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Allocation of Fixed Costs

Part I: Activity based management and activity based costing (ABC) benefits in an organization

The main differentiation point that makes ABC unique from other allocation methods is its focus on minimization of waste and idle capacity in the production processes. Activities within the production process to which indirect costs can directly be attributed to production are identified for estimations and allocation. The entire activity costing enables the management to single out cost element on each product using activity costing product costing computation. This is a purely accounting technique from which management decision making insights can be developed. Decision making from such information is the specialty of activity based management which highly depends on cost accounting to make managerial decisions based on the cost benefit analysis (Edwards, Hermanson and Invacevich 2007). It is basically a two faced process which involves tracing cost from production processes and departments during the initial stages. The next stage involves translating the activity costs to the individual products so as to ascertain the actual cost element borne by every production unit depending on the reliance it has on particular activities. The fundamental difference is therefore in the fact that the other models pay lesser interest to cost accounting and allocation in order to determine the most profitable production option.

The types of companies that are best suited by these philosophical approaches of management are production companies which preferably have several production departments with more than one product. It is important to note that these products under the same production line are likely to be similar or closely related such as one product being work in progress for another product or maybe a byproduct with some cash value in production. In such a production system, the operations are integrated in order for the management to monitor and follow performance alternatives which are more beneficial for consideration.

HP Compaq is an example of a company that implements the ABC approach. This is a manufacturing company which has different production aspects for the main finished product which is principally a computer. According to Edwards, Hermanson and Invacevich (2007, p50), the company was capable of streamlining its operations in reducing costs and improve quality using just the internal accounting systems when ABC was implemented.

Part II: Efficiency Improvement and Cost Reduction Concepts

Concept Description Implementation Benefits

Value chain

Incorporation of value adding processes by streamlining production by focusing from handling of raw materials to delivery of finished products to customers (Martin, n,d). i) production improvement

ii) quality customer services

iii) eliminates delays and backlogs

iv) eliminates wastage and excess

v) internal competition

Just-in-time

Performing production operations as and when needed to eliminate wastage and excess (Martin, n,d). i) reduces costs

ii) improved product quality

iii) little inventory buffers

iv) flexible production

v) stopping production to correct defects

vi) elimination of waste and excesses

vii) improved customer service

Theory of Constraints Proposes that every organization has production limitations which must be overcome by managing resources efficiently; maximize throughput and minimize inventory and operating expense (Martin, n,d). i) cost reduction

ii) wastage reduction

iii) improved efficiency

iv) increased productivity

References

Edwards, J. D., Hermanson, R. H. & Invacevich, S. D. (2007) “Accounting Principles: A Business Perspective. First Global Text Edition, Volume 2 Managerial Accounting, 37-73,” Retrieved from: HYPERLINK “http://docs.globaltext.terry.uga.edu:8095/anonymous/webdav/Accounting%20Principles/Accounting%20Principles%20Vol.%202.pdf”http://docs.globaltext.terry.uga.edu:8095/anonymous/webdav/Accounting%20Principles/Accounting%20Principles%20Vol.%202.pdf

Martin, J. R. (n.d.) “Management Accounting: Concepts, Techniques, and Controversial Issues – Chapter 8: Introduction. Management And Accounting Web Home Page,” Retrieved from: HYPERLINK “http://maaw.info/Chapter1.htm”http://maaw.info/Chapter8.htm

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Along the River during the Qingming Festival

Introduction

Along the River during the Qingming Festival artwork is one of the ancient China paintings attributed to the artist, Zhang Zeduan of the Song Dynasty. The artwork captures the Chinese people daily life and the capital, Bianjing landscape that is today’s Kaifang from the Song period of the Northern part. The theme of the painting often attributes to the aspect of celebrating the worldly commotion and festive spirit at the Oingming Festival (Lin 84). This is in comparison to the perspective of the ceremonial holiday including prayers and tomb sweeping. The painting successive scenes are a revelation of the lifestyle of every level in the Chinese society ranging from the poor to the rich and the different economic activities especially in the city and the rural areas (Lin 84).

The painting also offers a glimpse to the era of architecture and clothing. The painting is one of the most renowned works among the Chinese paintings and has been referable by many as the Mona Lisa of china (Lin 84).

The original Handscroll

The painting original handscroll is about 5.25 meters long and 25.5 centimeter in height. In the length, the painting has 814 humans, 60 animals, 28 boats, 170 tress, 20 vehicles, 30 buildings, and 9 sedan chairs. The densely populated and the countryside city outline the two major sections in the painting with a river meandering through the pictures entire length. The right section of the painting is the city’s rural area with two crop fields (Lin 86). The crop fields have unhurried rural folks who are predominantly goatherds, farmers and the pig herders in the bucolic scenery of the painting. The country path hat broadens into a road joins with the city road (Lin 86).

The left half of the painting is the urban area that in the long run leads into a proper city with gates. The economic activities including shops, people loading some cargo onto boats and the tax office are observable in the area (Lin 87). The painting depicts people from all the occupations including actors, jugglers, peddlers, begging, paupers, seers, and fortunetellers, monks requesting for alms, doctors, teachers, innkeepers, metalworkers, and millers. The painting also represents masons, carpenters, and official scholars from every established rank. In Along the River during the Qingming Festival painting city proper from outside separated by the left gate, business of all kinds can be seen with activities including selling grains, wine, cookware, second hand goods, lanterns, arrows and bows, and musical instruments (Lin 87).

