGEREF _Toc376930997 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376930998” Nuno Corporation – Reiko Sudo PAGEREF _Toc376930998 h 9

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376930999” Liza Bruce PAGEREF _Toc376930999 h 10

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931000” Sarah Taylor PAGEREF _Toc376931000 h 11

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931001” Schoeller Textile AG PAGEREF _Toc376931001 h 11

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931002” Norma Starszakowna PAGEREF _Toc376931002 h 11

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931003” Jacob Schlaepfer PAGEREF _Toc376931003 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931004” The future of fibre and fabrics PAGEREF _Toc376931004 h 12

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931005” Designers primary concern Aesthetics PAGEREF _Toc376931005 h 13

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931006” How the innovations of fabrics bring the world of art, design, engineering and science ever closer? PAGEREF _Toc376931006 h 14

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931007” Microfibers PAGEREF _Toc376931007 h 15

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931008” Microfibers on the market PAGEREF _Toc376931008 h 16

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931009” Metallics PAGEREF _Toc376931009 h 16

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931010” Nonwovens PAGEREF _Toc376931010 h 17

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931011” Synthetic foams, rubbers and gels PAGEREF _Toc376931011 h 18

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931012” Carbon, glass, fiber optic and ceramic PAGEREF _Toc376931012 h 20

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931013” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc376931013 h 21

HYPERLINK l “_Toc376931014” Work cited PAGEREF _Toc376931014 h 21

IntroductionThe word fashion in its entirety means change. Due to the pace of change, designers are always under constant force to maintain their creative momentum. According to Kathrine and Jenine, innovations and technologies has acted as a catalyst of change by decreasing the lead-time between design and finished stock entering the retail environment (Kathryn M. and Janine). According to Operath, clothes are the representation of man’s personality (Operath). We cannot deny the fact that clothes are amongst bare necessities in life. Apparently, clothing and textile depicts an individual’s personality. Due to altering times and the way the global world is moving, a radical revolution in the textile industry, has affected the fashion world tremendously (Operath). Quick and timely variations in the textile sector impacts deeply on the choice of both the fashion designer and the consumers at large. This has made the future or latest trends of fashion not to last for longer periods (Operath). Textiles, as a mirror, provide an interesting and enlightening vantage point to look at society.

Therefore, this paper is dedicated to show how textile innovation has influenced the fashion world by looking at various aspects such as: the history of textile, textile innovation, fashion and textile design, and some of the prominent fashion designers. The paper will also examine the future of fibres and the new technologies that make fashion bloom.

History of TextileAccording to Jenkins, the history of textile industry is almost as old as the history of human civilization. Through the years, innovations in clothing production, manufacture and design has come to a rise. As early as 4000 BC, hand operated spindles along with a loom were the most important tools for production of textile in Europe. Raw materials commonly used were wool and linen (Jenkins).

As Jenkins states in his book, “The Cambridge history of western textile,” the 18th and 19th Centuries saw the discovery of machines and mechanization in the production of fabric (Jenkins). The most significant innovations that came during this time changed clothing forever. In accordance with Jenkins, the findings of various synthetic strands like nylon shaped a wider market for textile products and progressively led to the invention of new and improved sources of natural fiber (Jenkins). In the Industrial Revolution period, the Textile industry evolved from being a domestic small scale industry to the state of prominence it currently holds due to the emergence of machines like the spinning wheels and handlooms. Raw materials included wool, flax and cotton however; the place where a cloth was being produced determined the material to be used (Jenkins).

In the Industrial Revolution era, Wyatt and Paul invented machines like the flying shuttle (1733), the flyer, the bobbin and the roller spinning machine. These inventions by Wyatt and Paul increased the speed of production. Later inventions included the carding machine by Lewis Paul in 1748 and the spinning jenny in 1974. Richard Arkwright then later invented the water frame in 1771 followed by Edmund Cartwright’s power loom in 1784 (Heerman).

In recent times, up-to-date techniques, electronics and innovations have led to a highly competitive, cheap textile offering almost all types of clothes or designs an individual could desire. According to Jenny, there is a repetition in the use of certain patterns and fabrics throughout the history of textiles. These textiles remain classics and some classics remain constantly popular in some form or another (Udale).

Textile innovationsInnovations in textile do not necessarily mean innovations in the fabric itself; still, it can be understood to be innovation in machinery of textile. According to Gale and Kaur, Textile chemistry and the mechanization of machinery have brought sweeping changes that revived textile production and design. The attitudes towards innovation and the generations of new ideas in textile and fashion differ from one country to another. For instance, the Italians particularly advocate advances in their textile industry and encourage the associations between textile and fashion (Gale and Kaur).

Apparently, many countries like Japan value innovation in textiles and its relation to fashion to such a higher degree that they are prepared to invest in it. Recent innovations in the industry include nanotechnologies. Nanotechnologies have created new textile products that can detect chemicals and gases, generate mobile power and incorporate flexible sensing system. According to Wright, these nanotechnologies manipulate the properties of materials at the molecular level to produce enhanced performance qualities. In addition, nanotechnologies are the drivers behind many textile innovations.

When it comes to healthcare, most industries have embraced microfiber-cleaning products. This is due to their major capability to address the market’s concerns about preventing cross-contamination in the company. According to Julie Silas, some microfiber mop systems are well designed such that they can isolate germs and bacteria that were picked up during cleaning easily. Microfiber products when used with a small amount of chemical cleaning agents will do quite a good service (Silas). Wool is an example of textiles that are healthy and make one feel comfortable. A pure wool fabric has ability to reduce allergies at home. It also lacks flammability. Merino wool is the best fabric to use with baby sleep bags and caps because it provides a year round safe temperature while providing warmth, circulating air and preventing any moisture from accumulating. Wool also absorbs humidity while remaining dry and it contains natural lanolin, which is a biologically active substance at the same being water resistant. Using natural wool materials helps to reduce dust mites, asthma, skin diseases and upper respiratory tract infections (B. N. Wright).

In recent years, the textile industry has been more innovative in technical developments that the clothing industry. Major innovations have taken place in technical fabrics developed for their functional properties and performance in fields such as sportswear and uniforms. Environmentally friendly fabrics as well as fabrics manufactured from organic natural fibres are now available in the market. These reflect the changing priorities of the consumers. Goworek gives examples of some of the innovative fibres, which include Tencel (recyclable and biodegradable fabric), Goretex (has micropores that allows perspiration to escape whilst resisting rain), and Coolmax (made from specially engineered polyester fibres, with thermoregulatory and moisture properties) (Goworeck).

According to Goworeck, fabric manufacturers have also developed micro-encapsulation, which allows additional elements encapsulated within fibres incorporating scents or insect repellent finishes. For example, the lingerie brands have designed garments ranges made from fabrics containing these microencapsulated aromas. Also under development are smart fabrics, which can respond to the wearer’s environment. Designers like Philip are in the process of developing wearable electronics with garment containing mobile phones and camera to locate the wearer, electronic club wear and sportswear with MP3 technology to monitor sporting performance. These developments in textile are aimed at specific uses and it is unlikely that fabric technologies will push the boundaries further by applying similar innovations into fashion fabrics (Goworeck). In one way or the other, innovations have affected traditional manufacturing and design processes subsequently. According to Gale, weaving, knitting and embroidery have eventually given way to genetically or chemically grown fabric.

Textile DesignerThe role of a textile designer comprises of a myriad of descriptions including inventor, scientist, designer, and engineer. Textile designers have a handle on the requirements of the textile manufacturer and the intricacies of the market place. Starting with the consideration of the eventual use of a fabric, they develop ideas and realize concepts. Depending on the textile designers area of expertise, be it creative or scientific, design outcomes can range from fabrics for use in fashion and interiors to highly complex technologically advanced, performance materials. A textile designer finds the right balance between creativity, innovation and commercialism (Gale and Kaur).

A large proportion of textile designers work for fabric manufacturers, but many others also work for retailers or suppliers of fashion and homeware products (Goworeck). Gowereck observes that within the fashion industry, textile designers always remain anonymous to the consumers, while fashion designers take all the credit for the total design of the garments, using numerous sources of fabrics, designed by several textile designers working for various companies (Goworeck). According to Gowereck, textile designers are less famous compared to their fashion design counterparts. According to Gowereck, Textile design bridges fashion design and many other cloth related field and it fulfills so many purposes in our lives. Almost all our lives revolve around the textile designs for example we move on vehicles which use tires reinforces with strong textile cord, we put on clothing every day.

