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Chapter 6; Topic 2

An RF Group and its RF NeighbourhoodsThe optimal setting for RF for each AP is monitored by the RRM. Several APs under the RRM algorithm s are considered members of a single logical RF group, and they are under unified administrative control. Since one FP group can configure a single controller, it contains all the APs joints to develop it. A single RF group can span multiple controllers, but only one can run the RRM algorithm for all the APs present in the RF group. In addition, RF neighborhoods are formed by APs contained in one RF group organized by the RRM.

IMPLICATIONS OF MULTICULTURAL AWARENESS

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Multicultural awareness is a way we perceive greater understanding and appreciation of values experience, history and lifestyle of groups in respect to race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, social economic status and mental or physical abilities. Multi-cultural awareness emphasizes on the understanding of migration as a key influence on a person’s life. Post migration stressors might include racial discrimination, culture shock, language barriers and separation from home (Pedersen, 2000).

A good example why multicultural awareness should be applied is the case where a teenager of Pakistani- America origin attempted to commit suicide. The school officials had to communicate to her mother who did not understand or speak English. This is the reason why culture awareness should be mandatory in crisis intervention. The officials should have the understanding that not all people identify with their cultural background or language. The need for competent advisors who are prompt would have made the decisive move and helped the mother through a translator.

Culture is a behavioral pattern that is social through characteristics of a community. Culture influences the perception of threat, stress, reactions or healing (Pedersen, 2000). In most schools it is essential for school officials to have the basic or general knowledge on cultural diversity. This is important for crisis intervention because trust between people of different culture is essential. The quick development of rapport restores a client’s coping mechanism to precise level through communication both verbally and non-verbally.

Culture plays a role on how crisis is interpreted to both parties, intervener and victim. Victims tend to withdraw, retreat or be silent when people surrounding them will not accept them. Some physiologist believe that each crisis is different but culture plays a major role especially in provoking events. Implication of cultural awareness helps people gain greater awareness of others as well as develop new friendships.

In crisis intervention it is important to approach a conversation with culturally correct assumptions. This will help an educator give good advice and at the same time accurate assumptions of the situation. Multicultural awareness is a helping skill that is essential and without it conflict can be generated, or a hindrance in development of productive relationship (Klein, 2012). Educators have been advised to be cultural competent as this will assist them to genuinely connect with others.

In the case where a student is subjected to racial or religious slurs it should be noted that quick response is mandatory. This will prevent conflict but can only be attained when a psychologists keeps in mind; victims react within the context of their individual background. To be culturally competent educators or counsellors must be aware of cultural complexity of student’s cultural identities. Multicultural awareness helps comfort the victim while aiding them to a quick recovery. Acknowledging cultural differences helps resolve problems easier, faster and in an effective manner.

Reference

Pedersen, P. (2000). A Handbook for Developing Multicultural Awareness (3rd ed.). Michigan: American Counseling Association P- 18-120

Klein, A. M. (2012). Raising Multicultural Awareness in Higher Education (2nd ed.). University Press of America. P-66-69

Chapter 6; Topic 3

Basic Concepts of the TPC algorithm

An RF group leader maintains a database of the list of neighbors that each AP overhears. Since the TPC algorithm runs on the RF group leader, it is capable of computing the impact that each AP has on its neighbors. The group leader searches the neighbor list for the AP and the respective RSSI values to determine the reception strength of one AP. The TPC algorithm can then configure a lower transmission power level if an APs reception strength is too strong in other AP cells. If the reception strength is too weak, the TPC algorithm appropriately raises the AP’s power level transmission.

Basic Concepts of the TPC algorithm, Internet source

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/controller/technotes/8-3/b_RRM_White_Paper/tpc.htmlIt is essential to choose an operating channel for an AP with the best Signal To Noise Ratio. TPC and DCA work hand in hand to manage the RF in the environment. The TPC has to Maximize the AP’s coverage and minimize its interference potential. The TPC also uses the TX neighbor and RF Neighbor lists generated by the NDP process. It means that the TPC will adjust the Tx power up or down to meet the required coverage level indicated by the TPC Threshold. TPC is a global algorithm that runs on the RF group leader and can be configured in RF profiles for groups of AP’s in an AP group.

