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”A clean car gets better gas mileage–a proven fact.”

This statement can only be true at highway speeds. In the real sense, the car’s mpg may not be affected by a little dust on the cars body. Equally we can say that there is no measurable effect of a little dirt on the cars mpg. However, if your car has big clumps of dirt that considerably alters the flow of air along its surface, then it reduces your gas mileage. This can be supported by the fact that large clumps of dirt on the body of the car disrupt the air around it creating a stir behind it hence reducing drag.

The statement is true if we look at a clean car in the sense of a well maintained, repaired and upgraded car especially on the vehicle systems like intake, exhaust, suspension brake and electrical system. For instance replacing a dirty gas filter will enable your car to breathe easily hence using less gas thus increasing gas millage by more than 10%.

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway

Background: Authors Bibliography

The author is a renowned writer with a characteristic economy of words making his works some of the effective delivery of the message with precision and accuracy. The story A Clean, Well Lighted Place was written in the mid 1920s at a time when modernity and traditionalism were clashing against each other’s realities (Shmoop para.1). Also witnessed in other woks by the author, the themes of social exclusion, death, loneliness, and modernity demonstrate the relevance of the narrative in dealing with social issues seen in the plot.

Social Issue and Its Impact on the Narrative

Old age is associated with a stage in life when individuals settle down and have a peaceful life away from complicated activities since their energy is dwindled. Spending time with the family, particularly the extended family and resting constitute the main depiction of individuals in their later stage of life. Pensioners enjoy the savings they made during their young ages as opposed to active participation in work. However, A Clean, Well-Lighted Place generates a different picture of a suffering old man lost in desperation, loneliness, and isolation. Despite having enough money and resources to sustain his life, the main character old man struggles to fit in a society that cannot deliver the social life he deserves. Social exclusion of the old people is a social vice that destroys the dream of a peaceful rest for the old generation.

The events in world political history left a huge scar to the human society since war and aggression create animosity resulting into death and desolation. A cold society depicted by the setting of the story after a time of war shows the coincidence it has with social insensitivity. To illustrate this, the author uses the presence of a soldier and a guard in the story for the obvious reasons of some force needed to quell certain disorderliness. In addition, the waiter’s treatment to the deaf old man shows insensitivity as speaking to the old man aware of his disability is quite an insult.

Causation

In terms of fictitious application of the plot, the author selects the events of causation that resonate well with the social issue of neglect, isolation, and desolation of the old in the society. In illustrating the nature of the main characters, particularly the old man, it is clear of how the desolation and isolation manifest in the story development (Lombardi para. 2). It is perhaps due to the depiction of the difference in the condition of the commotion in daytime and late night silence that the author generates the gentle character of the old man, who chooses the late night for his drink. In contrast, the author paints the young waiter as a violent and insensitive character by opting to retire when the commotion in noisy and dusty street subside. “‘You should have killed yourself last week,’ he said to the deaf man,” (Hemingway line 19). The older waiter’s character seems to be in the middle of the two extremes in that his lenience for the old man’s choice of drinking time does not convince him to take over. He understands the social impact of old age and the risks of desolation and he is aware of the realities that await him in his later days not too far, unlike his younger colleague. The interaction of the three characters in the narrative shows the disconnect that affects the young and the old within the theme of responsibilities of a socially cohesive society. The young cannot understand the challenges of the old such as why they could opt to pick the late hours for drinking crowned with sheer lack of sensitivity. We also learn about the family setting for the old man, with only one niece making up the family that takes care of him. Lack of other family members raises questions on how practical his resting days are, shedding more light on why he is in virtual inexistence in terms of social life befitting a pensioner.

Rising Action

Description of the old man by the waiters introduces the environment in which the story develops and perhaps enables the author to generate the tension between the characters, who develop the social exclusion theme. One of the most important developments in the story is the auditory disability and drunk attributes of the old man. The demand for service by the old man through rapping on the saucer initiates the direct interaction showing the language barrier in the beginning. To illustrate the insensitivity, the sign language issued in the beginning by the old man is responded with a nasty reaction through by voice and later some insult. Despite the fact that the old man cannot hear what those around him say, the insults hurled at him describe the cold world around him as well as the depiction of the young waiter. The conversation between the two waiters sheds more light on the plot on potential reasons for the suicide attempt by the old man, absence of the wife and the fears of the young waiter to become old. Denial for another serve of brandy to the old man and his honorable reaction of opting to leave silently leaves jitters on the young man’s perception of old age. “The old man stood up, slowly counted the saucers, took a leather coin purse from his pocket and paid for the drinks, leaving half a paseta tip,” (Hemingway, line 48).

Falling Action

The exit of the old man after denial for more brandy ushers in the episode to learn the actual darkness in the life of the young and older waiters who struggle differently to come to terms with old and young age. A section of the customers prefers to partake in late night drinking due to myriad social challenges pushing them to insomnia. Fear of emptiness in life caused by the insensitive society causes many to suffer and sometimes contemplate taking their own life. Virtual darkness exists in one’s life when deserted and excluded by the society and it begins to make meaning when the older waiter puts out the café’s lights. Orderliness and cleanliness observed in the night when noise subsides and dust soaked up by the evening dew makes meaning in the night silent and cleaned up pub where life’s worries can be drowned in booze.

Closure

Visitation of the bar by the older waiter makes a mock of the theme of A Clean and Well-Lighted Place, which is depicted by the café. The bar lacks the balance of light and cleanliness, standards observed in the café where the old man enjoys his drinks. The observation of the older waiter to the effect that the bar lacks one important element of cleanliness shows that age issues finally catch up with his choices and decisions. His option to remain sober for a little longer however illustrates his judgment mind ass opposed to the old deaf man who wishes to soak his brain in alcohol. All the characters are finally brought together by the same force of nature and have to get to bed even if they have a different choice.

