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Experiential Learning Assignment

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Introduction

Recent times have seen or witnessed a dramatic increase in the concerns as to the sustainability of the environment. It goes without saying that human beings have borne the greatest responsibility as far as environmental destruction is concerned. This has been done in various ways including mining, deforestation, excessive use of nonrenewable resources, improper disposal of waste materials, and overuse of unclean energy from fossil fuels among others. In essence, it is imperative that human beings take responsibility for their destructive activities and seek ways of reversing the undesirable trends. In this regard, I sought to participate in enhancing waste management activities, in Massachusetts.

In this endeavor, I dedicated one day to working with Wheelabrator Technologies Inc, a leading waste management company in the United States. It has expertise in safe, as well as environmentally sound conversion of solid waste generated in municipal sectors. This waste is converted into the cleanest form of energy, or disposed off using techniques that are environmentally sustainable. My duty in this case was the collection of waste materials from various collection centers in Saugus City, where the company has concentrated its operations. In addition, I had to separate the various waste materials so as to enhance recycling, as well as proper disposal of the varied materials. Plastics, papers, electronics, glass and other materials had to be separated so as to enhance recycling and the appropriate disposal. On the same note, I took the initiative of educating the community on the importance of eliminating nonbiodegradable products and substituting them with recycled paper products.

As much as the activities assisted the company directly in terms of volunteer services, the main beneficiary was the community at large. It is worth noting that the issue of improper waste management has been controversial in the recent times. Improper waste management techniques affect the environment in varied ways. First, it contributes to increased landfill, which may not only affect the organisms living on land but also aquatic animals (Christensen 2007). This is especially when the waste materials have toxic substances, which seep into the land and underground waterways. In essence, these materials would need to be disposed appropriately to enhance environmental sustainability. Second, most of the waste materials can be reused (Kreith & Tchobanoglous 2002). This mostly applies to plastics and electronics. The making of electronics involves mining, which apart from destroying the environment also leads to depletion of varied resources. Recycling, therefore, allows for the reduction of depletion of these resources and lowers the amount of waste that is placed on the environment (Kreith & Tchobanoglous 2002). On the same note, recycling leads to enormous savings as far as the usage of energy is concerned. Restructuring of these materials for reuse involves the use of relatively low amounts of energy compared to making them from the beginning. Educating the society as to the importance of substituting their nonrecyclable materials with biodegradable ones is bound to complement the efforts of environmental rehabilitation (Hester & Harrison, 2009).

As much as waste collection may not be the best of endeavors, I must admit that carrying it out comes with a feeling of fulfillment and enjoyment. This is especially having in mind that everyone has a role to play in enhancing environmental sustainability. As much as individual effort may have a relatively small impact, educating all individuals in the society and leading by example ultimately has a relatively enormous impact, which may essentially save the environment in the long run (Hester & Harrison, 2009).

References

Christensen, T (2007). Solid Waste Technology and Management. New York: John Wiley & Sons

Hester, RE, & Harrison, RM. (2009). Electronic Waste Management. London: Royal Society of Chemistry

Kreith, F & Tchobanoglous, G. (2002). Handbook of Solid Waste Management. New York: McGraw-Hill

Existential and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

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Existential and Cognitive Behavioral Therapies

Jackson is a man of thirty-seven years of age. He is married and has a family of four. He has been in marriage for ten years now. His wife, Brenda, is a diploma holder from one of the institutions and is currently a businessperson, dealing on poultry products. Jackson’s parents are not financially well off; hence, he had an experience of being raised in poverty. He has been financially assisting his parents since his schooling. Even though Jackson faced challenges in his early school days, he was quite tolerant and submissive. He was contented with the little amounts of money he got from his parents, friends, and well-wishers.

Jackson was a visionary businessperson. He spent a good fraction of his savings in starting a small business that was managed by his mother. In the after school life, he decided to start a commercial poultry production project, which constituted of two hundred hens. Jackson managed this project for one year before he got formal employment in a company dealing with animal feeds. Currently, the project has expended immensely and accruing more profits. However, Jackson admits using a good proportion of proceeds from the project to assist his parents, the financially challenged students in the society, as well as his in-laws in matters related to schooling and other miscellaneous issues. Jackson asserts that human beings need to develop a sense of responsibility and handwork to succeed in life.

Even though Jackson has managed the tide of social challenges, there is one thing that seriously torments him psychologically. He always takes his family members for medical check up on bi-monthly basis. In the previous check up, one of his children was diagnosed with diabetes. This greatly affected Jackson psychologically. Within a few days, he has spent a lot of money in medication. He states that if the condition worsens, he will be forced to cut off some of his services to the society, reduce the size of his poultry project, and cut-off some of the working hours in the company. However, this condition is bound to affect his income and plans. For this reason, Jackson is mentally distressed and psychologically tortured.

Cognitive Behavioral therapy, Beck, and how it Applies to Jackson’s Case

This therapy builds on three issues, namely thought, emotions, and behavior. It suggests that the way a person thinks, feels, as well as acts are integrative and work in unison. Cognitive behavioral therapy holds that human feelings and behavior are subject to one’s thoughts (Beck, 2000). The way people think determines their characters. This shows that when a person’s mind is full of negative thoughts, there is high possibility of such a person becoming mentally distressed (Power, et al, 2010). Therefore, the person will act in queer ways following such mental distress.

On the contrary, a person whose mind is influenced by good things will most likely act in a morally acceptable manner (Beck, 2000). Such actions may be full of success in the future since they come out of sobriety of mind, organized thoughts, and good planning. In the case of Jackson, cognitive therapy is evident in several perspectives. Jackson saw his poor background not as a setback in life, but as an opportunity to work hard for a better future. With this, he managed to go to school, save money, help his poor parents, as well as start small business for his parents back at home. In addition, he started a project to offer employment to his wife, a project that also helped some financially challenged students in the society.