Multiculturalism Concepts

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1. Describe the meaning of multiculturalism in your own words.

Multiculturalism is the situation whereby multiple groups of divergent cultures exist in a given society rather than in only a mainstream culture (Jackson, 2010, p.36). This is a term that is used to describe cultural diversity. A single area containing one society may contain people drawn from different cultural backgrounds. Multiculturalism generally applies to the demographical composition of a particular area. This may be in regards to a specific area or even at the institutional level for example; schools, firms, businesses, cities and even at the national level.

However, on a normative perspective, the term refers to the ideologies and policies that champion this cultural diversity in a given area. In this sense, these are efforts to promote and champion the free express of the various people’s identity without fear or favour in any community. These ideologies are however variant and they differ from one institution to the other and from one nation to the other. This ideology advocates for equal recognition and equal respect to the various cultures that occur in a given society. Multiculturalism entails the diversities in ethnicity as well as religious affiliations of different people (Neil, 2002, p.43).

Two distinctive policies that have been developed as government strategies on multiculturalism have emerged. The first one pertains to the interaction and communication between different cultures. The interactions of cultures provide opportunities for the cultural differences to communicate and interact to create multiculturalism (Jackson, 2010, p.134). The second approach is basically entails the diversity and the cultural uniqueness. In this approach, the policy enhances on the avoidance of presenting a given ethnic, religious or cultural community as central.

2. Is the United States of America a multicultural country? Why or why not?

The United States of America is a typical example of a multicultural country since it contains people form divergent cultures from all over the world (Peskin and Edmund, 2011, p.345). The combination of all these cultures contributes to the overall American way of life. A culture is a way of living in a given community that is passed on from one generation to another. It entails things like, the dressing, people’s diets, places of living, way of worship as well as other customs and beliefs. Therefore, the existence of divergent cultures in the United States of America gives a diverse range of foods, religions, businesses and ideas in this one nation.

The United States of America has been multicultural since the first settlers came to America. Numerous people from other continents have immigrated into the country since the colonial period and in the post independent America. For hundreds of years, the United States has welcomed many people into the countries from all the continents including; Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (Peskin and Edmund, 2011, p.378). Many of the immigrants come to the United States looking for greener pastures since economically the country is well placed. People from all the four races in the globe emigrate out of their motherland and end up being in America.

Therefore, we can comprehensively conclude that there is no culture that dominates or is 100 percent pure. In the past hundred years, people of different races and from totally different communities intermingled and even intermarried producing new cultures which can be referred to as hybrids. The USA’s dream of giving hope to so many people in the world has seen the highest immigrations into the country (Neil, 2002, p.235). This people are from communities speaking different languages and having divergent beliefs and hence cultures.

3. Why is multiculturalism a controversial issue for some people?

Multiculturalism is the appreciation, acceptance and promotion of multiple cultures in a society. Multiculturalists believe that in a multi-ethnic society, culture difference should be preserved and celebrated because such a vision sees diversity as a positive force increasing the richness of communities and actually encouraging tolerance (Anne, 2011, p.218). However, some people are skeptical about this art of bringing together numerous cultures to develop a hybrid culture. These opponents see it as an unwanted vision that has been imposed to them by the liberal progressive elite.

The controversial detail that arises due to this is the fear of the unknown. The opponents of cultural integration cite a possible loss of national identity and unity as their main reason for opposing it. Critics also may also argue for assimilation of different ethnic and cultural groups to a single national identity (Peskin and Edmund, 2011, 890). These controversies have arisen in Europe and Australia. Academicians and other intellectuals have also challenged the act of bringing together various cultures and have emphasized on the need to maintain the individual cultures for the purpose of identity of a given community.

The earliest academic critics of multiculturalism in Australia were the philosophers Lachlan Chipman and Frank Knopfelmacher, sociologist Tanya Birrell and a political scientist Raymond Sestito (Neil, 2002, 112). Chipman and His counterpart were concerned of the threat multiculturalism posed to cohesion. Argument also exists that despite multiculturalism serving the needs of ethnic politics; it is a perilous concept on which to find policy.

4. How can the three sociological perspectives (social functionalism, social conflict, and symbolic interaction) be used to conceptually understand multiculturalism?