Themes

Old age and death takes a fair share of social perceptions between the young and the old. Whereas the young think that they can escape old age and its predicaments, the author paints the picture that they need to have in that theirs is a transition stage that melts away with time. As an illustration, the use of the older waiter who understands the situation of the young waiter and that of the old man augurs well with the transition phenomena that the young must accept. It follows that the problems that face the old generation are not understood by the younger generation that almost dispels old age as an ugly thing. Perhaps the impact of the delusional perceptions is witnessed when the old come to the reality of life as opposed to their youthful expectation of remaining young for the rest of their lives. As a consequence of the reality of social acceptance of aging among the young, old age is a burden to bear for them usually ending in suicidal thoughts. “‘Last week he tried to commit suicide,’ one waiter said,” (Hemington line 2). The attempt to commit suicide by the old man shows some form of denial of the nasty things about age, which is against youthful wishes.

The theme of young age and modernity can perhaps be generated from the narrative as captured in the young waiter who sees the world in a different perspective. In view of the youthful and delusional thoughts that assume that confidence and young age are permanent and inseparable, the author depicts the young as hasty and judgmental. The young waiter explains to his colleague that he wants to rush home to be with his wife and is insensitive to understand that the older men would be alone. A hasty decision mind with a little understanding of the underlying issues shows how ill prepared the youth is, in internalizing old age life. Perhaps an advancement in age such as the older waiter would equip the young waiter to deal with insensitive and unaccommodating attitudes. By internalizing such issues, the youth would be ready learn to appreciate life at all phases and cope with the shock of realities of loss of confidence and vitality that they are deluded to be permanent. The image of light and shadows in the story can be used to understand the age differences, perceptions, and wisdom between the characters.

The most dominant theme of the narrative is perhaps that of suffering for the old people who should otherwise be enjoying the fruits of their sweat gathered in their young age. On the contrary, desolation masks the life of the old people instead of finding consolation from the life that they have build over the years. The author paints a picture of a difficult life of languish in terms of social neglect leading to a cold environment for the aged to live in. By painting the family taking care of the old man to be only composed of a niece, the author illustrates the void left in the core of social life that the old man has to cope with. In view of the many challenges facing the old man for living in an environment devoid of social warmth, the author uses the conspicuous absence of a the wife to assist the man in life. Although he is old and aged at around 80 years, the loss of a wife to whichever cause is a devastating shock to the old men. Since the society does not take special note on the care needed by the old widowers, the impact of the loss sustained may lead to eventual loss emerges clearly from the narrative. It is perhaps the intention of the author to show the missing link for the roles of the entire family in maintaining social health for the aged under the predicaments of grief, loss, poor health, erratic sleep, and waning memory.

Works Cited

Hemingway, Ernest. “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,” 1926, Web. HYPERLINK “http://www.mrbauld.com/hemclean.html” http://www.mrbauld.com/hemclean.html (Accessed 11 May 2012)

Lombardi, Esther. “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place: Review,” 2012, Web. HYPERLINK “http://classiclit.about.com/od/cleanwelllight/fr/aa_cleanwell.htm” http://classiclit.about.com/od/cleanwelllight/fr/aa_cleanwell.htm (Accessed 11 May 2012)

Shmoop, “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place- In a Nutshell,” 2012, Web. HYPERLINK “http://www.shmoop.com/clean-well-lighted-place/” http://www.shmoop.com/clean-well-lighted-place/ (Accessed 11 May 2012)

Literature

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The primary aim of initiating an argument is to convince and persuade the audience to whom the argument is directed to with the goal of making them understand their topic while at the same time owe them to support their ideas. It is therefore for the urge of convincing and obtaining support that makes the person present concrete facts as proof to their audience that their argument is not an opinionated debate. Rachel Carson in her article ‘The Obligation to Endure’ (Carson, 2014) can be termed as one of the greatest persuasive essays of the year the 1950s due to her explicit use of the scientific facts as well as explanations in the presentation of her argument. Through her skillful presentation of the facts against pesticides, her audience was hugely convinced about the effects and dangers of the use of the harmful DDT that led to the eventual banning on the use of the pesticide. Rachel presents various facts in her argument to which she aimed at persuading her audience to which were a success to her motive of writing the essay.

Rachel Carson presents a variety of facts concerning pesticides throughout her writing, and besides she has also managed to have the scientific facts as well as their explanation relating perfecting to each other, and eventually introducing her audience to another augment. To begin with, Rachel Carson explains how the pesticides tend to be harmful to the environment, and then she goes ahead to demonstrate how the use of the dreadful pesticides is detrimental to the environment. And finally, she states of the assumption and reasoning that the use of pesticides is deemed to be necessary to the maintenance of the farm production is falsely (pg. 86). Rachel initiates her argument with a scientific fact regarding how pesticides contain certain chemicals to which contribute to the pollution of the environment as well as the living creatures in a manner to which cannot be revoked. She describes the pollutants as being evil as a way to portray the pesticide negatively, having an implication that the pesticides are causing more harm than good and therefore intrigues the reader of work as to whether the use of the pesticides is essential.