Fashion DesignAccording to Cooklin, the title fashion design includes not only those who work at the couture level but also those involved in mass production at all price levels of the market. Therefore, fashion design is a discipline that entails the application of design and aesthetics or natural beauty to apparel and accessories (Gerry Cooklin). Fashion design varies over time and place; moreover, cultural and social latitudes of a people group have also greatly influenced fashion design. In a number of ways, fashion designers work to design clothing and accessories. Fashion designers either chose to work alone or as a team. Due to the time required to bring a garment to the market and the anticipated change in consumer tastes, fashion designers attempt to design both aesthetically pleasing and functional clothing to satisfy the consumer’s desire for aesthetically designed clothing.

While making these aesthetically pleasing as well as functional clothing, fashion designers consider both the likely wearer of the garment and at what situations, events or occasion. In their work, fashion designers choose from a wide range and combinations of materials, colors, patterns and styles to work with.

According To Stecker, fashion design started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth being the first designer to have his brand name sewn into his created garments (Stecker and Pamela). Worth’s success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had done (Stecker and Pamela). In fact, to describe him, the term couturier was formed. Innovations enable fashion designers to differentiate their products and improve their competiveness and textile still seems to underpin the structure of fashion. Fashion is also an expression of what people feel and think. At all market levels, consumers demand products that are innovative, individual and technologically advanced. The design process more than ever builds on serious consideration of the consumers needs and desires in order to satisfy an increasingly sophisticated and discerning market.

How textile Designer and a fashion Designer collaborate to work togetherAccording to Gale & Kaur, it is evident that the discovery of a new fabric can revolutionize a fashion design or can create the foundation for the philosophy behind a collection (Collin and Jasbir) According to Gale & Kaur, scientific, mechanical and technological inputs from professionals, in the textile industry, can fuel a fashion designer’s notion about possibilities in clothing. As we can note, there is a mutually beneficial relationship between the textile and fashion designers in that the fashion designer is equipped with new and exciting materials to work with whilst the textile designer is provided with an effective promotional tool by fashion (Collin and Jasbir). Gale and Kaur further exclaims that a fashion designer can collaborate with a textile designer on a one-on-one basis or partner with a textile company and acquire a custom-made design solely for their use. Across the globe, the coexistence of fashion and textiles is evident. Apart from these companies being key employers, they also significantly contribute to numerous economic systems around the world (Gale and Kaur). As Kaul and Gale states, within this complex relationship, fashion supplies a constant flow of new and varied formulations in apparel. Fashion is ultimately dependent upon textile and cannot exist without textiles. The two industries create a phenomenon greater than any of them, an essential aspect of their commercial success and perhaps the impetus for the world trends (Gale and Kaur). The relationship between textile and fashion is a mutually beneficial one.

Influential Fashion DesignersAccording Pamela Stecker, understanding the role played by leading designers in the development of fashion serves several purposes. First, it inspires us and serves as a source of ideas for themes, materials, decorative treatment and approaches to garment construction (Stecker and Pamela). It also provides us with an understanding of how past and present designers create clothing which expresses the time in which they live (Stecker and Pamela).

In the world of Textile design, Japan is a dynamic leading force in the world hence enjoys and international reputation in the production of pioneering textile designs (Collin and Jasbir). Japan is home to some of the world’s textile designers not only in terms of aesthetic qualities but also concerning the development of innovative materials and techniques of printing and weaving. Some of these leading designers include, Issey Miyake and Reiko Sudo. Often, the Japanese are regarded as the engineers of world textile design perhaps due to the intimate relationship developed between manufacturers and designers. The knowledge of various limitations or functions of industrial machinery form an integral part of Japanese textile design psyche that enables them to simultaneously refer and challenge traditional Japanese and Western convections in terms of industry and craft tradition (Collin and Jasbir). According to Gale, Japan’s basic design, the concepts of design execution have changed little; however, technologies in the execution of these designs have changed.

Issey Miyake

Miyake was born on 22 April 1938 in Hiroshima, Japan. On August 6, 1945, just at the age of seven, he witnessed and survived the Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bomb. He joined Tama Art University in Tokyo to study graphic design and graduated in 1964 and after his graduation; he worked in Paris and New York City and later returned to Tokyo in 1970 where he established the Miyake Design Studio. The Design studio was a high-end producer of women’s fashion (Collin and Jasbir). In the late 1980s, he did experiments with new methods of pleating that allowed both flexibility of movement for the wearer in addition to ease of care and production. He designed the black turtleneck, which later become Steve Job’s signature attire. He worked closely with a team of textile designers and engineers, the most prominent being Makiko Minagawa and Dai Fujiriwa. They put their expertise and together they developed fabric and fashion in unison (Gale and Kaur).

Nuno Corporation – Reiko SudoOver the past two decades, the towering figure in Japanese textiles has been Jun’ichi Arai and the Nuno Corporation. Having grown up in Kiryui, a small town north of Tokyo, he established himself as an individual designer. In 1984, he co-founded the Nuno Corporation with Reiko (Lesley). Nuno means “functioning fabric.” Having begun as a specialist textile shop in Tokyo, it is now famous as a world leader in the design of experimental contemporary fashion and interior textiles. According to Lesley, Nuno has tapped into both high and low-tech solutions using synthetic and natural fibres. In terms of both technology and aesthetics, Nuno has pushed forward the boundaries of textile design. For Arai, textiles are a vehicle for tactile and sensory stimulation and the designs he produced at Nuno exploited the textural and sculptural potential of textiles to the full. Jun’ichi now works independently but Nuno’s spirited approach to textile is continuing to the present day under the inspired leadership of Reiko Sudo (Lesley). Nuno is considered paradise of textile design as they make beautiful fabrics and incredibly interesting materials and weaves. (Lesley). According to Helen Brown, Nuno Corporation has taken a unique approach to innovation in that it does not conform to a linear model where three stages, research, development, and commercialization happen in a predictable sequence (Helen). Nuno Corporation according to Helen makes a sustained effort to pursue creative and artistic challenges. Their beautiful new textiles have an international influence on perceptions of scope of textile design (Helen). From Nuno Corporation, we learn that when artists can make significant impact on innovation when they work with industry.

Liza Bruce

Bruce was born in 1954 in New York City. At the age of 27, She started her own company in New York after attracting attention with the stylish swimwear she designed for herself and her friends. She later expanded her range to include daywear life jackets and tunics. She makes easy-to-wear, easy-to-pack clothes, which cling to the body. In the eighties, she was instrumental in the development of new Lycra based fabrics, which she used to evolve her signature-streamlined silhouette (Miner and Christine). In 1982, she designed high end-bathing suits, in 1988, she began designing ready-to-wear and in 1989, she launched outerwear designs. According to Minderovi, she worked exclusively with tubular fabrics for several seasons and her preoccupation with streamlining led to her invention of leggings’ and the evolution from her swimwear collection of ‘the body’ as the basis of the emancipated wardrobe of the eighties (Miner and Christine). She was undoubtedly the undisputed queen of the Black cat suit, and the swimsuits she designed for the Robert Mapplethorpe (Miner and Christine).

Sarah TaylorAccording to Gale and Kaur, Sarah Taylor has become somewhat of a pioneer in the field of weaving. Her research specializes on developing light-emitting fabrics using optic fabric. Fiber optic has been used in protective clothing for military use but Taylor has been investigating their possible applications within interiors, perhaps as multifunctional mood-enhancing design pieces. She was in 2002, nominated for the Jarwood Applied Arts Prize and in 2006; she received a Scottish Arts Council Creative Award (Hotcourses). Through controlling the colors of the light released from the fibers, Taylor proposes that it would be possible to agitate or calm the environment (Gale and Kaur).

Schoeller Textile AGSchoeller specializes in the advancement and manufacture of innovative and smart textile technologies for active sports, work wear, lifestyle, and fashion together with office furniture (Rasmussen). Schoeller dates back to 1867 and operates the most modern plant in accordance with blue signs which is the world’s most strict environmental standard. In cooperation with Universities and research institutes Schoeller develops customer specific and branch specific solutions. Schoeller only uses high quality and ecologically safe materials that are produced in Switzerland. Schoeller meets the highest standards. Among their innovation is a new finishing technology for garment fabrics that harness heat reflecting properties of certain minerals to keep the wearer warm. It has also developed new finishing technology for garment fabrics to protect wearers from ticks and mosquitoes (Down).

Norma StarszakownaNorma was born in 1945 in Crosshill Fife Scotland. In 1966, she gained a diploma in Art and Design at Duncan of Jordanstone. She was the head of textiles and chair of Design at the Dundee University. 1999-2002, she was director of research development at the University of Arts London and chair of the UK research Assessment Panel for Art and Design. In collaboration with Issey Miyake, she created a uni-colored fabric for Winchester Cathedral. She uses color to convey her feelings about Scotland history and achievements (Gale and Kaur).