There are also business involving gold, dyed fabrics, silver and ornaments, medicine, paintings, artifacts and needles as well as restaurants (China online museum 1). The vendors in the scene extend further along the bridge referred to as the Rainbow Bridge, which infrequently is the Shangtu Bridge. The spot where the great bridge crosses river is the major focus and center of the painting. The great commotion animates the perspective of the people on the bridge (China online museum 1). A boat as seen approaching is at an angle with the mast not absolutely lowered threatening to run into the bridge. The crowds seen standing along the riverside and on the bridge can be seen gesturing and shouting towards the approaching boat. Someone is standing near the bridge apex as seen is trying to lower a rope for the crew outstretching arms below (China online museum 1).

In addition to the diners and the shops in the painting, there are also private residences, inns, temples, official buildings and private residences varying from style and grandeur, from mansions to huts with backyards and front (China online museum 1). Commodities and people transported through various transportation modes as seen includes chariots, sedan chairs, wheeled wagons, beats of labor such as mules and a number of donkeys. The river from the painting has fishing boats with passenger carrying ferries including men pulling the larger ships at the riverbank. The details of the painting corroborate roughly through the Song dynasty writings especially the Dongiing Meng Hua Lu describing the majority of similar features of capital life (China online museum 1).

INCLUDEPICTURE “http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Bianjing_city_gate.JPG/800px-Bianjing_city_gate.JPG” * MERGEFORMATINET

(Along the River during the Qingming Festival, 1085-1145)

With the modern museums displaying the painting handscrolls rottenly stretching out in full length under glass cases, the original intentions for the paintings was for them to be held by viewers who would at times unroll an arms length of a section. When viewing the painting, it would be from the right end of the painting scroll progressing further to the left with the viewer determining the pace (China online museum 1). Following the use of a relative perspective, the artist who did the artwork has the ability to make everything painted seem to be closer and then recedes. A handscroll of the painting also has the ability to show similar objects from different angles through the creation of suspense moments to entice viewers to continue looking at the artwork (China online museum 1).

Exhibition

In one of the rarest moves, the painting first exhibition was in Hong Kong during June to mid-August 2007 exposition in commemoration of the Hong Kong’s relocation to China 10th anniversary. The estimation of the shipping costs for the painting ranges in tens of millions in Hong Kong dollars (Bowcher 209). This is with the addition of an undisclosed cost meant for insuring the priceless art piece. The exhibition of the painting during 2012 in Tokyo national Museum as the major centerpiece of one of the most special exhibitions to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the established and normal diplomatic relations between Japan and China (Bowcher 209). This is with the Japanese officials in charge of the museum providing one of the most recognized premier security standards for the artwork.

Remakes

The original version of Along the River during the Qingming Festival painting celebrations is marked as one of the most famed pieces of china art from the Song Dynasty. The painting value was recognizable through most of the emperors who kept it as part of their imperial collections for centuries (Bowcher 210). As a result of its artistic reputation valued remarkably, it has drawn inspirations for several works of art over a long time. The piece of art has also managed to revive and update the original styles used in art. One of the early remakes considered, as one of the very faithful to the original piece was the product of Zhao Mengfu. This was during the Yuan dynasty with another significant remake painted at some point in the Ming Dynasty (Bowcher 210).

The remake version made during the period had a length of 6.7 meters, which was longer in comparison to the original version of the painting. The artwork replaced much of the scenery during the Song Dynasty basing on the contemporary customs and fashions through updates of the vehicles styles including carts and vehicles and characters way of life (Bowcher 219). The wooden bridge of the Song undergoes replacement in the remake of Ming with a stone bridge. The stone bridge arc is taller compared to the wooden original with an aspect of reinterpretation of the boat on course to crush being under methodical guidance through ropes under the bridge.

The boat being pulled by the men ashore is to run into the bridge with the rest of the larger boats waiting for their turn dutifully and undisturbed (Bowcher 219). Another version of the painting by the painters of Qing Dynasty court presented to the Emperor Qianlong and later transferred along with other vital artifacts to Taipei national Palace Museum in 1949 was remarkable.

Conclusion

As one of the most celebrated artistic creations in china, the piece has been under admiration with court artists of the following dynasties making several versions with re-interpretive efforts. This is with each following the course of the painting overall composition and preserving the original theme with slight difference in techniques and details. Qingming scroll over the years has been under private ownership severally as part of valued collections. The painting was once part of the favorite collection of Puyi the emperor who had the original Song Dynasty with him when leaving Beijing. The Qing version and the Song Dynasty in Taipei Palace and Beijing museums correspondingly have values as national treasures exhibited majorly during brief yearly exhibitions.

Works cited

Bowcher, Wendy. Multimodal Texts from Around the World: Cultural and Linguistic Insights. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Print.

China online museum. Along the River during the Qingming Festival. 2013. Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/painting-along-the-river.php” http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/painting-along-the-river.php

Lin, Ci. The Art of Chinese Painting. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, 2006. Print.

Evidence in Nursing

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Introduction

Nursing is one field that is very important in our lives. Research is one of the critical areas that are very important in this field. Better research should be conducted to ensure that information is achieved. This is one area where research should be adequate and crystal clear. This is also the case with evidence. This entails that detailed information is done consistently and in the most efficient way to ensure that better results are obtained. Nurses are always required to ensure that they provide better research and evidence to what they claim is true and false. Enriched research and evidence should be based on actual facts collected and presented before the public. This means that solid research should be carried out and implemented in the sector of nursing with an aim of increasing the care of patients. This means that the best education, research, policy, practices and administration should relate to the evidence provided.

