Category: Uncategorized

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Collective trauma and stress after disasters

This article was published on April 28th, 2020, in the Current Directions in Psychological Science journal. It was a kind of response to the effects of covid-19, and it served to help the general public about the effects of covid-19, and through the understanding of covid-19, it helped people as well find ways to deal with the issues which came along with covid-19. Therefore it is an essential article not only for Covid-19 purposes but also generally in any person’s life as it talks of core issues that affect a person’s psychology and emotional base to the point they might even break down. Herein is the summary of this article and how important it is in our daily lives.

In the first part, the article task of how the media coverage of traumatic issues and happenings affects the person’s mind and thoughts leads to psychological or emotional torture or positive emotional build-up. It is true that what a person listens to and what a person likes hearing every time form part of who they are and what they believe in. Therefore, if a person listens and watches only negative news from the news channels, the person will be only absorbing negative energy, which makes the personal thoughts and view of the world negative. However, suppose a person is engaged in viewing and watching positive happenings. In that case, the person is likely to have a positive life view, and therefore they will be motivated to be better and work towards positivism in society. For this kind of determination, the BMB (Boston marathon bombings) victims were interviewed, bringing out such results.

The second part discusses how emotions and psychology are so much a part of a human being. When a person faces an unpleasant experience, they will be able to express it through social media. This is true since during the 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris, it led to an unpleasant and sorrowful display of the whole incident in most of France’s citizens’ social media accounts. Apart from this, the article discusses the possible remedies and how important they are in stress management.

Even though the clinical psychological interventions are of great help in ensuring that the victims and those affected have better psychological functioning and better quality of life, it is not yet recorded if these efforts reduce mortality and morbidity. Some of the possible ways to deal with stressful conditions would be to engage in a computer game as a distractor. Therefore, engaging in computer games helps the mind re-focus on different things and makes it possible for a person to evade the burdensome thoughts related to something traumatic. Even though a computer game is an instant solution, there needs a solution for a long period.

Once a person can manage their stress levels over a period, they get to be over instances of stress and traumatic experiences they had before. However, this does not happen very fast, and therefore there is a need for care and for the person to be shown love to the maximum because it is through this that the person develops the ability to move on easily. However, when a person is left alone, they tend to overthink the issue. To some extent, they begin thinking that life is unfair, thus extending the healing period for more than six months, which is when a person can heal from such experiences.

In conclusion, we can say that it is important for any person to heal and stop living in the past. Even though there are suggestions that a person can forget about their past, this is easier said than done. Therefore it is a process of healing, and it also talks to the media to weigh between showing the news and the health of the individuals watching.

Work cited

“Collective Trauma and Stress Following Disasters: APS Journal Articles Publicly Available.” Association for Psychological Science – APS, www.psychologicalscience.org/news/collective-trauma-and-disaster-stress-research-publicly available.html. Accessed March 14th. 2021.

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Short Story Using Legal Terms

Colleen’s and Alysha’s Nightmare

Alysha and Coleen had been friends for a long time. After ten years of friendship, they seemed more like sisters than friends. They were roommates and they supported each other through good and bad times. Coleen and Alysha had just gotten off work on a Friday evening and as usual, went home to relax and get ready for the long weekend that lied ahead of them. They grabbed a 6 pack of Busch beer and sat on their balconies as they enjoyed the night as they watched the television. Then all of a sudden, something interesting happened. On the television, there was a documentary about the legendary NFL football star and actor named OJ Simpson and his 1995 murder trial that was deemed as the trial of the century where he was charged with the murder of his ex-wife and her friend Ron Goldman. Although Simpson was later acquitted of the murder, the case had turned into a media frenzy and it changed his life completely. They found themselves discussing the details of this famous case. Alysha and Coleen were never the type of people to discuss matters to do with politics or current affairs but for some reason, on this particular night, they found themselves even talking about President Donald Trump and why he was the most controversial president of his time. After an evening of bonding and talking, the two grabbed their pillowcases went to bed, and called it a night.

The following day was a Saturday and they had been invited for a day yacht party as it was during summertime. Since the party was going to be in a neighboring city, the plan was that they would go to their friends house who lived close to the beach and they would go to the party together. The two ladies were up early and prepared themselves and set out for their friend’s house. Upon reaching there, the place was packed with people. People were having fun, dancing, drinking, and socializing. Alysha and Coleen blended with the crowd pretty well as some of the people there were known to them. Then all of a sudden, an argument between Coleen and one of the men ensued. His name was Christopher. Christopher had misplaced his phone and accused Coleen of stealing it. He began ranting and approached Collen with a full fist punching her in the face. Alysha was in another room and she heard Colleen creaming. She rushed to her aid and when she saw that her friend had been assaulted, she confronted Christopher. Christopher gave her the middle finger and walked away. Collen’s nose was bleeding and she lie helpless on the floor. Alysha made a 911 call and asked for help. As they waited for the police to arrive, Coleen lost continuousness and Alysha could not bear seeing her in that state. She looked outside and saw a Honda Civic parked outside. She yelled for the owner and borrowed the car and rushed her friend to the nearest hospital. After Coleen was treated they reported the matter to the police who located the suspect and took him to jail. Coleen was afraid of pushing forward with the case because she was barely 21 and she was afraid of being on the bad side of the law. But Alysha and her other friends were her lucky charms. They stood by her and she was in luck because she had not been drinking that night.

The police officers visited her in the hospital and collected the necessary information from her concerning her battery ordeal. They asked about her relationship with the perpetrator and Alysha explained that there was no relationship since they had just met at the party. Alysha also reported the assault she had suffered at the hands of Christopher in an attempt to rescue her friend. The police noted the information down and promised to stay in touch. After a few days, Alysha and Coleen were informed there will be a preliminary hearing where the accused will make their first appearance where the court will read the charges and constitutional rights o the accused. Afterward, a hearing was set in five days where the matter would be decided by a judge. There would be no need for a grand jury because the assault was not a felony. On the material day of the trial, the judge charged Christopher with a 2nd-degree misdemeanor and also directed a withhold of adjudication. Additionally, Christopher had to part with $4,000 as bond or risk going to jail for one year.