Jacob SchlaepferHe is mostly referred as the best European embroidery. His fabrics have contributed to helping develop luxurious textiles as well as very playful styles. Jacob ensures balance between innovations, fashion and any bother requirements of his client. His creative designers are also said to have succeeded in combining all that implies to technology in handcraft making (Rasmussen).

The future of fibre and fabricsAccording to Operath, the future of Textile Industry is difficult to foresee in regards to how much and what kind of textile is produced, which country and which firm will produce textile and which structural characteristics it will have. In regards to people’s taste, and ever improving quality in textile and fashion in the outside world, fashions in this field have undergone different variations. Designers and consumers at large have a wide range to choose from due to the quick and timely variations in the sector. Due to this, the future of fashion or the latest fashion does not last for long in nowadays (Operath).

It is anticipated that the appearance of the textile design portfolio will evolve as the practices of world textile design is evolving. In relation to a May 2008 report on the state of the U.S. specialty fabrics marketplace by Specialty Fabrics Review, the global textile industry has undergone tremendous change through the last 10 years and more change is anticipated to take place in the industry in the coming years (Rasmussen). The Industrial Fabrics Association International (IFAI) does regular research to keep members informed about industry economic trends and on the outlook for different industry segments that use “specialty fabrics,” the term given to textile products manufactured mainly for their performance and functional properties, rather than for decorative purposes (Wright and Bruce). Specialty fabrics are classified into many fields, such as automotive applications, medical textiles, geotextiles, architectural textiles, agrotextiles, and protective clothing and gear. Consistent with Rasmussen, through technological upgrades, textiles firms around the world are under are under ever-increasing pressure to be more efficient. Textile production is not any more a low technology, labor-intensive enterprise. (Rasmussen). Generally, we cannot foresee the future of fibre and fabrics. Nonetheless, from what we already know of the past of textiles, we observe that textile innovation will have roles in soft engineering, in reinforcement and in protection, some of the most basic ways we intervene in our material environment (Collin and Jasbir).

Designers primary concern AestheticsAesthetics is a field of philosophy that brings together Aristotle and Plato. Its main goals are establishing guideline rules for beauty as well as taste when it comes to fine arts (George and Milner). According to aestheticians, the main purpose of visual arts is creating beauty in any object (Gale and Kaur). The applied arts mainly refer to the design of furniture, clothing, household products, and appliances among many others.

The dress used to appear loose as compared to figure hugging fashion garments of that time. In the past artistic clothes and especially dresses were mainly embellished with daffodils, large sunflowers and peasant decoration (Jenkins). Its colors appeared earthy and were natural. Also natural softer vegetable dyes used to produce some half tints of amber gold and salmon although most of aesthetics liked the colours to look strange as well as old faded.

How the innovations of fabrics bring the world of art, design, engineering and science ever closer? The innovation of world’s fabrics has been arising in many different countries and at a very high level. Many countries are adopting this innovation because it has come up with new developments of art, design, manufacturing and science. As agreed by most writers, innovation is the key to growth and expansion. Nonetheless, some practices of innovative business are inspired in their creativity. According to Foreman founder of Enventys, innovation is widely used though not well understood. Innovation is changing the mindset of various companies from internal brainstorming to utilization of a host of ideas (Foreman). Innovations do mostly come from strategic partnerships using technology from a variety of sources (Gale and Kaur). In properties and performance of textile, one is acquired with knowledge and understanding of textile technologies and innovations of other applications (Stecker and Pamela). This is quite important because it helps to evaluate the effects of innovation on the performance of fabric and the likely effects on the society, consumer and the environment. According to Gale & Kaur, innovation of fabrics is one of the areas seen to bring close the fields of art, design, manufacturing and science (Gale and Kaur).

In the recent years, a technology has come up with science of extruding extremely fine filaments of microfibers while ensuring that maintenance of uniformity and strength of such processing characters is kept safe for consumers and manufacturers of textile. These microfibers are finer compared to luxury natural fibers such as silk. These have led to some people in the textile industry to refer microfibers as supernatural. Animals and plants produce supernatural fibers but processes of geology can also produce them. Their classification is according to their origin; vegetable fibers are based of cellulose, mineral fibers are in the group of asbestos, wood fibers are from tree sources and animal fibers consist of particular proteins such as wool, silk, catgut, sinew etc.

Microfibers As defined by Caijun Shi, microfibers are synthetic fibers that made up of a blend of polyester and polyamide or nylon. They are also defined as fibres that are less than one denier thick (Down). According to Down, Microfibers have the ability to produce specific qualities when specifically engineered. Through special engineering, microfibers become crease resistant, light in weight, strong, soft and sheer to handle with excellent draping qualities (Down). Some people do confuse microfiber and cotton clothes because of the similar thickness and feel but there is difference between the two. Microfiber strands are very small such that it is difficult to see them with bare human eyes (Caijun Shi). In the last century, microfiber technology has proved to be the most important product innovation to the cleaning industry. Microfibers play a big role in bringing together the aspects of art, design, manufacturing and science. In keeping with Gale & Kaur, Microfiber is one of the most important developments on the technology to extrude fine filaments at the same time maintaining uniformity and processing of characteristics expected by those in the business of textile (Gale and Kaur). Originally, microfibers were developed for sportswear that had to perform well in all weather conditions but gradually fashion and textile designers saw the huge potential for their development. Microfibers are today used to produce sportswear and other high performance garments, fashion garments, Lingerie, leisurewear, interior or furnishing products, and technical textile such as smart clothes. Smart clothes have incorporated advanced sensors and microprocessors which act as an aid for partially sighted people (Down).

Microfibers on the market According to Thomas J.A. Jones, the market for microfiber products has proved to be lucrative although some challenges are arising up due to commercial settings. Most designers do not like to use a particular fabric without first knowing the price. This business is also full of textile brokers who sell the leftovers of fabrics from garment manufacturers, fashion designers etc (Jones). Most microfiber distributers agree that the growth of the microfiber products in retail market will lead to growth in commercial products also. Microfiber market is very high because its products for example; cleaning products clean so well due to use of chemical cleaning agents. Distributors have mainly adopted the market of microfiber products. The science and engineering of fabrics is quite simple to the fashion designers. Most of the fashion designers prefer the idea of materials technology. In most cases, innovation work is left to the mills who determine which innovations are supposed to be available to the consumer (Gale and Kaur). There has been a competitive gain between textile chemical and fiber suppliers who are enthusiastically pursuing developments in the textile industry in order to maintain this competitive market. The development of new products in this industry is very essential because it helps to maintain the competitiveness of both fiber and fabric brands. This process involves analyzing the target customer or maybe market and conducting a



FCAT Analysis Project – Reading

Student Name:

University:

Subject:

Instructor:

December 1st, 2013.

FCAT Reading Analysis Project

Introduction

On 24th May, 2012 FLDOE (the Florida Department of Education) published District and State data summary from 2012 spring of the FeAT 2.0 (Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test) for Grade 3 students. These results were published in advance of the rest of other grade levels to allow for promotion decisions. In 2011, FLDOE transitioned to FCAT 2.0 from FCAT in Reading to conform to the new standards of academic standards. In that respect, therefore, this criterion test evaluates the mastery ability of students of the content of grade-level, as outlined in the NGSSS. The FCAT Reading tests were for the first time administered in 2011 spring. In that initial FCAT 2.0 administration tests, the results of students were represented by FCAT equivalent scale. Nevertheless, in 2012 FeAT 2.0 students’ results for FCAT 2.0 Reading are represented in a new developmental scale scores that ranges between 140 and 302. Moreover, Achievement Levels derived from these novel scale scores have been obtained.

The newly developed FCAT 2.0 Achievement Scores maintain similar values as indicated for the FeAT Levels 1 to 5, but they cannot be compared directly, Level 3 stands as the satisfactory performance indicator. Grade 3 students have to attain FeAT 2.0 Level 2 Achievement or greater in Reading to be allowed for Grade 4 promotion.

To facilitate cross time comparisons, the FLDOE did retrofit the scores in 2011 to the new reporting scale of FeAT 2.0. The tables below comprise data based on both FCAT Equivalent SSS scores that were deduced from 2011, and the new FeAT 2.0 retrofitted scores, where applicable. It is important to highlight that these summary data are obtained from all the students evaluated, comprising the ELL (English Language Learners) as well as Students with Disabilities. They also comprise even students who enrolled for the first time in Grade 3 and or previously retained Grade 3 students.