After making the reader question the use of the pesticide, she provides an answer by referring to Charles Darwin’s principle of natural selection where she proves that the use of the pesticides is unnecessary. She terms the use being useless because with the ability of the pests being able to mutate, there arises the need for the development of new insecticides and through this, she relates to the continued development of new pesticides as being useless for the control of the pest problem. After answering the question, she changes her tone to bring into light the real problem of crop production, where she states that ‘yet is our real problem not one of overproduction?’(pg. 86) as the creation of more pesticides is supposedly necessary for all the production of the crops. However, Rachel goes ahead and points out that due to the overproduction, a majority of the American citizens were required to pay over a billion dollars to cover the cost. Therefore, it is evident that Rachel Carson has done a lot of research before the initiation of her argument and thus proving she has the basis of her arguments. Through the skillful connection of the of the scientific facts, Rachel Carson assures her readers that she has done enough research through the provision of a variety of counts that are attributed to be reliable evidence.

In the article ‘The Obligation to Endure,’ Rachel has made it possible for her readers to understand her arguments by stating her facts in a manner that is not complex. She digs into details with her facts and explanations while at the same time compelling her readers with keywords and phrases to attract her audience on her side of the argument. For example, “In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister and little-recognized partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world- the very nature of its life … chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in the soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death” (pg. 84). She argues her point through first describing the chemicals as being sinister, grabbing the reader’s attention and then presents her facts in a more straightforward manner such that the readers can understand and get informed.

From the article, Rachel begins a new major point in her essay that precedes a fact that is aimed at strengthening her argument. On page 87, “The devotion of immense acreages to a single crop ….set(s) the stage for explosive increase in specific insect population”, here she refers to the incident in history where most of the towns were infected disease that was transmitted by beetles and therefore acts as a proof to her readers. From the skillful presentation of the arguments by Rachel, it leaves the audience with no choice but instead conforms to her argument as the evidence provided is solid and it is almost impossible for a person or the reader to argue against it. Rachel decides to use the scientific facts and explanations rather than using her statements that are opinionated according to her views so that her argument would be valid and successful and therefore she is compelled to present a compelling argument to which can be backed up by substantial evidence and not just meaningless statements. Rachel Carson has been able to successful persuaded her audience through her strong argument that is backed up by evidence to which makes the reader connect easily and therefore compels the reader to agree with her ideas.

Reference

Rachel Carson, “The Obligation to Endure”. Retrieved from: https://hilltownchautauqua.org/files/The_Obligation_to_Endure.pdfCarson, R. (2014). The obligation to endure. In The Ecological Design and Planning Reader (pp. 122-130). Island Press, Washington, DC.

The primary difference between consequentialist and non-consequentialist approaches is that in the former, consequences are thought to be the focus of analysis when deciding what action should or shouldn’t be done. Non-consequentialists, on the other hand, tend to place greater weight on outcomes and impacts over consequences (Lee-Stronach, 2021). Consequentialists believe that people should act according to maximizes utility and non-consequentialist believe that people should act according to what is right. It is important to understand the difference between these two approaches as they have different consequences. It would be wrong for someone from a consequentialist perspective to say that it does not matter if an individual does something wrong, whereas for some individuals from a non-consequentialist perspective, it could be life changing if they do something unethical or immoral (Savulescu & Wilkinson, 2019).

The theory of utilitarianism is associated with consequentialism approach. The approach is based on the assumption that the good of all ought to be the paramount consideration in moral decision-making. Utilitarianism assumes that a morally right action is one with probabilistically more utility or less disutility. Frequently utilitarianism is used synonymously with “the greatest happiness principle.” To apply this theory in a moral situation, we need to compare utility and disutility. A utilitarian will suppose that an action results in greater good for more people than any other option, and then pursue that course of action.

Deontology is a major theory associated with non-consequentialism approach. Deontological theories emphasize duty, obligation and moral rights and wrongs. The term deontology derives from the Greek word meaning duty. This term is essentially used to refer to the philosophical study of good, evil, etc., duties. It is associated with a categorical imperative or absolute value approach which means that all choices are viewed as either right or wrong, good or bad regardless of situation. Deontology is essentially an ethical theory because it focuses on individual action in relation to moral values as well as social norms.

Reference

Lee-Stronach, C. (2021). Morality, Uncertainty. The Philosophical Quarterly, 71(2), 334-358.

Savulescu, J., & Wilkinson, D. (2019). Consequentialism and the Law in Medicine. Philosophical Foundations of Medical Law.

COP

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Introduction

A community of practice (CoP) is, according to HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_anthropology” o “Cognitive anthropology” cognitive anthropologists HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lave” o “Jean Lave” Jean Lave and HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etienne_Wenger” o “Etienne Wenger” Etienne Wenger, a group of people who share a craft and/or a profession. The group can evolve naturally because of the members’ common interest in a particular domain or area, or it can be created specifically with the goal of gaining knowledge related to their field. It is through the process of sharing information and experiences with the group that the members learn from each other, and have an opportunity to develop themselves personally and professionally ( HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_practice” l “CITEREFLaveWenger1991” Lave & Wenger 1991).

CoPs exist in offline (i.e., physical) settings, for example, a lunch room at work, a field setting, a factory floor, or elsewhere in the environment, but members of CoPs do not have to be co-located. They form a “virtual community of practice” (VCoP) ( HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_practice” l “CITEREFe.g._Dub.C3.A9_et_al.2005” e.g. Dubé et al. 2005) when they collaborate online, such as within discussion boards and newsgroups, or a ‘‘mobile community of practice’’ (MCoP) ( HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_practice” l “CITEREFKietzmann_et_al.2013” Kietzmann et al. 2013) when members communicate with one another via mobile phones and participate in community work on the go.