Jackson takes no offense in helping his parents as well as his in-laws even though his parents now run the small business that he started for them. He realizes that positive thoughts in life lead to success, and he still stands a chance of realizing even more achievements. However, the psychological challenge that has affected Jackson following the case of his child may distress him mentally. Therefore, there is need to apply this therapy to help Jackson overcome this predicament. This follows that due to stress, Jackson’s negative thoughts may overwhelm him, thus making him act in a negative manner. The major aim of cognitive therapy is to enable an individual discover whenever he makes a mistake. This may follow negative interpretations or behavioral patterns that act to strengthen skewed thoughts.

However, this therapy is of critical significance since it enables a person to develop other ways of thoughts and behavior responsible for elimination of psychological torture. In order to treat Jackson, it is crucial to subject him to tasks that will help relieve him of the stress he undergoes. It is advisable that Jackson visits a counselor, as well as widely consult health professionals on the matter. He needs to develop a warm relationship with anybody he comes across. He should be open to discuss the situation with anybody and seek for advices. In this manner, he will relieve himself of stress and will get several alternatives and opinions for confronting the matter. In this manner, Jackson will have been healed of the psychological torture associated with the condition of his child.

Existential Therapy and how It Applies to Jackson’s Case

This theory asserts that individual inner conflicts emanate from the way such a person tackles givens of existence (Frankl, 2006). This therapy starts with the realization that human beings are naturally lonely, thus needs others to fill the voids created by loneliness in their hearts. Such individuals must be those who bring meanings in the lives of the other party (Spinelli, 2007). However, even though such people make meanings in the lives of others, they cannot validate such lives. Therefore, one is left with the knowledge that he is still lonely taking into account that one’s validation must come from within oneself but not from others (Frankl, 2006). This therapy suggests that human beings can face the worries of life face-to-face.

In addition, one needs not worry over the existing perturbing circumstances, but challenge each issue with courage and full responsibility (Spinelli, 2007). This is evident in the way Jackson dealt with the poverty that defined his childhood background. He ensures that he attends and completes school, starts a small business to his parents, starts a poultry project alongside formal employment. This depicts him as a hardworking man who has realized that personal satisfaction and validation lies in oneself but not other person. However, in order to treat Jackson following the case of his child, there is need to emphasize on the present and future.

The best way to help Jackson is through giving him inspirational encouragements and motivation. This will make him be optimistic, thus dispel the fear that may arise due to the condition of the child. Jackson should attend several meetings and open air forums where issues concerning inspiration are discussed. In addition, Jackson should be encouraged to watch several television programs that focus on inspirational talks. These will help him dispel the fear and stress that may develop in his mind following the case of his child. Inspirational talks always lead to self-assessment, as well as spiritual search. In addition, inspirational talks always lead to sobriety when it comes to facing challenges in life. Such inspirational forums, meetings and discussions are important to the case of Jackson in several ways. This follows that majority of people participating in such meetings are those who at one time passed over such circumstances. As such, they come out and share with the public their grievances and ordeals. As such, they come to forget such perturbing ordeals. However, in the case of Jackson, attending such forums will help him get several clues on how to deal with such situations.

In addition, he should make regular visits to professional psychiatrists to help him counteract the distress that may arise. Visiting such professionals like psychiatrics is critical since such professionals always have good advices on how to deal with several psychological issues. Psychiatrists always have several inspirational advices. Such advices always shed lights of hopes to the hearts of the distressed. In addition, talking to the psychiatrics over such distressful matters always bring profound hopes to several clients. This can be so helpful to Jackson in case he had started losing hope following the case of his child. Discussing the issue with the professionals is helpful since it leads to acquisition of more knowledge on the fields that one never thought of at first. Therefore, the knowledge, advices and education that Jackson would acquire from such professional psychiatrists will be crucial in ensuring that he recomposes himself and look at the issue with renewed positive thoughts.

Moreover, Jackson needs to understand that medical conditions exist and people live with them. Some are curable, thus he should be optimistic that his child will be relieved of the burden facing him. This can be realized through encouraging Jackson to read several inspirational books, as well as nooks touching on cases similar to the one he faces.

References

Beck, A. (2000). Prisoners of hate: The cognitive basis of anger, hostility and violence, Harper Paperbacks.

Frankl, V. (2006). Man’s search for meaning, Boston: Beacon Press.

Power, M. J., Philippot, P., Hess, U., & Wiley InterScience (Online service). (2010). Emotion focused cognitive therapy. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.

Spinelli, E. (2007). Practising existential psychotherapy: The relational world. Los Angeles: SAGE.

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24834853531870Experiential learning

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450000Experiential learning

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Table of Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc406610327” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc406610327 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc406610328” Theories of Experimental Learning PAGEREF _Toc406610328 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc406610329” Discussion PAGEREF _Toc406610329 h 3

HYPERLINK l “_Toc406610330” Experiential Learning Cycle PAGEREF _Toc406610330 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc406610331” Experiential Learning Styles PAGEREF _Toc406610331 h 5

HYPERLINK l “_Toc406610332” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc406610332 h 6

HYPERLINK l “_Toc406610333” References PAGEREF _Toc406610333 h 7

Introduction

Experiential learning is the demonstration of taking in picked up from the encounters an individual has been included in or has encountered. Experiential learning appraoch have been produced to depict the strategies by which experiential learning is picked up. This viewpoint on adapting “experientially” accentuates the focal part that experience plays in the learning methodology (Bergsteiner, Avery & Neumann, 2010). “Learning is depicted as a procedure whereby ideas are gotten from and consistently adjusted by experience, no two contemplations are ever the same as experience dependably intercedes” (Bruneel, Yli‐Renko & Clarysse, 2010) or the “result of reflection upon experience, with the way of the reflection and the nature of the experience being critical to general learning” (Jordi, 2010). Albeit experiential taking in is separated from different modes of learning, information is picked up from a blend of techniques, for example, behavioral learning, albeit behavioral learning speculations deny any part for cognizant and subjective involvement in the learning procedure (Kolb, A & Kolb, 2012). Instruction is the demonstration of conferring or securing learning and this may be picked up in numerous distinctive ways. Any strategy for discovering that learning ought to be investigated, to give a finer understanding of how we learn.