Table 1

FACT 2.0 (2011 & 2012) Reading Level Data for State, District ad School

Grade Year Developmental Scale Score (Mean) School-District School-State State District School 2012 48% 71% 69% -2% 21% 2011 45% 75% 70% -7% 25% Table 2: Percentage of Students Scoring in FCAT Reading in Levels 1 & 2Table 2

Reading in 2012

StudentGroup Total Students White Black Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander AmericanIndian Female Male StandardCurriculum ELL Free or ReducedLunch Total ESEother thanGifted

Grade 3

__ 27 40 25 16 13 24 25 28 31 28 19 41

Check if a concern x Table 3: FCAT Reading 2012 level data for State, District and School

SCHOOL, DISTRICT, STATE COMPARISON OF MEAN POINTS EARNED ON SUBTESTS

CLUSTERS WORDS/PHRASES MAIN IDEA/PURPOSE COMPARISONS REFERENCE/RESEARCH GRADE ENTITY POSSIBLEPOINTS 12 POSSIBLEPOINTS 14 POSSIBLEPOINTS 13 POSSIBLEPOINTS 12 MPE % MPE % MPE % MPE % 3 SCHOOL 8/12 67 7/14 50 8/13 61 7/12 58 DISTRICT 8/12 67 8/14 57 9/13 69 8/12 67 STATE 7/12 58 7/14 50 7/13 54 7/12 58 Analysis

As one of the numerous transformations to the Florida school accountability and State’s assessment system, the FLDOE changed to FCAT 2.0 from FCAT IN 2011 to be in line with novel academic content detailed in the NGSSS. Expected performance levels based on these new assessments are specifically a challenge in Miami-Dade County, based on the disproportionate proportion of ELL served in our schooling system: about 70,000 learners across the district or almost thrice the percentage served by other bid districts within the State.

In general, the performance of the third grade students in the district in 2012 remained stable, looking at the retrofitted 2011 FCAT 2.0 score.

In FCAT 2.0 Reading 67% of the Grade 3 District students obtained level 3 and above and this is one percentage higher on newly developed retrofitted scale. In spite of the disproportionate number of ELL learners served within our systems, Miami-Date County Public School did well than the State in Reading. 69% of Grade 3 District students demonstrated proficiency in reading (levels 2-5) meeting Grade 4 promotion requirement.

In comparing the FCAT 2011 original scale results with the 2012 FCAT2.0 results, the number of students scoring at levels 3-5 declined in both students statewide and District’s students. Nonetheless, the statewide decline in Reading was greater compared to the District. Even though the M-DCPS students demonstrated stable performance on the newly established FCAT 2.0 scale, it reflects a 14 points drop in Reading based on the scoring percent 3 and above of the old FCAT SSS 2011 scale.

Possible Causes of differences in the FCAT 2.0

In the process of identifying the possible causes of differences in FCAT 2.0 Reading, students who were successful were able to draw connections and make correct conclusions. They were also able to establish the major idea of a text as well as interpret exact information for instance identify the purpose of the author and understand quotation content and identify relevant ideas to back their conclusions. On the other hand, the group that was unsuccessful might have been due to having problem to:

Establishing an overall understanding what the text means

Concentrating on textual information as opposed to focusing on prior knowledge

Relying on the features of the text to understand to text

Carefully and Comprehensively reading the whole text

Understanding and finding the causal relationship

Something other than instruction could be teacher pay. This analysis shows that a correlation between student performance and teacher salary exist as better pay by district school improved job performance.

Potential Solutions

The possible suggestions to bridging the causing the differences in FCAR Reading scores would be to teach the entire scope of the entire benchmark due to the fact the various aspects of benchmarks can be evaluated from one year to the other. Instructions should be developed carefully to enable learners move from basic comprehension and decoding to critical reading and high-level cognitive skills and this can be done through adopting a broad range of reading assessments to evaluate the progress of students and to guide instruction.

There should also be monitoring and emphasizes concerning comprehensive school-based reading programs in all content areas, to promote acquisition of vocabulary through systematically offering intentional world-learning programs and assist learners establish appropriate strategies for determining the information relevance presented in various texts.

Differences in FCAR Reading scores can also be reduced through developing pre-reading by way of post-reading programs and make sure that the learner is proficient in the application of such programs for informational and literary text, and since learners could have less expository (informational) text experience, offer additional explicit practice and instruction strategies developed to improve comprehension of such text.

Concerning teacher salary, the government should deploy more difficult hiring and screening process, and this will essentially get rid of teachers who are sub-par and improve the proportion of high quality teaching staff. Ultimately, this could result to better performance without deploying financial incentive for better test scores.

Reference

1 Dec. 2013 <http://app1.fldoe.org/FCATDemographics/Definitions.aspx>

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Fashion Merchandising

Introduction

The importance of expansion of a business’ operations cannot be gainsaid as far as safeguarding the profitability of the business is concerned. This is especially having in mind that the main aim of businesses is to increase their sales volume and, consequently, their profits. In essence, it is always imperative that the business carries out a comprehensive research on the locations where it intends to expand so as to determine the viability of the venture. This relates to the potential demand in the intended location and, consequently, the potential for success in the new location. This paper aims at comparing the various aspects pertaining to Arizona City and California City with regard to the expansion of Classy Seedling. Classy Seedling aims at offering flattering, beautiful, and affordable garments for expectant mothers. The business deals in classic, casual styles that would be appropriate for numerous settings. It has recognized the fact that most expectant women are saving their money for the time when the baby comes. In essence, they offer clothing at retail prices ranging from $45 to $75, in quality and easy-to-care-for fabrics. This paper will compare the social, economic, as well as housing characteristics, and the demographic estimates of the Arizona City and California City.

Arizona social characteristics

Social characteristics of a certain location entail the characteristics of individuals living in that society. In Arizona City, White people make up 73% while the Blacks make up 4.1% of the total population. Alaska native persons and American Indians take up 4.6% of the population, while Asian persons take up 2.8% of the total population. Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders form the smallest percentage of the population, which is 0.2% ( HYPERLINK “http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04000.html” http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04000.html). The distribution of the races in Arizona means that the business has numerous degrees of freedom as to the clothes that it introduces, which gives it high chances of succeeding in the city.

California social characteristics

The proportion of the white people in California is less than in Arizona. The whites make up 57.6%, black persons, 6.2% and Asian persons 13%, while American Indians and Alaska native persons make up 1.0% of the population. As in the case of Arizona City, native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders make up the smallest group in California at 0.4%. Individuals who have more than one race in California City make up 4.9% of the entire population ( HYPERLINK “http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html” http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html). The multiplicity of races in California City means that the business has chances of succeeding in the city as the idiosyncrasies of one race would not affect the profitability of the business (Rubinfeld and Hemingway, 47). However, the dominance of whites means that they hold the key to the profitability of the business.

Economic characteristics of Arizona City

As at 2007, Arizona City boasted of a total of 491,529 firms, 2.0% of which are owned by blacks while Asians owned 3.3% of them. Hispanics-owned firms amounted to about 10.7% while Alaska natives and American Indians owned about 1.9% of the firms. It is worth noting that 28.1% of the firms in Arizona City are owned by women, which essentially speaks of a considerably high level of women empowerment as far as finances are concerned. It is noteworthy that the households in the city had a median income of $50,448, with only 15.3% of the people living below poverty level ( HYPERLINK “http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04000.html” http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04000.html). The high percentage of women who own businesses coupled with the low poverty rate show the possibility of high purchasing power, which may signal at high potential for profitability (Rubinfeld and Hemingway, 39).

California economic characteristics

As at 2007, California City boasted of a total of 3,425,510 firms. Spaniards owned a large chunk of these firms at 16.5% followed by Asians who owned 14.9% of the firms. On the other hand, blacks owned about 4.0% of the firms, while Alaska natives and American Indians owned 1.3 percent of the firms. 0.3% of the firms in California City were owned by native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders. It is noteworthy that women owned almost a third of the firms in California at 30.3 percent as at 2007. California households have a median income of $60,883, and a poverty level of 13.7%, which is lower than that of Arizona ( HYPERLINK “http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html” http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html). This makes California to be quite viable for investment since the low poverty rates underline the possibility of high purchasing power (Rubinfeld and Hemingway, 78).

Housing characteristics in Arizona City

Housing comes as a crucial determinant of the viability of a location for business, thanks to the fact that it signals at the economic capabilities of the people of that area. In Arizona, 79.8% of the people were found to have been living in the same for one year and over in the period between 2006 and 2010. As at 2010, Arizona City had a total of 2,844,526 housing units. It is worth noting that, for the period between 2006 and 2010, the house ownership rate in the city was 67.4%, which speaks of financial capability and stability of investment. Out of these housing units, 20.7% of them were in multiunit structures. Notably, the owner-occupied housing units had a median value of $215,000 ( HYPERLINK “http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04000.html” http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04000.html). Within the same period, the city had a total of 2,326,468 households, with an average of 2.63 persons per household. The high level of home ownership means that people have high chances of remaining in the city, meaning that the market is relatively guaranteed. This cements the viability of the area for expansion (Rubinfeld and Hemingway, 66).