Communities of practice are not new phenomena: this type of learning practice has existed for as long as people have been learning and sharing their experiences through storytelling. The idea is rooted in HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_pragmatism” o “American pragmatism” American pragmatism, especially HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Pierce” o “C. S. Pierce” C.S. Pierce’s concept of ” HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_inquiry” o “Community of inquiry” the community of inquiry” (Shields 2003), but also HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dewey” o “John Dewey” John Dewey’s principle of learning through occupation (Wallace 2007). Jean Lave and Etienne Wenger coined the phrase in their 1991 book, ‘Situated learning’ ( HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_practice” l “CITEREFLaveWenger1991” Lave & Wenger 1991), and Wenger then significantly expanded on the concept in his 1998 book, ‘Communities of Practice’ ( HYPERLINK “https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_of_practice” l “CITEREFWenger1998” Wenger 1998).

Communities of practice, looking from an organizational perspective can be defined as the part of the organizational structure that insists on sharing the learning that people have gained in doing a work with the other people of the organization (Wenger, 1998). These vary from other types of groups present within the organization, since they have their own boundaries and exist for a certain period of time.  There are various stages through which communities of practice develop. The stages are characterized by activities of different kinds and interactions at different levels by the members of the community. The following figure shows the five stages of development as proposed by Wenger, McDermott, and Snyder (2002, p 69), through which communities of practice develop:

HYPERLINK “http://i0.wp.com/www.projectguru.in/publications/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/fig1.jpg”

Figure 1: Stages of Development of communities of practice (Source: Wenger, McDermott, and Snyder (2002, p 69))

As the above figure shows, communities of practice develop through various stages. Each stage has a different set of activities. The stages can be explained as follows

Stage 1: Potential: It is the stage in which, people encountering similar problems or situations, find each other and identify their commonalities

Stage 2: Coalescing: In this stage people after finding each other, identify their potential and discuss about what knowledge is to be shared.

Stage 3: Active: This is the stage in which actual knowledge sharing takes place. The maturity stage is the one in which communities of practice meet its purpose of knowledge sharing. It is the most active stages among all the five stages of development of communities of practice.

Stage 4: Dispersed: In this stage people do not interact actively. However, the formed community acts as a knowledge center from which the members of the community access required information whenever necessary

Stage 5: Memorable: The final stage is one that persists after the community becomes extinct. In this stage the members retain the memories of knowledge gathered when they were a part of a community.

Thus communities of practice are present everywhere and are developed with the help of the above mentioned five stages, thereby enabling efficient knowledge sharing among the members of the community.

References

Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. New York: Cambridge University Press

Wenger, E., McDermott, R., & Snyder, W. M. (2002). Cultivatingcommunities of practice: A guide to managing knowledge. Boston: Harvard Business School Press

A Comparative Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jnr. And Malcolm X

Both Martin Luther King Jnr. and Malcolm X were active forerunners of one of the biggest movements in the history of America famously known as the African American Civil Rights Movement. They were influential figures in the Civil Rights era which reached its apex during the 1960s. Their powerful voices appealed to African Americans who had been disenfranchised and unabatedly treated as second class citizens across the entire nation. Individually, each had a different approach in the quest for racial equality. Martin Luther King Jnr. preached the philosophy of “love thy enemy” which had been imposed on him earlier on by his role model Mahatma Gandhi and believed equality could be achieved through peaceful, non-violence means. In contrast to King’s non-violent approach, Malcolm X did not ascribe to such idealism but believed racial equality and justice could only be achieved through force and violence. In this essay, I will compare and contrast King’s idealistic approach to Malcolm X’s radical extremism to show how their views paved the way for equality and social justice.

Many scholars have sought to determine who between King and Malcolm X was responsible for a greater change in the civil rights movement. The question can only be answered through an evaluation of each man’s views and how coherent each was in agitating for social justice. There are many who consider Martin Luther King Jnr. as the more influential force behind the movement mainly because it was King who promoted the inclusion of other sympathetic races including White Americans to the Civil Rights movement thereby broadening the base of support for their cause. Those who ascribe to this school of thought perceive Malcolm X as a man who believed in black separation as the first step followed by black pride and then equality “by any means necessary”. He is believed to be a man who saw the Civil Rights Movement as an opportune prospect for revolution in which violence and hating the enemy were the only means of achieving their objective. To better understand the views held by each of the two African American Civil Rights leaders, it is imperative to delve into their origins to determine how their lives shaped their personal philosophies in the struggle for equality and recognition of African Americans as genuine citizens of the United States of America.

Martin Luther King Jnr. was born in 1929 as a middle child to Reverend Martin Luther King Snr. And Alberta Williams King. He grew up in Atlanta and attended Booker T. Washington High School and later Morehouse College aged fifteen without even graduating from High School due to his high intelligence abilities. He graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1951 and later married Coretta Scott in 1953. Throughout his entire academic life, King was a known skeptic of many Christianity claims among them the bodily resurrection of Christ.

In his adult life, Martin Luther King Jnr. was professionally a clergyman who later became an activist and a prominent leader of the Civil Rights movement. As a minister in the Baptist Church, King’s early activism laid the foundation for his future leadership roles that included the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, founding of the 1957 Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the March on Washington in 1963 where he gave a speech that would later be famously remembered as the “I Have a Dream” address. In this speech he not only established himself as a great orator but more importantly expressed his vision of an American society where a person would not be judged by the color of his or her skin. King became the youngest person to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 for his efforts in ending racial segregation and discrimination by non-violent means. Before his assassination on 4th April, 1968 at Memphis, King was working on poverty eradication and ending the war in Vietnam. Besides the Nobel Peace Prize, King also received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal in 1977 and 2004 respectively.

Malcolm X on the other hand was an African American Muslim minister who doubled up as a public speaker and a human rights activist. His followers saw him as a brave advocate for African Americans’ rights and as a man who spoke strongly against crimes perpetrated against black Americans by the White American society. He was perceived by his opponents and detractors as a preacher of racism and black supremacy through violence. He however remains one of the most influential figures in African American history.