Multiculturalism situation can be comprehended by looking at it through various sociological perspectives. The three perspectives can be categorized into three; social functionalism, social conflict and symbolic interaction. The social functionalistic approach is based on the ideology that, the society is made up of distinct but vital parts, and all of these parts must be filled for the society to function in an upright manner (Anne, 2011, p.65). Social functionalism appreciates the role of multiculturalism in creating a stable and flourishing state. In this perspective, multiculturalism is considered as a tool of conflict management which fosters peace and harmony in a given society by making the minority and the majority communities comfortable with each other.

On the social conflicts perspective multiculturalism can be looked into as in the conflicts that arise between the various communities with different cultural backgrounds. Conflicts involving minorities are not due to so much cultural differences or their failure of integration. The main common means used to show that multiculturalism has failed is to attribute it to be the cause of social conflicts and from more extreme positions to blame the ethnic minorities (Neil, 2002, 564).

Symbolic interaction has a more focused attention to the specific interactions in the society (Jackson, 2010, 245). It is in this view that people define situations based on their own perceptions of multiculturalism. Therefore, the term multiculturalism becomes the basis for interaction between different people with a different view point. Different faces of people intermingle to put out a truly multicultural lifestyle. It emphasizes human creativity especially through the use of symbols and a language that create social order and a cultural meaning.

References

Anne M. (2011). Culture clash: An international legal perspective on ethnic discrimination. New York: Ashgate publishing.

Jackson R. (2010). Encyclopedia of identity. California: Sage.

Neil B. (2002). Selling illusions: the myth of multiculturalism. Toronto: Penguin.

Peskin L. and Edmund F. (2011). America and the world: Culture, commerce and conflict. Alabama: JHU press.

Introduction

Multiculturalism has generated a lot of debate in the recent times. This is more so as far as issues pertaining to women have been in question. Since time immemorial, there have always been claims as to the discrimination that women undergo not only from the laws in their states but also in the domestic front. It is this argument that Susan Okin puts forth. She insinuates that there has been tension between feminists who aim at promoting women equality and multiculturalists whose aim is to enhance preservation of endangered and disadvantaged groups. She examines the instances in which efforts advance the international human rights of women have been on collision course with the cultural claims.

Feminism has stated that as much as significance of religious and national particularities in the varied cultural, religious and historical systems have to be considered, every state irrespective of its economic, cultural and political systems must promote and protect all the human rights and basic freedoms. The argument that the rights of women must be above the national traditions attracted a lot of opposition with some feminists considering it to be a form of intellectual colonialism. Any individual who is not part of a particular religious or cultural community speaking about the issue of violation of women rights within that particular community’s traditions would be taken as intrusive since it is not possible to know another culture when you are not in it. She opines that anyone claiming people’s or group’s rights has an obligation to consult the women in the religious or cultural group concerned and not just take the opinions of its representatives or men.

There has been general consensus that the minority communities must have the right to uphold their respective cultures but there is a disagreement about the limits or basis of that particular right. Some feel that the right should be enjoyed as long as it does not contradict the fundamental conditions of civility, while others insinuate that the dissenting members should be granted the right to exit. Others ask the minority communities to internally organize themselves in line with liberal lines by observing fundamental liberties, practicing equality of sexes and enhancing personal autonomy. While Okin agrees with the last approach, she feels that many cultures both majority and minority are intensely sexist and promote subordination of women through various practices that are too subtle to be caught by law or be curbed. She insinuates that the women in these cultures are conditioned to have low view of themselves as well as accepting and rationalizing the subordinate status. This results in damage on their well-being in which case they would grow with low self esteem and self respect. She opines that liberal societies must ensure that in upholding culture, sexism is not shielded and that the leaders of the minority cultures should not be the only spokespersons.

I definitely agree with most of her views. Suppression of women, polygamy, child or forced marriages, improper rape victims’ treatment and female genital mutilation (clitoridectomy) are evil on evil as well as moral grounds. In addition, she is very right to insinuate that the respect for culture must exist on condition that it does not condone oppression or inhumanity.