COLLEGE ATHLETE’S COMPENSATION

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College Athlete’s Compensation

Introduction

With the rising popularity of many college athletes, there has been a push for them to be paid for what they do as a sign of them being popular and their efforts being appreciated rather than just receiving the scholarship which they receive automatically when they play for the national team. This kind of wish and practice began in Ohio state whereby the National Collegiate Athletic Association led by drake in Ohio began this with the statement that they have to make sure that the student-athletes get the best possible experience so that their performance and their motivation remains high.

Dwyer, Colin. “NCAA Plans To Allow College Athletes To Get Paid For Use Of Their Names, Images.” NPR, NPR, 29 Oct. 2019, www.npr.org/2019/10/29/774439078/ncaa-starts-process-to-allow-compensation-for-college-athletes.

According to this article, drake states that college students will start getting paid because of their popularity. This happens as a result of the removal of the ban whereby college athletes could not use their talents to make an extra amount of money in things like advertisements and others and therefore this article talks of how after the lift of the ban so many athletes especially those who are famous are likely to make a lot of money from their involvement into activities like advertisement and other activities which are likely to bring them money.

This article is therefore is a very well-structured one, it is short and it gives only the relevant information. Therefore it can be used for this research because it provides very apt information when it comes to the issue of compensation of athletes. Therefore the research about eh compensation of athletes plays a vital role in making sure that the manner and the reasons for compensation are fully discussed and therefore the announcement and the events surrounding the compensation are known as discussed in the article.

Duster, Chandeliers. “Democrats Make New Push for College Athlete Compensation.” CNN, Cable News Network, 4 Feb. 2021, edition.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/college-athlete-economic-freedom-act/index.html.

This article talks of how the national body which governs the athletes had put a lot of protection and was in the custody of so much about the young athletes and therefore with the decision that college students will be allowed to use their names, control how their pictures and other aspects of their life is used in a very important one. When the students control what they want with their pictures and social media accounts then it turns out that they become healthier and more productive. The national body generates about $15 billion each year and therefore this amount of money none goes to the players and therefore this can be seen as a kind of dictatorship that must be removed from existence and therefore the athletes are given more freedom and therefore this is a very important aspect of the national team because the burden and the lack of capital among the college athletes will be ended with the introduction of their payment.

This article giving so much important information related to the compensation of the national athletes, therefore, plays a very critical role in the research about the compensation of college student athletics. This decision can be said to have been pushed by different individuals and majorly the students who must have felt left out or not counted in as the national body makes $15 billion. References

Duster, Chandeliers. “Democrats Make New Push for College Athlete Compensation.” CNN, Cable News Network, 4 Feb. 2021, edition.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/college-athlete-economic-freedom-act/index.html.

Dwyer, Colin. “NCAA Plans To Allow College Athletes To Get Paid For Use Of Their Names, Images.” NPR, NPR, 29 Oct. 2019, www.npr.org/2019/10/29/774439078/ncaa-starts-process-to-allow-compensation-for-college-athletes.

COLLEGE ATHLETE’S COMPENSATION

Student’s name

Professor

Department of affiliation

Course

Date

College Athlete’s Compensation

Introduction

With the rising popularity of many college athletes, there has been a push for them to be paid for what they do as a sign of their efforts being appreciated rather than just receiving the scholarship which they receive automatically when they play for the national team. This kind of wish and practice began in Ohio state whereby the National Collegiate Athletic Association led by drake in Ohio began this with the statement that they have to make sure that the student-athletes get the best possible experience so that their performance and their motivation remains high.

Dwyer, Colin. “NCAA Plans To Allow College Athletes To Get Paid For Use Of Their Names, Images.” NPR, NPR, 29 Oct. 2019, www.npr.org/2019/10/29/774439078/ncaa-starts-process-to-allow-compensation-for-college-athletes.

According to this article, drake states that college students will start getting paid because of their popularity. This happens as a result of the removal of the ban whereby college athletes could not use their talents to make an extra amount of money in things like advertisements and others and therefore this article talks of how after the lift of the ban so many athletes especially those who are famous are likely to make a lot of money from their involvement into activities like advertisement and other activities which are likely to bring them money.

This article is therefore is a very well-structured one, it is short and it gives only the relevant information. Therefore it can be used for this research because it provides very apt information when it comes to the issue of compensation of athletes. Therefore the research about eh compensation of athletes plays a vital role in making sure that the manner and the reasons for compensation are fully discussed and therefore the announcement and the events surrounding the compensation are known as discussed in the article.

Duster, Chandeliers. “Democrats Make New Push for College Athlete Compensation.” CNN, Cable News Network, 4 Feb. 2021, edition.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/college-athlete-economic-freedom-act/index.html.

This article talks of how the national body which governs the athletes had put a lot of protection and was in the custody of so much about the young athletes and therefore with the decision that college students will be allowed to use their names, control how their pictures and other aspects of their life is used in a very important one. When the students control what they want with their pictures and social media accounts then it turns out that they become healthier and more productive. The national body generates about $15 billion each year and therefore this amount of money none goes to the players and therefore this can be seen as a kind of dictatorship that must be removed from existence and therefore the athletes are given more freedom and therefore this is a very important aspect of the national team because the burden and the lack of capital among the college athletes will be ended with the introduction of their payment.

This article giving so much important information related to the compensation of the national athletes, therefore, plays a very critical role in the research about the compensation of college student athletics. This decision can be said to have been pushed by different individuals and majorly the students who must have felt left out or not counted in as the national body makes $15 billion.

Higgins, T. (2021, March 30). NCAA college athlete compensation case comes before the Supreme Court. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/30/ncaa-college-athlete-compensation-case-comes-before-the-supreme-court.html

This article emphasizes the importance of the NCAA giving the student the right to own other benefits apart from the educational scholarships and educational benefits only as it is at the moment whereby the body only allows the student to enjoy educational benefits only. This article states that for example a person who’s a singer and competes in music festivals and competitions cannot produce an album due to the restrictions put in place by the body when in a real sense these restrictions should be scrapped and the individuals allowed to make their own money while making themselves more beneficial. It is seen as discrimination to be prevented from getting what is rightly theirs and therefore the article stresses the importance of making sure that what is needed by the members of the NCAA is obtained as their restrictions go against the federal anti-trust law.

