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Chapter 6 Discussion Post

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Chapter 6 Discussion Post

Robert K. Merton developed the anomie theory introduced by Emile Durkheim and it was first printed in 1938. At this time it never had a lot of impact in the society and it is described to have been a sleep theory till 1954 when it was reprinted and people got to notice it. Merton describes the gap which Durkheim had presented in a clear manner (Featherstone, & Deflem, 2003). He clearly states that the gap which exists between goals and means is the major reason for crime and this at times leads to suicide which Durkheim was investigating when he came up with the anomie theory.

Therefore Merton would simply describe crime as a result of a conventional way to achieve the goals and objectives of the individuals in the different societal strata he talks about (Cohen, 1965). When the discrepancy between goals and means such that a person is unable to attain what is needed to attain their goals the result is crime as people try to find ways to do whatever they have to do and achieve their goals.

Reference

Williams III, F.P., & McShane, M.D. (2018). Criminological theory (7th ed.). New York: Pearson.

Cohen, A. K. (1965). The sociology of the deviant act: Anomie theory and beyond. American sociological review, 5-14.Featherstone, R., & Deflem, M. (2003). Anomie and strain: Context and consequences of Merton’s two theories. Sociological inquiry, 73(4), 471-489.

Chapter 4 – Attention

Instructions: Using your textbook, complete the definitions/questions in italics, highlighted in yellow. Keep in mind it is your responsibility to learn all the information presented here – not just the parts you complete. They take the place of a traditional lecture and guide you through what you need to know for exams.

If at any point you are confused about the meaning of a question, please do not hesitate to reach out!

As you complete the definitions, keep in mind that copying directly from the textbook is not your best bet. You need to be able to apply these definitions. A good rule to remember is this – if you can’t explain a term/theory/etc., in your own words to another person, you don’t really understand it. Don’t be a copy machine – be a thinker!

For your grade on this assignment – you will separately turn in typed answers to questions indicated at the end of the assignment. Leave the question in your answers to make them easier to grade.

Videos on attention in general – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrpFJcthIY0; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4JBqLoY3tYSummaries of key concepts and mechanisms of attention.http://www.spring.org.uk/2009/05/attention-how-it-works-how-it-fails-and-how-to-improve-it.phpTerms from Roger’s Adventure with Attention

1.Attention – Define –

2.Selective attention– Define –

3.Distraction – Define –

4.Divided attention – Define –

5.Attentional capture – Define –

6.Visual scanning – Define –

I.Attention as Information Processing

Theories of selective attention – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpsaHE_uZic; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRPk-ynBOkI; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQlwWheRKOs; http://www.csun.edu/~vcpsy00h/students/arousal.htmA.Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention – Define –

1.Dichotic listening – Define –

Dichotic listening – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-tQgfm2CAs2.Shadowing – Define –

3.What did dichotic listening experiments show?

4.Based on results such as these, Donald Broadbent (1958) created a model of attention designed to explain how it is possible to focus on one message and why information isn’t taken in from the other message. Explain the stages. WILL BE TURNED IN FOR A GRADE.B.Modifying Broadbent’s Model: More Early Selection Models

1.What did Mornay and other researchers find out about the processing of the unattended ear?

2.How did Treisman update Broadbent’s theory? Make sure to define all terms involved. WILL BE TURNED IN FOR A GRADE.

C.A Late Selection Model

1.Other theories were proposed to take into account the results of experiments showing that messages can be selected at a later stage of processing, based primarily on their meaning. What happened in MacKay’s experiment?

2.Late selection models of attention – Define –

II.Processing Capacity and Perceptual Load

A.Terms

1.Processing capacity – Define

2.Perceptual load – Define –

a.Low-load tasks – Define –

b.High-load tasks – Define –

B.Load Theory of Attention – Define –

Load theory – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vv-ysL4LioY1.How does distraction work differently for low- and high-load tasks?

2.Explain the Stroop effect. WILL BE TURNED IN FOR A GRADE.Stroop effect (SO FRUSTRATING!!!) – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reUic5tyVwoInteractive Stroop Effect Experiment

In this experiment, you are required to say the color of the word, not what the word says.

http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/java/ready.htmlIII.Directing Attention by Scanning a Scene

A.Scanning a Scene with Eye Movements

1.Central vision – Define –

2.Peripheral vision – Define –

3.Fovea – Define –

4.Fixation – Define –

5.Saccadic eye movement – Define –

6.Overt attention – Define –

B.Scanning Based on Stimulus Salience

1.Stimulus salience— Define –

2.Saliency map – Define –

C.Scanning Based on Cognitive Factors –How is this different from scanning based on stimulus salience?

D.Scanning Based on Task Demands – How is this different from the other 2?

IV.Outcomes of Attention. Define covert attention –

A.Attention Improves Our Ability to Respond to a Location

1.What happened in Posner’s study? WILL BE TURNED IN FOR A GRADE.B.Attention Improves Our Ability to Respond to Objects

1.What happened in Egly’s study?

2.Same-object advantage – Define –

C.Attention Affects Perception – How?

D.Attention Affects Physiological Responding

1.Attention to Locations Increases Activity in Specific Areas of the Brain – What happens in the brain when people shift their attention to different locations while keeping their eyes stationary?