However, I would disagree with some of the issues that she chooses to ignore as well as some of her conclusions. As she admits, it is difficult to evaluate and demonstrate inequality between sexes. It becomes a problem to define them once they are past a particular point. Treatment of women as inferior in particular societies only happens when they are young but would be valued and even would be considered as superior to men after reaching a particular age or leading virtuous lives, becoming grandmothers and displaying extraordinary qualities. It is for this reason that many societies even when they display sexist tendencies will accept and welcome women leaders irrespective of their class. In this case, it is difficult to assess how deep gender inequality is since there are variations as to the treatment of women in varied stages of life. They would also be variation in the rights that they are endowed with at varied stages.

Okin also focuses on the extreme cases while ignoring the problems that come with passing judgment on other cultures. Anyone would acknowledge that female genital mutilation is unacceptable when undertaken on women. However, she ignores the fact that many are the times when sane and gown women undergo it more so after the last child is born in order to control their sexuality or as a signal that they will be primarily mothers and not wives.

In addition, it is important to consider the perception of the situation by women themselves. There are some who definitely do not agree with the feminist ideas. It would be unfair to label them as indoctrinated individuals who have fallen victim to false consciousness that is generated by culture and therefore requiring liberation. That would not only be patronizing but would also deny them the equality that forms the basis of the argument in the first place. While they may be brainwashed, it is important to accepting the self understanding of varied positivist extremes and imposing our self understanding uncritically on them.

Debate for and against eradication of the FGS

Multiculturalism refers to a policy which occurs when numerous subcultures exist under one jurisdictional framework with all constituents being affected by an all-inclusive policy but still allowing some room for varied cultural norms. The following is a debate between western feminist who is against believes in tolerance of the cultural differences on condition that it does not allow FGM and a mother hailing from a culture that endorses FGM.

Western feminist: I am not completely against multiculturalism. However, what I find appalling is the fact that inhuman acts such as FGM should be allowed in a free society all in the name of multiculturalism.

Mother: why should that be a problem to you? Why would you insinuate that FGM is wrong whereas it is entrenched in our very culture? Why should we allow you to make you policies without even consulting us and then impose them on us? Don’t you think that would be a bit patronizing, more like we will be living your lives?

WF: Not at all. It will be a well meant effort to give you back your rights as a woman in which case you will be equal even in marriage. This practice is definitely demeaning on your womanhood and therefore your equality would be replicated in other areas such as the workplace, politics etc.

Mother: Really? Demeaning? I don’t think so. Why should it be demeaning while I chose to undergo it without being forced by any man? It is a show of maturity, a graduation from a wife to a mother. Do you even know how it feels to graduate from one stage to another?

WF: What I mean is that any group that is seeking rights and official recognition in a liberal society must reform its practices and teachings and align them with the fundamental equality of sexes.

Mother: I would be adamant to make such a proposition. Equality would not just come automatically. Even between men it does not come automatically. Don’t we have women who are more superior to other men based on their accomplishments age or even extra-ordinary traits? What more equality would we be looking for?

WF: I definitely acknowledge the central importance of family or personal law to your culture. But then that law is equally important to you as a woman. If there are particular rights that do not apply equally to men and women, that inequality would reverberate throughout a woman’s life sometimes with detrimental effects.

Mother: And how would you measure gender inequality in the family or even community? How would you tell whether our community observes your standards pertaining to equality? In any case, why should you consider our community as so degenerate and lacking in emancipatory resources as to be under an obligation to meet some conditions imposed externally as a condition for its being trusted with particular rights? Don’t you think you will be going too far whereas your mandate should only be on demanding particular fundamental rights? Anything beyond that would be eating up the same equality you are talking of in the first place.

Conclusion

While feminism as a concept comes with particular right, only when they are customized to suit the likes and preferences of the particular cultural groups would it be likely to yield any fruit. In this case therefore, multicultural though attacked by feminists should be encouraged more so when the individuals involved are making a conscious choice to follow the policies of the culture.

References

http://www.scu.edu/ethics/publications/submitted/okin/multicultural.htmlWhen Cultural Values Clash with Universal Rights:Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?

By Susan Moller Okinhttp://bostonreview.net/BR22.5/parekh.htmlA Varied Moral World A response to Susan Okin’s “Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?” by Bhikhu Parekh

Advertising Agencies:

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There are numerous advertising agencies in the US which advertises different goods and services. These agencies have different styles and designs of advertising their products services. Advertising is very important to companies hence there exists cut-throat competition among the advertising agencies. Innovation is therefore vital to ensure that each agency remain in this competitive industry (Percy &Elliot, 2012).