Therefore this article talks of a case of the NCAA in the supreme court over how its players should be treated is very important in a research about the payment of its athletes not just through the scholarships and the stipends but through their names popularity and other means.

Higgins, L. (2020, March 11). What Happens When College Athletes Get Paid. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-happens-when-college-athletes-get-paid-11583879855

This article from the Wallstreet journal talks of how opportunities for students to make money is likely to balloon and be so many such that the students may even get out of the NCAA and be able to form their organizations. It states that if the current court in the supreme court is decided in favor of the students then it turns out that the benefits the NCAA enjoyed of collecting so much money may decline while the individual student income may go high as most of these students will get their money directly from individuals and organizations. This means that the students will be using their name and image to make money for themselves and not just be receiving the basic scholarships and other few benefits which are limited to academics as the organization provides.

Even though there is a fear that the students may be unable to know what it means to get into agreements with different organizations the national body is likely to get people to do that for the students or rather advise them on how to get into deals as well as how to make the most out of the deals which they get into and therefore this is seen as a positive activity.

Sow, A. (2019). Should College Athletes Receive Compensation?.

In this report Sow talks of the ethical considerations which arise as a result of the push and the will of college students to be allowed to own what they deserve as a result of their names and images. the report examines different writings, ideas and issues presented as contrasting and in line with the wish to have college athletics have their voice over their names and other financial issues which present themselves to them. The report states that since its formation in 1906 there have been many advancements and today the body is a multi-billion body which is very important in terms of controlling sports among college students as well as organizing them and having investors chip into the games and sports. The reason why the body insists on amateurs is the fact that the body does not pay them for the playing they engage in however they provide academic scholarship and other forms of benefits aligned to academic goals and not other personal benefits.

This report states that if the supreme court allows the body to stop being the guardian of the property of the students in things like name and images property then it turns out that the students will have a lot of income which may be unethical or lead them into unethical behavior. However, on the other side, it is also unethical for the body to hold back what is rightly owned by the students, and therefore it is a difficult decision to make. This report, therefore, is very important in the research about college students’ payment as it provides a breakdown of different reports addressed to the same issue.

Hess, A. (2019, September 11). The majority of college students say student-athletes should be paid, survey finds. CNBC; CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/11/student-athletes-should-get-paid-college-students-say.html

‌in this report in the CNBC a survey conducted states that majority of the college students stated that the athletes should be paid. This does not only support the wishes of the students but also supports the ideas and wishes of different other people including some members of the congress. In a research conducted by polling platform College Pulse of more than 2500 students, it found out that the majority of the students support the idea of paying college athletes, and therefore it is what has led to the case in the supreme court about the payment of the student-athletes and what should be done for them to receive what is theirs and what is being denied by the NCAA.

According to Johnson Hess who is the writer of this article 53% of college students among whom the research was conducted strongly agreed that it was necessary and important for college athletes to be paid because what they did was a job that few people could do and therefore if they were in the outside world and not playing for NCAA then they would be paid large sums of money. Therefore this article is very important in research about student-athletes payment since it focuses on how important it is for the students to live a good life and get justice for what they do.

Review, T. R. (2021, February 6). Paying College Athletes | The Regulatory Review. Www.theregreview.org. https://www.theregreview.org/2021/02/06/saturday-seminar-paying-college-athletes/

‌According to this article in the regulatory review, scholarly journal student-athletes generate so much money for their schools, coaches, bodies like the NCAA, and others except for themselves. Therefore this means that there has been an injustice that has always been in place and it is important for this injustice to be ended. Schools, where the athletes school get into a multi-million and multi-billion dollar, deals with organizations that use the images and names of the student-athletes in their marketing campaigns, apparel, and other types of activities to bring the organizations and the school money. However, the student-athletes do not benefit from these good results from the schools and other organizations’ deals. In 2019 California passed a law against the NCAA regulations that student-athletes do not earn from it when their names and other personal belongings like the name are used.

The fair pay play-act hoped to take place from 2023 will make the athletes’ world a better one as there will be chances of the athletes being paid for the use of their names in any kind of business deal between two groups or organizations. This, therefore, is seen as a big improvement, and therefore this article is very important in the research about the payment of student-athletes as they deserve it as the article states.

Sobocinski, E. J. (1996). College athletes: What is fair compensation. Marq. Sports LJ, 7, 257.

Sobocinski in this report talks of what it means to have fair compensation and if the compensation is fair enough after so many years of NCAA using the money gained from the students for other activities apart from paying the students. This report, therefore, talks of how NCAA has exploited the student-athletes, the current position of this issue, and if the student-athletes should be categorized as employees since they make a lot of money for the body even though they benefit very little from this amount of money. Sobocinski states that even though currently is when people are realising that there has been discrimination in terms of income of the college athletes this has been in existence for the longest period and therefore it hs become a difficult part of the society and the college students to address since there are also challenges associated with the demand for justice from them.

However in recent years with the concern of the general American society, it is firmly believed that it will be possible for the issue to be resolved because even congress is concerned about the issue. The report also states that the college athlete is a victim who is being used for the benefit of different people and the benefit of the schools and the NCAA. Therefore the report states that this has to end if there is hope that student-athletes are to get justice. Therefore this report with its intensive questioning and analysis of this article presents us with the different aspects and news of how it is possible to end this injustice while at the same time educate which is the goals of all the united states colleges. It is an important report which provides information to be used for research into the issue of college students’ compensation and payment.

Heekin, M. M., & Burton, B. W. (2014). Compensation for College Athletes: The Non-Destructive Solution. Wake Forest J. Bus. & Intell. Prop. L., 15, 364.