2.Attention Changes the Representation of Objects Across the Cortex

a.What happened in Cukur’s experiment?

b.Attentional warping- Define –

V.Divided Attention: Can We Attend to More than One Thing at a Time?

A.Divided Attention Can Be Achieved With Practice: Automatic Processing

1.What happened in Schneider and Shiffrin’s study? WILL BE TURNED IN FOR A GRADE.2.Automatic processing – Define –

B.Divided Attention Becomes More Difficult When Tasks Are Harder – Explain using an experience of your own.

VI.Distractions

A.Distractions by Cell Phones While Driving

1.What happened in the Strayer and Johnston study?

2.What did Strayer et al conclude?

3.What about technology that doesn’t require one to take their eyes off the road?

4.Try to craft a message that would convince drivers to not use their cell-phones or voice-activated tech while driving.

B.Distractions by the Internet

1.Experience sampling – Define –

2.How does operant conditioning lead to constantly checking your phone?

VI.What Happens When We Don’t Attend?

A.Inattentional blindness – Define –

Inattentional blindness – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TSsuwZvom3g1.What happened in the Simons and Chambris study?

B.Inattentional Deafness

1.Visual search – Define –

2.Inattentional deafness – Define –

Inattentional deafness – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9maXXjc4MwM3.How is this related to task load?

C.Change detection – Define –

1.Change blindness – Define –

Inside NOVA: Change Blindness (Time: 4:07)

Change blindness and inattentional blindness defined and explained.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkrrVozZR2c2.Why does change blindness occur?

VII. Attention and Experiencing a Coherent World – Define binding and the binding problem.

The Binding Problem (Time: 3:25)

A student presentation covering two binding problem models.http://youtu.be/HmIjIqpZmTwA.Feature Integration Theory

1.Preattentive stage – Define –

2.Focused attention stage – Define –

B.Evidence for Feature Integration Theory

1.Illusory conjunctions – Define.

Questions to Turn In – Just submit this part of the assignment to Moodle.

1.Based on results such as these, Donald Broadbent (1958) created a model of attention designed to explain how it is possible to focus on one message and why information isn’t taken in from the other message. Explain the stages. (2 points)

2.How did Treisman update Broadbent’s theory? Make sure to define all terms involved. (2 points)

3.Explain the Stroop effect. (2 points)

4.What happened in Posner’s study? (2 points)

5.What happened in Schneider and Shiffrin’s study? (2 points)

Question 1

Multi-channel marketing combines a number of promotional and distribution avenues into a unified and singular strategy as a way of attracting customers. A multi-channel approach effectively and efficiently communicates a service or product’s value by applying the unique strengths of individual marketing channels (Grewal, Levy, Mathews, Harrigan, Bucic, and Kopanidis 2020). Some of the main channels may include social media, retail storefront, display adverts, websites, and email. In the case study, Waterdrop’s moving into the multi-channel marketing strategy is beneficial in that it expands the reach of the business. The company would be able to increase its reach among its potential audience. Expanding its campaign to include more channels will allow Waterdrop to locate customers with purchasing potential that has yet to be tapped. Moving into the multi-channel market space also means that Waterdrop will see an increased engagement due to higher numbers of potential touchpoints for customers. This provides consumers with more chances of engaging with the brand and opens up new communication channels between the customer and the company (Banerjee and Bhardwaj 2019). Another main benefit is that moving into the multi-channel market space will allow Waterdrop to reach customers on their preferred marketing channel (Niessing, Baumer, and Carrick 2019). For example, some consumers interact on social media on a daily basis, and the presence of Waterdrop in such a channel will increase the chances of an interaction. It therefore follows that multi-channels are more effective for marketers because of how they create a hybrid strategy tying together campaigns from several channels. Combined channels create an opportunity for more impactful message mindful of customer journey. Lastly, the main benefit that Waterdrop can expect to rip from moving into the multi-channel market space is increasing its customer base while lowering the customer acquisition costs because targeting consumers effectively increases the chance of customer conversion.

Despite the benefits mentioned, Waterdrop must remain aware of potential pitfalls in using a multi-channel approach. First, it is likely that Waterdrop may add marketing costs because more marketing channels translate to more required resources. Additionally, communication, sales, distribution, and advertising over multiple channels instead of a single entity requires complex logistics and increased control effort. The drawback is that if these multiple channels are not homogenously presented, then potential customers may end up being confused (Gensler, Dekimpe, and Skiera 2007). Another potential pitfall is that individual sales channels exist together but are not connected regarding technology and the organization (Grewal et al. 2020). The inability to switch back and forth between the channels in the same transaction can be repulsive for some consumers and may lead to switching to a competitor with a more holistic buying experience. Finally, it would be difficult to transfer information across channels, a phenomenon that could frustrate potential customers.

The pursuit of multi-channel presence may affect marketing strategies and the consumer decision journey for Waterdrop in a number of ways. First, it would provide Waterdrop with brand consistency. For example, the presence of the brand on social media, on television, and print media, and on website ads means that consumers are able to see and interact with the brand. The effect on marketing strategies is that Waterdrop would identify which channel to focus more on due to the conversion rates and other metrics important for decision making. Another effect on the marketing strategies is the flexibility to create and make adjustments. For example, it is easier for Waterdrop to adjust from one channel to the other or to add an extra one to its mix on the basis of what works best for marketing.

