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Chapter 6; Topic 2

An RF Group and its RF NeighbourhoodsThe optimal setting for RF for each AP is monitored by the RRM. Several APs under the RRM algorithm s are considered members of a single logical RF group, and they are under unified administrative control. Since one FP group can configure a single controller, it contains all the APs joints to develop it. A single RF group can span multiple controllers, but only one can run the RRM algorithm for all the APs present in the RF group. In addition, RF neighborhoods are formed by APs contained in one RF group organized by the RRM.

RF Group and its RF Neighbourhoods; internet source

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/controller/7-6/configuration-guide/b_cg76/b_cg76_chapter_010000000.pdf

An RF group refers to a logical collection of controllers coordinating to perform the RRM in an optimized manner universally accepted. Its purpose is to calculate network performance based on per-radio. The RMM runs at a default time lap of 600 seconds. RF groups define controllers’ clusters and facilitate system-wide dynamic RF management. Access points validate messages to each other using the RF group name. An RF neighborhood in auto mode is formed automatically when access points on different controllers receive signals from validated neighbor messages with a –80 dBm or stronger signal strength. The RF group leader sends keepalive messages to each of the RF group members and collects real-time RF data

Multicultural Issues in Neurogenic Disorders

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Summary

Most epileptic persons endure a double burden since they must deal with the disease’s everyday misunderstandings and stigma all at the same time. At the same time, they must deal with the symptoms and impairments. The article “Family stigma associated with epilepsy: A qualitative study” seeks to investigate what family members feel about the pain of epilepsy and how they cope with this sort of burden. Epilepsy is a relatively frequent neurological disorder that affects approximately 300 million people worldwide. It is associated with symptoms such as convulsion and loss of consciousness. In Europe, the prevalence of epilepsy is 0.52 percent in the United States, 0.68 percent in Europe, 1.8 percent in underdeveloped nations, and 1.5 percent (Amjad et al., 2017). Social acceptance of children with epilepsy is a source of concern. This condition, in particular, has been stigmatized and misunderstood. The article focuses on how family members confront their perceptions of the epileptic person’s difficulties and how it affects their social and familial life. The information gathered in this article can be used as a foundation to improve the way people perceive epilepsy.

The primary study question that the research is attempting to address is parents’ experiences with epileptic children. To collect the necessary data for this interpretative phenomenological study, in-depth semi-structured and face-to-face interviews were used. A purposive sampling strategy was utilized to collect data to guarantee that rich data was acquired. Van Manen’s approach was used to analyze the data. According to the findings, one of the study’s themes was familial stigma. Families with epilepsy tend to keep their children away from the public to prevent being mocked as a result of other people’s bad treatment.

If a person is aware that epilepsy cannot be solved but rather a sickness that has to be lived with, they will not blame the victim for having it. They will understand that the person cannot do much to control it, and therefore they can’t blame them for their difficulties or mishaps caused by their disorder. This has been a major problem for those with epilepsy, and it is something the article intends to change. There are three main types of epileptic attacks: partial, incomplete, and generalized seizures. The first two types present themselves as continuous seizures or attacks that last from a brief moment to 30 minutes. The third type extends over a long period and significantly impacts an individual’s daily life. Epilepsy is understood as a brain disorder; however, it is not limited only to the brain and can affect any part of the body over time. A person with epilepsy may experience a seizure several times. Still, some families have experienced no more than one episode of epilepsy in their lifetime, while others have seen many episodes in their child’s life.

The study “Influence of culture in obsessive-compulsive disorder and its treatment” analyzes obsessive-compulsive disorder as a distinct condition having a neurological foundation that may or may not vary based on multicultural diversity. According to Nicolini and Salin-Pascual, OCD may or may not vary among individuals and between cultures. However, the study found that, in general, cultural-related factors are essential in the manifestation of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) traits. The article also emphasizes that cultural factors are essential in treating OCD since it is more effective when a patient’s culture is considered. The study examined two subcultures: Caucasian and Spanish. It focused on how family and cultural values related to the patient’s environment affect their OCD symptoms and treatment outcome. The primary study question that the research is attempting to address is the perception of OCD. To collect the necessary data for this interpretative phenomenological study, in-depth semi-structured and face-to-face interviews were used. A purposive sampling strategy was utilized to collect data to guarantee that rich data was acquired. A systematic method was used to analyze the data whereby they grouped those findings with related concepts that had some cultural influence on the manifestation of OCD. The study found that Caucasian families were more accepting of the patient’s condition and believed that he or she had a relapse due to laboratory stress rather than obsessive thoughts related to the disorder. However, Spanish families tend to see things differently than Caucasian families. They believe that OCD is linked with contamination rather than contamination because of intrusive thoughts being controlled by generalization (Nicolini et al., 2017).