This article in the Hein online is an article that presents us with challenging questions when it comes to student payment and compensation. It discusses the driving force of scholarly sports and how the sports benefit the students the schools and other organizations like the NCAA. It also talks of how colleges depend so much on the different sporting events organized by the NCAA through which they can raise a lot of money to just for the use of the students but majorly for the use of the schools in their activities and other uses like buildings. The article talks of how the money is made by the schools that use the student-athletes and how this money is shared in small quantities to the athletes for their scholarships and other basic needs like the stipends.

In this article, the question of the manner of compensation for student-athletes also arises whereby there is a discussion whether the students should be paid cash or academic kind of payment. The report also states that payment of cash to the student-athletes would create conflicts in the field of the students, their instructors, and other students and therefore it remains a difficult question to answer whether students should be paid cash or in academic terms. Therefore making this article a very important ingredient in the research about college athletes’ payment.

Knoester, C., & Ridpath, B. D. (2020). Should College Athletes Be Allowed to Be Paid? A Public Opinion Analysis. Sociology of Sport Journal, 1(a), 1-13.

In this report by Knoester and Ridpath, the students are being supported by different people to be paid. The report states that parents unlike in the past have now started supporting the student-athletes to be paid for their sports activities. However, this is still subject to racial issues of the students and their parents as the population of the united states still have a very big difference when it comes to race and even though there have been efforts to end this it is still a problem. Therefore it turns out that black parents are more likely to support the payment of athletes while white parents are more unlikely to support the same.

This compensation comes as a way of providing justice to the college students because most of them do not get justice since they play so much but they are only paid for their academics through the scholarship and the stipend and nothing else. However, this report states that it is very important for these students to be paid not just for their basic college needs but to be paid for what they have played for and what they deserve because it is their property. Therefore this report presents us with the public opinion of whether student-athletes should be paid or not. Most people state that it is important for college athletes to be paid and therefore this report is very crucial to the research about the payment and compensation of college athletes.

References

Duster, Chandeliers. “Democrats Make New Push for College Athlete Compensation.” CNN, Cable News Network, 4 Feb. 2021, edition.cnn.com/2021/02/04/politics/college-athlete-economic-freedom-act/index.html.

Dwyer, Colin. “NCAA Plans To Allow College Athletes To Get Paid For Use Of Their Names, Images.” NPR, NPR, 29 Oct. 2019, www.npr.org/2019/10/29/774439078/ncaa-starts-process-to-allow-compensation-for-college-athletes.

Heekin, M. M., & Burton, B. W. (2014). Compensation for College Athletes: The Non-Destructive Solution. Wake Forest J. Bus. & Intell. Prop. L., 15, 364.

Hess, A. (2019, September 11). The majority of college students say student-athletes should be paid, survey finds. CNBC; CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/11/student-athletes-should-get-paid-college-students-say.html

Higgins, L. (2020, March 11). What Happens When College Athletes Get Paid. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-happens-when-college-athletes-get-paid-11583879855

Higgins, T. (2021, March 30). NCAA college athlete compensation case comes before the Supreme Court. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/03/30/ncaa-college-athlete-compensation-case-comes-before-the-supreme-court.html

Knoester, C., & Ridpath, B. D. (2020). Should College Athletes Be Allowed to Be Paid? A Public Opinion Analysis. Sociology of Sport Journal, 1(a), 1-13.

Review, T. R. (2021, February 6). Paying College Athletes | The Regulatory Review. Www.theregreview.org. https://www.theregreview.org/2021/02/06/saturday-seminar-paying-college-athletes/

Sobocinski, E. J. (1996). College athletes: What is fair compensation. Marq. Sports LJ, 7, 257.

Sow, A. (2019). Should College Athletes Receive Compensation?.

Cognitive Dissonance: Abortion after Rape

(Author’s name)

(Institutional Affiliation)

Abstract

Holding two conflicting thoughts and beliefs can easily result to the upheaval of human rationalization. Cognitive dissonance forces individuals to perform actions that bring about psychological discomfort, thus, influences apposite decision making. However, cognitive dissonance is vital for psychological development in human beings. For example, considering an abortion after rape will cause cognitive dissonance for the victim. However, dissonance allows individuals to make value judgments, assessments, and valuation of the situations presented to them. Understanding the influences of cognitive dissonance on decision-making is an excellent way to develop individual ability to make precise choices.

Key Words: Cognitive Dissonance, Abortion, Rape

Introduction

Normal human behavior requires that individuals search for constancy in their values and discernment of situation. Cognition refers to knowledge, which can be translated to attitude, behavior, or value (Cooper, 2007). Individuals hold a multitude of cognitions concurrently, which can be in extraneous, consonant, or dissonant interactions with each other. In psychology, cognitive dissonance refers to the uncomfortable feeling arising from having two conflicting thoughts and perceptions about a situation (Cooper, 2007). Cognitive dissonance is a common occurrence in human life, but it is predominantly noticeable when individuals are presented with situations conflicting with their self-identity. Self-identity comprises of values and beliefs that are integral to an individual’s distinctiveness. Subsequently, when individuals experience an inconsistency between their beliefs concerning behaviors, something must be done to eradicate or lessen this dissonance (Cooper, 2007).

This paper presents a description of a situation that causes cognitive dissonance. The paper explains how the situation influences an individual’s decision to engage in behavior that violates their values, beliefs, attitudes and morals.

Abortion after Rape

Abortion is a subject that has spawned numerous debates regarding the ethical and moral values associated with the act. Abortion after rape has generated even more debate as it provokes what cognitive dissonance with the affected. Indubitably, the majority of people hold the belief that abortion is immoral because it involves obliteration of the life of another (Evans, 2002). Accordingly, most state authorities associate abortion with criminal activities and the act is prohibited in most states. However, the same authorities consent to abortion after the event of a rape owing to the nature of the deed (Evans, 2002). Upon a closer examination of the issue, it is evident how cognitive dissonance may result from such a situation. A woman who believes that abortion is morally wrong may have conflicting thoughts regarding termination of pregnancy that results from a rape. On one hand, abortion is morally and ethically unacceptable, which constitutes the woman’s values and beliefs. On the other hand, her pregnancy is as a result of rape, which is not only horrible, it also causes a sense of psychological damage to the woman. Carrying the pregnancy to full term implies that the woman will forever be reminded of the atrocious rape event. Terminating the pregnancy will force her to violate her values, beliefs, and morals.