Question 2

If I was Martin, I would enter the competitive market using a concentrated (niche) targeting strategy. Waterdrop has identified several segments, yet it would be impossible to serve all of them. Some of the segments are unattractive and out of line with the business strengths of Waterdrop. For example, carbonated and unhealthy beverages, though very popular with consumers, are not attractive and may be outside of Waterdrop’s strength. Other organizations such as PepsiCo and CocaCola have already occupied a significant portion of these markets (Niessing, Baumer, and Carrick 2019). Therefore, Waterdrop should target one segment, pure and healthy drinking water, using a single marketing mix. Waterdrop understands the motives and needs of the consumers in this category and has designed a specialized marketing mix to cater for these needs. Concentrating resources and catering for the needs of a narrower market segment would be more profitable for a startup organization compared to spreading its resources over a number of segments. The key points differentiation would be a healthy water-based beverage that is a close substitute to pure water and one that is tailor-made for individual customers. The packaging, sustainability of the product, different flavoring, ingredients and a lack of chemicals also apply to the key differentiation points (Niessing, Baumer, and Carrick 2019).

I would position the brand based on product characteristics. By showing the benefits or characteristics of the product as a positioning strategy, I would link the brand with special features to that resonate with the consumers. For example, the current need for a healthy drink that is a close substitute to water opens up a world of opportunities for the company to market itself as the best healthy drink. The benefit of being a healthy drink would mean more to consumers than trying to present the brand as being more important. By focusing on the product, consumers would ultimately link the befits to the brand as opposed to forcing a brand in the market (Grewal et al. 2020). Showing a product to be more important is a marketing strategy aligned to a pull promotional/marketing approach. I would use a pull strategy to create an ongoing connection with both the product and the brand. A pull strategy would be more effective in building up customer demand for a product (Katsikari, Hatzithomas, Fotiadis, and Folinas 2020). For example, advertising the water-based beverage on sports channels would increase the demand for the product amongst health-conscious consumers thus creating demand through other channels.

Question 3

This is a good product. Despite the incredibly competitive environment, it is scalable, hard to copy, uses real fruit extracts, has great user experience, and is a lifestyle brand (Niessing 2019). The single most significant barrier to Waterdrop’s diffusion will be the competition’s response to new market entrants. Waterdrop faces a problem of industry giants with large spending and endless R&D that could easily replicate their product and allocate an even larger budget for marketing activities. Organizations such as Coca Cola and PepsiCo are likely to present a problem to the welfare of Waterdrop through influencing barriers of entry such as tax and patent protections. The competition already enjoys strong brand identity and customer loyalty. It would be difficult to make an entire industry switch to the new product because the competition has already ensured that switching costs are costly. These barriers may be directly influenced by the competition or already placed in the industry to discourage new market entrants.

To overcome these barriers to entry, Waterdrop must start with minimum viable product and later iterate in response to consumer feedback. It is important for the brand to use a very disruptive pricing model and to highlight the benefits of the product in order to focus the attention of the consumers on the benefits of price and product versus the competition. By creating a focus on the product, quality, and its benefits, the consumers will be less price sensitive. Additionally, clever and viral marketing to cut marketing costs and attract new sales will be required. The company already faces a mammoth task going against PepsiCo and Coca Cola as well as other established brands. Therefore, simply out-innovating existing firms will not be enough to institute a killing of the barriers of entry. For the product to diffuse in its market, Waterdrop will have to employ a number of strategies relevant to the immediate problem. Marketing and price decisions will play a very important role in ensuring that the target market is able to realize the benefits of the new product and to embrace it.

Question 4

A customer is always willing to pay more whenever the value of a product is visibly high. Value is the perception of a product and what it is worth to them versus the possible alternatives. Worth means the feeling of getting benefits over the price paid. Value can be functional, monetary, social, and psychological (Payne, Frow, and Eggert 2017). People pay more for some products on the basis of this value. The product that is overpaid for, even where it is available for free, is essentially valued because it is easier to buy, arrives more quickly, provides convenience, contains must have features, has low cost of ownership, better customer service, and the overall value placed by the customer is very high. The definition of value must be accompanied by the way a product is presented to a market. Overall, the product and its pricing are ethical. It presents a pricing and a product that has an active market share and profits. The actions of the branding do not affect others adversely. The company only uses a superior packaging strategy to bottle its product and sell it at a premium market price. The pricing and packaging are not different from the strategy applied by luxury brands in other markets such as the perfume industry and jewelry (Grewal et al. 2020). A lot of these products are available elsewhere for virtually free. However, the pricing and packaging chosen is superior. The company invests a lot of resources in its marketing and proposition. It is justified to sell the product using a premium price.

Reference List

Banerjee, S., & Bhardwaj, P. 2019, ‘Aligning marketing and sales in multi-channel marketing:

Compensation design for online lead generation and offline sales conversion.’ Journal of Business Research, 105, 293-305.

Gensler, S., Dekimpe, M. G., & Skiera, B. 2007, ‘Evaluating channel performance in multi-

channel environments.’ Journal of retailing and consumer services, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 17-23.