Theories of Experimental Learning

There are numerous speculations about how learning is picked up. Experiential learning scholars have arranged learning into two sorts – Cognitive and Experiential. Cognitive learning is the information that is picked up from effectively captivating to remember data – settling on a cognizant decision to take in the data. Adapting in an experiential circumstance captivates the intuitive personality and is gotten from the demonstration of doing – support may not be needed for an experience to be occupied with. How information obtaining happens, decides the techniques that are utilized to convey data or circumstances that may structure a learning knowledge (Kolb, A & Kolb, 2012). Learning scholars have endeavored to characterize experiential learning and created numerous models to inspect the phases of learning experienced in different experiential learning cycles. Each one model uses distinctive stages to decide how the information is picked up from the experience. These reach from single stages models – where the experience itself is sufficient for figuring out how to two, three four or more stages. All have been utilized to further refine learning picked up experientially and portray the methods that are included. David Kolb, John Dewey and Bert Juch are scholars have endeavored to characterize experiential learning with these models (Mainemelis, Boyatzis & Kolb, 2002). As more research is led the models gave, are altered to further clarify how information is picked up or granted. This thus furnishes instructors and understudies with instruments expected to expand the learning imparting procedure.

Discussion

Mainemelis, Boyatzis & Kolb (2002) accepts that learners have quick solid encounters that permit them to ponder new experience from alternate points of view. From these intelligent perceptions the learners take part in “theoretical conceptualization” making speculations or standards that coordinate their perceptions into sound hypotheses. At last these speculations or hypotheses are utilized as advisers for further activity of the learner. This experimentation permits the learner to test what has been realized in other, and more mind boggling circumstances. Regularly the result is an alternate solid experience, yet one that is experienced at a great deal more mind boggling level even subliminally (McCarthy, 2010). The application of this hypothesis proposes that when a learner is in a circumstance which is synchronized with their learning style a larger amount of accomplishment in that specific circumstance will happen (Mainemelis, Boyatzis & Kolb, 2002). The ramifications of this hypothesis is that if a working part could survey the specific learning style of the understudies she was showing she could perhaps pick the strategies for instructing, and the evaluation of the learning conclusions of understudies in a classroom that reflected those styles all the more nearly. Analysts don’t totally concur that these learning styles can be dependably measured utilizing instruments, for example, Prices’ Learning Style Inventory, Myers-Briggs Type Indicators, or the Learning Preference Inventor (McCarthy, 2010). Different specialists have discovered little proof that “matching” learning styles with “learning strategies is connected with enhancing learning results”. Disregarding that certainty the utilization of Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory has been demonstrated “psychometrically dependable” (McCarthy, 2010). As experiential learning is built all the more in light of the reason of the dynamic expression of “doing” as opposed to the latent expression of “being carried out” it exhibits various difficulties and obstacles for business employees. Basically understudies in this environment are required to practice the very abilities they are adapting in the classroom as they are more prone to exchange that experience to their picked professions or callings. Adapting subsequently gets to be “experiential” when it likewise contains the essential fixings of reflection, exchange, and backing for the understudy. Staff showing business subjects are regularly ignorant of this critical procedure of adapting as most courses in business schools are taught fundamentally utilizing address, and the educator assuming the part of speaker (Mainemelis, Boyatzis & Kolb, 2002).

Experiential Learning CycleDavid Kolb named his model as ‘Experiential Learning’ on the grounds that he generally accepted that experience is the center reason which prompts all preparation and learning. Each one end of the lattice framed by recognition continuum and handling continuum prompts venture of learning methodology. Steps in learning procedure are ‘Cement Experience’ which is identified with the “inclination” in observation continuum, ‘Intelligent Observation’ which is identified with the “Viewing” in transforming continuum, ‘Unique Conceptualization’ which is identified with the “Reasoning” in discernment continuum and last one is ‘Dynamic Experimentation’ which is identified with the “doing” in handling continuum (Kolb, A & Kolb, 2012). Expounding on Concrete Experience (feeling) this sort of learners gain from a few unambiguous or distinct encounters and they relate these occurrences to the individuals and besides this kind of learners will be exceptionally delicate to other individuals’ feelings and emotions. Proceeding onward to Reflective perception (Watching) this sort of learners like to take choices in the wake of investigating a matter from diverse plot and they watch or watch the circumstances painstakingly before taking any choices they tent to investigate the internal significance of things. Next is Abstract Conceptualization (Thinking) this sort of individuals or learners attempt to break down given thoughts or circumstance utilizing coherent thinking and assess them and will be extremely judicious and they will just follow up on educated keen of a circumstance (Mainemelis, Boyatzis & Kolb, 2002). Presently the last and last of the cycle is Active Experimentation (Doing) this gathering of learners have incredible capacity or ability to accomplish thinks by others by impacting individuals and they will likewise be prepared to take danger to attain what they require and will be dynamic. Kolb’s and rotisserie has contended that an individual can enter the cycle at any four focuses yet more often than not it is chosen by circumstance or environment from where to begin. Kolb’s says that a learner can be the best in an errand in the event that he hones all the four aforementioned modes. Emulating example will help for better understanding of the subject, consider a kid figuring out how to ride a bike for this situation

Experiential Learning StylesKolb’s have by and large created four fundamental styles of taking in these are made out of blend of recognition continuum and handling continuum which insights about how individuals yearning to learn. He doesn’t feel that learning styles are focused around identity qualities or they are consistent however rather he accepts that it is focused around foundations and experience which make them create some steady examples of conduct. The four principle learning styles are;

Diverging Experimental learning:- These individuals are exceedingly creative and imaginative; they demand development and strive for consistent change in their regarded field. They are more fulfilled by perception, and has capacity to research a matter from distinctive heading, than doing activities and they likewise have a wide social viewpoint these individuals are sentiments situated and get effected by emotions effortlessly (Kolb, A & Kolb, 2012).

Assimilating Experimental learning) :- They can thoroughly consider numerous perception and contemplations and can consolidate everything together and after that they put these information’s into intelligent thinking’s .This sort of learners are the person who is making hypotheses , models and intrigued by making examinations. They are not peopling focused yet more joined with theoretical ideas

Converging (Abstract Conceptualization, Active Experimentation):- This gathering favors in taking care of issues utilizing reasonable application, they are not inventive or creative and has tight hobbies however great in choice making on the grounds that they are unemotional however they favor specialized issues over interpersonal issues.