In order to lessen this dissonance between belief and actions, the woman can either carry the pregnancy to full term or downsize her beliefs concerning abortion. Further, settling on the latter would conflict with previously held notions about morality and the concept of performing ethical actions. However, the former would reduce dissonance as it accentuates the need for positive thinking concerning the pregnancy. Here, the woman is compelled to focus of the child’s positive qualities, as opposed to, the perceived flaws.

References

Cooper, J. (2007). Cognitive dissonance: 50 years of a classic theory. London: Sage

publications.

Evans, J. H. (2002). Polarization in Abortion Attitudes. Sociological Forum, 17(3): 397-422.

College Athletes Should Not Be Paid Money

College sports can be defined as “amateur contests whose players come from a restricted subset of the population of athletically talented individuals who we require to be regular students seeking academic degrees” (“Intercollegiate Sports in America”, n.d.). But the reality about college sports is not as simple as the definition of college sports. With the progress of time the concept of college sports has been transformed from an amateur to a professional one and this is because now-a-days the participants in college sports do not merely participate to compete and to show their talent, upholding the prestige of their respective educational institutions, but most of them are much more inclined towards earning money and accomplishing self-gains.

College athletes should not be paid money for their participation and performance and there are several reasons behind the concept of such non-payment. Primarily the lure of financial gain withers away the sportsmanship within the participants of college sports. The inflow of money in college sports can be a disaster for the budget of most of the universities and this in turn can affect severely on the programs and policies related to academic progresses. For an example, the absurd coaches’ salaries that most of today’s colleges spend for winning football bowl games and basketball tournaments (for earning monetary rewards) should be counted as a wastage of money as such huge amount of money, if spend in strengthening the educational systems of these concerned colleges might render better results in terms of creating an educated workforce for the future.

Education is a primary source of money and college athletes are provided with this basic means of earning money by their respective colleges. So it is never fair or ethical for such students (who are also athletes) to ask for monetary rewards for representing their colleges in sports events and for upholding the prestige of their respective colleges by winning sports competitions. Colleges must start to get concerned about such issue because if they carry on paying their student athletes for representing their institutions then actually they are going to put these athletes in jeopardy, and this jeopardy will emerge because the greed for money through participating in sport events will actually reduce the interest of these athletes in receiving higher education, and such disinterest is not at all desirable on the part of a population which is going to be the future of the country. And this fear is looming large in the realm of NCAA, as this governing body has understood that “the mere notion of paying college athletes undermines the university’s primary purpose – education, something far more valuable than a modest annual stipend proposed by many. If it currently appears that the universities “don’t really care” about the athlete, paying them would intensify that belief, not dissolve it” (“Intercollegiate Sports in America”, n.d.).

The administrative body of many of the colleges in the United States argues that it is better to pay the college athletes to participate in inter-college sport competitions and win monetary rewards as such financial rewards are actually used in developing the overall infrastructure of the colleges including the educational framework. But this is only a partial truth because there are different other games apart from football or basketball spending on which the colleges actually drain their money without any potential return on investment. It is noteworthy that “only a fraction of Division I football and men’s basketball programs turn a profit…The other Division I football and basketball programs as well as sports such as baseball, softball, golf, hockey, women’s basketball (minus a couple of notable programs), and just about all Division II sports not only fail to make money, but actually drain their athletic budgets. The outcome here would be inevitable: Forcing athletic departments to pay its football and basketball players would result in the eventual elimination of most, if not all, of the non-revenue sports” (“Intercollegiate Sports in America”, n.d.).

In the money game the colleges often are forgetting that their athletes are their students first and sportsperson later on. They are forgetting the simple truth that “mind that student-athletes are not employees of the university, rather they are students first and athletes second” (“Intercollegiate Sports in America”, n.d.). The primary duty of any educational institution is to enhance the knowledge of its pupil but in today’s America most of the colleges are much more inclined to enhance their prestige in the realm of sports and thereby earn more and more money by winning inter-college competitions. And due to enrolling in the rat race of earning money through sport competitions these colleges are actually forgetting that they are paying money to their student-athletes, increasing their monetary demands, deviating their focus from education to money-making, and thereby, putting their future at stake. So, judging from this angle too, it must be admitted that paying the student-athletes is unethical and immoral.

Moreover, it should not be negated that by paying money to the student-athletes the economically sound colleges are creating a disparity in the realm of college sports. This is because the colleges who have more money in their treasury are much more able to pay more and more money to their student-athletes and to their coaches while other colleges with less monetary strength fails to higher big-shot coaches and are less able to pay sufficient money to their student-athletes. And such inequality in the expenditure is actually affecting the domain of college sports because the highly paid coaches are much more motivated than their low-paid counterparts, to bring the winning trophy to the respective colleges which hired them. So, it is observable that some of the colleges in order to earn money through college sport competitions and most of the student-athletes in order to secure themselves financially are actually paving the way for the spread of economic disparity at the very basic level.

It is a reality that “From the moment the full-scholarship papers are signed, each participant’s role is very clear: Schools accept the responsibility of the student’s tuition, meal plan, and boarding, while the athlete is provided with the opportunity to earn a degree, engage in college life and play their favorite sport in a well-organized, and often high profile fashion” ” (“Intercollegiate Sports in America”, n.d.). But the student-athletes, due to the influence of the modern trend of earning money through representing their respective colleges in sport events, are actually misinterpreting the agreement and they have now taken the academic part as granted and they are now considering formal education less important than participating in college sports as the latter for them is now a means for earning money. And now it has become an undeniable fact that presently “a college education is not held in the same esteem and worse yet, some see it as simply an opportunity to earn money” (“Intercollegiate Sports in America”, n.d.).