Grewal, D., Levy, M., Mathews, S., Harrigan, P., Bucic, T., and Kopanidis, F. 2020, Marketing,

3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill Education, Sydney Australia.

Katsikari, C., Hatzithomas, L., Fotiadis, T., & Folinas, D. 2020, ‘Push and Pull Travel

Motivation: Segmentation of the Greek Market for Social Media Marketing in Tourism.’ Sustainability, vol. 12, no.11, pp. 4770.

Niessing, J., Baumer, C., and Carrick, A. 2019, ‘Waterdrop changing the paradigms of the

beverage industry with limited resources and digital marketing.’ INSEAD. https://publishing.insead.edu/case/waterdropPayne, A., Frow, P., & Eggert, A. 2017, ‘The customer value proposition: evolution,

development, and application in marketing.’ Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 467-489.

Essay paper: Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain

The book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, there are different themes that Mark Twain tries to bring out that can be found when one keenly goes through the light-hearted and youthful adventure story. Although the novel was written several years after slavery had already been banned in America, the book is set several decades earlier when slavery and racism was still a troubling fact. When one views the book from a different perspective, the writer is simply trying to give out a picture about the conditions of racism and slavery during the period. At the end of the civil war, there was hope that racism wouldn’t be as strained as it was during the war. However, in the novel Twain still depicts the picture of just hope bad the black people still had it during because of the difference in their skin color.

Slavery could have easily been done away with but when the white people living in the south decide to enact laws using the excuse of their safety against the new free black slaves the black people view this as immoral and discriminatory and even opt to act on it. Even though the time setting of the novel was when slavery had already been abolished, the black people living in the South of the state dint have it any easy being black and Twain sets his novel a few decades back to give the readers a clear honest picture of the nature of racism and slavery at the time.

The book is set in the late 19th century in a rural part of the state along the Mississippi river where the main dominants in the society are the white people who look down at the African American living in the area and treat them with a lot of cruelty and discrimination. The main character in the story is Jim Crow who Twain uses a representation of the African American race (Twain, 13). Jim, who was owned by a white lady known as Miss Watson is trying to flee in order to try and avoid being sold to another owner and risk being permanently separated from his family.The other character in the novel is Huck who is trying to run away from the oppression he gets from his father. The two set off on an adventure towards the north where seemingly slavery had already been banned.

Throughout the book, Twain tries to bring out the social views on racism by using the two characters Huck and Jim. Huck being white seems to be a threat to Jim considering that at any point he may opt to turn Jim in and sell him as a slave. Despite the tight family bond that the two create Jim doesn’t feel as an equal to Huck and more often than not views Huck as a threat to his freedom. This is the reason behind Jim always agreeing with Huck’s ideas of adventure despite any good reason that he may have.

Twain portrays Huck as ignorant to the “rules of the society”. Unlike other white men, to him Jim is an equal and a brother and he looks past Jim’s skin color and although more often than once he uses the word “nigger” to refer to Jim, he does it on a lighter note. He sees Jim as a friend and a companion not just a black man who is at his disposal to tend to his every need. This is in spite of the fact he was raised in a white household where the blacks were seen as nothing more than slaves and servants to the white people. The influence that Huck’s upbringing may have on his judgment seems to be apparent when he is filled with a sense of guilt every time he is forced to lie to the white men who ask whether he is hiding any runaway slaves. However, the guilt does not shake off Huck’s loyalty to his friend Jim and at no point does he give in and sell him out to the white men.

The other instance that the effect of racism is brought is when Jim and Huck decide to visit Tom Sawyers home. Jim is forced to stay away from the other people because of the fact that he is a black runaway slave. Huck on the other hand is received with a lot of love in the home because of the fact that he is white. Despite the fact that both of them are running away from their homes, the two of them are treated with double standards because of the difference in their skin color.

Racism becomes even more obvious when Huck approaches Sally about the steamboat explosion. The minute that Huck points out that one of the victims who died in the explosions was a black man; Sally Phelps bluntly states that, “This proves that blacks were not considered on the same level as human beings. Their lives were obviously not valued and therefore disposable. They were merely replaceable figures” (Twain, 150). This further proves the level of cruelty that the African Americans are forced to live with simply because of the fact that they are black.

In chapter 6 when Pap is talking to a free black man, when he finds out that black men are free to vote in the state, he states, “but when they told me there was a State in this country where they’d let that nigger vote, I drawed out. I says I’ll never vote again”(Twain, 78). The statement is rather irrational considering that one would actually not to vote because of the mere fact that black men are free to vote in the state.

Mark Twain does a superb job in bringing out the differences of the lives and hard times that the black people had to endure during the 19Th century never being treated as equals of the white people. Additionally, the writer does a great job in making people realize that racism does not only affect the oppressed, but also the oppressors.

Work Cited

Ho, Oliver, Dan Andreasen, and Mark Twain. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Sterling, 2006. Print

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Advertisement/Magazine Cover Essay

Many media houses are kept in business by the revenue got from posting advertisements on their pages or through giving some air time for the advertisement to be aired during commercial breaks on the television stations. Advertisement are mainly used to promote consumer awareness or to promote more sales of a particular product, on the other hand there are some advertisement are put on papers or television stations to discredit others.