Born in 1925 as Malcolm Little, he was the fourth child of Earl Little and Louise Norton. His father is significantly remembered as an outspoken speaker in the Baptist church, a Universal Negro Improvement Association leader, and a strong supporter of Marcus Garvey. He was a major influence on Malcolm’s development of black pride values and self reliance. His early life was characterized by victimization by Ku Klux Klan who lynched one of his brothers and killed two others. After further threats by the Klan, Earl Little’s family had to repeatedly relocate to Milwaukee, Wisconsin and thereafter Lansing, Michigan. His mother’s Scottish ancestry which gave him a light skinned complexion was one of the most hateful aspects he saw in himself so much that he was known to repeatedly observe that he “hated every drop of that white rapist’s blood that is in me.” Despite being a good student in junior high school, Malcolm X dropped out at eighth grade when one of his teachers told him that his ambitions of becoming a lawyer bore “no realistic goals for (an African American)” in a derogatory reference. He later in life remembered the incidence and stated that it made him feel like a career-oriented black man had no place in a white man’s world.

Malcolm X is described as having largely been influenced by his father’s lessons in black pride and self-reliance as well as his own experiences in adult life. His early life was characterized by significant loses including his father’s death when he was only thirteen years old and his mother’s admission in a mental hospital. He spent his youthful years in a series of foster homes after which he became involved in criminal activities that culminated in an eight to ten years prison sentence. Prison life was significantly influential to Malcolm X’s life because it is while he was serving his sentence that he converted to Islam, became El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, and joined the Nation of Islam. He became the organization’s outspoken leaders after his parole. He quit the Nation of Islam after leadership wrangles with Elijah Mohammed, another influential figure among the African Americans, and became a Sunni Muslim.

Before his assassination in New York by members of his group, Malcolm X had founded a religious organization called Muslim Mosque, Inc. and the Pan-Africanist Organization of Afro-American Unity. Malcolm X was a renowned agitator and a propagandist who utilized his exceptional oratory skills in public speaking to influence the emancipation of African Americans to rise against discrimination racial prejudice. Today there are over fifty of his published lectures and interviews being used as scholarly academic materials. His image is highly regarded in the popular culture of rap music, and an abbreviation of his name to a single “X” is found on caps, T-shirts, and buttons. His popularity gives credence to the fact that his views can not be simply be passed off as radical extremism but as a diversity that has grown to be universally recognized.

Martin Luther King Jnr. agitation for a peaceful resolution to the problem of race inequality through non-violent means like civil disobedience can be attributed to the influence of his mentors. One of the people who significantly influenced King was his father’s former classmate at Morehouse College, Howard Thurman. Thurman was a theologian civil rights leader and an educator who mentored King among other youths. He had met and conferred with Mahatma Gandhi during his missionary work and the lessons he learned from Gandhi had a significant influence on his students among them Martin Luther King Jnr. After visiting Gandhi’s birthplace in India, King was so inspired by the legendary Indian’s success through non-violence activism that he later observed in a radio address: “Since being in India, I am more convinced than ever before that the method of nonviolent resistance is the most potent weapon available to oppressed people in their struggle for justice and human dignity. In a real sense, Mahatma Gandhi embodied in his life certain universal principles that are inherent in the moral structure of the universe, and these principles are as inescapable as the law of gravitation.”

Unlike Malcolm X who agitated for recognition of African American rights through all means including violence, King’s views were largely expressed in his numerous sermons and speeches which called for an active participation of all Americans of all races to fight against racial injustices and equality. His travels across the entire country brought him face to face with the harsh reality of racism. He realized that it was not only the African Americans who were affected by racism but poor people of all races had been left out in the country’s socio-economic development. He spoke on behalf of all people who were victim of all forms of discrimination as he stated in his “I Have A Dream” speech which called for freedom to all citizens. He believed the country could only prosper when all people joined together leaving no group behind to suffer oppression. His crusade for justice was driven by passionate statements like in a sermon where he stated:

“All I’m saying is simply this, that all life is interrelated, that somehow we’re caught in an inescapable network of mutuality tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly. For some strange reason, I can never be what I ought to be until you are what you ought to be. You can never be what you ought to be until I am what I ought to be. This is the interrelated structure of reality.”

Another famous example of his non-violent approach to the race issue is the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955. The boycott was caused by the refusal of a pregnant fifteen year old girl to give up her bus seat to a white man according to Jim Crow rules which led to another arrest of an African American woman Rosa Parks for the same offence. The arrest led to a boycott of all the Montgomery buses company organized by King for 385 days during which his house was bombed. He was later arrested but the boycott brought an end to racial discrimination in all the Montgomery buses.

King’s activism methods in which he expressed his views also included the founding of Southern Christian Leadership Conference which aimed at harnessing the power of all black churches in organizing non-violent protests for civil rights reforms. His literary works including the 1959 Measure of A Man were a reflection of Gandhi’s non-violent techniques. He believed that the use of non-violent means in protesting against racist issue like the southern segregation laws referred to as Jim Crow laws would result in extensive media coverage of the African Americans’ struggle for equality and the right to vote. He organized marches and speeches which were successful in the passing into the United States Law the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the subsequent Voting Rights Act in 1965.