According to Ellis, “Does race/ethnicity really matter in adult neurogenic?” article explores the issue of neurogenic disorders in adults, which mainly affects whites. The author defines neurogenic disorders as impairments related to the brain associated with a sensory, behavioral, or intellectual deficit that cannot be attributed to another epidermal or systemic disease. Though neurogenic disorders affect mostly Caucasians, neurogenic pathologies are incredibly diverse in their presentation and are based on age and racial/ethnic background. The main study question that the researchers are trying to answer is on the presentation of neurogenic disorders in adults. Semi-structured interviews, face-to-face interviews, and focus groups were used to collect the necessary data for this interpretative phenomenological study. A purposive sampling strategy was utilized to collect data to guarantee that rich data was acquired. A combined format approach was used to analyze the data. The study found that, in general, people presented with neurogenic disorders are generally viewed as being confused or senile individuals, and they are not given a chance to be appropriately diagnosed and treated correctly. The research determined a signature in how individuals with such conditions are dealt with (Ellis, 2009).

The article “Speech pathologists and professional interpreters managing culturally and linguistically diverse adults with communication disorders” aims to investigate the experiences of persons with speech and language disorders who are seeking health care services. It focuses on socio-psychological barriers for speech, language, and swallowing pathologists within the communication sciences, especially concerning healthcare professionals belonging to minority populations. The main study question that the researchers are trying to answer is the effects of culture on provider behavior. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect the necessary data for this interpretative phenomenological study. In contrast, face-to-face interviews were used to gain more in-depth information about their experiences with the clients. A purposive sampling strategy was utilized to collect data. The method used to collect data was systematic and purposive. According to the findings, most pathologists felt that their experiences with the patients were positive and neutral. Still, there was a need for more minority professional interpreters to help them deal with their cases (Huang et al., 2019).

Critical thinking

My general thoughts regarding this study are that multicultural Issues in neurogenic disorder treatment involve a patient’s culture. I found that the different types of patients with neurogenic disorders reflect the differences in their cultures. The majority of Caucasians with neurogenic disorders are diagnosed as being in an early stage. I feel that Hispanic patients are treated differently compared to their Caucasian counterparts as they are considered in a later stage. Furthermore, I noticed that some of the symptoms are also associated with their cultures. For example, related to contamination is associated with Hispanic and Chinese people.

However, contamination may not be related to both groups because some believe it is from the patient’s family beliefs, which have a history of Chinese and Hispanic ancestors. Furthermore, I found that why people believe something depends on what country they came from or even if they were Asian or Hispanic when they were born. This study has proved that interacting with other people from different cultures can help for a better view of how the treatment should be done for someone who has a neurogenic disorder, such as OCD. I also noticed that some of the patients misinterpreted their symptoms and started to think that the disorder was not related to their culture; therefore, they started trying to change their behavior, from cultural rituals to restaurant etiquette.

In conclusion, this study found that different disorders have different symptoms and causes based on ethnicity and culture. Therefore, it is essential for professionals working in healthcare settings to know these different cultures and languages, so they do not dismiss a patient’s symptoms. It can be cured easily with medication.

References

Amjad, R. N., Nasrabadi, A. N., & Navab, E. (2017). The family stigma associated with epilepsy: a qualitative study. Journal of caring sciences, 6(1), 59.

Ellis, C. (2009). Does race/ethnicity really matter in adult neurogenics?

Huang, A. J., Siyambalapitiya, S., & Cornwell, P. (2019). Speech pathologists and professional interpreters managing culturally and linguistically diverse adults with communication disorders: a systematic review. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 54(5), 689-704.

Nicolini, H., Salin-Pascual, R., Cabrera, B., & Lanzagorta, N. (2017). Influence of culture in obsessive-compulsive disorder and its treatment. Current psychiatry reviews, 13(4), 285-292.

Chapter 6; Topic 2

An RF Group and its RF NeighbourhoodsThe optimal setting for RF for each AP is monitored by the RRM. Several APs under the RRM algorithm s are considered members of a single logical RF group, and they are under unified administrative control. Since one FP group can configure a single controller, it contains all the APs joints to develop it. A single RF group can span multiple controllers, but only one can run the RRM algorithm for all the APs present in the RF group. In addition, RF neighborhoods are formed by APs contained in one RF group organized by the RRM.

RF Group and its RF Neighbourhoods; internet source

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/controller/7-6/configuration-guide/b_cg76/b_cg76_chapter_010000000.pdf

An RF group refers to a logical collection of controllers coordinating to perform the RRM in an optimized manner universally accepted. Its purpose is to calculate network performance based on per-radio. The RMM runs at a default time lap of 600 seconds. RF groups define controllers’ clusters and facilitate system-wide dynamic RF management. Access points validate messages to each other using the RF group name. An RF neighborhood in auto mode is formed automatically when access points on different controllers receive signals from validated neighbor messages with a –80 dBm or stronger signal strength. The RF group leader sends keepalive messages to each of the RF group members and collects real-time RF data

Multicultural Literature

They say that east or west home is best am sure everyone can attest to this statement. However circumstances force us to move from our own native land so as to seek some sort of “better life” in a new and strange land. This can pose as a great challenge to the person when it comes to settling in the new strange land. There are however various situations that have been seen where a person easily fits into the new country with so much ease. This is attributed to the fact that the person possesses some various personal strengths that will enable the person to easily fit and therefore do well both socially and economically. This paper will therefore look at three characters who have successfully settled in a new land due to various strengths that each one of them possesses.