Almost each and every sector in the world has turned on to advertisement to promote their goods or services; commercial companies are prohibited from making any false claims regarding their products or their competitors in the business. In politics however such standards do not apply as speech, statements, and advertisements in politics are considered as “Political speech”, in the United States that is protected under the first amendment. Candidates are allowed to launch unfounded scathing attacks on their opponents and at times even make false claims. Broadcasters are obligated to air the advertisements even though at times they know that they are false, this is because under the Federal Communications Act a broad casting station can put a blanket cover and reject all advertisement whether true or false but, they cannot refuse some advertisements and accept others (Kenney, pg. 180).

But it’s not just that candidates are allowed to launch unfounded attacks against their opponents or make false claims about their own records. Broadcasters are actually obligated to run their ads, even those known to be false. Under the Federal Communications Act, a station can have a blanket policy of refusing all ads from all candidates. But they cannot single out and decline to air a particular commercial whose content they know to be a lie (Kenney, pg. 180).

In the last presidential election in the United States the Obama Biden campaign team ran advertisement on all major newspapers including times Magazine. The advertisement which was given the caption bridge to nowhere shows a bridge that has some parts that have fallen apart; the bridge itself is in the middle of the ocean and is not long enough and made of old logs which are not strong enough to withstand the raging waters of the ocean. The first sections of the bridge which can be considered as being close to the shore do not have wooden planks that one can walk on to avoid drowning in the water. The advert which was meant to discredit Obama opponents as people whose leadership was bound to fail as it was not capable of taking the American people anywhere. Even though the claims by the Obama Campaign team might have been false, the American citizens have the final say (Kenney, pg. 150).

Conclusion

Advertisements are meant for publicity, even though at times some of the advertisements might not be entirely true, the most important aspect is that it achieves the desired results. Even though some guidelines and legislation have been put in place to prevent organizations from lying about their products and services it does not entirely mean that all the things in an advertisement is the truth. Political advertisements on the other hand cannot be considered as entirely false as at time some candidates place advertisements that are true. Advertisements are meant to have an impact whether positive or negative, but it should be remembered that a well put advertisement is worth a lot.

Work Cited

Kenney, John. Truth in advertising. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013. Print.

Mr. Packer models of justice process (Compare and contrast)

In comparison, both models call for the enforcement of laws during the administering of criminal justice, maintenance and control of order in the society, and protect people from injustice practices. On the other hand, the due process model and the crime control model differ in the following manner. The crime control model believes that anyone charged with a crime is guilty and must be punished for his or her actions. In general, the model aims at controlling the criminal behavior of people with an assumption that it is the most essential aspect of criminal justice. On contrary, the due process model believes that any person charged with a crime is innocent until proven guilty. As opposed to the crime control model, the due process model calls for the freedom of a person charged with a criminal act unless their presence to the society is a threat. This model aims at protecting the innocent people while convicting the guilty (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

 Choose 1 of the following topics: Community Rehabilitation Programs for Adults, Death Penalty, or Rehabilitation Programs in Jails and Prisons; and answer the following questions:

Have the growth and investments (or lack thereof) in this area been needed?

The American federal government in collaboration with Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) has put more efforts in the process of conducting rehabilitation programs in jails and prisons. In addition, the local law enforcement has joined in the effort to rehabilitate prisoners in order to minimize crime rates in the country.

Do the policies rest on sound theoretical grounds?

Rehabilitation programs in jails and prisons have an adverse effect on the life of most criminals in the country. The policies put in place to guide these rehabilitation programs are well managed and implemented by people with sound mind. United States has been building prisons since 1980s because of the increasing rate of incarceration. In the recent years, the federal government has defined new ways of dealing with law offenders, especially those whose crimes are not serious.

Have they been well implemented?

Rehabilitation programs in American jails and prisons have been well implemented through the introduction of post-prisons programs. CDC has implemented two programs one aiming at educating drug addicts about substance abuse and recovery while the other program offers education to crime convicts by giving them better living ideas rather than committing crimes. In addition, the US government funds non-governmental organizations that are involved in rehabilitating individuals in order to give education to prisoners and help reduce prison populations.

Have the investments been allocated to the problems and policies where the greatest gain will accrue?

By investing on criminal rehabilitation programs, the government has used the best alternative that aims at producing greatest gains. Reddy and Levin (2013) argues that America spends $63 billion on rehabilitation programs because prisons and jails form the second fastest growing areas of state budget from the medical sector.

This article argues that there has been a shift in the role of policing. How has the role of the police changed and is it a positive change? What more can be done?

Community policing has been introduced as a modern way of ensuring total police interaction with the community to aid minimize crimes at the community level. Community policing has brought about positive changes because it encourages order maintenance, assists in perfect conflict resolutions in societies and provides services that aim at problem solving in the community level. Secondly, the police department has introduced broken window policing that has changed the role of police by giving them a chance to investigate on crimes that might have contributed to some evil things happening in the society.

from law enforcement into problem solving using the new policies (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

Recommendations

In order to ensure effectiveness of the police department in ensuring quality problem solving, the government should protect the rights of police to avoid harassment by the public. Laws should be introduced that ensures police have total protection from any kind of intimidation in order to ensure they conduct their services without fear or favor. In addition, the police department should be well prepared to meet the demands of homeland security to avoid instances of threats from outside especially terrorists. Moreover, the police role should evolve into a more effective and legitimate government institution (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

What policy implications can be taken from the results of Maxwell and Fagan’s study? Make sure to back up your response.