Similar to King, Malcolm X used religion to launch his civil rights campaign. Most of his teachings were expressed through the Nation of Islam. His views were largely concerned with promoting self-reliance and respect for African Americans. However, the national media focused on the controversial aspects of his campaign which tainted his national appeal. In some sections of the media he was quoted as making outrageous claims like black people being the original inhabitants of Earth or that the White people were blue eyed devils. In reality he was opposed to the non-violence policy in the civil rights movement and agitated for the creation of a separate nation for African Americans. He preached on self defense by any means the people would find necessary. Malcolm’s violent response can nevertheless be justified by the fact that he spoke to the black community in the south where life was characterized by police using water horses and dogs against protest marchers. This is why he spoke on African Americans defending themselves against violence perpetrated on them by the white American society. However his call for the creation of a separate Black nation was unworkable. Notably, many African Americans from the Northern and Western States were more in support of Malcolm’s approach than that of the mainstream civil rights movement. They believed that by giving an active expression to their problems and frustration, Malcolm X “made clear the price that white America would have to pay if it did not accede to black America’s legitimate demands.”

In conclusion, both men will forever be remembered for their Black Nationalism spirit that fought for equal rights and justice against white supremacy. However, Malcolm X’s approach to resolving the racial injustice issue, though it was meant for good intentions, often caused ripples between different groups of African Americans. Martin Luther King Jnr. believed that responding to violence with violence was detrimental to the process of implementing change. He knew that change could only be achieved by uniting all Americans under one accord not by dividing the nation. In Martin Luther’s dream both White and Black Americans were one people.

Bibliography

Baldwin, Lewis and Al-Hadid, Amiri Yassin. Cross and Crescent: Christian and MuslimPerspectives on Malcolm and Martin. Gainsville, Fla: University Press of Florida, 1990.

Brendler, Gerhard. Martin Luther: Theology and Revolution. New York: Oxford UniversityPress, 1991.

D’souza, P. Placido. “Commemorating Martin Luther King Jnr.” SFGate.com (2003), HYPERLINK “http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-01-20/opinion/17474454_1_nonviolence-philosophy-king” http://articles.sfgate.com/2003-01-20/opinion/17474454_1_nonviolence-philosophy-king(accessed March 22, 2011).

Jeffrey, Gary, and Christopher Forsey. Martin Luther King Jr.: the Life of a Civil Rights Leader.New York: Rosen, 2007.

Khan, Ali. “Lessons from Malcolm X: Freedom by Any Means Necessary” Howard LawJournal (1994), HYPERLINK “http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=938821” http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=938821 (accessedMarch 22, 2011).

King, Martin Luther Jnr. And Carson Clayborne. The papers of Martin Luther King, Jr. LosAngels, CA: University of California, 1992.

Natambu, Koffi. The Life and Work of Malcolm X. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002.

Warren, A. Mervyn and Gardner Taylor. King Came Preaching: The Pulpit Power of Dr. MartinLuther King JR. New York, NY: InterVarsity Press, 2008.

X, Malcolm, Alex Haley, and Paul Gilroy. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. London: Penguin,2001.

Response

The primary role of nurses is to take care of patients, and this is done through the provision of care that advocates for dignity, respect and empowerment. All patients need to be treated equally, with no discrimination or favor to some patients. Every life is equally important and thus, the treatment and caring plans to the patient must uphold dignity and respect. Respect is a two-way traffic; nurses need to show respect to the patients for them to respect the nurses. Through respect, nurses can create a conducive environment for the patients that fosters understanding, and make the patients feel cared and valued in the heath care, providing an opportunity for the patients to open up on their history which helps the nurses to come up with a better diagnosis and treatment option. This makes it possible to promote a holistic care that includes the opinions of the patients in regard to culture and personal beliefs leading to better patient health outcomes. All these are elements stipulated in Swanson’s caring theory which outlines the caring processes such as knowing, being with, doing for, enabling and maintaining belief, and which are essential in cultivating a meaningful healing relationship between nurses and patients (Nurse-Clarke, DiCicco-Bloom & Limbo, 2019).

References

Nurse-Clarke, N., DiCicco-Bloom, B., & Limbo, R. (2019). Application of caring theory to nursing Care of Women Experiencing Stillbirth. MCN: The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing, 44(1), 27-32.

Introduction

There are several human resouce management practices that if well applied by an organization can enhance it’s competitive advantage in the marketplace. Employment security, selectivity in recruiting and selection, self-managed teams and decentralization, high compensation, extensive training and skill development ,reduced status distinctions and barriers and Information sharing are among the seven human resource management practices according to Jeffrey Pfeffer. This paper discusses the principle of extensive training and skill development as a way of enhancing an organizations competitive advantage in the market place.

An organization’s success largely depends on the performance of its employees whether good or bad. Employees need the right skill motivation and knowledge to conduct efficient work in an organization. Extensive training and skill development among the employees of an organization, that is, providing the employees with the right skill necessaryto do their job through training, is among the best human resource management practices that can improve the competative nature of that organization. This includes training and staff development that are based on competencies required and developmental needs that meets the requirements of the workplace and the individual needs.

Since the educational background of an organization may considerably vary, training that is extensive is necessary for an organization to maximize its output through the employees.This in turn enhances the organization’s competative nature compared to its competitors not practicing the same principle depending on how far they go in implementing the extensive training of their employees.For an organization to enhance its productivity, morale ,increase performance and at the same time reduce job turnover its mandatory for the organization to help its employee use employee skill effectively, and further improve those skills by providing training and development opportunities. This improves employees satisfaction with their job and working conditions as a whole and improve its stability by reducing the chances of strikes and demonstrations by the employees which may tarnish the organization’s name through negative publicity hence reducing its competitive nature.

Through extensive training of employees, skills are developed by the employees which enhance productivity and quality of work in the organization besides building worker loyalty. Improving employee skills through training can increase individual and organizational performance and help to achieve business results which are highly competitive in the marketplace. This can further lead into increased chances of recruiting and retaining high quality employees resulting to the organization’s growth and expansion hence increased edge of competition agaist its competitors. Field work jobs and an organizations rapid pace in technological change are some of the sources of employee skill since they constantly generate new knowledge.