The use of evidence has started to gain momentum. The knowledge that is emanated from researches, all the notes and information regarding clinical medicine and nursing is attributed to be evidence. This evidence clarifies the outcome of patients who emanate from different geographical locations. This indicates that this evidence should be well and clearly stated and done to ensure that correct results are achieved. This means that there would be a change in how education is provided, research which is more practical and better associations of researchers and clinicians who work in this field. Better evidence entails that nurses show individualism, increase their effectiveness, and become more dynamic and streamlined, and to clearly use the knowledge of clinical judgment. This means and entails that nurses keep their knowledge of latest developments and also new innovation of technology.

Conclusion

Evidence nursing is one issue that should be integrated in nursing. This makes it possible for the best care to be translated to all the patients. Better and well researched information should be done at all times to ensure that the best care is transmitted to patients. This means that the best education, research, policy, practices and administration are reached out to all the patients. New technology and education should be among the best issues that nurses should be well familiar with to ensure they change with the change in these factors.

References

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2005). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Evidence Tracking

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Abstract

Evidence tracking in forensic investigation is of paramount importance. Specifically, evidence is at the center stage of all the operations because it accredits the decisions that are made by the investigators at different levels as well as the ultimate decision that is made by the judge. For this reason, it is imperatively important for the vital procedures to be flowed accordingly. The purpose of this paper is to review evidence racking in light of a burglary case. The pieces of evidence would include the wad of chewing gum, blood stain and DNA from the beer can and so forth. The investigating team would need to follow all the outlined procedures to avoid contamination or loss of evidence that results from mishandling the information.

Evidence Tracking

In all criminal investigation, evidence is vitally important for accrediting the decisions that are made by the law enforcers at different stages. There are certain distinct procedures that are employed for collecting, preserving and interpreting evidence and different levels of criminal investigation. Usually, different parties tend to be involved in the process from the time the crime is reported to the time that the criminals are convicted. Besides the law enforcers and crime investigators, the technicians that are responsible for interpreting and storing the evidence are also involved. In essence, the process of tracking evidence is complex an all inclusive. The ultimate decision is always reflective of various procedures as well as sources of evidence. It is based on both physical and reported evidence and conclusions are always drawn after all the stakeholders have analyzed the respective evidence. It is against this background that this paper evaluates the procedures that are followed during the tracking of evidence in the case of a burglary.

The crime that has been reported in this case pertains to burglary at 2518 NE Angelfire Circle. Reportedly, the couple went away for the weekend and when they came back, their house had been broken into. The thieves stole the lady’s box of jewelry and left her lingerie strewn all over the place. In addition, they left a wad of chewing gum on the floor upstairs as well as a can of beer. Physical examination of the place indicates that the point of entry was probably the rear door. Seemingly, this is a typical burglary and robbery case that has been experienced in the region for the previous couple of months. There are different evidences that can be collected from the scene. To begin with, DNA samples can be collected from the can, dresser, panties and wad of chewing gum. Then, the blood stain is evidence and can be collected from the shattered glass of the rear door.

With respect to the collection of evidence, this would need to be undertaken effectively in order to avoid tampering with it that can culminate in incorrect decision making. To ensure this, certain procedures need to be followed accordingly. To begin with, the team needs to collect general information on the interior as well as exterior of the house. Then, Houck and Siegel (2003) indicate that they need to proceed to determining the condition of the respective evidence. This is based on various factors and the evidence is considered to be either stable or fragile. In this regard, they need to put in consideration various weather conditions that might affect the crime scene or the evidence that is found within the respective crime scene.

In addition, they need to evaluate any scene management considerations that may contaminate or alter the respective evidence in different ways. In this respect, Byrd (2001) indicates that certain behaviors by the owners or other officials have the capacity to affect the evidence. At this point, they need to determine other additional procedures that might need to be undertaken or techniques that might need to be conducted in the process of collecting the evidence. The team should ensure that all the collection equipment that would be employed during collection is sterile. Most important, the collection should employ appropriate equipment or tools to optimize results.

The various equipment that would be employed in the process of collecting evidence in this case would include latex gloves, forceps, swabs, tweezers, paper bags, wrapping paper, hand tools, plastic bags and thermometer (Fisher & Fisher, 2003). As indicated earlier, the team would be required to use appropriate methods of collection in order to obtain optimal results. The collection procedure would also employ different methods to collect the varied types of evidence that is available in the scene. For instance, the swabbing collection method can be employed for recovering biological evidence such as saliva on the swab and blood on the shattered door glass. In this respect, the material is probably dry and therefore, the following procedure should be employed.

To begin with, using gloved hands, the technician needs to moisten the swab being used using distilled water. S/he should then proceed to thoroughly rubbing the area that is stained with a single moistened swab. If the blood stain is large, she should use multiple swabs. This should then be followed by air drying the swabs. After air drying them, the swabs should be packaged differently and the package placed in a paper envelope. Finally, the technician should collect a control or substrate sample form an area that is unstained using similar techniques.