The federal government should introduce new policies that define new methods of dealing with organized crimes and punishing people who commit a crime more than once. In addition, the study gives suggestion to the law enforcers on how to deal with certain types of crimes in respect to the person who commuted the crime, the sex, gender and the main agenda. Moreover, the study shows the need for the government to introduce policies aimed at introducing rehabilitation programs in prisons and jails to ease congestion. Some people are placed in prison for crimes that can be managed by rehabilitation centers. For example, drug abuse (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

 Based on Article 9, what innovative steps can police departments take to reduce or eliminate corruption?

Firstly, the police department should increase accountability and transparency. Accountability in the police department should be achieved by giving both internal and external pressure. The top officials should ensure all funds are accounted for and those found guilty of corruption prosecuted. Secondly, corruption in police department could be reduced by raising public awareness. Some of the initiatives that are essential for public awareness include education and awareness campaigns, annual workshops, and informing citizens of their rights and empower them to monitor the police through service delivery surveys (Cole & Gertz, 2013). On the other hand, corruption in the police department could be eliminated by involving the National Integrity Unit in integrating reforms. The National Integrity Unit strengthens government offices by addressing integrity and economic reform issues. Involving this unit will assist in pointing out corrupt people in the department and taking the necessary measures towards them in order to caution any other person willing to carryout corrupt deals. In addition, the National Integrity Unit will educate people on the importance of leaving a corrupt free live and following the necessary protocol in acquiring justice (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

What should be done at the local and federal level to deal with the current illegal immigration problems? Remember, you must back up and substantiate everything in the response. 

The government should device a nationwide biometric identification process for all visitors in order to determine those in the country illegally. In addition, employers willing to hire workers across the border should register them electronically in order to be accepted as a worker-visit eligible to work in the country. secondly, . Immigration officers should offer the required waiting period for immigrants to allow law enforcers humble time to check and register incoming visitors. In addition, humble waiting period gives the police enough time to screen visitors and crosscheck against criminal and terrorist databases. Finally, Finally, the local government should give punishment to illegal immigrants to act as example to others. Apart from deportation, illegal immigrants should be given other punishment measures such as spending some time in jail to learn a lesson (Cole & Gertz, 2013).

Chapter 6 Discussion Post

Student’s Name

Institutional Affiliation

Course Number and Name

Instructor Name`

Due Date

Chapter 6 Discussion Post

Robert K. Merton developed the anomie theory introduced by Emile Durkheim and it was first printed in 1938. At this time it never had a lot of impact in the society and it is described to have been a sleep theory till 1954 when it was reprinted and people got to notice it. Merton describes the gap which Durkheim had presented in a clear manner. He clearly states that the gap which exists between goals and means is the major reason for crime and this at times leads to suicide which Durkheim was investigating when he came up with the anomie theory.

Therefore Merton would simply describe crime as a result of a conventional way to achieve the goals and objectives of the individuals in the different societal strata he talks about. When the discrepancy between goals and means such that a person is unable to attain what is needed to attain their goals the result is crime as people try to find ways to do whatever they have to do and achieve their goals.

Reference

Williams III, F.P., & McShane, M.D. (2018). Criminological theory (7th ed.). New York: Pearson.

Advantages of diversity

Attract the best talent

Organizations that embrace diversity management create an inclusive environment that enhances their reputation with job seekers. Typically, no one would like to work in an organization where his or her talents are not appreciated. Worse of all, know one would like in an environment that is rife with discrimination and where is considered a stranger. This means that organizations that prefer a homogeneous workforce, may discourage talented employees from minority groups from joining the company. In such an event, the organization is unable to realize its full potential. Moreover, the organization loses favor with minority groups and hence loose potential market for goods and services.

Enhanced productivity

In John and Bezrukova’s view by hiring workers on the basis of race and gender results, an organization ends up with employees who are paid more wages, but who are not more productive (703). The relationship between diversity and productivity can also be examined using work teams. Work teams or groups are important in any organization. The benefits of work teams can be illustrated using the example of the Motorolla company. The company has adopted a team-based structure to solve organizational problems. These teams are also charged with the responsibility of coming with creative ideas. An important aspect of cross-functional teams in the Motorolla is that their membership is drawn from diverse groups. Social interaction in work teams leads to increased productivity as the members share diverse viewpoints and perspectives. Ultimately, an organization stands to benefit by forming diverse teams.

Innovation

The interplay between innovation and diversity has been explored by many scholars. Innovation is a multidimensional term, and has both subjective and objective traits. Subjective traits include processes of creativity and original thinking. On the other hand, objective traits include the structures through which creative ideas are generated and transmitted to others. The ability of an organization to come up with creative ideas largely depends on the way subjective raw materials are harnessed by the objective structures of innovation.