Organizations should be able to perform assessments needs of the types of training needed, create the content of the training and find the best means of delivering training to its employees. Different organizations conduct different training and development programs to their employees according available resources at their disposal and requirements. Employee training may be provided in computer laboratory,classrooms or on site production facilities. An organization should also be able to help employees maintain and improve their job skills and prepare for jobs that require greater skill for an increased competion in the market place.

Conclusion

Extensive training and development programs are vital for an organization aiming at improving and enhancing its competative nature in the market place since they help employees and the organization as a whole to cope up with the changes in technology and diversity within it.

Works Cited.

Golding, N. “Strategic Human Resource Management “ 2010

Pfeffer, J. “Competitive advantage through people” 1994 Harvard Business School Press.

Armstrong, Michael.” A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice “ 2006 London.

Bacon, N,;Ackers, P;Coates, D “ The International Journal of Human Resource Management”.2004.

A Comparative Analysis of National and Regional Quality Awards

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A Comparative Analysis of National and Regional Quality Awards

Summary

The 1980s is when quality as a majority of organizations knew it changed; many countries turned to it in order to be the best in the market. As a result, a lot of implementations of quality strategic structures and many measures were taken by organizations to cope up with competition. However, the change was not entirely new since quality award programs were already being continuously implemented in some countries. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award was formed in America at that time; it objectively provided a model that reflected improvement and understanding of quality management. In 1988, major companies in Europe formed European Quality Award, which was a regional award that involved 16 countries, unlike other awards. Continuous analysis of feedbacks from applicants and constant adjustment made its quality improve (Vokurka, Standing, & Brazeal, 2000). And in Australia, Australian Quality Award was formed in 1993. It measures quality performance in seven criteria categories that have a big effect on quality of products. Earlier, Japan had formed Deming Award in 1951. The awards evaluation included 10 equally weighed points that each applicant must address. Lastly, there is the Canadian Quality Award; it originated in 1984 and revised in 1989; It relies on a continuous improvement guide named The Road to Excellence (Vokurka, Standing, & Brazeal, 2000).

Key Learning Points

As I went through the quality awards and familiarized myself with them, I personally gathered certain key points. Starting with the Australian Quality Award and the Canadian version, I saw how Canadian organizations were encouraged positively by the National Quality Institute by honoring them with the reward due to continuous practice of quality improvement. In the Australian Quality Award, they had seven categories of criteria namely leadership, people, information, analysis, strategy, policy and planning categories. This had a great link between the people and leadership. The Singapore’s Deming Award is really encouraging in the context where private and public organizations are honored for their success in the implementation of quality control activities. The Deming Award, furthermore, does not provide a framework model for prioritizing and organizing criteria like other awards but it has in its evaluation 10 equally weighted points that must be addressed by each applicant. The points include: standardization, assurance, policies, effects, human resource, organization, information, maintenance, improvement and future plans. Performance is judged by the expert panel using these points.

Relevant Statements to the Article

Suppliers: Organizations must invest in the relationship they have with their suppliers in order to receive proper quality services.

Customers: customer satisfaction is achieved through knowing their needs, requirements, demands and provision of good services.

Leadership: Leaders offer supervision, organization and manage all company affairs.

Processes: Quality of products is of paramount importance, hence identification, designing and processing activities should receive proper attention.

Planning: In each award planning was essential to become the best in one’s field, so many measures were put in place after a thorough discussion among members.

Employees: The employees play a major role in an organization, hence motivation and training of employees are dually encouraged.

Results: Results depend on all the following sectors: employees, customers, production, organizational performance, human resource, stakeholders and all the aspects of the organization.

Critical Analysis

Planning is the approach I may support and value above all. I would adopt good plan measures concerning all aspects of performance: leadership, processes, suppliers, good customer services, employees wellbeing. The results, hence, will be superb. There must be a well-developed plan to come up with all those strategy and working structures that boost performance. A company might have good products, leaders, suppliers, loyal customers but, without having a sound plan, all those may vanishing. Leaders should provide their employees with guidelines on how to deal with all aspects of the organization; they should inform suppliers on current customer needs; they should discuss terms of employment and devise expected results. Setting achievable goals, conducting quality control and management lead to excellence. Planning is so much essential since prior preparation prevents poor performance.

Practical Implications

In my planning, I will start with the structure of leadership, analyzing it from management to supervisors; such actions will encourage the chain of command. The plan will discuss the employees’ terms of work and salaries. I will discuss with my suppliers the best ways to satisfy my customers and provide quality products. The organization’s board of directors will devise a plan including all these aspects; further on, all these implementations should be followed without alteration.

Learning Reflections

I have learned that quality is all any organization needs to be successful; quality products and services improve customer satisfaction, sales and reputation. For this to be attained there must be an understanding among all sectors of the organization and not just the main ones. Leaders, stakeholders, suppliers and customers all play a major role in attaining excellent overall results; their needs have to be discussed and their interests addressed for company activities to run smoothly.

References

Vokurka, R. J., Standing, G. L., & Brazeal, J. (2000). A comparative analysis of national and regional quality awards. Quality Progress.

A Comparative Historical Diplomacy On The Interaction On The Global Front

The United States has maintained an active foreign presence in the period spanning the 18th to the current 21st Century. Its active presence has been witnessed in nearly all continents, albeit for many different political, economic, diplomatic and military reasons. Of these reasons, the political reasons have emerged as the key upon which the world’s superpower has established its key interests in. From Democrats to Republican presidencies, all have initiated measures or policies that have gone a great deal in addressing the political interests of the Washington- key amongst them being the desire to ensure safety of its territory. According to the US, this safety can only be achieved if the instabilities that faced the developing or the underdeveloped countries were addressed. As such, United State’s governments had concluded that creation of sound political institutions, structures and policies in the unstable regions would have helped in creating stability in these nations thus ensuring the security of the United States.