There are various reasons that led me to choose these three characters however their strengths are the main reasons that I made the specific choices. All this three characters have their own strengths that will enable them to survive and do well in the new land. The first character is good at Overcoming a challenges. Being in a new land that he is not familiar with is very challenging. Some of the challenging things can be such as the fact that he is in a land that the people speak different a language from him. This means that it can be very challenging for him to make any meaningful conversation with the people in case he needs something. Another challenging thing is the fact that he is in a land where there are people who are not of the same race as him. This means that there are chances that he might face racial discrimination during his stay in the new land. Another challenge in the new land is accommodation, this is very rare to find and it is a great challenge to secure a descent accommodation where one can stay comfortably. Employment is another challenge that he will face since it is very difficult for him to secure any form of employment. Coupled with the fact that he is a foreigner then it becomes more and more challenging. If he does not find himself any employment it means that it will be more challenging in the new land since he will lack means of survival and therefore become very difficult to sustain his basic needs in the new land (Demand Media, Inc, 2013).

However this character has the strength of overcoming challenges and therefore he will easily overcome the challenges that come his way in the new land. He is very good at adopting new things this means that he is talented at adaptability. This means that he is easy going and can easily go with the flow. He takes things as they come and therefore it will be very easy for him to adapt in the new land and it will be very easy for him to learn the language that is spoken by the people in the new land. Therefore he will easily embrace the language spoken there with great interest and it will be therefore very easy for him to learn the language. Therefore in a short period of time he was able to learn the main language of the people spoken by the people in the new land. With this it means that he easily overcomes the challenge of language and hence communication with the people is no longer a challenge. When it comes to overcoming racial discrimination he is consistent which means that he treats everyone with consistency which means that he will avoid any conflict that might be race related .this means that he will not give anyone room or chance to racially discriminate him. This means that throughout his stay in the land he will avoid rubbing people in the wrong way especially when it come to issues that pertain to race. Therefore he will have successfully overcome the challenge of racial discrimination and will be able to live with the people in the new land at peace with no conflicts. When it comes to the issue of accommodation his adaptability nature comes into play this means that he will be able to live right about anywhere that comes. He will adapt with ease in the place where he first finds accommodation without regarding the conditions that are presented in the area. This means that he will grab the any opportunity that comes his way when it comes to accommodation. Employment opportunities are scarce and therefore his strong communication theme will ensure that he expresses himself well in interviews that will give him a better chance on the opportunity. Being an achiever he has a great deal of stamina meaning that he will work very hard with everything in his power to ensure that he gets a chance of employment at any chance that has been presented to him. Being very competitive in nature it means that he will do everything possible to ensure that he gets employed with the limited employment opportunities that are there and yet people fighting to get the spot are many. Being a self-assurer it means that he is talented at feeling confident in any situation meaning that at instances where it seems challenging to get a job he will remain positive all the time. The confidence itself can be enough for him to successfully secure employment in the new land. His personal themes that he holds at heart are the ones that enable him to successfully overcome the various challenges that are presented to him. (Demand Media, Inc 2013).

The second character is very good at making new friends. Friends are very important in someone’s life this is because they help each other in times of need as well as sharing both good and bad times. Friends are therefore very important especially when someone is new in an area. Friends are the ones who will guide you when you are there in the new land. they will tell you what is expected of you when you are in that area; what you are supposed to do and what you are not supposed to do in terms of the expectations of the people in the area. This means that with someone to call a friend one will not go wrong in any way and will do everything that is expected of them and does it well. Therefore this second character is very good at making new friends first because he is talented in communication he easily finds a way of putting what he thinks into words and therefore this is very easy when it comes to making friends. He is god at striking conversations meaning that when he talks to someone for the first time the person will definitely like them and ensures that they remain friends since he is very interesting. His talent in the woo theme means that he loves the challenge of meeting new people and eventually winning them over (The Gallup Organization,2000).He therefore gets the satisfaction from breaking the ice and establishing connections with people meaning that he can make friends easily. His consistent nature plays a part when it comes to making friends since he is keen on treating people the same therefore if one becomes his friend will not be treated in a way that is not fair. The fact that he is also a relator also makes him make friends and keep them. This is because he enjoys close relationship with others, he is also satisfied when he works with friends so as to achieve a goal and no one can possibly fail to want to be friends with such a person. Therefore with many friends it will be very easy for the second character to fit in the new land with great ease (succeedsocially.com, 2013).