Innovation is defined as the generation of new ideas that are vital for the production of goods and services and development of processes and systems. It is widely acknowledged that the ability of workers to communicate creative ideas, can be constrained by institutional and non-institutional forms of discrimination. It has also been established teams that have diverse characteristics have a great capacity to solve more complex problems to homogeneous teams as they had a greater pool of ideas. This position is supported by numerous studies. In such one study, established high levels of innovation in Germany was reported in areas where there were higher levels of cultural diversity than areas with lower levels of diversity. In a more comprehensive study whose participation was drawn from 1000 international teams, Under and Kregel (15) found out innovation was higher in teams that had equal gender ration than teams with an unequal ratio.

Based on other similar it is correct to conclude that diversity contributes to innovation in a number of ways. Firstly,creative ideas are born when the participants have dissimilar mind sets. Conversely,like-minded people are likely to make lie-minded decisions. In a diverse group the participants have dissimilar mind sets owing to their different backgrounds hence innovation is likely to occur. Secondly,diversity in a group encourages effective learning. Thirdly, diversity in a group leads to innovation due to the diverse range of perspectives that the participants have. The participants also have a broader spectrum of expertise and more robust critical evaluation compared to homogeneous group, hence more innovative ideas are born. Fourthly, diverse groups can access a broader network of relationships, cultural capital and bi-cultural competence. Diverse groups use these resources to generate new ideas.

Enhance efficiency

The issue of efficiency is well discussed by Janssens and Stevart in the article titled, theories of diversity within organization studies: debates and future trajectories..It is well acknowledged that the members of a diverse workforce can complement each other, since each one of them has different abilities and comes from a different background. In such a setting, communication is also enhanced because each member has unique ideas and knowledge that the other members can utilize. It then follows that organization should target to employ disadvantaged groups to utilize the specific capabilities that they have.

Retention

Employee engagement reduces turnover. In the US, turnover among women and people of color is significantly higher and a costly problem for many companies. In particular, the turnover rate for black Americans is 40% higher that the rate for whites. Similarly, the turnover rate for women is twice as high as for men. This high turnover rate negatively impacts on an organization in many ways. Firstly, the company the company is forced to spend more money on recruitment, staffing and training costs. Van der Vegt, Van de Vliert, and Huang (1171) estimates that the total cost can be as much as $10,000 for an hourly worker and $200,000 for an executive earning at around $100,000. Women and other minority groups often discriminated against in the workplace or are insecure about their status to fully engage themselves at work. When these groups their concerns are not being addressed they opt to leave their places of work. These minorities also face numerous frustrations when it comes to promotions. Unlike companies that discriminate against these groups based on primary and secondary dimensions, companies that embrace diversity management are able to attain competitive advantage.

The relationship between retention and diversity is well documented. A study that was conducted by Van der Vegt,, Bunderson, and Oosterhof (877) compared the satisfaction levels between workers in a company with a diverse workforce an done without. The results of the study showed that employees in a company with a heterogeneous workforce were more satisfied compared to their counterparts. The findings of this study are clear indication that organizations should embrace diversity management in order to improve the satisfaction of the employees hence reducing the turnover rate. By doing so, the company will not only reap the benefits associated with diversity, but they will also avoid the prohibitive costs of recruiting new employees. Another similar study that was conducted in 2004 found out that women and minority groups were more willing to work in a company with a heterogeneous workforce. Some of the participants in the study argued that they would rather work in an organization with a diverse workforce in exchange for for a lower salary than in an organization without a diversity program but which promises them a higher salary. Their arguments were based on the fear working in a company with a homogeneous workforce was likely to affect them psychologically due discrimination and emotional torture.

Creates a better working environment for employees

As earlier indicated a diverse workplace promotes personal development and higher levels of satisfaction. However, for this benefit to be realized diversity should be implemented on the surface, rather it should be integrated into the firm’s social and business fabric. A safe work environment will also depend on the perception of the employees. In this regard, if minority groups feel there exist perceived discrimination, then their commitment to the performance of the organization is likely to be affected.

Quality of service provision and improved market share

A diverse workforce that mirrors the organization’s consumer market can increase customer base and appeal. The minority employees are also able to understand the needs of the minority customers hence the company is able to increase its market share. Some of the sectors, such as the service-industry require high levels of customer service. In such an industry, the consumers are likely to approach one of their own. It then makes sense that organizations should employee minority workers in order to improve customer relations with minority consumers.

References

Leonard, J., and Levine, D.. The effect of diversity on turnover: a large case study. Industrial & Labor Relations Review, 59(2006): 547−572.

Leonard, J. S., Levine, D. I., and Joshi, A. . Do birds of a feather shop together? The Effects on performance of employees’ similarity with one another and with customers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25.6(2004): 731−754.

Liao, H., Joshi, A., and Chuang, A. Sticking out like a sore thumb: employee dissimilarity and deviance at work. Personnel Psychology, 57.4(2004): 969−1000.

Lauring, J., and Ross, C. Research notes: Cultural diversity and organizational

efficiency. New Zealand Journal of Employment Relations, 29(2004): 89-103.

Li, H. Diversity in the library: What could happen at the institutional level.Journal of Library Administration, 27(1999): 145-156.