California housing facts

For the period between 2006 and 2010, 84% of the population lived in the same house for one year or more. The city had a total of 13,680,082 housing units as at 2010, with 57.4% of the population owning the housing units. These units housed a total number of 12,392,852 households between 2006 and 2010, with every household being composed of 2.89 persons on average. Within the same period, 30.7% of the housing units were in multiunit structures. The median value of the owner-occupied housing units in California City was almost twice that of Arizona at $458,500 ( HYPERLINK “http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html” http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html). High population coupled with the high home ownership underlines the economic power of the people in the area, which shows that the area is viable for expansion (Rubinfeld and Hemingway, 45).

Arizona demographic estimates

Demographics refer to the characteristics of the populations of a place. It includes characteristics such as density, size, growth and distribution. Arizona City had an estimated population of 6,482,505 as at 2011, which was an increase from the 2010 population estimates of 6,392,017. The population had increased at a rate of 24.6% from 2000 to 2010. Female persons take up 50.3% of the population ( HYPERLINK “http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04000.html” http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04000.html). The population between 18 years and 65 years of age takes up 60.7% of the population, which means that most of the people are within the fertile bracket. The percentage increase in population means that there is quite a high migration or birth rate in the city, which makes the city viable for the maternity clothes that Classy Seedlings offers.

California City ACS demographics

California had an estimated population of 37,691,912 as at 2011, which was an increase from the estimated 37,253,956 in 2010. The population has grown by 10% from 2000 to 2010 with people between the 18 and 65 years of age taking up 63.6% of the population. The proportion of females in this city is 50.3% of the total population ( HYPERLINK “http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html” http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html). These demographics show that California has high potential for sustaining businesses, thanks to the high population especially between the fertile stages of life (Rubinfeld and Hemingway, 34).

In conclusion, the paper aimed at examining the prospects that Arizona City and California City hold for Classy Seedling’s profitability. It has shown that both cities are mostly composed of whites with most businesses owned by Hispanics. As per housing, most of the population in both cities lived in the same house for a year, in the period between 2006 and 2010. This shows that there is relative stability in the cities, which makes them viable for investment. However, it is worth noting that California had a higher median income than Arizona, which means that the people in California may have a higher capability than those in Arizona. In addition, the poverty levels in California are lower than in Arizona, which enhances its viability for investment.

Works cited

United States Census Bureau. California. 2012, Web retrieved 19th June 2012 from HYPERLINK “http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html” http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06000.html

United States Census Bureau. Arizona. 2012, Web retrieved 19th June 2012 from HYPERLINK “http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04000.html” http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04000.html

Rubinfeld, Arthur and Hemingway, Collins. Built For Growth: Expanding Your Business Around The Corner Or Across The Globe. New York: Wharton School Pub. 2005. Print

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Fast Food and Deprivation in New South Wales

Introduction

Generally, Jennifer Jones wrote the Fast Food and Deprivation in New South Wales article to give a general reflection on the existing affiliations between fast food diners and measures of social and material deprivation level in New South Wales, Australia. In her article, Jennifer talks about how obesity has been rampant among the youth in Australia (Crawford 19). In general, the article provides array of evidence using different surveys results in the country. One particular study that she has used to express her ideas is the relationship that exist between environment and increase in cases of obesity (Crawford 19). In stating her ideas, Jennifer argues that the socially deprived individuals seem to live in areas close to similar conditions and are likely to suffer from there is a positive association with other communities. In this context, Jennifer has issues with some of the aspects in the community. She categorically advocates against these issues in the society.

New South Wales has a high obesity pervasiveness and overweight issues that can be credited to his dietary behaviors and poor life choices.

Jennifer goes further to explain about the fast foods situation, which are located in urban areas and the fact that they are characterized by less deprivation. She has issues with the fast food restaurants in the area, which she considers as a great contributing factor to the disorder. Jennifer refers to deprivation as the relationship between the social and material drawbacks (Crawford 17). Similarly, Jennifer draws the line that exists in New South Wales by talking about the physical deprivation aspect, which tends to reside more in rural areas than in emotional deprivation. This aspect shows that she is specific in bringing out her points regarding the New South Wales situation.

In this context, she raises concerns with the urban areas, which she considers as typical contributor to the disorder. Nevertheless, her issues about the urban areas do not imply that that there is not material deprivation in urban areas. According to her, obesity and overweight are more rampant in the more destitute communities (Crawford 17). She additionally claims that this aspect leads to the assumption that most unhealthy food retailers, especially fast food restaurants are most likely to be located in these areas. From this perspective, we can attest that Jennifer has the urge to stamp out some of these aspects hence the escalating food restaurants in urban areas, which she sees as main contributors to this disorder (Crawford 17). Regarding her views on fast foods restaurants and the issues of obesity and overweight, Jennifer also feels the issue has largely affected the overall demand the for the fast food products. She states in her article that there is a rampant increase in the number of fast food restaurants in New South Wales and you will find that most residents of New South Wales will spend up to $400 annually on fast food.

From the Fast Food and Deprivation in New South Wales article by Jennifer Jones, it is clear that obesity and overweight issues continue to be rampant in Australia. Jennifer tries to raise the issue, which to her seem to be alarming. However, Jennifer fails to give some of the strategies and aspects of combating some of these issues in New South Wales.

Realistic

In her article, Fast Food and Deprivation in New South Wales, Jennifer Jones provides a vivid and realistic approach and assessment to the obesity pandemic among the youth in Australia. Her views are insightful especially when considering that the pandemic cuts across all social classes in the society (Rodney and Gittins 212). The author has furnished adequate proof to dispel any doubts or reservations that many people have had about the fundamental effects of lifestyle to the rampant cases of obesity in the country. In addition, she urges health professionals to consider the pandemic as a chronic disease. To prove her assertions further, she outlines the staggering individual, economic, and health-related consequences that have been associated with obesity.

Although depression blatantly sounds ridiculous, the desire to manage obesity effectively is long overdue. In essence, the individuals who are obese as well as their family members should recognize obesity as a disease and agitate for prompt medical interventions. In the Australia case, it is conceivably accurate to believe that dialogues are insufficient as far as the pandemic is concerned (Rodney and Gittins 212). Physicians and other important stakeholder need to swing into action to end the scourge, which is potentially a huge health challenge to Australians and millions of people across the globe. Even though efforts to prevent obesity are fast gaining momentum, clinical management of the condition has been among the greatest challenges for stakeholders.

Impressionistic

An impressionist approach to Jennifer’s article primarily focuses on the efforts of the population to prevent or end the pandemic altogether. Jennifer examines some of things that have turned out to be trendy habits of the population. Incidentally, many of the people seem to be carried away by the unique lifestyle oblivious of the dangers (Rodney & Gittins 212). The article presents a picture of mushrooming fast food restaurants, which perfectly defines the urban life in Australia. Besides, the article provides a comprehensive picture of men and women residents in major urban areas who are either overweight or obese. The New South Wales situation is a perfect impressionist view of social deprivation with majority of victims being people living in the villages. Jennifer provides specific details about her case hence successfully boosting validity of her claims. However, any form of interventions should first address the inequalities existing between different social classes and residential areas.

According to Jennifer’s predictions, citizens who reside in the urban areas are arguably the major victims of the rampant cases of obesity. The high cost of health and poor health outcomes for obesity patients has facilitated a shift in focus. Medical practitioners and other key stakeholders have put more efforts to curbing the risk factors, facilitating prevention mechanisms, and fostering better strategies for treating the malady (Rodney & Gittins 212). Although the fast food restaurants are massively contributing to numerous instances of overweight and obesity, authorities are yet to act in attempt to cut down the influx of fast food restaurant in urban areas. Lastly, it is necessary to acknowledge the implications of environmental, individual biological and behavioral determinants in the prevention of the pandemic (Rodney & Gittins 212). Nevertheless, it is imperative to emphasize the interactive roles of these determinants toward warding off unhealthy eating, physical inactivity, and obesity.

Work CitedCrawford, David. Obesity Epidemiology: From Aetiology to Public Health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. 17-237

Tiffen, Rodney, and Ross Gittins. How Australia Compares. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Internet resource. 212

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Family Models

A family is considered a basic social unit whose environment provides viable conditions for effective functioning. Emergent research ascertains that the family environment provides an ideal environment that comprises of rich stimuli essential for both physical as well as psychological growth and development. Although the external environment made up of the media, friends and schools also influences the beliefs, values and behavior of the children, this remains the fundamental function of the family unit. Thus family conditions play an instrumental role in determining the developmental outcomes of an individual. To a great extent, the model of the family influences the values, beliefs and attitudes that the family members assume. Arguably, family models also determine the functions or roles that individuals within the family as well as the family as a social institution assume. From a psychological point of view, mental problems such as addiction disrupt the functioning of the family and compromise its ability to execute its roles in an effective manner. This paper explores the family unit in light of its models, roles, functions, conflicts in its functions and the implications of addiction to its functioning.