All evidence including the beer can and wad of chewing gum should then be inventoried and packaged appropriately before the team leaves the scene. This according to Swanson, Chamelin, Territo and Taylor (2008) is instrumental in preventing loss of the evidence or cross contamination of the same. If possible, all evidence should also be marked. The evidence that can not be directly marked such as hair, stains, soil, wad of chewing gum need to be place in an envelop or container then marked accordingly. Packaging in this regard is useful because direct marking of such items might interfere with forensic evaluation. This can be used to explain why it is advisable to always mark the external packaging. In cases where the evidence is marked directly, critical information pertaining to the item number, agency case number, initials of the investigator and the date that the evidence was received or recovered need to be included (Swanson et al., 2008). All the packaged and inventoried evidence should then be sealed with the evidence taps and marked with the initials of the investigator before release or submittal.

With regards to establishing the chain of evidence, the investigator needs to take notes detailing the recovery location, the date of recovery, complete description of each item, the condition of the respective item and any unusual alterations or markings on the given item. The investigator would then collect, mark, preserves and package the evidence accordingly. This also includes sealing the evidence and creating an inventory list. The respective information would then be transferred in a property room to undergo documentation before being submitted to an ideal crime laboratory for analysis.

During this process, formal procedures would be followed and details of all individuals handling the evidence would be documented. In addition, the respective individuals would need to provide the reasons for their handling of the respective evidence. In particular, critical information including the list of evidence, all transfers and their date sand time, signature of the individuals receiving and releasing the evidence, signatures of individuals transporting the evidence and reasons for the respective transfers would need to be documented (Byrd, 2001).

With respect to processing protocols, the team would need to interview the couples, examine the scene, and photograph it to attain more evidence, sketch the scene and process it to attain both testimonial as well as physical evidence. The evidence would then be interpreted based on the theories and factual information provided. This evidence would need to be preserved for it to be presented during courtroom procedures. Besides the crime scene report, the investigating team would need to provide laboratory reports that are undertaken by experts. As indicated earlier, mishandling evidence has far reaching implications on the accused as well as the victims. Fundamentally, mishandling evidence can lead to its contamination or loss. This affects the final decision that is made by the judge. Based on the quality of the evidence, this can lead to conviction or acquittal of the actual suspects. The negative psychological implications to both the accused and the victims if the wrong judgment is made are immense.

References

Byrd, M. (2001). Crime scene evidence: A guide to the recovery and collection of physical evidence. USA: Staggs Publications.

Fisher, B. & Fisher, D. (2003). Techniques of crime scene investigation. USA: CRC Press.

Houck, M. & Siegel, J. (2010). Fundamentals of forensic science. USA: Academic Press.

Miller, H. (1992). Indelible evidence: True crimes solved by forensic science. USA: BBC Publications.

Swanson, C., Chamelin, N., Territo, L. & Taylor, R. (2008). Criminal investigation. USA: McGraw-Hill Humanities.

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Alternative assignment for the internship: Satisfaction with the GP

The following is a short report of the results of the interview that I conducted on two patients with chronic diseases. The first patient was male aged 34 years with cancer disease and the other one was a female aged 40 with diabetes. The male patient was not satisfied with the treatment in general while the female patient seemed to accept and acknowledge the kind of treatment she was getting from the GP.

Similarities and differences among the perceptions of the patients regarding collaboration with the physician

Differences

Cancer patient Diabetes patient

This patient was completely negative about the communication and collaboration with the physician. He said that the physician did not explain to him the cause of his pain, the type of medication he was prescribed, the fate of his sickness, the need to use the drugs despite the fact that the pain was relentless, and effects of not using the drugs accordingly. The patient was positive and collaborated well with the physician. She acknowledged that the physician had taken time with her, and explained everything concerning his sickness. The physician explained the type of medication, the need for taking medication according to prescription, and the effects of using drugs without adhering to physician prescription.

The patient perceived the physicians, continual prescription of the same drugs as bad and negligence of his pain. Again, the patient perceived the physician’s assertiveness over the disease as not comforting and bad. Cooperation of the patient and the physician was also bad. The patient was weary of using pain killers but the pain was persistent. The physician did not take a step to explain to the patient about his pain. The patient was not willing to cooperate with the physician again. Corporation and communication between the patient and the physician was good. The patient was very cooperative on physician’s prescriptions and advice on drugs usage. In fact, the patient and the physician had developed lasting friendship.

Whenever the patient needed any clarification, the physician was ready to provide. There was great cooperation between the patient and the physician. But the patient confirmed that before she knew the physician, there communication was not good although she cooperated.

Collaboration /communication affected patient adherence to drugs to a very great extent. This patient was not willing to adhere to the prescription due to poor communication. She was affected greatly by the communication and corporation. Adherence to drugs was good due to good communication.

Similarities

Both patients at least suffered poor communication with the physician.

After listening to the interviewee’s views about communication and corporation with GPs, I conclude that the physician dealing with the patient with cancer acted badly to the patient. He was not compassionate and did not show any care for the patient. Lack of his interest in meeting the patients care led to poor adherence to prescription. The patient needed little attention which the physician did not provide. If it were me I could have taken keen interest and listen to what the client needs. After careful thought I will advise the patient on his sickness and put him on rehabilitation program. Most importantly I could explain the need for some drugs to particular diseases. I could act as the physician in charge of the diabetic case.

My opinion

According to my opinion the physicians must treat patients with care and communicate appropriately the need for drugs. The physician should explain the need for the patient to adhere to the prescription and the importance of so doing. Instead of prescribing the drugs without explaining the reason for the prescription, they should take time and explain the effects of the drug its connection in treating the disease the patient is suffering from. The physicians should also liaise with the nurses to ensure that the nurses helped the patients to use the drugs as prescribed especially the patients with chronic illness. For the cancer case rehabilitation and pain management strategies are the best.