Accommodating (concrete experience, Active Experimentation):- These people groups most prominent quality is in doing the work, they are prepared to test any work given they hop in and simply begin doing. They profoundly appreciate danger taking and are exceptionally adaptable. On the off chance that the circumstances requests them to act instantly they do in like manner and full fill the destinations. They despise thought and reflections rather lean toward experimentation (Bruneel, Yli‐Renko & Clarysse, 2010).

Conclusion

The Kolb’s experiential learning model is an incredible idea however as every coin has an inverse side this additionally has some negative side. Firstly Kolb’s learning model aided in sorting out, arranging and learning exercises yet it neglected to address the when an individual needed to reflect his or her individual experience and it additionally couldn’t uncover components of reflection.

ReferencesBergsteiner, H., Avery, G. C., & Neumann, R. (2010). Kolb’s experiential learning model: critique from a modelling perspective. Studies in Continuing Education, 32(1), 29-46.

Bruneel, J., Yli‐Renko, H., & Clarysse, B. (2010). Learning from experience and learning from others: how congenital and interorganizational learning substitute for experiential learning in young firm internationalization. Strategic entrepreneurship journal, 4(2), 164-182.

Jordi, R. (2010). Reframing the concept of reflection: Consciousness, experiential learning, and reflective learning practices. Adult Education Quarterly, 0741713610380439.

Kolb, A. Y., & Kolb, D. A. (2012). Experiential learning theory. In Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning (pp. 1215-1219). Springer US.

Mainemelis, C., Boyatzis, R. E., & Kolb, D. A. (2002). Learning styles and adaptive flexibility testing experiential learning theory. Management learning,33(1), 5-33.

McCarthy, M. (2010). Experiential learning theory: From theory to practice.Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER), 8(5).

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Exit of Vietnam

Question 1:

The Vietnam War was characterized by various events that had massive and far reaching implications on the holistic welfare of the local populations. With respect to constituent events, (Tucker, 1999, p. 47) indicates that the formation of Vietcong, the major rebel group was one of the significant occurrences. This made it possible for the locals to fight the American army in an effective manner. Also, the fighting was characterized by heavy bombing as well as movement of populations to urban areas. This is because the bombers targeted rural areas that were inhabited by the natives. The movement of the populations was influenced by the need to inhabit safer areas that have sufficient social utilities.

The refusal to hold elections by the south was also a major event that can be perceived to have triggered the bombing. Finally, the retreat of the Americans according to SarDesai (1992, p. 144) is also an event that surprised the natives. It was reportedly triggered by the increasing deaths of American fighters. The Vietnam War led to massive deaths and injury of the natives. In addition, the constant bombing culminated in the destruction of livelihoods that supported the Vietnam economy. By the end of the war, Tucker (1999, p. 282) indicates that the country’s infrastructure had been completely destroyed.

Question 2:

Before the withdrawal of the American troops from Vietnam, the public was outraged because of the increasing incidences of death of soldiers and the native Vietnamese. Thus there were numerous public protestations that compelled the presidents to authorize for the withdrawal of the military operations in Vietnam. To a great extent, Tucker (1991, p. 155) ascertains that the general feeling of the public was characterized by a high degree of discontent. The withdrawal of the troops from the region was met with great relief from the public that had advocated for the action. Nonetheless, SarDesai (1992, p. 182) indicates that there was a feeling of indifference with respect to how the procedure was conducted. In this regard, it is argued that the escalation of the operations even after the annunciation of the withdrawal was disapproved by the public. Also worth mentioning is the fact that the public remained concerned and worried about the competence of its army. The huge debt also triggered public concern about the resources that the country had and whether they would effectively cater for future military operations.

Question 3:

The American veterans were neglected and resented after the war. According to Young (1991, p. 244), the public shunned their operations, booed and demeaned them on return after the war. The public is cited to have held the veterans responsible for all the operations of the war regardless of the fact that they (veterans) did not approve of it either. The veterans faced a tough situation and struggled with the challenges that life presented. This was compounded by the fact that they had serious injuries and some of them had permanent disabilities. This according to Young (1991, p. 290) made it difficult for them to get any form of employment.

They suffered significant psychological effects that stemmed from the violence and horrors of the war. In particular, they exhibited a tendency to experience nightmares, stress, depression and other physical conditions such as skin diseases and cancer. Irrespective of the inherent pain and suffering, the public considered them deserving of the pain and as such, minimal efforts were undertaken to address their concerns. In addition, Young (1991, p. 312) indicates that they were considered to be not only dangerous but also crazy. This made the veterans to experience feelings of abandonment and as a result, most of them resorted to drug use and abuse.

Question 4:

It can not be disputed that the American attitudes during the war were mainly negative. Immediately after the war, feelings of defeat were experienced and the public expected the government and the military to make efforts in a bit to enhance their military strength. The massive impacts of the war to different facets of the American society can also be implicated for triggering the negative impacts of the war. However, these have changed over time and have in return greatly impacted on the public perception and American approach to war.

In his review, Lembcke (1998, p. 113) indicates that currently, America approaches war with isolation. Statistical evidence in this respect indicates that the country does not always intervene in all conflicts and at all stages. Rather, it gives the conflicting nations a chance to solve their issues amicably. Furthermore, there has been a change in attitude form the public that currently perceives military operations to be profit oriented. Notably, this has had significant effects on the spirit of patriotism especially after the veterans were accorded a harsh treatment. Seemingly, this has culminated in minimal involvement of the public in military operations too (Lembcke, 1998, p. 171).

Question 5:

Abstract

The impacts of war had far reaching effects on different facets of the Vietnam society. Despite this, the country has made significant efforts to enhance its economic production. Perceptions have also changed as a result of the positive developments after the war. This paper reviews the intrinsic changes in detail.