The models of the modern family are wide and varied and largely influenced by the beliefs and attitudes that members of the family hold. According to Strong (1998), family models are classified in three main categories; patriarchal model, Gender-neutral or equity model and entitlement model. The patriarchal model comprises of a father, who assumes the role of the family head, a mother who assumes subordinate roles and children that are protected by both parents. In this family, the parents assume the sole responsibility of ensuring that the minors are protected in all ways. They are the sole decision makers at all times and therefore directly influence the values that their children assume in the long run. Such families experience minimal conflicts as values related to respect and honesty are held in high regard. Certainly, the success of the children in this family is highly depended on the parenting competencies of the father and mother.

Unlike the patriarchal model, the equality family model embraces the principle of equity and both the state and the family have an equal responsibility of making decisions that affect the wellbeing of the family. This is compounded by fraud because the sovereignty or autonomy of the family is undermined. Values related to respect for parents are minimal because of the fact that children, just like parents have an equal right to influence family decisions. The last family model that is supposedly influenced by the principles of feminism is the entitlement family. In this, the mother and children assume the protected class while the state overrules all issues pertaining to the family. The father on the other hand assumes an insignificant position and is in most cases considered an abuser rather than a part of a family. Psychological evidence ascertains that the success rate of such families is usually very low because of the disparities in power sharing (Strong, 1998). Arguably, the inherent controversies contribute to conflicts within the family that undermine its entire functioning.

Generally, the family institution has various social, economic, political and biological roles to play in the society. Biologically, Williams, Sawyer and Wahlstrom (2005) assert that the family is responsible for reproduction or bringing forth offspring. Socially, the family is also responsible for instilling vital social values in the children. These are important because they allow them to socialize with their peers well and grow up in an acceptable manner. It can not be disputed that a viable social environment that is characterized by acceptance is fundamental for healthy growth and development. Relative conflicts with respect to the role of a family in procreation and socialization stem from the changing structure of the family. Seemingly, the structure of the traditional family is changing and likewise, new family values are being embraced. Changes in lifestyles with respect to careers and economic production are also undermining the ability of the parents to assume this role fully. Most importantly, scientific inventions pertaining to family planning have also raised various controversies regarding the role of the family in procreation.

The family is also expected to play important economic functions related to production. From a traditional point of view, family roles regarding economic production were stratified along gender lines. However, this has changed in modern times especially with the invention of technology. Seemingly, the role of the family as an economic unit has also diminished significantly. This can be attributed to the changing values that are placing undue emphasis on an individual rather than a family. Conflicts in this respect also stem from the role of the state in safeguarding the wellbeing of the family. Emergent trends ascertain that the state rather than the family is ensuring economic production.

At an individual level, a family comprises of a father, mother and children. The father and mother assume reproduction and production roles. They safeguard the entire wellbeing of their children and ensure that their needs and wants are catered for. Children on the other hand play supportive roles of helping their parents in different ways. In certain societies, the extended family that entails aunts, uncles, cousins and grand parents also influence the decisions of the family in different ways. With regard to family values, Williams et al (2005) cites that these play an instrumental role in enhancing harmony within the family. Values differ from one family to another and are usually influenced by the beliefs as well as experiences of the family. In some instances, members within a family may assume different values. This is attributable to the intergenerational differences. In this regard, values that parents assume may differ significantly from those that adolescents assume. Reconciling inherent differences is fundamental for harmonic co existence of the family.

From a psychological point of view, addiction has diverse implications on the functioning of the family. This is because of the influence that it has on the family members. To begin with, addiction makes it difficult for the members to play their roles in an effective manner. This is because the affected members spend a significant period of time on their additive activities. This culminates in conflicts especially when the responsibilities are shifted to other members of the family. For instance, an addicted spouse burdens the other spouse with parenting responsibilities. This undermines the quality of parenting and can compromise assumption of vital values by children. The spill over effects affects the entire functioning of the children in future. Also, addiction leads to poor relations within the family. In this respect, the family does not collaborate towards attainment of goals and objectives related to reproduction, economic production and social wellbeing.

References

Strong, B. (1998). The marriage and family experience. New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Williams, B., Sawyer, S. & Wahlstrom, C. (2005). Marriages, families & intimate relationships. Boston, MA: Pearson.

Family Problems and Juvenile Delinquency

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Introduction

Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P.H., Loeber, R., & Henry, D.B (1998). Relation of Family Problems To Patterns of Delinquent Involvement Among Urban Youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol. 26. No. 5.

Juvenile delinquency has been one of the key and fundamental problems in many parts of the globe. Juvenile delinquency refers to the participation of people below the statutory, legal age in illegal activities. Quite a lot of works have been written, and studies done to examine the various aspects pertaining to this problem. However, one of the most fundamental studies of this menace is the relationship between parenting or family structure and juvenile delinquency, as examined in “Relation of Family problems to Patterns of Delinquent Involvement Among Urban Youth” by Gorman-Smith, et al.

This journal evaluated the relationship between patterns of delinquent behavior and patterns of family problems over a certain period among a sample of minority adolescent males from inner-city. The study identified and included empirically-derived groups of non offenders, escalators, serious, chronic offenders and chronic minor offenders. In addition, the study identified the patterns of family problems and differentially related them to delinquency problems. This study built on four paradigms of family problems identified by Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber encompassing the existing literature on the categories of family problems related to youth delinquency (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998). These were neglect, deviant behavior and attitudes, disruption, as well as conflict. Neglect encompassed the lack of parental involvement in the lives of the children and the quality of parental supervision. Disruption encompasses the life circumstances such as parental absence from home, divorce, separation, parental psychopathology and health problems that may disrupt the family functioning, as well as affect the behavior of children (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998). Conflict encompasses the conflict between children and parents as measured by support within family and discipline practices. Deviant behavior and values encompass families where deviant behavior and values are propped or supported, where the participation of children in deviant behavior does not conflict the beliefs and values of parents rather they are supported.

Two hundred and ninety-eight subjects were interviewed with questions covering the subject, family, peers, school and community. The subjects used in the study were Latino and African-American boys, as well as their caregivers. These subjects were derived from economically disadvantaged inner city neighborhoods of Chicago. 62% of the subjects lived in single-parent homes while 47.6% of families had an overall annual income below $10000. In addition, 73.5% of the subjects had an annual income falling below $20000. The subjects were aged between 11 and 15 years (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998).

Evaluation of the results was done in two sections. In the first, the researchers evaluated the relationship between each family problem, the involvement of the youth in each of the developmental pathway, and the virtual importance of each in the understanding of overall risk. In addition, the researchers evaluated the relationship between patterns of involvement in delinquent behavior and patterns family functioning over time.

The results of the study indicated that members of the group that participated in serious, persistent offenses had a higher likelihood of having families that are characterized my multiple problems such as conflict, disruption, as well as lack of parental involvement. In some cases, neglect was so severe that it surpassed the legal definition and requirement of neglect. In addition, these people had a higher likelihood of having families that were distinguished by deviant behavior and attitudes (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998).

The findings provide a test of concurrence between delinquent involvement and family problems. As much as the functioning of family affects youth delinquency and violent behavior, there exists a possibility that the behavior of youths affects the functioning of families. It is worth noting that serious, chronic offenders may disrupt their families to such an extent that the functioning of the family experiences multiple problems (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998). In addition, the study showed that members belonging to the group that started later and escalated in their delinquent involvement had a significantly less likelihood of having families that incorporate multiple family problems. This group was clearly distinguished from serious, persistent offenders by the fact that they had started their participation in delinquent behavior later on in life, but reached serious levels of participation. This may signal at other factors such as peer influences, which may have considerably stronger relations to delinquent behavior in the case of this group.

The identification of patterns of behavior and its relationship to potential risk characteristics may offer information, which may be translated to action by indicating the outcomes and transitions that are possible for a certain individual. These results would form a fundamental pillar for basing prevention and intervention. It is worth noting that this study does not assume a general relationship between the functioning of family and participation in delinquency (Gordman-Smith, et al, 1998). These results, therefore, suggest targeting certain aspects pertaining to family functioning to impact the varied patterns of delinquent involvement.