Lastly, the physician should allow the patients to participate in their care and treatment. They should be listened to and if possible, change of drugs if some drugs did not produce good results.

Algebra with Applications Posts 5

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Introduction

The effects of an earthquake are very terrible and instantaneous. This implies that what it does is very destructive. The effects of an earthquake are measured in terms of magnitude, amplitude and also the effects of its distractions. The magnitude of an earthquake is attributed with the amplitude of the waves. The heavier the magnitude, the more damage that an earthquake will impose to the objects that it will come in to contact with. This implies that an earthquake with a magnitude of eight is very disastrous (Nault, 2010).

An earthquake of magnitude eight has emits a lot of energy as compared to an earthquake of magnitude of four. This can be proven mathematically since it is measured using the base of √1000. This means that an earthquake of magnitude eight is √1000 raised to the power of eight. This implies that it emits energy of 100,000000. An earthquake of magnitude four emits energy of √1000 raised to power four. This implies that if you divide 1000 raised to the power of eight and √1000 raised to power four, the answer is 1,000,000. This means that an earthquake of magnitude eight emits energy of 1,000,000 as compared to an earthquake of magnitude four.

The Richter scale is a scale that is used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake. This scale measures the amplitude of the wave emitted by an earthquake. This means that they measure with scale of logarithmic. This is usually on a scale of base 10. This means that as you trend upwards to the ground, the amplitude increase by ten times. This scale also denoted the negative figures produced if an earthquake is very minimal. When measuring the destructive nature of an earthquake, many scientists use the Richter scale as it clearly outlines the magnitude of the earthquake. The mercalli scale is used to depict the intensity of earthquakes. This means it depicts how destructive an earthquake was. The Richter scale depicts the energy that an earthquake produces. The mercalli scale is the best scale for depicting how destructive an earthquake was. Math and science are two subjects that have made it possible to depict the destructive nature of earthquakes. Science has led to the innovation of these scales while math has made it possible for us to calculate the magnitude and the energy produced (Person, & Jankowski, 1990).

Conclusion

The Richter and mercalli scales are very important scales which helps depict the energy transmitted by an earthquake, and how destructive it is. This implies that the more the magnitude of an earthquake, the more destructive it is.

References

Nault, J. (2010). Earthquakes. New York: AV2 by Weigl.

Person, W., & Jankowski, L. (1990). How earthquakes are measured. Maumee, Ohio: Instructional Video.



Events Industry

Contents

TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc377992014” Part One PAGEREF _Toc377992014 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc377992015” Timeline of Historical Events (Prehistoric to Postmodern Era) PAGEREF _Toc377992015 h 1

HYPERLINK l “_Toc377992016” Ancient and Modern Eras in the UK PAGEREF _Toc377992016 h 2

HYPERLINK l “_Toc377992017” Part Two PAGEREF _Toc377992017 h 4

HYPERLINK l “_Toc377992018” Events Industry in the UK PAGEREF _Toc377992018 h 4

Part OneTimeline of Historical Events (Prehistoric to Postmodern Era)The events industry started to take shape from the prehistoric age where the most primitive forms of human activity took place, following an enabling experience from evolutionary patterns (Goldblatt 2010, p12). As widely held in historical theories, invention as a factor of necessity implies that the origin of most creative ways of making life easy began as supported by realization that man needed them to survive in the changing life experiences. Firstly, the prehistoric era events included the emergence of Homo sapiens sapiens, the man with an enhanced brain activity able to support different high-level primate intelligence chores such as tool making, cultivation of crops, and domestication of animals. In summary, civilization of Europe and Asia contribute the major events that took place with specific account of the UK. Emergence of early industries based on agricultural culture supports the origin of other industries such as metal industry initially targeted at tool making. Demand factors during this era must have been characterized by a food industry such as labor for production (eif 2011, p3).

Secondly, the Ancient era advanced needs included record keeping, governance, education and emergence of cities. Demand and supply factors for such activities included food production and education as required by the emergent civilization. Other related ages in succession include Middle Ages, High Medieval, Renaissance and Age of Exploration characterized by political and religious events earlier precipitated in the Ancient Ages. The Modern Era with a cluster of related eras such as Puritan Era, Enlightenment Era, Romantic Era, Petroleum era and High Modern Era characterized a series of events based on innovation, mass industrial production and mass agricultural production. The Postmodern Era beginning in the mid-1900s characterize the information age based on high innovation and intelligent operations in production, education, management and governance, variously referred to as the scientific revolution (Ackermann et al. 2008, pxxx).

Ancient and Modern Eras in the UKAncient Era in the UK can date back from the time of invasion of England by the Roman Empire led by Julius Caesar, first capturing England in 55 AD. Apparently, a clear kingdom organization appeared only in around 400 A.D., around the time when the Roman Empire ended. Historical data on history of England and Scotland as separate dynastic streams dates back to the early 5th century, until unification into the Great Britain at around 1603 when King Jacob I took over the kingdom. Several kingdoms on the English land included Brittany, Saxons, Sussex, Wessex, Mercia and Essex (Fomenko and Nosovskij, 2002). Ancient UK witnessed struggles for control of power among the kingdoms of Scotland and England followed by settlement of foreigners in the UK contributed to dramatic cultural exchange. Traditional events related to the highly centralized government with a largely agricultural economy as the main development driver. The political and cultural environment in the UK influenced demand and supply conditions for this era as the stability of the political organization took shape to allow ownership of land and production factors. Modern Era in the UK was a production phase after the civilization managed to cultivate conditions necessary for an economy separated from political intrigues (Oppenheimer, 2006). A growing private sector driven by availability of capital and innovation facilitated the development attributes of the era to take shape.