Chapter 2

Use techniques in learning situations that will increase your degree of concentration, improve your listening skills, enhance your comprehension (understanding) of information needed for critical thinking as a licensed practical nurse/licensed vocational nurse (LPN/LVN), and develop your ability to store information in long-term memory.

– Making study cards with key words and definitions

– Grouping terms together to create a concept map

– Studying in a clean, well-lit area

– Put up white boards or post notes around your study area for visual stimulation

– Get enough sleep so you can concentrate on learning the next day.

In addition, professors recommend that we don’t use our phones for social media or texting during class time. This is distracting and takes our attention away from their lesson plans.

Use hints for successful test-taking when taking tests in the LPN/LVN program.

-Break a sweat: I don’t want to be tempted to just skip the test or cheat

-Don’t get caught up with the scrap paper and pens that are offered, but do use them.

-Ask a friend how long every question takes! Sometimes questions feel like they take forever, so I make sure my time is accounted for

-Remember that there is always something new coming up! The next test will come along eventually. Don’t give up.

Identify your knowledge of your school’s learning resource center (LRC)

My knowledge of my school’s learning resource center (LRC) was put to the test one day when I was looking for something to help me with an assignment.

Discuss the value of reading assignments in periodicals.

1. Periodicals are a great way for students to combine their classroom learning with outside reading.

2. The reading time spent in periodicals will be more varied, and less repetitive than the same assignments from textbooks.

Use a digital database, and locate an article related to nursing

Hockenberry, M. J., & Wilson, D. (2018). Wong’s nursing care of infants and children-E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Discuss six hints used to gain full value from mini-lectures and PowerPoint presentations.

– Engage students by getting them on the right side of the room.

– Don’t rely of PowerPoint to tell your story. Add another layer to text, pictures, graphs and charts only when it will enhance understanding.

– Talk with passion and connect with your audience while presenting a mini-lecture or PowerPoint presentation.

– Create an environment that is conducive for listening – make eye contact with your audience and speak in a conversational tone.

– Use Microsoft OneNote for taking notes if you do not have access to Microsoft Word or PDF files during the presentation (or use voice recording).

Discuss the use of the resources such as labs, study groups, the Learning Management System (LMS), electronic devices, mannequins, and simulation (i.e. screen-based and virtual humans) in your personal learning.

In my personal learning, I utilize various resources such as abs, study groups, the Learning Management System (LMS), electronic devices, mannequins, and simulation (i.e. screen-based and virtual humans). The first thing to note is that I try and involve myself in as much of the course as possible. I attend lab sessions, and ask questions when a topic or concept is unclear. By asking questions in class, I am able to maximize the amount of knowledge I am able to gain from each section of the course.

For the past two semesters, I have been a part of a study group. I was able to learn from my peers in order to advance my knowledge and skills in cybersecurity. The study group helped me to develop the skills and confidence needed to pursue further training and employment in this field.

Describe how digital databases, nursing organizations, guest speakers, and mobile devices help you stay current in practical/vocational nursing.

Digital databases, nursing organizations, guest speakers, and mobile devices help me stay current in practical/vocational nursing. I use a nursing organization website to find articles on updated nursing research. The website aides in staying current with the latest information in my field. I also enjoy watching lectures from guest speakers and/or reading journal journals via digital databases. This keeps me up-to-date with the newest research findings and allows me to stay one step ahead of clinicians who may not have time to follow their field as closely as I do, or who may be out of date themselves.

Mobile devices are an invaluable tool for today’s nurses and other healthcare professionals, they allow us to access the most current information quickly and conveniently from any location (even from home).

Identify academic resources, in your local community, based on your unique personal qualities that will assist you to SUCCEED

Mentoring program where I can connect with graduate students and scholars to discuss more intricately any academic challenges that I may be facing.

My academic advisor who helps me stay organized, on track, and assists me in creating a personalized plan for future success.

Advantages of Electronic Medical System (EMR)

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Electronic Medical Records (EMR) aided in the reformulation of the entire medical segment thus presenting a new and unique format of the storing patient’s records, ascertaining the medical history and other very essential medical historical data for the medical sector. With implementation of the EMR, both the physician and the patients are placed to achieve instrumental and positive change. The typical merits of the EMR are advanced diagnosis and corresponding treatment. The other beneficial notable with EMR are the conspicuous reductions on the errors relating to the personal information and health records management. With presence of the availed data, individual physicians stand a better chance of responding best to various medical conditions presented to him or her.

Consistent with the system developed under EMR mechanism the patient’s stands to benefit incredibly for the whole process thus presenting indelible mark in the health of any patient. The doctors on the other side are presented by numerous merits regarding removal of complexities thereof experienced before. The conveyance of the patient data through papers files is no more. Digital handsets provide extensive storage capacities or the client to use effortlessly. This introduces sparing use of the environment space. Quick retrieval of data is highly vital in hastening the process of service delivery to the patients. Any health facility is hence exposed to handle many clients as compared of earlier cases of queuing experienced before. The health management is also instrumentally elevated to standard level relevant for an excellent management and decisions making. Advanced and elevated results are entailed in the creation of the commendable outcomes in the healthy delivery. Well and designed scalable vital to the company as most of the components are elevated with upgrading of the health system.