One such advertising agency is the adPack US which advertises tissue packs. The agency is located in New York. The company is a subsidiary of a Japanese Firm known as Itochu. AdPack products are eco-friendly and biodegradable. The tissues are advertised in green and tissue packs which are made from renewable substances. The resources used to make the tissue packs can be harvested and replanted in forests.

Another advertizing agency in the US is the Grey Global Group which has its headquarters in New York. The company is a subsidiary of WPP Group and does other services such as sales promotions, brand development, marketing and public relations and affairs. Grey Global Group advertises for the products of different companies such as Nokia, Procter &Gamble, Volkswagen, Canon and many other companies. The company has won many awards such as the Euro EFFIE Agency of the Year. The company was also named among the 50 most innovative advertising companies (Bradley, 2013).

MARC USA is another advertising agency based in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. The company operates in cities like Miami, Dallas, Chicago and Pittsburgh. The company serves different clients or companies like Apple, Rite Aid and other companies.

An example of an advert by adPack advertising agency is the tissue pack advert. The tissues are in blue and sometimes green packs. The message in these packs is “win against the winter cold.” The tissues are packed with cold medicine that is meant to relieve the prospective buyer from cold systems. Other than the tissues adPack advertising also offers cold medicine. The message in this advert therefore appeals to the buyers to consider buying the product since it also contains the medicine that is for relieving pain. The message is simple therefore can be interpreted well. The message can also change the attitude of a buyer. It adds more knowledge to the buyers of the cold medicine and as a result, the messages change the perception of buyers on the product. The message appeal is rational as opposed to emotional.

The execution of this advert is straight forward and presents more information about the product (Percy, 2012). Since the messages are written in the packs, this advert does not contain any spokesperson. The advert is oral but not written.

The 2nd advert is by Grey Global Group on Project imagina8ion by Canon. The message is about how 8 different photographs were selected and used to make a canon film. The message then describes the numerous photographs submitted by people and how 8 best photographs were chosen out from the 100,000 photographs collected. The 8 photographs were used to produce a Canon film according to the message. The message goes ahead to explain the film being premiered just like the Hollywood movies and played in movie theaters. The message also reveals the film being a hit and arousing different reactions and even being considered for Oscar nominations.

In short the message informs the buyers on the quality of canon cameras which can produce films from different pictures. The message aims to inform the buyers on the high quality of the canon cameras that can convert pictures into high quality films which can even be considered for Oscar nomination. Therefore the message is informative and is designed to change the attitudes of the buyers as it appeals to their emotions or likings of Hollywood movies to influence their attitudes on the canon cameras. The message structure is good and well organized as it narrates how 8 different pictures by different photographers are used to produce a canon film. The message appeal is emotional designed to influence the consumers view on the canon cameras.

This advent’s execution is demonstrative in that it elaborates the key advantage of using the canon cameras (Percy & Elliot, 2012). The advert demonstrates the high quality of canon cameras videos that can be produced from photographs. The advert is endorsed by celebrity and Oscar winning director Ron Haward who selects the best 8 photographs to be used to produce the film. In addition he also directs the production of the film.

The 3rd advert is by MARC USA on the new software Passbook produced by Apple. The message on the advert informs the buyers on the new application in addition to demystifying wrong information about the new application. It elaborates that the application is supposed to be used for iPhone and iPod Touch but not iPad and the purpose of the application. The message shows the buyers how to use the application using pictures. The message is also persuasive in that it convinces the buyers on why the application is important and the best. The message is meant to influence the audience to change their attitudes on the product by disapproving the wrong facts about the application. The message structure is organized such that it educates, disapproves and influences the buyers. Therefore the message appeal is rational presenting the buyers with facts about the application.

The adverts’ execution is a combination of numerous execution techniques. The 1st technique used is factual message technique which presents facts about the product. The other technique used is the scientific evidence since the message uses scientific claim to support the application. The message also uses demonstrative technique to illustrate how buyers can use the application (Bradley, 2013). Slice of life technique is also used to show the application problem that the product aims to solve. This advert does not have any spokesperson because it is written and not oral.