Factors such as those driven by the agrarian revolution for instance made land an important asset for production of food, with other variables of agricultural economy emerging. For instance, the prevailing food production boom led to increases in population in the country as was the case elsewhere in Europe, causing demand for services such as healthcare and housing emerging industries (Ackermann et al. 2008, pxxix). In terms of the need to increase productivity against the limited resources available to the commercial industries, industrial interventions had to chip in their contribution eventually leading to the industrial revolution. Education systems to support the opportunities emerging in the industrial sector had also to come into the aid of the industry in order to provide insights into how managing the limitations would enable exponential productivity. Scientific contributions supporting the industrial sector ensued in the rush to ensure maximum production using least possible input (Oppenheimer, 2006, p72). According to findings for management of personnel taking part in production, impressive contributions such as the scientific approach illustrate the extent that the revolution went to ensure that all interventions had been exhausted before giving up. The enlightenment era emerging during the events of the overall episode of the middle era in England produced great minds such as Isaac Newton with impressive findings in scientific principles.

Part TwoEvents Industry in the UKThe event industry represents a business realm where the commercialization of opportunities that celebration and commemoration of historical events in the country form a basis of enhancement and earning revenue. Recreation and protection of the rich events of the past enables the business world in the UK and around the world to rejuvenate the civilization of the peoples and their visitors, thereby reliving the past in a highly aesthetic service sector. Supported by an existing and closely related hospitality industry with professionalized service, events industry presents the business world with an opportunity to tap from an expanded market with enhanced package of services range (Eade 2010, p40). Culture and ancient traditions that act as remnants of previous events in human civilization play an important role in the UK and other nations around the world today, for historical aesthetics, cultural heritage and most importantly for business.

Some of the factors that define the UK’s events industry include the identification of uniquely positioned attractions that augur well with a market likely to draw sufficient benefits to the industry. Investment in events industry follows ordinary business models that target returns, which implies that the service demand and supply factors are dependent on popularity of a package identified and presented to the masses. The City of London has the Lord Mayor’s Show for instance, which possesses a rich tradition dating back to over eight centuries ago, reminding the Londoners of the origin of the elective Mayor’s position in the City and involves a massive motorcade procession through the city (Allen et al. 2006, p4). Apparently, the events that bear unique British appeal by way of striking the right interest from the locals as well as people from other nationalities create revenue predictions that appeal to organizers and investors. Secondly, the supply and demand variables that define the events industry capture the timing of the particular package, where timing detail must coincide with leisure time for the market in order to avoid clashing with employment duties. For instance, sports as important event package in the UK take place over the weekend, in the summer holidays or at night in order to have minimal disruption to potential customers.

Economic times determine the demand and supply experiences that events packages presented to customers make from the market. Despite the cultural and entertainment importance that can be attached to these services, the luxury tag associated with their overall classification in an individual’s needs profile affects the willingness outcomes when disposable income becomes a factor to consider. Market participation in luxury services depends on the available amount of income that can easily be disposed without affecting meeting of other basic needs, which is not the case for basic needs. Within the current conceptualization of UK and indeed European economy, a significant portion of the market is likely to be locked out of the events due to relatively low disposable income as an outcome of the Eurozone crisis (Allen et al. 2006, p54). Alternatively, modern and future populations will increasingly find it difficult to find extra time to attend events such as festivals and sports, if the economic times push them to work for longer sessions.

Another factor for demand and supply of the event industry is the role of technology and rapidly changing cultural life that is quite different from the conventional version. As an illustration, attendance in theatres and live performances face a shift in audience type, where technological transmissions nowadays enable people following events at the comfort of their homes. Whereas this may increase following across populations that would otherwise not attend, the aesthetic value of the presentation may be lost and eventually change the original version of the event. Rapidly changing culture and technology will therefore continue to change the events industry in the UK leading to change of the event itself. Perhaps several events died or sustained complete change from such trends (people1st 2010).

From these factors on demand and supply for the events industry in the UK, the most dominant force with future implications is perhaps the arrival of the information age, which has transformed virtually every form of sociocultural memory of societies. Enhancement of accuracy with which historical data is presented will continue to influence events industry positively (eif. 2011). However, this will only happen if the resilience of the event overcomes changes that have potential damage to its existence.

In conclusion, the historical account of civilizations presents the business world with options of marketable packages that interest a huge following in the entertainment and culture markets. Existence of a hospitality industry enables a better presentation of events industry services to a broader market. The UK has a number events that command a significant following locally and internationally, making it a leader in this business. However, success of the industry depends on a number of factors that cut across manageable levels and others beyond immediate control. For instance, isolation of a popular event for its marketing does not fall in the same level of manageability as a rapidly changing sociocultural setting (people1st 2010, p78).

References

Ackermann, M. E., Schroeder, M. J., Terry, J. J., Upshur, J. L. & Whitters, M. F. (2008) Encyclopedia of world history: The ancient world prehistoric to 600 C.E. New York, NY: Facts on File.