The third character is very good at starting businesses. When one is new in a land it can be very difficult for them to get any form of descent employment. This means that their life will be difficult if they cannot get any means of livelihood. Therefore if someone has capital they can take the option of starting their own business. However not everyone is good at setting up a business and it turning out to be successful. Therefore the third character is advantageous because he is good at starting businesses this is because of various talents that he possesses first his talent in strategic theme ensures that he can create alternative ways in case he is faced with a challenge in his business. His deliberative talent is also useful since he will be keen when it comes to making decisions or any choices that pertain to the business. His command theme is also important as it will guide him when it comes to taking control of situations and make the correct decisions on matters that pertain to his business. Anyone going into business should be analytical so that they can think about issues that might affect their business a quality that this character possesses (The Gallup Organization, 2000). His ability to work with others is also an important factor since in staring the business he will need people here and there in his operations especially due to the fact that he is in a new land he will need guidance on how businesses are operated in the land. Therefore with all this themes this third character will be able to start a business that will grow and do well. He will live comfortably and adopt well in the new land.

Therefore it can be concluded that even it is difficult and challenging to adopt into new lands anyone can fit in the new lands the only thing to be considered are the person’s strengths since this are what will make them adopt easily.

References

The Gallup Organization.(2000). StrengthsQuest.retrieved February 21, 2013 from

http://www.monroecc.edu/depts/StrengthsQuest/documents/2008-10-24QuickReference.pdfsucceedsocially.com. (2013). How to Make Friends And Get a Social Life. Retrieved February 21, 2013 from http://www.succeedsocially.com/sociallifeDemand Media, Inc. (2013). How to Overcome Challenges in Your Life. Retrieved February 21, 2013 from http://www.ehow.com/how_5058456_overcome-challenges-life.html

Chapter 6; Topic 2

An RF Group and its RF NeighbourhoodsThe optimal setting for RF for each AP is monitored by the RRM. Several APs under the RRM algorithm s are considered members of a single logical RF group, and they are under unified administrative control. Since one FP group can configure a single controller, it contains all the APs joints to develop it. A single RF group can span multiple controllers, but only one can run the RRM algorithm for all the APs present in the RF group. In addition, RF neighborhoods are formed by APs contained in one RF group organized by the RRM.

IMPLICATIONS OF MULTICULTURAL AWARENESS

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Multicultural awareness is a way we perceive greater understanding and appreciation of values experience, history and lifestyle of groups in respect to race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, social economic status and mental or physical abilities. Multi-cultural awareness emphasizes on the understanding of migration as a key influence on a person’s life. Post migration stressors might include racial discrimination, culture shock, language barriers and separation from home (Pedersen, 2000).

A good example why multicultural awareness should be applied is the case where a teenager of Pakistani- America origin attempted to commit suicide. The school officials had to communicate to her mother who did not understand or speak English. This is the reason why culture awareness should be mandatory in crisis intervention. The officials should have the understanding that not all people identify with their cultural background or language. The need for competent advisors who are prompt would have made the decisive move and helped the mother through a translator.

Culture is a behavioral pattern that is social through characteristics of a community. Culture influences the perception of threat, stress, reactions or healing (Pedersen, 2000). In most schools it is essential for school officials to have the basic or general knowledge on cultural diversity. This is important for crisis intervention because trust between people of different culture is essential. The quick development of rapport restores a client’s coping mechanism to precise level through communication both verbally and non-verbally.

Culture plays a role on how crisis is interpreted to both parties, intervener and victim. Victims tend to withdraw, retreat or be silent when people surrounding them will not accept them. Some physiologist believe that each crisis is different but culture plays a major role especially in provoking events. Implication of cultural awareness helps people gain greater awareness of others as well as develop new friendships.

In crisis intervention it is important to approach a conversation with culturally correct assumptions. This will help an educator give good advice and at the same time accurate assumptions of the situation. Multicultural awareness is a helping skill that is essential and without it conflict can be generated, or a hindrance in development of productive relationship (Klein, 2012). Educators have been advised to be cultural competent as this will assist them to genuinely connect with others.

In the case where a student is subjected to racial or religious slurs it should be noted that quick response is mandatory. This will prevent conflict but can only be attained when a psychologists keeps in mind; victims react within the context of their individual background. To be culturally competent educators or counsellors must be aware of cultural complexity of student’s cultural identities. Multicultural awareness helps comfort the victim while aiding them to a quick recovery. Acknowledging cultural differences helps resolve problems easier, faster and in an effective manner.