The adverts are very similar in that it they influence the buyers to purchase the products. The adverts are also educative as they add more knowledge to the consumers about the product. In addition the adverts also show the pictures of the products. However the difference between the adverts comes in because some are written while one is oral. Whereas the advert on canon is endorsed by a celebrity Ron Howard, the other adverts do not have any endorsers.

The canon advert is very memorable compared with the other two adverts which can be easily forgotten. It is difficult to forget this advert since it involves a movie which is shown in many film theaters in the country. The movie will go down in history as the 1st user generated film making the advert memorable. This gives this advert an edge over the other two adverts. This advert is very entertaining as opposed to the other two adverts. The movie produced will entertain buyers unlike the other adverts by adPack and MARC USA which offer no entertainment at all. As a result, more buyers will be attracted to the canon advert than to the other adverts (Percy & Elliot, 2012). The tissue pack and the canon adverts are able to grab the attention of the viewers in contrast to the passbook application advert which do not attract attention in equal measure.

Among these 3 adverts, the most creative advert is the one by Grey Global Group on canon cameras. This is because the advert relates the film produced by canon to Hollywood movies. The advert is very innovative since it is very unique. The message of producing a user generated film using the pictures selected from different photographers is just very creative hence unique and interesting. In addition, this advert has all the qualities of a good advert therefore it is not only creative but also the best among the three.

References

Bradley .N (2013) Marketing Research: Tools and Techniques. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Percy .L & Elliot .R (2012) Strategic Advertising Management. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Percy .L (2012). Strategic Integrated Marketing Communications. Burlington, MA: Routledge

Chapter 6; Topic 4

TPC and the Third Strongest NDP Message

The TPC selects the AP that has received the third strongest NDP message. The Sisco has designed TPC to choose the neighbor that received the third strongest RSSI from an AP as a criterion. The third strongest RSSI should be 70dBm, with the NDP advertisement messages transmitted at the maximum transmit power level. Since the neighbor list of AP-5 has the strongest RSSI record for AP-1, it is used to determine how far AP-1 can reach other AP cells. It is essential always to remember that the maximum transmits power a single AP can use depends on the current bandwidth it actively operates in. The regulatory domain determines the maximum number that can be used.

TPC and the Third Strongest NDP Message; Internet source

https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/wireless/controller/technotes/8-1/mobility_express/b_RRM_White_Paper.pdfThe Transmit Power Control, TPC refers to the third neighbor opinion of the NDP. It can also be described as the basis for calculation as in TPCv2. We have the TPCv1, TPCv2, and the TPC min/max. The TPCv1 is known as the optimal coverage mode and is the default method for power control in RRM. It calculates Tx power on a per AP per radio basis for every member of the RF group because the algorithm runs on the RF group. In the case of TPCv1, the Third loudest TX neighbor is used because this is the number of non-overlapping channels available for 2.4 GHz

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Marketing

This paper gives an in depth analysis of the concept of multichannel marketing as one of the latest strategies in the commercial arena. This will be done by having a critical evaluation of Ruby Roy Dholakia, Miao Zhao, and Nikihilesh Dholakia’s Multichannel Retailing: A Case Study of Early Experiences. This is a quite provocative paper which dives precise and clear information on the marketing concept. Besides, it sheds more light on the underlying factors on multichannel marketing in consideration with the consumer behavior along side the other prevailing market conditions. As these authors explain, business has become so competitive in the recent past (Christensen, C.M., 2007). It’s therefore essential that investors should ensure that they carry out an extensive research to ensure that they acquaint themselves with the necessary data which can put them in a better position to enjoy a competitive advantage over their competitors. This is the only way through which they can propel the development of their companies and ensure that they develop.

The paper goes ahead to analyze an ideal marketing situation in which various suppliers are confronted with a very stiff competition. However, as it is known, the most applicable philosophy in every business is the survival for the fittest. This implies that all the businesspeople should be up to date and come up with feasible strategies which can sustain them. They should not be eliminated based on the quality of their decisions (Hochbaum, E. et al., 2011). While making sales, it is essential to begin by carrying out a marketing research. This will enable them to understand the context I which they are operating so as not to go astray at any one given time. For instance, as the paper discusses, it is at times crucial for the investors to ensure that they adopt the most modern technologies in the market. If they take such initiatives, they will definitely stand a better chance of expanding their operations. In carrying out this critique, the paper will allude to the theories of marketing along side real example of actual companies which have benefited from this dynamic endeavor (Philip, G., 2000).