Introduction

In most instances, war or armed conflicts tend to have detrimental impacts on the holistic functioning of the society. Besides destructing important livelihoods that support the economic and social welfare of the society, wars and armed conflict impact negatively on the international relations of the given country. Perhaps the most devastating impacts pertain to massive deaths and the ultimate loss of important human resources. The relative psychological effects and physical injuries tend to remind various generations of the impacts of the wars. It can not be disputed that the Vietnam War had various impacts on the welfare of the respective country. Nonetheless, since the end of the war, the country has undergone various changes. Despite the inherent shortcomings and challenges the Vietnam continues to work relentlessly towards attaining optimal economic production and political wellbeing. This paper reviews the changes that Vietnam has undergone after the war. In addition, it underscores the perceptions of the Vietnamese during and after the war.

After the end of the Vietnam war, Tucker (1999, p. 181) indicates that the north and south factions united and formed a single Vietnam. Essentially, the communist segments of the society assumed power. Thus from then, the country was led by communist forces until after 1975 when communism ideology was weakened across the globe. In the following decade, several researchers agree that the country experienced a high degree of poverty as well as abject poverty. This is because arable lands that were initially employed in economic production had been destroyed by the bombs. In addition, the country lacked sufficient resources to use for importing and producing food. This was further complicated by the poor international relations that the country had at the particular time.

In his review, Young (1991, p. 312) indicates that the high level of poverty and starvation between 1975 and 1985 was also contributed to by the mode of economic production. In this respect, it is indicated that the farms, lands and factories of the countries were solely owned by the state. The operations therein were also controlled by the state and workers were given coupons as well as goods in proportion to what they produced in the farms and factories. With this mode of production, the citizens were not well informed about the economic system. Also worth mentioning is the recognition that most of the workers were illiterate and had low levels of education. As such, they could not understand critical economic operations. In addition, illiteracy undermined their ability to explore other segments of the society to their advantage.

However, the situation changed dramatically during the 1990s. In this regard, SarDesai (1992, p. 144) indicates that Vietnam slowly drifted away from the system of communism that was hard lined. Currently, it can be considered to be only theoretically communist. With respect to politics, the state is politically authoritarian and most of its policies that are employed in governance are influenced by the political decisions. Regardless of this, the citizens are often given a chance to participate actively in governance. They make major contributions to policy formulations and seemingly, the country holds democracy in high regard. However, these do not significantly influence public operations and generally, it can be contended that its economy is free. Unlike in the past when it used to strictly adhere to the stringent policies that define communism, it is currently flexible. The citizens enjoy a wide range of freedoms including the fundamental freedom of speech. To a great extent, it can be likened to any other state that is economically oriented.

At the beginning of the twenty first century, the country has made significant efforts to initiate and establish viable diplomatic ties with other countries (Lambcke, 1998, p. 166). In addition, recent research shows that it is currently a member of the World Trade Organization. The housing sector that experienced massive destruction as a result of bombing has also undergone significant changes and can be considered to be decent. Most importantly, Tucker (1999, p. 163) cites that the land reforms of 1986 were beneficial to the citizens and greatly boosted economic production. In this respect, the farms and lands were given back to the citizens who enjoy full control. The industries and factories on the other hand were privatized and provided credible employment to the locals. Equally important is the fact that the country opened its border to international markets. This has enhanced the inflow of important foreign capital that is fundamental for economic development. This has also encouraged foreign investors to make credible investments in the country. As a result, the locals have benefited in terms of employment and improvement of their quality of life.

Local and foreign investments have had a significant positive impact on the country’s natural beauty. Tucker (1999, p. 188) cites that the tourism industry has particularly benefited immensely from this investment. Likewise, the level of education of the natives as also improved and statistical evidence shows that the literacy rate is soaring. At this point, it can not be disputed that the future of the country is generally bright.

Notably, these changes have had significant impacts on the perceptions of the locals. In his research, Young (1991, p. 327) indicates that unlike during the war when they were pessimistic about their ability to improve their economic status, they are currently positive about economic growth. This can be attributable to the land reforms that empowered the locals. In addition, the citizens have over time developed trust in other countries and have established viable relationships that are critical for economic growth and development.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it can be ascertained that Vietnam as undergone various political, economic and educational changes since the end of the war. The country has drifted from the hard lined communism and is now politically and economically free. This has been instrumental in enabling it to be at par with other countries with regard to economic production. The perceptions of citizens have also changed as they are looking forward to posterity in future.

References

Jamieson, N. (1993). Understanding Vietnam. Berkeley, Los Angeles. London: University of California Press.

Kamm, H. (1997). Dragon Ascending: Vietnam and Vietnamese. New York: Arcade Press.

Lembcke, J. (1998). War Comes to Long: End: Revolutionary Conflict in a Vietnamese Province. New York: University Press.

SarDesai, D. R. (1992). Vietnam: Past and Present. Fourth Edition. UK: Westview Press.

Tucker, S. (1999). Vietnam. Lexington, Kentucky: The University of Kentucky.

Young, M. (1991). The Vietnam Wars, 1945-1990. New York: Harper Perennial.

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Analysis of Charles Darwin’s statement “For man is enabled through his mental faculties “to keep with an unchanged body in harmony with the changing universe”.

“For man is enabled through his mental faculties “to keep with an unchanged body in

harmony with the changing universe.” He has great power of adapting his habits to new conditions of life. He invents weapons, tools, and various stratagems to procure food and to defend himself. When he migrates into a colder climate he uses clothes, builds sheds, and makes fires; and by the aid of fire cooks food otherwise indigestible. He aids his fellow-men in many ways, and anticipates future events.” (Darwin, 1)

This passage vividly communicates Darwin’s message regarding intellectual and moral development in man. In this passage Darwin argues the superiority of man over other animals as a result of intellectual development. Darwin explains that man’s survival is solely dependent on his intellectual ability that has allowed him to keep up with the changes in the universe. He explains that this intellectual skill and capacity endows man with the ability to adapt to the changes in the environment, as well as, life in general. Darwin provides a number of examples where man has used his intellectual capacity to adapt to his environment such as the construction of weapons for defense purposes. In addition to using his mental abilities for individual survival, Darwin also explains that man has used this skill to assist his fellow man. This, in turn, assures humanity of survival as species, something that no animal species can enjoy, owing to a lack of mental development. Conclusively, Darwin also talks of man’s ability to predict future events as a result of intellectual development. This passage relates to Darwin’s article on the descent of man, as it facilitates understanding of the creation of man and the difference between man and other animals of creation.