Reference

Pedersen, P. (2000). A Handbook for Developing Multicultural Awareness (3rd ed.). Michigan: American Counseling Association P- 18-120

Klein, A. M. (2012). Raising Multicultural Awareness in Higher Education (2nd ed.). University Press of America. P-66-69

Chapter 6; Topic 3

Basic Concepts of the TPC algorithm

An RF group leader maintains a database of the list of neighbors that each AP overhears. Since the TPC algorithm runs on the RF group leader, it is capable of computing the impact that each AP has on its neighbors. The group leader searches the neighbor list for the AP and the respective RSSI values to determine the reception strength of one AP. The TPC algorithm can then configure a lower transmission power level if an APs reception strength is too strong in other AP cells. If the reception strength is too weak, the TPC algorithm appropriately raises the AP’s power level transmission.

Basic Concepts of the TPC algorithm, Internet source

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/controller/technotes/8-3/b_RRM_White_Paper/tpc.htmlIt is essential to choose an operating channel for an AP with the best Signal To Noise Ratio. TPC and DCA work hand in hand to manage the RF in the environment. The TPC has to Maximize the AP’s coverage and minimize its interference potential. The TPC also uses the TX neighbor and RF Neighbor lists generated by the NDP process. It means that the TPC will adjust the Tx power up or down to meet the required coverage level indicated by the TPC Threshold. TPC is a global algorithm that runs on the RF group leader and can be configured in RF profiles for groups of AP’s in an AP group.

Multiculturalism Concepts

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1. Describe the meaning of multiculturalism in your own words.

Multiculturalism is the situation whereby multiple groups of divergent cultures exist in a given society rather than in only a mainstream culture (Jackson, 2010, p.36). This is a term that is used to describe cultural diversity. A single area containing one society may contain people drawn from different cultural backgrounds. Multiculturalism generally applies to the demographical composition of a particular area. This may be in regards to a specific area or even at the institutional level for example; schools, firms, businesses, cities and even at the national level.

However, on a normative perspective, the term refers to the ideologies and policies that champion this cultural diversity in a given area. In this sense, these are efforts to promote and champion the free express of the various people’s identity without fear or favour in any community. These ideologies are however variant and they differ from one institution to the other and from one nation to the other. This ideology advocates for equal recognition and equal respect to the various cultures that occur in a given society. Multiculturalism entails the diversities in ethnicity as well as religious affiliations of different people (Neil, 2002, p.43).

Two distinctive policies that have been developed as government strategies on multiculturalism have emerged. The first one pertains to the interaction and communication between different cultures. The interactions of cultures provide opportunities for the cultural differences to communicate and interact to create multiculturalism (Jackson, 2010, p.134). The second approach is basically entails the diversity and the cultural uniqueness. In this approach, the policy enhances on the avoidance of presenting a given ethnic, religious or cultural community as central.

2. Is the United States of America a multicultural country? Why or why not?

The United States of America is a typical example of a multicultural country since it contains people form divergent cultures from all over the world (Peskin and Edmund, 2011, p.345). The combination of all these cultures contributes to the overall American way of life. A culture is a way of living in a given community that is passed on from one generation to another. It entails things like, the dressing, people’s diets, places of living, way of worship as well as other customs and beliefs. Therefore, the existence of divergent cultures in the United States of America gives a diverse range of foods, religions, businesses and ideas in this one nation.

The United States of America has been multicultural since the first settlers came to America. Numerous people from other continents have immigrated into the country since the colonial period and in the post independent America. For hundreds of years, the United States has welcomed many people into the countries from all the continents including; Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (Peskin and Edmund, 2011, p.378). Many of the immigrants come to the United States looking for greener pastures since economically the country is well placed. People from all the four races in the globe emigrate out of their motherland and end up being in America.

Therefore, we can comprehensively conclude that there is no culture that dominates or is 100 percent pure. In the past hundred years, people of different races and from totally different communities intermingled and even intermarried producing new cultures which can be referred to as hybrids. The USA’s dream of giving hope to so many people in the world has seen the highest immigrations into the country (Neil, 2002, p.235). This people are from communities speaking different languages and having divergent beliefs and hence cultures.

3. Why is multiculturalism a controversial issue for some people?

Multiculturalism is the appreciation, acceptance and promotion of multiple cultures in a society. Multiculturalists believe that in a multi-ethnic society, culture difference should be preserved and celebrated because such a vision sees diversity as a positive force increasing the richness of communities and actually encouraging tolerance (Anne, 2011, p.218). However, some people are skeptical about this art of bringing together numerous cultures to develop a hybrid culture. These opponents see it as an unwanted vision that has been imposed to them by the liberal progressive elite.

The controversial detail that arises due to this is the fear of the unknown. The opponents of cultural integration cite a possible loss of national identity and unity as their main reason for opposing it. Critics also may also argue for assimilation of different ethnic and cultural groups to a single national identity (Peskin and Edmund, 2011, 890). These controversies have arisen in Europe and Australia. Academicians and other intellectuals have also challenged the act of bringing together various cultures and have emphasized on the need to maintain the individual cultures for the purpose of identity of a given community.