In conclusion, most of the colleges have now enrolled themselves in the rat race of earning money through college sports and this has paved the way for student-athletes to show their disregard for formal education and their adherence to the money-making policies like participating in college sports and winning competitions for their respective colleges. This is a harmful trend and if this trend carries on then the time is not too far that colleges will be producing greedy sportspersons respecting only money as their God and disregarding education considering it as an obsolete thing which is unworthy in gaining financial profits.

(1,242 words)

References

Intercollegiate Sports in America. (n.d.). Lombardi. Retrieved March 11, 2013, from http://lombardi.lsu.edu/his11/week_11.html

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Cognitive Valence Theory

One thing that no one can avoid is socializing with other people. The world was created so that people will have to live with one another at one point in life, identical to all other living things, including animals. Frankly, a man-to-man relationship is known as one of the most complicated types of relationships, as people have to tolerate each other’s traits, whether bad or good, to survive. Living with one another involves a special kind of intimacy, which is explained by cognitive valence theory. This theory explains the type of intimacy between different relationships, defined by blood, marriage, or general friendships.

Relationships discussed in this type of theory may include family relationships, which provides for can be described as the mother-father-to-child relationship. There are extended parties in this relationship, where grandparents, uncles, and other close people fall under this category. The other connection is a colleague-to-colleague relationship, which happens to be the closest one as most workmates spend most of their time together (Schunk, Ellen, 25). Unfortunately, most working-class society pays most of the day at work, only to return a few hours home. Married people are another example of a relationship where two people mutually agree to stay together for the rest of their lives. Marriage is one of the most complex types of association, as it involves vows and other agreements.

Cognitive valence theory explains how such relationships should be maintained by giving a thorough explanation of how this kind of theory relates to the real world and what is happening today (Kim, 99). When people connect, some problems may arise whereby both parties might end up arguing or misunderstanding. Intimacy, in this case, is divided into two, where cognitive valence proves that people’s actions against one another determine how long or strong the relationship might be (Altmann, 192). The first category of intimacy is the positive one. Each of the relating parties agrees with one another, is at peace, and each other’s actions do not hinder the other party in any way.

The second type of intimacy is the negative one, where a friend feels disconnected, and everything the other partner does is not pleasing to them. It is also referred to as the distant project, where one or both of the parties in a relationship feel disconnected from one another and no longer feel close to the other person. Closeness in this matter happens to be the critical measure of how people relate to one another. Individuals believe that one has to be close to one another to prove that the relationship is going well (Beck, 16).

Affection and intimacy are also closely related to the type of relationship one will have with one another. People believe that the relationship bond is usually strengthened by focusing on promoting positive valence in a relationship. The actions that each partner has on one another determine the relationship the two will have, hence proving that society focuses on what people do in judging the strength of intimacy people have. If one cares for one another, people tend to believe that the individuals should ensure that they do all it takes to keep the relationship solid and intact. Below is a case that happened to me in a university that explained the real meaning of cognitive valence and how its relevance affected decisions made by people involved in the scenario.

Personal Story Text

Being black in a white-dominated school was not easy for me. Since childhood, I have watched other children play together, living with a few black friends and me playing on our playgrounds due to our complexion. After high school, I thought my struggle was over and that I could meet new students who could love and accommodate me for who I was. Things turned out opposite as I found myself in a class of thirty students; among them, I was the only black one.

The first week in the university felt like hell to me as I was lonely. I had managed to make two white friends, who were still afraid of socializing with me due to fear of their colleagues (Shuman et al. 261). I faced rejection in discussion groups, lecture halls, and other gatherings where no one bothered to talk to me until I met a childhood friend from nowhere in the school. Mike was one of my childhood friends, a white boy who grew up in a black neighborhood; he knew me pretty well. I explained to him how the supervisors mistreated me, ignored me in the class, and did other injustices, and he was very sorry for me.

At last, I was happy I had someone I could trust and talk to in the white denominated school, which gave me no chance to learn peacefully. Mike made it a habit of visiting me every day, and sometimes he almost got into fights trying to protect me from bullying until we graduated from school. After three years, I was happy to move out of the university, with a lesson learned the hard way. Up to date, Mike and I are still good friends, and I always remind and thank him for the sacrifices he made for me despite being white. I always prefer our friendship as a special one, as it defines what a friend should do for one another (Palmer, Karen, 8881). Our interpersonal relation with Mike, the white students, and the administration was based on several guidelines that defined our type of relationship with one another in the university.

According to cognitive valence, culture is one of the guidelines or ideas that define a person’s kind of relationship with one another. Culture, in this case, can be defined as the way people behave, the environment they are in, the beliefs or other norms that govern the society they live. In my case, the culture of the people at the university did not allow people from other races, or instead, the administration was not happy about the issue (Kim, 110). The people in the area behaved in a pattern which explained clearly that they had not planned for any visitors or intruders in their school.

Education is an art. Having a school dominated by one race means that the people in the area embraced education as the simplest form of skill in the region, where they opened schools for their children only. Education being an artist means that it was a flexible form of culture, where people had accepted that changes might occur in the future. Discriminating the black students was a sign of a lack of essential values in society. The children’s behavior was uncontrollable hence proving that these students had not been grown up with the needed values in the community.

My personal goal was to complete my studies and pass them well, just like any other scholar. The other students had the same motive, but their culture did not allow them to act humbly as they felt black domination in their school was intruding on their peace. Some of the practices that they did were not always pleasing. They mocked me, participated in rallies that advocated the ban of all black students in the school. They were ready to do such practices as they felt their culture was intruded on and that they had to protect it (Anderson, 64).

Personalities

Personalities also differ according to the way a person grew up, the environment, and the individual’s teachings since childhood (Altman, 192). Most of the white classmates had arrogance which had been introduced by how they found their culture. They grew up in a place where some races were not welcome, thus decided to be harsh on them. Their emotions towards blacks are not suitable as they hate them. On the other hand, Mike displayed a different kind of personality, although he was white. He had an accommodating heart, he understood and respected me just like an ordinary human being, and that made him exclusively different from his colleagues. His emotions and feelings were purely good towards other people, as he never supported the idea of discrimination.