Work Cited

Carter, Marion. H. Darwin’s Idea of Mental Development. The American Journal of Psychology ,

9.4 (1898): 534-559.

Darwin, Charles. Descent of Man. infidels.org. n.d, Web. 3 November 2011.

<<http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/charles_darwin/descent_of_man/chapter_05.html>>

Rubrics for Assessment: Independent Reading

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Independent Reading

Independent reading is a critical area in the learning process of students throughout their different stages of education. This method of learning involves students reading on their own or in groups with the assistance of their teachers and educators (Donohue, 2008). Independent reading has been identified as one of the most crucial learning approaches that impacts the students’ reading growth and development.

This paper presents an independent reading rubric assessment for students in middle school. The paper also provides an analysis of the insights gained from the assignment and the areas that demand consideration from teachers and educators.

Independent Reading Rubric

INDEPENDENT READING

Name:…………………………. Date:…………………..

Grade:…………………………. Teacher:………………..

Criteria Rating Scale Value

1 2 3 4 Willingness Student is unwilling to engage in reading and does not engage in independent reading at all. Student is willing to read but does not take initiative. Student requires motivation. Student shows partial willingness but does not engage in reading as often. Student shows willingness to engage in reading and partakes reading activities more often. Preparation Student demonstrates inability to retrieved reading materials, as well as, plan and prepare for independent reading. Student shows ability to retrieve reading materials but is slow to engage in reading. Does not plan and prepare. well. Student displays ability to plan, prepare, as well as, retrieve reading materials frequently. Student is able to plan and prepare for independent reading and always engages in reading once all reading materials have been retrieved. Focus Student is not focused and does not engage in independent reading. Student is often disrupted. Student is frequently disrupted and does not concentrate during independent reading activities. Student frequently engages in independent reading and is not disrupted during this time. Student always engages in independent reading without any disruptions. Documentation Student does not document any of their reading in the reading list. Student has a tendency to forget documenting all readings on the reading list. Student forgets to document reading once in a while but often records readings in the reading list. Student always documents all the readings in the reading list. Subject Selection Student does not select various subjects that he/she will engage in independent reading. Students tend to read one subject during independent reading activities. Student selects at least two subjects which they will engage in independent reading. Student selects at least three subjects in which they will engage in independent reading. Student selects four or more subjects in which they engage in independent reading. Comprehension Student does not understand what they read and cannot explain readings. Student partially understands some parts of the readings and for that reason can remember some of the information in the reading. Student frequently, understands readings and can recap the information gained from the readings. Student always understands readings and can explain the readings vividly. Total Teacher Comments:

Analysis

As previously mentioned, independent reading is an essential component of the learning process in students. Accordingly, teachers and instructors need to ensure that students actively engage in independent reading activities. Educators should ensure that students are willing, focused, and well prepared to engage in independent reading (Donohue, 2008). Educators also need to ensure that their students have the ability to comprehend what they learn from reading, as well as, record what they have read accordingly. Accordingly, the most important factor in independent reading is subject selection. This is because most students tend to engage in reading subjects that they have an interest in and overlook other subjects that they have no interest (Donohue, 2008). Educators need to encourage students to engage in reading a variety of subjects so as to expound their knowledge in various subjects.

References

Donohue, L. (2008). Independent Reading Inside the Box: How to Organize, Observe, and

Assess Reading Strategies That Promote Deeper Thinking and Improve Comprehension in K-6 Classrooms. United Kingdom: Pembroke Publishers Limited.

Stevens, D. & Levi, A. (2005). Introduction to rubrics: an assessment tool to save grading time,

convey effective feedback, and promote student learning. USA: Stylus Publishing, LLC.

Name:

Tutor:

Course:

Date:

Executive Summary, The issue of employee turnover

The issue of employee turnover is one that is experienced across the board, regardless of the industry. The hospitality industry is one of the leading sectors when it comes to attrition rates, with some studies even putting the rates at levels as high as 50%. Hawaii’s hotel industry is no different, a statistic that is as harmful to the industry as it is shocking. Due to both the tangible and intangible costs that come about as a result of employee turnover, a number of hotels really try to improve on employee satisfaction, in an attempt to retain their employees, as low turnover rates translate to greater customer satisfaction and profits.

Mehta argues that this problem usually arises due to differences in employee aspirations and organizational objectives; although it is clear that in a customer service oriented industry, employee turnover presents a great challenge. Perhaps the seriousness of this problem is best captured by (Senior Vice President Customer Quality and Performance Hilton Hotels) Jim Hartigan’s assertion, that the human resource is the one thing that separates one hotel from the other in terms of uniqueness, due to its ability to provide genuine and personal services. A loss of this personal touch therefore as already mentioned, results in not only losses that are tangible, but also some that are not possible to evaluate holistically.

A number of solutions have thus been put forward to help arrest this unhealthy situation, but for the moment, perhaps a more practical solution, such as the use of an excel spreadsheet would best serve the more immediate purpose of helping identify the root cause of the problem, as well as the best approach to take in an attempt to solve the problem.

Works cited

Curt Barry, a HYPERLINK “http://www.fcbco.com” multichannel operations and fulfillment consulting firm with expertise in systems, warehouse Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.fcbco.com/” http://www.fcbco.com (2012)

Thomas, Narcissism. Behind the Mask (2010)

Executive Summary:

‘Sports’ is one of things which encompasses different sports activities starting from cricket to hockey to base ball to basket ball to golf. Sports has been well known to people in every phase. The sports organizations have unique characteristics as it is one of the voluntary organizations which works across different activities, involving different participants across different nations and even international boundaries.

The Sports organization needs to have a proper hierarchal structure as sports activities are the activities which helps in building a strong bonding and relationship with other nation through the means of sports and sportsmanship. The sports organization has different national and government officials. Sports organizations welcome and have open doors for all people, it follows an open approach for every individual and participants of different sports activities. A sports organization works on different ethics, morals, attitudes and standards so that the organization opens its door to different sports activities.