The earliest academic critics of multiculturalism in Australia were the philosophers Lachlan Chipman and Frank Knopfelmacher, sociologist Tanya Birrell and a political scientist Raymond Sestito (Neil, 2002, 112). Chipman and His counterpart were concerned of the threat multiculturalism posed to cohesion. Argument also exists that despite multiculturalism serving the needs of ethnic politics; it is a perilous concept on which to find policy.

4. How can the three sociological perspectives (social functionalism, social conflict, and symbolic interaction) be used to conceptually understand multiculturalism?

Multiculturalism situation can be comprehended by looking at it through various sociological perspectives. The three perspectives can be categorized into three; social functionalism, social conflict and symbolic interaction. The social functionalistic approach is based on the ideology that, the society is made up of distinct but vital parts, and all of these parts must be filled for the society to function in an upright manner (Anne, 2011, p.65). Social functionalism appreciates the role of multiculturalism in creating a stable and flourishing state. In this perspective, multiculturalism is considered as a tool of conflict management which fosters peace and harmony in a given society by making the minority and the majority communities comfortable with each other.

On the social conflicts perspective multiculturalism can be looked into as in the conflicts that arise between the various communities with different cultural backgrounds. Conflicts involving minorities are not due to so much cultural differences or their failure of integration. The main common means used to show that multiculturalism has failed is to attribute it to be the cause of social conflicts and from more extreme positions to blame the ethnic minorities (Neil, 2002, 564).

Symbolic interaction has a more focused attention to the specific interactions in the society (Jackson, 2010, 245). It is in this view that people define situations based on their own perceptions of multiculturalism. Therefore, the term multiculturalism becomes the basis for interaction between different people with a different view point. Different faces of people intermingle to put out a truly multicultural lifestyle. It emphasizes human creativity especially through the use of symbols and a language that create social order and a cultural meaning.

References

Anne M. (2011). Culture clash: An international legal perspective on ethnic discrimination. New York: Ashgate publishing.

Jackson R. (2010). Encyclopedia of identity. California: Sage.

Neil B. (2002). Selling illusions: the myth of multiculturalism. Toronto: Penguin.

Peskin L. and Edmund F. (2011). America and the world: Culture, commerce and conflict. Alabama: JHU press.

Introduction

Multiculturalism has generated a lot of debate in the recent times. This is more so as far as issues pertaining to women have been in question. Since time immemorial, there have always been claims as to the discrimination that women undergo not only from the laws in their states but also in the domestic front. It is this argument that Susan Okin puts forth. She insinuates that there has been tension between feminists who aim at promoting women equality and multiculturalists whose aim is to enhance preservation of endangered and disadvantaged groups. She examines the instances in which efforts advance the international human rights of women have been on collision course with the cultural claims.

Feminism has stated that as much as significance of religious and national particularities in the varied cultural, religious and historical systems have to be considered, every state irrespective of its economic, cultural and political systems must promote and protect all the human rights and basic freedoms. The argument that the rights of women must be above the national traditions attracted a lot of opposition with some feminists considering it to be a form of intellectual colonialism. Any individual who is not part of a particular religious or cultural community speaking about the issue of violation of women rights within that particular community’s traditions would be taken as intrusive since it is not possible to know another culture when you are not in it. She opines that anyone claiming people’s or group’s rights has an obligation to consult the women in the religious or cultural group concerned and not just take the opinions of its representatives or men.

There has been general consensus that the minority communities must have the right to uphold their respective cultures but there is a disagreement about the limits or basis of that particular right. Some feel that the right should be enjoyed as long as it does not contradict the fundamental conditions of civility, while others insinuate that the dissenting members should be granted the right to exit. Others ask the minority communities to internally organize themselves in line with liberal lines by observing fundamental liberties, practicing equality of sexes and enhancing personal autonomy. While Okin agrees with the last approach, she feels that many cultures both majority and minority are intensely sexist and promote subordination of women through various practices that are too subtle to be caught by law or be curbed. She insinuates that the women in these cultures are conditioned to have low view of themselves as well as accepting and rationalizing the subordinate status. This results in damage on their well-being in which case they would grow with low self esteem and self respect. She opines that liberal societies must ensure that in upholding culture, sexism is not shielded and that the leaders of the minority cultures should not be the only spokespersons.

I definitely agree with most of her views. Suppression of women, polygamy, child or forced marriages, improper rape victims’ treatment and female genital mutilation (clitoridectomy) are evil on evil as well as moral grounds. In addition, she is very right to insinuate that the respect for culture must exist on condition that it does not condone oppression or inhumanity.

However, I would disagree with some of the issues that she chooses to ignore as well as some of her conclusions. As she admits, it is difficult to evaluate and demonstrate inequality between sexes. It becomes a problem to define them once they are past a particular point. Treatment of women as inferior in particular societies only happens when they are young but would be valued and even would be considered as superior to men after reaching a particular age or leading virtuous lives, becoming grandmothers and displaying extraordinary qualities. It is for this reason that many societies even when they display sexist tendencies will accept and welcome women leaders irrespective of their class. In this case, it is difficult to assess how deep gender inequality is since there are variations as to the treatment of women in varied stages of life. They would also be variation in the rights that they are endowed with at varied stages.