This paper shows provides empirical indications that parenting has a key role to play in participation of an individual in juvenile delinquency. Of course, there are other factors that may be at play such as peer pressure in the case of individuals who start participating in the delinquency later on in their lives. This does not in any way undermine the role of parenting and nature of family structure in either eliminating or propagating juvenile delinquency.

References

Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P.H., Loeber, R., & Henry, D.B (1998). Relation of Family Problems To Patterns of Delinquent Involvement Among Urban Youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol. 26. No. 5.

Family Relationships

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Adolescent is a period of crisis for many youths; as they encounter serious problems while trying to develop their identity. The most challenging aspect of adolescent is the transition for childhood to adopt and assume desirable social conduct, which conform to the norms and rules of the society. The products of adolescent that emerge from youths during the transition are affected by numerous factors; as the youths are the products of society through socialization, peer influence, family ties and interactions, environment and education (Garland, 2012). The parents are the closest people to adolescents, and the influence of the same is substantially significant. However, youths develop the feeling that they should exploit their independence and find their way of doing things, without the influence of their parents. Most deviant behavior by youths results from their desire to rebel against the social conventions, which govern proper conduct.

It is imperative to note that, not all youths portray rebellion to their parents; as a substantial portion of youths grow to become responsible adults, without engaging into indiscipline cases. The youths in the two cases had problems with the family relations. Imperatively, the family is a crucial unit in the society, which is paramount in shaping the behavior of youths. Therefore, dysfunctional families create emotional and developmental problems, in adolescents (Garland, 2012). The girl in case nine developed repulsive feelings towards her family due to constant verbal quarrels with her mother. Though she had a brother named Michael, she distanced herself from the brother and formed other close ties with friends and peers. The outcome of her behavior was that she became selfish, and nothing else mattered to her apart from her friends and school work. Eventually, she formed and joined activism groups, which consumed her entire time coupled with her favorite music and art.

Evidently, the girl in case nine did not accommodate her brother (adopted) in the schedule. Therefore, Michael joined crummy company and stated doing drugs due to loneliness, he missed classes and eventually he was out of school. Michael’s behavior brought serious concerns in the family and eventually his mother had him arrested for domestic violence (Garland, 2012). It is vital to note that the family relations are fundamental, and they cannot be replaced by relationship from peers. The girl in case nine had committed buddies, but she could not discuss with the girls the issues that were tearing her brother apart, as well as his family issues.

The girl in case ten had similar problems in the interactions and relationships, in the family. The breakdown of his family and the love between her parents who seemed distanced ruined the life of this girl. The parents did set a high bar for this girl and compelled the girl to develop new challenge every time she accomplished a target. However, these parents failed to set a perfect example of love to their daughter; as they did not sleep in the same bedroom. Further, the parents tore the girl apart with indistinct goals and demands for absolute control over her life.

Similar to the girl in case nine, the girl in case ten developed strong defense mechanism, which would facilitate her survive the torture from her parents, as well as seize her independence (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). Eventually, she turned to education perfection, which saw her at the summit of her class with the best grades. Further, she turned to friends for comfort and at one point she encountered a terrific handsome young man. The relationship between the two teenagers did not yield anything, and the girl’s mother blamed the girl for ruining the relationship (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). The blame game and other responsibilities proved unfriendly to academic performance of the girl and eventually her top position in class was snatched by someone else. The shock of this failure and lack of family and support from friends plunged the girl into anorexia, in an attempt to regain control over her life.

There are similarities in the cognitive qualities of the two girls, the girl in case ten opted for a less intelligent way of controlling her life than the girl in case ten. Notably, neglecting proper diet was a self destructive method of seeking control of one’s life and such behaviors makes the audience question the intelligence of this girl (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). However, the girl was the best in her class for a considerable period, and this position remained unchallenged for a long while. Similarly, the girl in case nine was equally brilliant as a result of vast research and studies, which gave her lots of knowledge in different fields.

There is a massive disparity in how the two girls in these cases solve their disputes both with their parents and their peers (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). The girl in case nine when faced with a dispute with her parent, she always tries to face it immediately and this resulted to having conflicts with her mother. In addition, this girl seems to trust her friends more than she trusts her parents. This is because she prefers sharing her problems with her peers and friends (Thorne & McLean, 2012). This girl has a rich network of a friend who helps her resolve forget her problems. Further, this girl tries to grasp the cause of issues by analyzing all avenues for a solution. The key factor that facilitate the girl in case ten to deal with her issues effectively is the strong network of friends and a supportive father who helps her with research and other studies. On the contrary, the girl in case nine adopts a self destructive strategy in an attempt to stir guilt feeling in her parents, especially her mother (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). There was no slightest support for this girl from her mother or father and the concerns of her parents focused on trivial issues and absolute control over their daughter. Therefore, the key factors in case ten are quest for academic perfection, denial and lack of support from parents and friends (Dolgin & Rice, 2011).

The girl in case ten seems also to suffer from identity issues. This is because she is not sure of her race. This seems to give the girl challenges while interacting with other peoples as it is even difficult to pronounce her name, something which makes her uncomfortable. The girl in case nine seems not to suffer from any identity issues, and she is even more confident of herself (Thorne & McLean, 2012). Although she has an adopted brother who is of a different race, she seems to love her just like they are of the same race.

There is a disparity in the way the two girls approaches their problems. While the girl in case nine seems to use friends to help her solve her problems, the other girl seem to be reserved, and she does not share problems with anyone else (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). This quality has made the girl in case nine to not to worry much about her problems because she always seem to have a way to solve her problems. This is contrary to the girl in case ten who always seem to worry too much about herself. This has resulted to her having health problems, which affect her negatively. This difference in personality between the two girls contributes to how each of them solves her problems.

There is, however, some slight similarity in their personality, in that both girls want to maintain a good image of their families to the outside world (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). This is demonstrated by the character of the girl in case nine, who although opens up all her problems to her friends she does not want her friends to know about the problems that her family is undergoing. This is same to the girl in case ten also want to portray of her family that, they are a perfect family although there are several problems that they are experiencing.

#2 Marcia Theory

The theory indicates that they are several issues that result to adolescents having relationship issues with either their parents, or their friends. Adolescents usually suffer from a temporal perspective versus time confusion. Most adolescents want to achieve the highest success all at the same time (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). The girl became disappointed when her mother failed to take responsibility for her condition. Adolescents should learn to understand the concept of time and develop patience, in the entire life aspects. It is vital to understand that life has many disappointments; as things do not always turn out as planned.

Further, the theory touches on self certainty versus self consciousness, which are vital in dealing with adolescent issues in the pair of case studies. It is necessary for an adolescent to have self confidence in themselves, and wish that they can attain their goals. This helps them to be able to cope both with the successes and failures that they may experience both at the present, and in the future (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). In their development, adolescents also suffer from what this theory refers to as role experimentation versus role fixation. It is, therefore, important as the adolescents are developing to experiment various roles and identities this gives them an opportunity to find their true identity in the future.

Another important aspect that this theory advises the adolescents to consider avoiding conflicts with their parents and peers, is ideological commitment versus confusion of values. It is beneficial for adolescents to ensure that their own ideologies and believes guides their behavior. This helps the individuals not to be influenced by other people in the wrong way (Dolgin & Rice, 2011).

#3

One of the explanations that have been brought forward to explain why adolescents and especially girls, behave the way they do is gendered reminiscence practices especially during childhood (Thorne & McLean, 2012). Researchers have realized that there are massive disparities in how past experiences and especially those involving fearful experiences affect boys and girls at adolescent stage of life. Girls have been found to be affected by these experiences more than the boys. In addition, girls have been found to be more sensitive to fear and sadness. This, therefore, affects the identity of an individual, as well as his or her perception of things. This can explain why the girl in case ten behaved the way she behaved, in that she seem to have inborn fear that prevents her from exploring her fully self.

Another explanation that has been brought forward to explain the behaviors of the adolescent is the role of communication between the parents and the adolescents. Researchers have indicated that family being the basic social unit it is suppose to provide the adolescents with the necessary social skills, which help them to interact with the rest of the world. This is because before the adolescents develop a relationship with their peers, they usually have had established relationship with their families (Thorne & McLean, 2012). The relationship that the adolescents have with their parents, as well as other family members, may profoundly influence their attitudes towards life. This was demonstrated in the two case studies where the two adolescents seem not to have a devilishly good relationship with their parents. This has negatively affected their behaviors.

#4

There are three principal levels of moral development that have been identified. These levels include the pre-conventional moral reasoning, conventional moral reasoning as well as post conventional moral reasoning. Pre-conventional moral reasoning is mainly based on the physical consequences of their actions. At this level, individuals avoid doing evil because they fear from being punished (Dolgin & Rice, 2011). In the second level, that is the conventional moral reasoning, reasoning is mainly based on the laid down rules of a group, to which the individual belong. At this level, an individual wants to be good because he or she want to be approved by others. In addition, at this level the individual is aware of laws that governs the society and, therefore, does their best to ensure that they uphold these laws.