This business plan brings into picture the marketing plan of the sports organization which focuses on organizing different sports festivals across different nations and trying to bring up the talents in different filed of sports,

Introduction:

‘Sports festi’ will focus on providing full service sports complex organizing different sports festivals. This plan will define the scope of the different sports activities that the company will held so as to attract more and more new talents in the field of sports.

The key to success for sports Festi will be its ability to market itself effectively, and creating a competitive market and creating an unmatched environment for people to show their talents in the field of sports by running different programs. Our organization wil focus on hiring qualified and knowledgeable staff to aid in the running of our programs and leagues.

The company will focus on attracting more and more talents in the field of sports.

Mission:

‘Sports Festi’ will be one destination for all the sports lover to show their talents and interest in sports, which will focus on bringing new talents in different field of sports. The company will focus on building best programs, staff and equipment so as to enhance the talents of the players.

Besides providing an excellent value to its customers, it will focus on creating an unmatched sporting environment that will add to the enjoyment of every member and employee of the facility.

It will focus on adding the value of its communities by bringing out new sports talent.

Keys to Success

Strong focus on marketing

Atmosphere of facility: Unmatched atmosphere for sports and enhancing the sports talent across different nations by use of first class equipment and targeting facilities that will be used in the organization.

Knowledgeable/qualified staff and management: The company will focus on having knowledgeable and qualified professionals in the field of sports so as to enhance the talent of the individuals.

Company Summary

‘Sports festi’ will focus on providing full service sports complex organizing different sports festivals. This plan will define the scope of the different sports activities that the company will held so as to attract more and more new talents in the field of sports.

Company Ownership

The company will be owned and financed partially by direct owner investment and a long-term loan by government. It will be government organization focusing on sports.

Start-up Summary

The startup cost will include equipment purchase, main building or complex, centers, different places for different sports activities like golf ground, basket ball court, legal and registration costs. The start-up costs are to be financed by direct owner investment.

Start up Table:

Start-up Requirements Start-up Expenses Storage space Supplies Marketing expenses Furniture and Textile Total Start-up Expenses Start-up Assets Supplies Cash Total start-up assets Total Requirement Start up Funding Table:

Start-up Funding Start-up Expenses to Fund Start-up assets to Fund Total Funding Required $ Assets Non-cash Assets from start-up Cash Requirement from Start-up Additional Cash Raised Cash balance Total Assets Liabilities and Capital Liabilities Current borrowings Long term borrowings Accounts Payable Total Liabilities Capital Planned investment Total Planned Investment Products and Services:

The company will focus on providing different sports services to its targeted customers. The company will organize different events and training for different sports by the professionals. A relaxation lobby for the players and a recreation centre. The company will focus on providing different professional training to the individuals which will help in enhancing the talents of the candidates. The company will also focus on sponsoring new talents in different fields of sports. A series of events and activities will be organized by the organization.

Market analysis:

The company will focus on building the talent of different individuals in sports filed. The company will operate on flexible time schedules so as to attract more and more customers. The company will also focus on developing good relations with different sports organizations.

Market Segmentation:

The company will attract the customers of different fields like cricket, basketball, football, golfers, skating, baseball, hockey, university students, tourists, young children interested in sports and even professionals.

Competitive Analysis:

With the advancement of sports different sports organizations and schools have opened up. For acquiring large market share the company needs to acquire and target on the acquiring large market shares.

Strategic Objectives:

Low Cost

Use of high end technology and equipments

Partnership with sports organizations.

Strategic Plan and objectives:

The company has needs to build up a new strategy by focusing on the coming future. It needs to build a new model and shift to sustainable business and innovation. For building up a sustainable innovative environment the company will focus on three main things i.e.

1. Innovate to deliver enterprise-level sustainability solutions.

2. Integrate sustainability into the organization’s business model.

3. Mobilize key constituents (civil society, employees, consumers, government and industry) to partner in scaling solutions.

The firm needs to focus on future and set its goals accordingly so as to make a stand in the global market and capture maximum organization. The firm needs to focus on research and development, innovation so as to enhance new talent.

The company needs to follow aggressive strategy basically to build and safeguard its competitive position which is needed to hold and have an opportunity for growth in the future with the increasing demand of products and changing preferences of the consumers. The organization needs to analyzes its internal strength and the different external forces on continuous basis so as to change its strategy accordingly so as to cope up with the changing environment.

The company should follow differentiation strategy and focus on providing extra sports facilities which will focus on fulfilling their physical and psychological needs.

Outline of Strategic Objectives

One year Strategic Objectives:

Accessing and studying different markets and plan to launch its training and festival centre

Collaborating with different sports organization.

Creating awareness of it’s the centre through advertisement

Three year Strategic Objectives:

Establishing itself successfully

Collaborating with international sports organizations.

Five year Strategic Objectives:

Establishing itself successfully in different parts of the nations

Focusing on bringing up new talents and active participation of sports all across.

Conclusion

            Sports organizations may also have some unique characteristics that separate them from other voluntary sector organizations in terms of their very clearly determined role. The role sports organizations play towards people depends and its effect to people depend on how well people accept sports programs.

Product/Invention (Ice Maker Machine)

Name of Student

Institution Affiliation

This paper brings about an investigation of an ice maker machine as a new invention. An ice maker machine involves a technology that can be incorporated to a home freezer; could be a stand-alone appliance or it can be an industrial machine used to make ice. Usually, an ice maker machine is a stand-alone appliance for making ice. Typically, there are various categories of ice maker machines. The major two categories include tube ice maker machines and block ice maker machine. The latter includes the direct refrigeration ice-maker machine, as an example, which is described and discussed in this paper.

The history of ice maker machines is attributed to the invention of artificial refrigeration. William Cullen initiated and demonstrated the innovation at the University of Glasgow back in 1748 (Bellis, 2014). John Gorrie then developed and built a refrigerator in 1844 using Oliver Evan’s design. Later in 1853, a US Patent 10221 was awarded to Alexander Twining for an ice maker. The first perfect ice making machine was built by Andrew Muhl in 1867 in San Antonio. This machine was meant to assist in servicing the beef industry, which was by then expanding. The first commercial ice maker machines were produced after the ice maker patent was contracted by Columbus Iron Works in 1873 (Woolrich & Clark, 2010). The concept of refrigeration has today contributed to the development of more advanced ice maker machines.