Okin also focuses on the extreme cases while ignoring the problems that come with passing judgment on other cultures. Anyone would acknowledge that female genital mutilation is unacceptable when undertaken on women. However, she ignores the fact that many are the times when sane and gown women undergo it more so after the last child is born in order to control their sexuality or as a signal that they will be primarily mothers and not wives.

In addition, it is important to consider the perception of the situation by women themselves. There are some who definitely do not agree with the feminist ideas. It would be unfair to label them as indoctrinated individuals who have fallen victim to false consciousness that is generated by culture and therefore requiring liberation. That would not only be patronizing but would also deny them the equality that forms the basis of the argument in the first place. While they may be brainwashed, it is important to accepting the self understanding of varied positivist extremes and imposing our self understanding uncritically on them.

Debate for and against eradication of the FGS

Multiculturalism refers to a policy which occurs when numerous subcultures exist under one jurisdictional framework with all constituents being affected by an all-inclusive policy but still allowing some room for varied cultural norms. The following is a debate between western feminist who is against believes in tolerance of the cultural differences on condition that it does not allow FGM and a mother hailing from a culture that endorses FGM.

Western feminist: I am not completely against multiculturalism. However, what I find appalling is the fact that inhuman acts such as FGM should be allowed in a free society all in the name of multiculturalism.

Mother: why should that be a problem to you? Why would you insinuate that FGM is wrong whereas it is entrenched in our very culture? Why should we allow you to make you policies without even consulting us and then impose them on us? Don’t you think that would be a bit patronizing, more like we will be living your lives?

WF: Not at all. It will be a well meant effort to give you back your rights as a woman in which case you will be equal even in marriage. This practice is definitely demeaning on your womanhood and therefore your equality would be replicated in other areas such as the workplace, politics etc.

Mother: Really? Demeaning? I don’t think so. Why should it be demeaning while I chose to undergo it without being forced by any man? It is a show of maturity, a graduation from a wife to a mother. Do you even know how it feels to graduate from one stage to another?

WF: What I mean is that any group that is seeking rights and official recognition in a liberal society must reform its practices and teachings and align them with the fundamental equality of sexes.

Mother: I would be adamant to make such a proposition. Equality would not just come automatically. Even between men it does not come automatically. Don’t we have women who are more superior to other men based on their accomplishments age or even extra-ordinary traits? What more equality would we be looking for?

WF: I definitely acknowledge the central importance of family or personal law to your culture. But then that law is equally important to you as a woman. If there are particular rights that do not apply equally to men and women, that inequality would reverberate throughout a woman’s life sometimes with detrimental effects.

Mother: And how would you measure gender inequality in the family or even community? How would you tell whether our community observes your standards pertaining to equality? In any case, why should you consider our community as so degenerate and lacking in emancipatory resources as to be under an obligation to meet some conditions imposed externally as a condition for its being trusted with particular rights? Don’t you think you will be going too far whereas your mandate should only be on demanding particular fundamental rights? Anything beyond that would be eating up the same equality you are talking of in the first place.

Conclusion

While feminism as a concept comes with particular right, only when they are customized to suit the likes and preferences of the particular cultural groups would it be likely to yield any fruit. In this case therefore, multicultural though attacked by feminists should be encouraged more so when the individuals involved are making a conscious choice to follow the policies of the culture.

References

http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/submitted/okin/multicultural.htmlWhen Cultural Values Clash with Universal Rights:Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?

By Susan Moller Okinhttp://bostonreview.net/BR22.5/parekh.htmlA Varied Moral World A response to Susan Okin’s “Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?” by Bhikhu Parekh

Advertising Agencies:

Name:

Instructor:

Task:

Date:

There are numerous advertising agencies in the US which advertises different goods and services. These agencies have different styles and designs of advertising their products services. Advertising is very important to companies hence there exists cut-throat competition among the advertising agencies. Innovation is therefore vital to ensure that each agency remain in this competitive industry (Percy &Elliot, 2012).

One such advertising agency is the adPack US which advertises tissue packs. The agency is located in New York. The company is a subsidiary of a Japanese Firm known as Itochu. AdPack products are eco-friendly and biodegradable. The tissues are advertised in green and tissue packs which are made from renewable substances. The resources used to make the tissue packs can be harvested and replanted in forests.

Another advertizing agency in the US is the Grey Global Group which has its headquarters in New York. The company is a subsidiary of WPP Group and does other services such as sales promotions, brand development, marketing and public relations and affairs. Grey Global Group advertises for the products of different companies such as Nokia, Procter &Gamble, Volkswagen, Canon and many other companies. The company has won many awards such as the Euro EFFIE Agency of the Year. The company was also named among the 50 most innovative advertising companies (Bradley, 2013).