The cognitive theory argues that one should, first of all, consider their personality. Honestly, you cannot expect to be treated well when you are not treating other people well. Since I was a child, I was raised with other kids; my parents encouraged me to teamwork and have productive friends (Oatley, Philip, 134). Neglecting me and letting me live my own life affected me somehow, as I thought I would be of help discussing with the rest of the class. Again, it emphasizes that people should learn that not all personalities match with one another.

In this story, personalities differentiate the kind of relationship I had in the school. To begin with, the white students’ attitude towards me made our relationship poor and non-existent, while Mike ensured that we were still close friends, and he respected that. Our friendship helped me a lot as he decided to abide by the promises we had made to each other when we were kids and went against his fellow whites in bullying me (Shuman et al. 261). This idea confirms that cognitive valence speaks the truth about the effect of personalities on intimacy and bonds, where the theory suggests that the policy affects friendships ties a lot.

Interpersonal Valence

One of my happiest days at the university was the moment when I met Mike. I had completely lost hope in making friends in school until the day we met. I felt relieved, revived, and back to normal for seeing him. I had faced a total rejection by the people I was supposed to spend the next three years with, hence meeting an old friend with whom I was sure he could accommodate me was the most pleasant feeling ever. Interpersonal valence in this theory means the feeling of getting back to normal after a period of either failure or denial by close friends (Schunk, Ellen, 22). This feeling strengthens the friendship ties even more, as people remember how much they should be there for each other and act on it.

Interpersonal valence can also be defined as the turning point of a dying relationship or bond. An individual may decide to come out clear to another partner about their fate in the period of giving up. If the message is acceptable, this sudden change of mood and emotion may also be called interpersonal valence, where individuals enjoy the team up but in a secret way. That outward feeling of happiness that an individual expresses after such situations also determines if both parties will make peace or there will still be a grudge.

State

My communication with other students in the class and the university was relatively poor. Some of the supervisors supported chasing away the blacks; hence communicating with them was a bit hard for someone like me. The state between the people around me and me was not suitable, as the only person whom we spoke well and related with was Mike. The theory of cognitive valence argues that when the state of the situation is terrible, communication becomes a problem; hence most of the activities cannot be carried out like usual (Palmer, Karen, 8879). In my case, I was on bad terms with almost everyone around me, thus confirming that I could not get important information from some people.

Cognitive valence says that communication is the essential thing in everything we do. Without proper communication, trust is completely lost between the parties, and the first problem comes in there. This theory states that communication has to flow well between parties that have a relationship to maintain respect and bond with one another (Beck, 15).

Relationship

To begin with Mike, my relationship with him began when we were young; hence, I always referred to it as vital. He proved correct when he chose to oppose his fellow whites’ for the sake of our friendship. Despite all the challenges we had, our bond remained strong, meaning that the kind of relationship we had was honest and promising (Beck, 6). The classmates, on the other hand, had made me look like an outcast in the class, where they neglected me in almost every activity they did. My relationship with them was not generally okay; thus, I can term it as weak. According to the theory of cognitive valence, for intimacy to be intense, the relationship should also be rigid enough.

This theory explains how relationships are influenced and affected by different issues due to personal feelings, environment, or other actors. How a person relates with one another precisely defines how one feels about them, confirming that relationships are closely linked with peace and more vital bonds in intimacy. Unlike other requirements in intimacy and closeness, the relationship tends to be a little different (Anderson, 65). Being unwanted in the society may lead to negativity in the actions taken by both parties hence

Valence violations

According to this theory, valence violations can be termed as the measure of negativity or positivity from an expected source of information (Kim, 99). In this case, negative valence is considered the types of friendships that people create and end up losing due to mixed choices and misunderstandings. On the other hand, positive valence can be defined as superficial friendships, which are started by willing parties and end up lasting for a more extended period. The theory also clarifies the importance of positive valence, whereby the extent to which positivity occurs determines the outcomes of a relationship.

Again, valence violations explain the importance of the six guidelines, which generally define the meaning of cognitive valence theory (Altman, 192). Some of the guidelines that describe the theory are culture, which was discussed in this paper earlier, art representing the skills that the people have, values that guide them in their daily lives, goals that lead them in decision-making, and practices that take place in their community. The idea of valence violations explains what might happen to people in a relationship or intimacy if they fail to observe any of the guidelines.Works Cited

Altmann, Ulrike, et al. “The power of emotional valence—from cognitive to affective processes in reading.” Frontiers in human neuroscience 6 (2012): 192.

Andersen, Peter A. “The cognitive valence theory of intimate communication.” Progress in communication sciences (1998): 39-72.

Beck, Aaron T., and Emily AP Haigh. “Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model.” Annual review of clinical psychology 10 (2014): 1-24.

Kim, Young “Sally. “Application of the cognitive dissonance theory to the service industry.” Services Marketing Quarterly 32.2 (2011): 96-112.

Oatley, Keith, and Philip N. Johnson-Laird. “Cognitive approaches to emotions.” Trends in cognitive sciences 18.3 (2014): 134-140.

Palmer, Stephen E., and Karen B. Schloss. “An ecological valence theory of human color preference.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.19 (2010): 8877-8882.

Schunk, Dale H., and Ellen L. Usher. “Social cognitive theory and motivation.” The Oxford handbook of human motivation (2012): 13-27.

Shuman, Vera, David Sander, and Klaus R. Scherer. “Levels of valence.” Frontiers in Psychology 4 (2013): 261.

College Athletes Should not be Paid

College athletes should not be paid to encourage equal participation opportunities among interested students. Individuals with ingrained talent and desire to participate in athletic events would remain engaged as those with the primary focus on financial gains withdraw from relevant competitions. Besides, every learner should get some opportunities to actively engage in athletics as part of physical exercises that promote learning (Perini et al., 2016). Greedy and selfish students would not allow others, especially upcoming athletes, adequate time to participate in games if payment is effected (Sack, 2009). Hence, the learning institutions may lose their original meaning and become athletic and business institutions.  