Problems associated with the preservation of food products like meat, fruits, and drinks contributed to the invention of refrigeration, whose concept is used in ice maker machines. Besides, the need to take in cold drinks and ice products like ice creams has contributed to the advancement of the invention (Bellis, 2014). The need to fulfill the demand of ice by people for human consumption in general is the nevertheless the key idea behind the development and advancement of the technology (Focusun Technology, 2014). Direct refrigeration block ice-maker machine is as a result of this advancement.

The direct refrigeration block ice-maker machine is an ice maker machine that produces ice blocks within its aluminum evaporator (Focusun Technology, 2014). In this machine, aluminum material is a key requirement when building the ice maker machine. The ice maker machine is usually made of aluminum material because of its hygienic advantages. Besides, the expectance use of aluminum is extendable because of its metallic property of being rust resistance (Focusun Technology, 2014).

The direct refrigeration block ice-maker machine has a number of features that enhance its operations of ice making. It has a conveying system of pneumatics crawler, which maximizes the protection of ice blocks when harvesting the ice products. It has also special aluminum of aerospace technology level that is outstandingly durable and totally compliant with the required standards of food hygiene. As abovementioned, the use of aluminum as opposed to other metal material like iron or steel is to enhance food hygiene and ensure durability. The system further has a bitzer compressor that offers a high compressing power as well as guaranteeing the production of the ice within the shortest time possible. The same aspect ensures that power consumption is maintained as low as possible (Focusun Technology, 2014).

This ice maker machine uses a technology that has a proven performance that has already been secured by top global brands. Regarding the module design, the entire set is made up of a machine unit module, an evaporator module, and a cooling tower module. It is generally designed in such a way that both shipping and installation are easy (Focusun Technology, 2014).

One of the key parameters considered when designing and making the direct refrigeration block ice maker machine is temperature. The key aspects defining temperature in this case include ambient temperature and water inlet temperature which are usually 35o Celsius and 20o Celsius respectively. Operating power is another key parameter and includes the total running power, installment power, and cold water pump operating power, whose measurement is typically 2.055 Kw, 2.5 Kw, and 0.09 Kw respectively (Focusun Technology, 2014). The other important parameters are the compressor, the condenser, working time, and its dimensions. The compressor parameter involves aspects like refrigeration capacity, operating power, and horse power. The condenser involves consideration of the fan power and the cooling way. On the other hand, the working time refers to the ice making time and the ice falling time. Its dimensions are essential and include block ice weight, ice maker size, and the size of the pipe feeding water into the machine (Focusun Technology, 2014). The parameters are critical when designing this kind of an ice maker machine.

References

Bellis, M. (2014). The History of the Refrigerator and Freezers. Retrieved from About.com: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrefrigerator.htm

Focusun Technology. (2014). Direct refrigeration block ice machine. Retrieved from howstuffworks.com/search.php?terms=ice+maker+machine&x=0&y=0: http://www.chinaicemachine.com/block-ice-machine/direct/

Woolrich, W. R., & Clark, C. T. (2010, June 15). REFRIGERATION. Retrieved from Texas State Historical Association : http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/dqr01

The Linux Clusters

Affiliation

Course

Date

Introduction

An operating system (OS) is computer software that is used to manage the computer software and hardware components (Vallath, 2006). An operating system offers service to installed computer programs. For programs to run, it is essential for the computer to have an installed OS. Operating systems coordinate and schedule tasks which the system is to carry out. The OS acts as a link between the computer hardware and the programs. Operating systems are found in devices ranging from cell phones, web servers, video games as well as super computers. The most common operating system is Microsoft Windows, android, iOS, Linux, QNX and OS X among others (Finn & Lownds, 2013).

A computer cluster is composed of loosely or tightly connected computers that coordinate in the manner in which they work together to give an output of a single system. Components of a cluster are interlinked via the LAN network. Linux is a product of the GNU Project that resembles UNIX in many ways but it is has its own unique manner it was coded. An estimated 1.9% of computer users worldwide use the Linux platform (Finn & Lownds, 2013).

Linux clusters are used to enhance computer performance, saving cost and increasing system’s comparative speed. The clusters can serve several purposes for companies such as carrying out computerized calculations utilizing the different nodes that are used to enhance performance. The Linux clusters have the ability to create a platform that is utilized in designing leverage for high performance computing (Vallath, 2006).

The Linux cluster provides a base for the running of MPICH, Linux virtual server and distcc. Although Linux works best for high performance machines, not all Linux software work on the cluster platform. It therefore requires plenty of time to retool an application so that it can run on the Linux platform.

The Thunder cluster was released in 2003 and had 1024 node system which was made up of $ CPU Itanium2 Madison tiger4 nodes (Vallath, 2006). The model was ranked second on the 2004 supercomputers list (Chevance, 2005).

Fig 1. An illustation of the Linux cluster and its nodes

After the Thunder, Peloton was released by Linux and was made up of 144 nodes with the clusters having been built in a 5.5 T flop scalable units (Chevance, 2005). The model had a 4 core Opteron deerhound and an 8 CPUs node. The system also had a 2.4 GHz clock and it could accommodate SCF, OCF, ASC and M&IC as well as a capacity of Rhea, Hopi Yana, Zeus and atlas (Finn & Lownds, 2013).

Conclusion

As the years pass, the advancement of computer network and clusters also is enhanced. Technological experts from several operating systems are in a constant battle trying to design products that work efficiently and are also user friendly.

References

Chevance, R. J. (2005). Server architectures multiprocessors, clusters, parallel systems, Web servers, and storage solutions. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Digital Press.

Finn, A., & Lownds, P. (2013). Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V Installation and Configuration Guide. New York: Wiley.

Vallath, M. (2006). Oracle 10g RAC grid, services & clustering. Amsterdam: Elsevier Digital Press.