MARC USA is another advertising agency based in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. The company operates in cities like Miami, Dallas, Chicago and Pittsburgh. The company serves different clients or companies like Apple, Rite Aid and other companies.

An example of an advert by adPack advertising agency is the tissue pack advert. The tissues are in blue and sometimes green packs. The message in these packs is “win against the winter cold.” The tissues are packed with cold medicine that is meant to relieve the prospective buyer from cold systems. Other than the tissues adPack advertising also offers cold medicine. The message in this advert therefore appeals to the buyers to consider buying the product since it also contains the medicine that is for relieving pain. The message is simple therefore can be interpreted well. The message can also change the attitude of a buyer. It adds more knowledge to the buyers of the cold medicine and as a result, the messages change the perception of buyers on the product. The message appeal is rational as opposed to emotional.

The execution of this advert is straight forward and presents more information about the product (Percy, 2012). Since the messages are written in the packs, this advert does not contain any spokesperson. The advert is oral but not written.

The 2nd advert is by Grey Global Group on Project imagina8ion by Canon. The message is about how 8 different photographs were selected and used to make a canon film. The message then describes the numerous photographs submitted by people and how 8 best photographs were chosen out from the 100,000 photographs collected. The 8 photographs were used to produce a Canon film according to the message. The message goes ahead to explain the film being premiered just like the Hollywood movies and played in movie theaters. The message also reveals the film being a hit and arousing different reactions and even being considered for Oscar nominations.

In short the message informs the buyers on the quality of canon cameras which can produce films from different pictures. The message aims to inform the buyers on the high quality of the canon cameras that can convert pictures into high quality films which can even be considered for Oscar nomination. Therefore the message is informative and is designed to change the attitudes of the buyers as it appeals to their emotions or likings of Hollywood movies to influence their attitudes on the canon cameras. The message structure is good and well organized as it narrates how 8 different pictures by different photographers are used to produce a canon film. The message appeal is emotional designed to influence the consumers view on the canon cameras.

This advent’s execution is demonstrative in that it elaborates the key advantage of using the canon cameras (Percy & Elliot, 2012). The advert demonstrates the high quality of canon cameras videos that can be produced from photographs. The advert is endorsed by celebrity and Oscar winning director Ron Haward who selects the best 8 photographs to be used to produce the film. In addition he also directs the production of the film.

The 3rd advert is by MARC USA on the new software Passbook produced by Apple. The message on the advert informs the buyers on the new application in addition to demystifying wrong information about the new application. It elaborates that the application is supposed to be used for iPhone and iPod Touch but not iPad and the purpose of the application. The message shows the buyers how to use the application using pictures. The message is also persuasive in that it convinces the buyers on why the application is important and the best. The message is meant to influence the audience to change their attitudes on the product by disapproving the wrong facts about the application. The message structure is organized such that it educates, disapproves and influences the buyers. Therefore the message appeal is rational presenting the buyers with facts about the application.

The adverts’ execution is a combination of numerous execution techniques. The 1st technique used is factual message technique which presents facts about the product. The other technique used is the scientific evidence since the message uses scientific claim to support the application. The message also uses demonstrative technique to illustrate how buyers can use the application (Bradley, 2013). Slice of life technique is also used to show the application problem that the product aims to solve. This advert does not have any spokesperson because it is written and not oral.

The adverts are very similar in that it they influence the buyers to purchase the products. The adverts are also educative as they add more knowledge to the consumers about the product. In addition the adverts also show the pictures of the products. However the difference between the adverts comes in because some are written while one is oral. Whereas the advert on canon is endorsed by a celebrity Ron Howard, the other adverts do not have any endorsers.

The canon advert is very memorable compared with the other two adverts which can be easily forgotten. It is difficult to forget this advert since it involves a movie which is shown in many film theaters in the country. The movie will go down in history as the 1st user generated film making the advert memorable. This gives this advert an edge over the other two adverts. This advert is very entertaining as opposed to the other two adverts. The movie produced will entertain buyers unlike the other adverts by adPack and MARC USA which offer no entertainment at all. As a result, more buyers will be attracted to the canon advert than to the other adverts (Percy & Elliot, 2012). The tissue pack and the canon adverts are able to grab the attention of the viewers in contrast to the passbook application advert which do not attract attention in equal measure.

Among these 3 adverts, the most creative advert is the one by Grey Global Group on canon cameras. This is because the advert relates the film produced by canon to Hollywood movies. The advert is very innovative since it is very unique. The message of producing a user generated film using the pictures selected from different photographers is just very creative hence unique and interesting. In addition, this advert has all the qualities of a good advert therefore it is not only creative but also the best among the three.

References

Bradley .N (2013) Marketing Research: Tools and Techniques. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Percy .L & Elliot .R (2012) Strategic Advertising Management. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Percy .L (2012). Strategic Integrated Marketing Communications. Burlington, MA: Routledge