Moreover, scholarships and exposure should act as adequate compensation and non-monetary reward for college athletes (Sorauren, 2000). Since it is almost impossible to accurately estimate the value of exposing students to priceless athletic events, college athletes should remain contented and satisfied to encourage more exposures and support by their institutions. Besides, students gain lots of nonmonetary benefits of extremely high value compared to the relatively little amounts they could receive as payment. For instance, the athletes could win other valuable scholarships and sponsorships, especially through televised games (Sack, 2009). Precisely, student-athletes gain more popularity and increase the chances of securing other benefits by participating in athletic events. Still, learning institutions could incur relatively huge costs by supporting the student-athletes through the purchase of necessary equipment, games kits, and food items. Consequently, the learning institutions could recover the spent funds by using income from games, names and images of their best athletes to attract more learners, facilitate other advertisements and train their tutors for better service provision (Dhar, 2015).

In conclusion, college athletes should not be paid because they tend to enjoy numerous non-monetary benefits. Moreover, student-athletes should not be paid to encourage equal participation opportunities among students while preserving the original aims of colleges as learning institutions. Therefore, college athletes should consider forgoing monetary payments and focus on long-term and non-monetary benefits from sporting events.

References

Dhar, R. L. (2015). Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Tourism Management, 46, 419-430.

Perini, R., Bortoletto, M., Capogrosso, M., Fertonani, A., & Miniussi, C. (2016). Acute effects of aerobic exercise promote learning. Scientific reports, 6(1), 1-8.

Sack, A. (2009). Clashing Models of Commercial Sport in Higher Education: Implications for Reform and Scholarly Research. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics.

Sorauren, I. F. (2000). Non-monetary incentives: Do people work only for money?. Business Ethics Quarterly, 925-944.

Cold War

Like in every other major global conflict and event, the Cold War was ideally a result of the ideological differences between the Soviet Union and the United States at the time. Power and control were the main issues of contention as each nation pushed to have influence over the emerging and decolonized nations. New nations were aligning with the Soviets or the United States on the basis of political alliances and ideological fronts. American leaders thought of the Cold War as a turning point for many countries, including its own foreign policy as well as political ideology. The effect was a direct influence on the domestic economy, leadership, the presidency, and the personal lives of every America. Leaders created an environment of expected normalcy and conformity regarding foreign policy directions and political standpoints. For example, speaking against the activities of the American government activities abroad was akin to treason, and would most likely be interpreted as sympathizing with communism ideology.

The Cold War not only had significant influence on the foreign policy of the United States, but also a notable impact on domestic affairs. Stronger and more conspicuous efforts were made in the 1950s to root out ideological standpoints that resembled communism in the United States. The period saw an increase in anti-communist hysteria, creating a culture of hatred for Soviet ideology. The period also established presence of an eternal enemy for the Americans, prompting politicians and leaders to capitalize on the new ideology as a way of consolidating power and control. Film and literature found a lot of material spreading the idea of dystopia, espionage, and nuclear war. Mainstream media at the time increasingly focused on the Soviet Union and the communist agenda that as presented as a threat to American life. a paranoid culture of living in fear of communism and its agenda was firmly established within the United States.

College Athletes Should not be PaidCollege athletes should not be paid to encourage equal participation opportunities among interested students. Individuals with ingrained talent and desire to participate in athletic events would remain engaged as those with the primary focus on financial gains withdraw from relevant competitions. Consequently, more learners would get relatively fair chances to explore their capabilities and develop their talents in athletics. Besides, every learner should get some opportunities to actively engage in athletics as part of physical exercises that promote learning (Perini et al., 2016). Greedy and selfish students would not allow others, especially upcoming athletes, adequate time to participate in games if payment is effected (Sack, 2009). Instead, such selfish athletes could spend most of their time participating in athletics rather than studying. Hence, the learning institutions may lose their original meaning and become athletic and business institutions.  

Moreover, scholarships and exposure should act as adequate compensation and non-monetary reward for college athletes (Sorauren, 2000). Since it is almost impossible to accurately estimate the value of exposing students to priceless athletic events, college athletes should remain contented and satisfied to encourage more exposures and support by their institutions. Thus, it could be one of the best ways through which the athletes express their appreciation to their institutions for supporting their studies and exposing them to athletic games.  

Additionally, college athletes should not be paid because they may attain other nonmonetary benefits of extremely high value compared to the relatively little amounts they could receive as payment. For instance, the athletes could win other valuable scholarships and sponsorships, especially through televised games (Sack, 2009). Precisely, student-athletes gain more popularity and increase the chances of securing other benefits by participating in athletic events. Besides, learning institutions could incur relatively huge costs by supporting the student-athletes through the purchase of necessary equipment, games kits, and food items. Consequently, the learning institutions could recover the spent funds by using names and images of their best athletes to attract more learners and facilitate other advertisements.

Also, colleges and other institutions of higher learning should utilize most of the gains from sporting events to fund development projects rather than paying student-athletes. Since the learning institutions serve as homes that accommodate, educate and develop the students, they (colleges) should spend most of the gains from sporting events in improving their infrastructure and training their tutors to encourage better service provision (Dhar, 2015). Thus, student-athletes would not lose but rather gain by supporting their institutions through the generation of income from games and related events such as advertising.

In conclusion, college athletes should not be paid because they tend to enjoy numerous non-monetary benefits. Moreover, student-athletes should not be paid to encourage equal participation opportunities among students while preserving the original aims of colleges as learning institutions. Therefore, college athletes should consider forgoing monetary payments and focus on long-term and non-monetary benefits from sporting events.

References

Dhar, R. L. (2015). Service quality and the training of employees: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Tourism Management, 46, 419-430.

Perini, R., Bortoletto, M., Capogrosso, M., Fertonani, A., & Miniussi, C. (2016). Acute effects of aerobic exercise promote learning. Scientific reports, 6(1), 1-8.

Sack, A. (2009). Clashing Models of Commercial Sport in Higher Education: Implications for Reform and Scholarly Research. Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics.

Sorauren, I. F. (2000). Non-monetary incentives: Do people work only for money?. Business Ethics Quarterly, 925-944.