In the post conventional moral reasoning, the individual reasoning is mainly based on their principles. At this level, individuals are able to determine whether the various laws that are set are based on their rights (Thorne & McLean, 2012). The moral development stages were clearly demonstrated in the two cases studied.

References

Garrod, A. (2012). Adolescent portraits: [identity, relationships, and challenges]. Boston: Pearson.

Dolgin, K. G., & Rice, F. P. (2011). The adolescent: Development, relationships, and culture. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Thorne, A & McLean, K.C. (2012). Gendered reminiscence practices and self-definition in late adolescence. Article 22.

Family Roles And Responsibilities Towards Promoting Health

Each member of a family unit occupies a given role in the unit as a child, sibling parent among others. An individual’s family roles are always dynamic and depend on the age, family stage among other factors that may dictate role change. Together with the roles are social and family expectations for how the assigned or assumed roles are achieved. Usually each member of a family takes a role and woks hard to keep the family going. Sometimes the roles appear naturally or sometimes the family decides which role they going to take.

The 4 models of family are: clinical model, role performance model, adaptive model and eudaimonisc model. In a clinical model members of family are free of physical, mental and social dysfunction ( Kaakinen, Gedaly, Coelho & Hanson, 2010); In a role performance model each member perform their routine roles to achieve health; (Kaakinen, Gedaly, Coelho & Hanson, 2010); In adaptive model family have the ability to recover after a crise( Kaakinen, Gedaly, Coelho & Hanson, 2010); and in Eudaimonistic model members are focus on efforts to support the family reach their maximum potential. ( Kaakinen, Gedaly, Coelho & Hanson, 2010).

Whatever the family model the common family roles include Provision of resources, such as the basic and secondary needs of the family. This is a shared responsibility between the parents and the older members of the family unit. With the shared responsibility each member will gain some sense of satisfaction thus minimizing stress and other depressive conditions (Elwood & Longley, 2010). In fulfilling the role of providing for the family the member should be responsible for example ensure you buy health food not just food.

The second crucial role in the family is nurturing and supporting each other socially, psychologically, physical and all form of help that other family members may require. This includes encouraging children in school, supporting each other in case of loss of a family member.

Another key family role is the development of the life skills roles which may include the physical emotional, educational, and social development of children and adults. For example, parent guiding a child on relationship issues. For spouses each one has a role in ensuring satisfying sexual relationship as this play a significant role in a marriage. Both spouses ensure the treat sexual issues in a manner that each gets satisfaction (Wikler, 2002).

Based on the above sampled roles it is evident that each family member has a key role to play in ensuring good family health. Family members need to be flexible, determined and committed to their roles. This would minimizes stress and bring harmony among the family members. I think the ability to keep the family health is each one responsibility and what makes a family health is exactly the commitment of all members.

Reference

Elwood, P., & Longley, M. (2010). My health: whose responsibility? A jury decides. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 64(9), 761-764.

Kaakinen R. , Gedaly-Duff V. , Coelho D., Hanson s. (2010) Family Health Care Theory Practice and research 4th ed, F.A Davis Company Philadelphia

Wikler, D. (2002). Personal and social responsibility for health. Ethics & International Affairs, 16(2), 47-55.

Family values

Family values

Author

Institution

Introduction

The importance of values in the growth and development of children cannot be gainsaid. This is especially having in mind that children are exposed to various sources of influence in the contemporary human society, ranging from the media to the society at large. It is worth noting that family values seem to have been relegated to the periphery in the contemporary human society. This paper aims at presenting some academic works that have examined the place of family values in the growth and development of parents.

Grusec, J.E & Kuczynski, L. (1997). Parenting and children’s internalization of values: a handbook of contemporary theory. New York: Wiley

This all-inclusive handbook comes up with a detailed analysis of the complexities pertaining to the parental role in the moral development of children. It is worth noting that the phrase “family values” has become quite popular in the recent times especially in the political arena. As much as many people agree that parents impact heavily in the social and moral development of children, it is often a herculean task to pin down the mechanisms through which these values are acquired. It has been commonly held that, parents who combine firmness with consideration for the kid’s point of view are more effective than their counterparts who are strict disciplinarians. It is imperative that influences from the immediate community, culture, the relationship between the parent and the child, not to mention the kid’s own agency are considered to allow for an optimum parenting strategy. Grusec and Kuczynski use the book to offer a clear view of the socialization approach, as well as review the recent developments in research and theory pertaining to child development.

This book starts off with a historical outline of philosophies pertaining to child-rearing and parental influence. This outline provides the foundation for the examination that follows. The book then goes on to explore the developmental context pertaining to parenting strategies in young children, adolescents and toddlers.

The writers then concentrate on the ways in which parenting strategies affect transmission of values. They present and incorporate varied theoretical formulations so as to show how the strategies impact on value transmission. In addition, it covers parental influence in biological and social contexts.

Juul, J. (2001). Your Competent Child: Toward New Basic Values for the Family. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux

This book presents a persuasive and radical approach to family and parental dynamics. Juul uses examples from families in numerous countries to challenge parents to view the years, that they spend with their kids, as an electrifying time for development and growth for the entire family.

In this book, Juul argues that present day’s families are at a crossroad relating to family values to which they should allow their kids to identify. The disparaging values that used to govern the conventional, hierarchical and authoritarian families have been largely modified. Instead, parents have the choice of embracing an entirely new collection of values that are founded on the assumption that families have to be built on reciprocity and dignity between children and parents, rather than on democratic tyranny or authoritarian force. Juul argues that children have the emotional competence in that they are always truthful as to how one feels. In essence, he argues that parents should not only listen to but also learn from the truthful feedback that their children give them. Jull posits that when individuals are dissatisfied or unhappy with a certain situation or issue in the family, it is highly likely that the dissatisfaction results from their inability to convert their feelings of love into loving behavior. In essence, it is imperative that individuals are concerned more about their emotional honesty than what they view as necessities, an aspect that Juul christens “personal honesty”.

Damon, W (1990). Moral Child: Nurturing Children’s Natural Moral Growth. New York: Simon and Schuster

William Damon was a professor of education at Brown university. In this book, he provides the first overview of the nurturance and evolution of kids’ behavior and moral understanding from their infancy through adolescence both in school and at home. Damon immerses into real life experiences of children to explain values such as equality and empathy, and progresses to the formation of value hierarchies that are more sophisticated. These values are found naturally in kids.

In this book, which was written for a lay audience of teachers and parents, William Damon sketches out the children’s moral development, all of which occurs within the social crucible of childhood, family, schools and adolescent friends. Rather than concentrate on naive morals, Damon concentrates of factors that would enhance moral development, as well as those that discourage the same. The discouragers include permissive parenting, being self-centered, authoritarianism and disconnected parenting, while the encouragers are termed as responsive engagement.

Damon offers a clear reasoning on the occurrence of moral development in childhood. He compares contrasts theories that pertain to what he calls “best parenting practices”, and offers an all-inclusive summary of how parents can foster the moral and emotional growth of their children. This book, therefore, provides an excellent outline as to how moral viewpoint of children is shaped by their own experiences in developing reciprocity and empathy, sharing, as well as understanding the expectations of the society.

Folbre, N. (2008). Valuing Children: Rethinking the Economics of the Family. New York: Harvard University Press

The role of finances or material wealth in anybody’s life can never be gainsaid. This is especially when one takes into consideration the fact that wealth is thought to add to or enhance the quality of an individual’s life. In essence, it is not surprising that the traditional economists assume that parents get children just to have the pleasure of their company. This is the assumption that Nancy Folbre seeks to challenge in this book. Folbre states that children are taxpayers and workers of the next generation, in which case investing in them would bring a considerable payback to other stakeholder in the economy. However, parents especially mothers pay a large amount of the costs with the high childbearing price pushing many families towards poverty. Of course, this may have adverse consequences on the children themselves. Not only do parents spend money but also they invest their time on children. Yet the value of this time is mostly ignored when estimating costs of child rearing. In this book, Folbre comes up with an incredibly high but entirely convincing and credible estimate as to the value of parental time for every child. This estimate is made by posing the question as to the cost of purchasing a substitute that is comparable to the value of parental time. Folbre also lays emphasis on the need for enhanced public expenditure accounting on children over their life cycle. She describes the importance of rethinking the logic and structure of the welfare state, while arguing that an entirely new institutional structure would promote a more sustainable, efficient and cooperative commitment to the future generations.