Critique

First and foremost, I would like to commend these authors for writing a life changing article. In deed, Multichannel Retailing: a Case Study of Early Experiences was a well conducted research done by authorities who have clear credentials in the marketing field. The ideas explained in this article are quite relevant and can be so beneficial to anyone who is willing to understand the concept under which they are operating and may be make a significant shift to a more expansive level (Maurine, M.J., 2009). I would like to concur with the article for advocating for research as the most fundamental tool in the establishment of businesses. Ideally, it does not make sense for any businessperson to simply venture into the business field without proper planning (Rangaswamy, A. & Gerrit H. V.B., 2005).

The kind of competition in the market always prompts businessmen to come up with better plans. Since the primary goal of any business is to make profit, it is paramount that they come up with ideas that can transform their investments. A part from annexing resources, there is a need to ensure that the services rendered are accessed by all the targeted clients irrespective of their geographical position. Therefore, as the article asserts, retailers should look for all the possible options that will make their products be known to and used by their customers. This will mean that it will be better for such traders to use different kinds of channels to distribute their products (Kotler, P. & K. L. Kevin, 2012).

Traditionally, business has been prospering as a result of the use of traditional channels such as direct distribution or the 8se of catalogues. As is widely accepted, these would efficiently ensure that there as an uninterrupted flow of information from the sellers to the buyers. However, things have since changed. Businessmen nowadays use a blend of channels to market their products (Kerin, R.A., 2012). These include, but not limited to catalogues, retail shops and the internet. Instead of relying only on one channel which could be vulnerable to lots of obstacles, it is better to be dynamic. Meaning, all the above channels are used as a means of distributing the produce. Even if this may not be efficient for certain products, it is the best strategy to adopt because it will ensure a wider coverage by the product. As a result, the product will be sold to different clients. This is because; the use of these channels will act as an alternative source to the sellers.

Significantly, the adoption of internet marketing can bring more advantages to the sellers since it will connect them to lots of targeted clients from different parts of the world. Since internet has become a global tool, it can be used to make world be a smaller village (Foxall, G., 2005). Meaning, a product sold through the web site will have to access many buyers who will have an opportunity to learn more about the product being sold, make inquiries before eventually deciding to settle on the product and buy it for their own use.

However, I would like to say that the use of multichannel as a means of distribution can be so challenging. To begin with, it is a very expensive affair. It can be extremely expensive for emerging firms to launch and maintain an online selling activity (McNair, B., 2008). This is simply because of the hiked operation costs which may include a full time online support for the clients. At the same time, it can be so expensive because it needs the company to hire computer gurus to manage the affairs of the technical department. This is a sensitive job that should only be done by professionals. However, these may be difficult to find or pay. The same can apply to all the other channels which may require a lot of funds to sustain. As a result, it will inconvenience the company because of the increased costs of production which will mean reduced returns from the total sales (Caroline, R., 2001).

Case Studies

I would like to use Vodafone as a case study in analyzing this concept. As a well established multinational, Vodafone has resorted to adopting the marketing theories such as the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs,Theory of Planned Behavior, Elaboration Likelihood model and Cognitive dissonance (Laermer, R.E., 2001). This has enabled it to adopt all the above mentioned channels as a means of distributing its products to the international community. I think that is why it has emerged to be one of the most developed cellular companies in the world. In order to expand its sales, Vodafone has established branches in different countries, nearly in all the continents. Each of these has stores which are used as distribution points for its products. At the same time, it has launched an online sales department which promotes and distributes its commodities to the potential buyers.

Most of such adverts are placed in the popular social sites like Facebook, Tweeter, My Space, Yahoo, Gmail and Wikipedia. These are very prominent sites which are accessed by millions of users. Hence, placing such adverts in these places increase their chances of being read by many people. As a result, they are coaxed into placing online orders before they eventually receive their products.