Allen, J., Bowdin, G. A., Harris, R., O’Toole, W., & McDonnell, I. (2006) Events management. Oxford, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Eade, L. (2010) Highlighting professionalism in the events industry. [Online] Available from <http://www.people1st.co.uk/webfiles/En%20Passant%20Articles/2010/April/Highlighting_Professionalism_In_The_Events_Industry.pdf> [Accessed 20 October, 2012].

eif. (2011) Opportunities for growth in the UK events industry: Roles and responsibilities. [Online] Available from <http://www.businesstourismpartnership.com/pubs/Opportunities%20for%20Growth%20in%20the%20UK%20Events%20Industry.pdf> [20 October, 2012].

Fomenko, A. T. & Nosovskij, G. V. (2002) New hypothetical chronology and concept of the English history: British Empire as a direct successor of Byzantine-Roman Empire. Investigation of English History, (2002)

Oppenheimer, S. (2006) The origins of the British. London, UK: Constable.

people1st (2010) Labour market review of the events industry. [Online] Available from <http://www.businesstourismpartnership.com/pubs/Labour%20Market%20Review%20of%20the%20events%20Industry%20January%202010.pdf> [Accessed 20 October, 2012]

Goldblatt, J. (2010) Special events: A new generation and the next frontier, (6th edn). John Wiley & Sons

Evidence Based Practice Article Critique

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Introduction

The effectiveness of any treatment regime is determined on the accuracy and the sensitivity of measurements used in the evaluation of the various domains pertaining to the individual, as well as the risk factors. This is not always possible, especially considering that a large number of instruments or measures used are insensitive to the psychological, physical and cognitive functionality of an individual (Kleplin et al, 2011b). This is the case for the current ECOG index used in acute mylogenous leukemia. The study outlined would, essentially, be helpful in enhancing the treatment outcomes as it considers the risk factors, vulnerabilities, as well as the varied aspects of an individual including cognitive, physical and psychological functioning, all of which have a bearing on the treatment outcome.

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia mainly affects older adults, with research showing that it has a relatively worse survival with older age. It is unclear whether older adults get optimal therapy. While standard induction chemotherapy may be beneficial to some older adults, older adults in general have greater treatment-related toxicity, as well as lower overall survival compared to younger individuals. However, limited attention has been paid to host-specific features such as physical, emotional, cognitive functions that may have a bearing on the risk of toxicity in an individual, and for which use of age as the sole measure would be inadequate. This is the basis for the study by Klepin et al (2011). The study acknowledged that the insufficient capacity to identify individuals who have the capacity to tolerate, as well as potentially benefit from the standard curative induction chemotherapy is a hindrance to treatment decision-making in the case of older adults suffering from acute myelogenous leukemia. The translation of strategies pertaining to geriatric assessment (GA) in assessing older adults suffering from AML may be helpful in enhancing evaluation of reserve capacity, as well as informing decision-making pertaining to treatment. This is specifically for a geriatric assessment that includes the assessment of psychological state, cognitive function, comorbid disease and physical function, as it may identify individuals that stand a higher risk of AML Chemotherapy side effects.

The study had the sole aim of determining the viability of bedside geriatric assessment in older adults that have been hospitalized suffering from newly diagnosed AML. It also aimed at outlining how older adults that had newly diagnosed AML performed on varied GA evaluation domains, as well as determining whether the measures contributed information pertaining to evaluation of tumor biology (cytogenetic risk group classification) and functional status (ECOG score). The information obtained from the geriatric assessment may be helpful in optimizing decision making pertaining to treatment, as well as the clinical outcomes of older adults that have AML (Kleplin et al, 2011).

The study used individuals aged 60 years or more, who had newly diagnosed AML and who planned to undergo chemotherapy. The study nurse carried out bedside geriatric assessment at the inpatient ward once the patient was enrolled. The nurse would administer all survey measures in form of an interview, with physical performance measures being carried out in the patient’s room. Varied measures were used in the study including Distress Thermometer, modified Mini-Mental State Examination, Pepper Assessment Tool for Disability, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, Short Physical Performance Battery, Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Comorbidity Index, and grip strength (Kleplin et al, 2011).

The researchers detected numerous impairments in the participants including impairment in ADLs (48.2%), depression (38.9%), cognitive impairment (31.5%), impaired physical performance (53.7%) distress (53.7%), as well as comorbidity (46.3%). 92.6% had at least one impairment with 63% of the participants, having being functionally impaired in one or more domains.

The study confirmed the researchers’ assertions as to the fact that presently used ECOG performance status index are subjective and deficient of sensitivity, and fail to address specific tasks. A large number of older adults who have “good” performance scores also have significant impairments in their physical functioning that may lower their reserve capacity. The current ECOG PS is deficient of information pertaining to functional domains such as psychological health and cognition. This study, therefore, underlined the viability, as well as utility of carrying out a bedside GA in order to detect impairment in varied domains in older adults that are starting induction chemotherapy (Kleplin et al, 2011). Detecting these impairments can enhance treatment for older adults suffering from AML, through the identification of individuals who have the capacity to tolerate standard, aggressive therapies, as well as older adults at risk and to whom novel therapeutic agents would be beneficial (Kleplin et al, 2011b). It would also allow for the identification of modifiable risk factors that can affect one’s tolerance to treatment, and that can be amenable to intervention.