This kind of strategy is adopted by the leading motor car companies such as Toyota, Mitsubishi and Nissan. A part from establishing branches in different parts of the world; they use many other channels to distribute their products. These include the catalogues and internet buying. Just like Vodafone, these companies simply place adverts at strategic sites that can be easily viewed by those surfing the internet. As they bump themselves into such ads, they get attracted to such products which they eventually purchase. After the conclusion of such transactions, the commodities are then shipped into the client’s nearest port (Rakesh, M., 2005). At the same time, these companies involve the use of direct distribution and middle men who purchase their commodities and supply to their customers in their respective geographical areas. This kind of dynamism has enabled these companies to expand their customer base, increase the volume of their sales, profit and expand to multinational levels.

I would like to conclude by accepting that this is a life changing article. One f the major mistakes done by many entrepreneurs is lack of proper planning. This justifies why many firms often succumb to stiff competitions in the market. Marketing is a very important aspect of any form of business. In order to ensure prosperity, the paper suggests that there should dynamism of all kinds. All investors should take advantage of the modern technology to improve their efficiency, quality of services and accessibility. There should be a clear understanding and appropriate application of all the marketing theories. This is the only way through which massive expansion can be realized. All these activities should be properly planned to ensure that there is loyalty and confidence in the company. This will retain the potential clients and prevent them from frequently shifting from the channel as has been experienced in many businesses.

Works Cited

Caroline, R. (2001). Introduction. Marketing: principles and practice (4th Ed.). Oxford: Oxford

University Press.

Christensen, C.M. (2007) the innovator’s dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to

Fail. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Harvard Business School Press.

Foxall, G. (2005) Understanding Consumer Choice. Baingstoke. Palgrave Macmillian.

Hochbaum, E. et al. (2011) Rating Customers According to Their Promptness to Adopt New

Products. Operations Research 59(5): 1171-1183, 2011

Kerin, R.A. (2012). Marketing: The Core. McGaw-Hill Ryerson.

Kotler, P. & K. L. Kevin (2012). Marketing Management. Pearson Education Limited

Laermer, R.E. (2001) Mark, Punk Marketing, New York: Harper Collins.

Maurine, M.J. (2009) Framework for Marketing Management (4th Ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.

McNair, B. (2008) Retail Development. Harper & Row, New York, NY.

Philip, G. (2000) Principles of Marketing. Pearson education.

Rangaswamy, A. & Gerrit H. V.B. ( 2005). Opportunities and challenges in multichannel

Marketing. Journal of Interactive Marketing.

Rakesh, M. (2005) International Marketing. Oxford University Press, New Delhi and New York

Chapter 6; Topic 5

Example AP Transmit Power Level Numbers

The results of RRM’s TPC are affected by a good design that has appropriate AP locations and spacing. TPC can produce reasonably expected results if the APs have a reasonable space between them. Configuring the TPC interval to a more excellent value adds more stability to the wireless network. To compensate for excessive overlap or any hole, the RRM will try to adjust the AP transmit power levels. The TPC begins to make necessary adjustments when the ideal transmit power has been calculated for each AP in the RF group. It also makes incremental changes of 3dB each time it runs to maintain stability

Example AP Transmit Power Level Numbers; Internet Source

https://wlanlessonslearned.wordpress.com/tag/power-levels/The numbering systems starting with 1 and ending with 8 have their current power level assignment shown by each AP’s Tx Power Level Assignment. A single AP full-on power is indicated by the number 1, meaning that the higher the number goes, the less energy is transmitted. Wireless communications occur in a bi-directional manner. This aspect implies that downlink communication from the AP to the client is often different from the uplink communication from the client to the AP. The equipment used to channel/power settings that could turn into a timeous process includes Cisco 5508 Wireless LAN Controller and Cisco 3700 series Access Point

Chapter 6 Reflection

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Chapter 6 Reflection

This chapter presents the anomie theory and focuses on the study of the society in relation to lawlessness and its effects. The major theorists mentioned in the chapter are Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton. The research into lawlessness and how this affects the society was began by Emile Durkheim and later studied by Robert Merton. What is of major interest and concern to me is how Emile Durkheim investigated death and its causes and later came to the making of anomie theory whereby the social standards for regulating behaviour are no longer effective and have broken down. Due to this different people have issues and later end up committing suicide due to their overwhelming psychological states.

Reference

Williams III, F.P., & McShane, M.D. (2018). Criminological theory (7th ed.). New York: Pearson.