This article would undoubtedly be useful not only as a basis for further research but also in informing the nursing practice. It underlines the loopholes that exist within the current measurement indexes and clearly demonstrates how effective and viable a geriatric assessment would be in increasing detection of impairments. This information would be extremely crucial in informing treatment therapies, as well as enhancing the nursing outcomes. The main or intended audience for the article is the entire registered nurses family especially those that deal with cases pertaining to cancer and acute myelogenous leukemia. The improvement of their treatment outcomes necessitates the use of sensitive and accurate measurements in determining the vulnerability of an individual, which would then inform the treatment regime that would be appropriate for him or her (Kleplin et al, 2011b).

References

Klepin, HD., Geiger, A.M., Tooze, J.A., Kritchevsky, S.B., Williamson, J.D., Ellis, L.R., Levitan, D., Pardee, T.S., Isom, S & Powell, B.L (2011). The Feasibility of Inpatient Geriatric Assessment for Older Adults Receiving Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Myelogenous Leukemia. Journal of American Geriatric Society, vol. 59, No. 10

Klepin HD, Danhauer SC, Tooze JA., Stott, K., Daley, K., Vishnevsky, T., Powell, B & Mihalko, S.L (2011). Exercise for older adult in-patients with acute myelogenous leukemia: A pilot study. Journal of Geriatric Oncology, vol. 2:11–17.

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Alternative Energy

2 A) What is your favorite RE and why?

Solar Power

The most potent energy source is the sun and consequently, solar energy qualifies to be the most favorite renewable energy. Energy from the sun is used in many forms including lighting buildings as well as homes, heating water, electricity generating and also other industrial processes. The sun is also the direct or indirect source of several other renewable energy forms such as wind power which arises from blowing wind that is caused by heat from the sun. Solar energy also promotes vegetation growth which in turn produces biomass energy and also promotes precipitation and evaporation cycles therefore resulting to hydropower.

The most common uses attributed to solar power include cooking, sea water desalination, electricity production and heating. The working of solar power is relatively easy in which case rays from the sun are trapped into solar cells which consequently convert the sunlight to electricity. However, there are alternative approaches to this. Sunlight may be made to strike parabolic mirrors and thereby heating water or passively heating a room by simply opening its windows to allow entry of sunlight. Therefore the use of solar power is relatively easy as compared to other forms of renewable energy (Williams, 2009, 123-145).

The existence of solar power is dependent on the existence of the sun which is definite and therefore it is a guaranteed source of energy. The use of solar power is not associated in any way to air and water pollution since no chemical reaction is required in generating it. The use of solar power is highly efficient and serves practical purposes including lighting as well as heating. Benefits allied to solar power are evident in spas, water tanks as well as heat pools.

2 b) A friend (business, child, or spouse) asks you about RE (Renewable Energy), what would you say?

In most countries, natural gas, coal and oil are considered important sources of energy for domestic and industrial application. However, relying on these sources is a cause of a major problem because these are finite resources and their continued use would lead to a global depletion and the retrieval of the remaining becoming extremely expensive. Furthermore, their contribute significantly to pollution of water, soil as well as air in addition to production of greenhouse gases that is the big contributor to global warming.

Therefore, it is essential to account for renewable resources as alternative to these sources that are non renewable. Dependence on renewable energy will drastically reduce the problems of greenhouse gases emission and their sustainability is guaranteed. Other important reasons justify the importance of implementing renewable sources of energy as is manifested by the Kyoto protocol. The current culture is inclined towards drastic reduction in greenhouse gases emission which is achievable through heavy reliance on renewable energy. The use of renewable energy contribute significantly towards elimination of toxins which are the by-products associated with energy use. They are offer protection against detrimental by-products in addition to facilitating for the preservation of natural resources that may be used as energy sources in the case of absence of renewable sources of energy (Williams, 2009, 123-145).

The use of renewable sources of energy is therefore beneficial to the environment as it offers a clean alternative and reduced impact on the environment as compared to the conventional technologies of energy production. It also offers a channel for job creation and the growth in the economy since investments made in this respect covers the cost of workmanship and materials for facility building and maintenance in contrast to energy importation which is a feature of conventional technologies of energy production.

2 c) An Aunt has given you $20,000 to save the world. What are you going to do?

A choice of any funded project in renewable energy will need the skills behind the crucial role of addressing sustainability concerns associated with the use of renewable energy which is a major concern in the society today. Fossils fuels, which dominate the energy sector, are undergoing depletion coupled with the high level of emissions.

With a funding of $20,000 to save the world, it would be advisable focus on a research and development program on renewable energy alongside allied technological innovations. The information gathered from the research would contribute significantly towards bridging the gap existing between technology and the application of it. The stakeholders in the program should facilitate sharing of information and promote renewable energy application in the most effective way. The players in the program should also create awareness on efficiency measures in the use of energy.

The funds should also be used to sensitize participants in diverse regions about the positive role that renewable energy plays in future development and sustainability. The knowledge require to be disseminated regards the existing options of renewable energy including solar, biomass and wind and their development. Equally important information that the program should cover are the potential challenges affecting implementation of renewable energy, its efficiency and policies behind their implementation. The program should be tailored for an understanding of theoretical understanding as well as the practical applications of renewable energy with particular concern to the rural areas. Participants therefore can be involved in field trips to major installations of renewable energy and attend seminars on the same.

Works cited

Williams, Richard. Solar Energy: Technology and Applications. Ann Arbor, MI:  Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 2009.