In analyzing how the United States facilitated the evolvement of the Liberal International ideology in various regions, this paper reviews the role played by the most active player amongst the US former and current Presidents-former President Wilson. The study expounds on the topic until the period of Clinton presidency.

The active role played by (former) President Wilson could be traced to his professional days in the institutions of higher learning when he stuck to the opinion that “the United States could successfully promote the development of constitutional democracy abroad” (Smith, 1994, p.64).

Upon becoming US President in 1913, Wilson started pursuing democracy in the Latin America when he inherited the policies of imitated military occupation and control of customs houses; economic influence and international agreements from his Republican predecessors (Smith, 1994, 67). He implemented these policies by forcing American banks to withdraw from the consortiums that loaned funds to China and other Latin American states. This was done with the main intention of maintaining influence over these regions.

Besides, he affirmed the US commitment to the independence of the Philippines in the year 1916. As noted by Smith (1994), he appointed a liberal governor who changed the structure and operation of the country’s civil service (p.64). This act reorganized Philippines politics leading to their self-governance.

Ideally, Wilson announced a radical policy of “non-recognition” of un-constitutionally elected regimes. In this case he was referring to the Dominican and Mexican republics which had experienced civil strife as a result of ‘rigged’ elections around 1914. He stressed on his action when he refused to recognize the then former Chilean presidency, Diaz Porfirio, who had used a revolutionary tactic to ascend to the presidency. He believed that by supporting such systems, he will be setting precedence that could perpetuate instability in future, to the detriment of American interests (Smith, 1994, p.69). Mr. Wilson insisted proposed that the Chilean leader accepts a democratic re-election for his recognition as a duly elected president.

For the Dominican case, the former US President legalized the occupation of American forces in the period ranging from 1916 to 1924, when the country held its first and free democratic elections. In these elections, an estimated 850,000 inhabitants participated in these elections. Furthermore, the country maintained its military presence to ensure that the new government adopted and implemented its reform agenda.

The succeeding presidency of Warren Harding worked hard to promote the democracy ‘vision’. His government coerced other unstable nations into adopting liberal institutions.

The government of Herbert Hoover efforts to promote democracy were became evident in the year 1927 when it opposed plans by Cuban leader, President Machado, to extend his stay in power using illegal amendments to the country’s constitution.

On its part, the regime of Harry Truman frequently used the term ‘developed’ and ‘underdeloped’ to differentiate states which had achieved progress in terms of democracy and those which had not respectively. As such, his government was to work or support the democratically rich nations as opposed to autocratic ones.

On his part, former President Ronald Reagan emphasized on the expansion of democracy to the extent that he even opposed the Soviet Communism just because it didn’t allow for the growth of the virtue.

The administration of George Bush (Senior) was characterized by promotion of democracy programs which were geared towards promoting political evolutions in the autocratic states, key target being Iran.

More so, the tenure of Jimmy Carter was marked by the struggle to promote democracy in the Middle East. Mr. Carter initiated human rights campaigns that were always accompanied by strong rhetoric leading to his government being branded as an authoritarian government.

After the Presidency of Wilson, the other presidencies have followed the same course of promoting democracy across nations. For instance, as Carothers (2004, p.39) noted, “Bill Clinton made democracy promotion the organizing concept of his then proposed foreign policy when his advisers regularly returned to address the theme”. Amongst the contributions of his government, the Clinton administration ratcheted up the place of democracy promotion in the US policy toward Russia soon after taking office and devoted real attention to the issue across the span of Boris Yeltin’s rule (Carothers, 2004, p.41).

2. The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 was seen by many as the final triumph of Liberal Democracy over the other two models of mass organization that had emerged in the 20th century: Fascism and Communism. These events gave new momentum to the Democratic Peace Theory. Explain making reference to the political transformations that took place in Eastern Europe, the discussions over the new role of the United Nations, and the security of the United States in this new world. ( a good read of Smith’s chapter 4 will help

The fall of the Soviet Union in the year 1991 was characterised by the following political transforms:

First on the cue, was the extraordinary change of tune by the Soviet leader-Mikhalil Gorbachev’s. In his changed tune, Mr. Mikhail came to buy into Wilson’s ideologies of promoting liberacy and democracy. The then former Soviet leader surprised many people when he stated (and instisted) for the first on the importance of national self-determination, democratic government, and collective security-appeals which had been articulated by Wilson, seventy years later (Smith, 1994, p.108).

Likewise, the fall of the Soviet Union saw President Vaclav Havel, Zzechoslavakia’s President, address an emptional joint meeting of the Congress in which he praised the former US President, Mr. Wilson Woodrow for having greatly supported their efforts of attaining independence (Smith, 1994, p.108). He also surprised analysed when he re-acknowledged Wilsonianism spirit that small nations ought to have been free and that their sovereinity ought to have been on self-determation. This pointed to the fact that they ought to have established costitutional and democratic governments and that nations’ intercourse ought to have been defined based on principles of non-discriminatory. To add, he instisted that “democratic states should defend their common interest against the threat of self aggrandizement and war” (Smith, 1994, p.108).

In his concluding remarks, he came to re-visit Wilson’s vision for promotion of democracy when he highlited that with the absence of global revolutions in the spheres of peoples consciousness, nothing could change or improve in the sphere for peoples’ existence. He also pointed out the weaknesses that existed in the Eastern europe states when he admitted that the states in this region were incapble of understandibg that the only genuine backbone of all their actions, if they were to be moral, rested in the responsibility (Smith, 1994, p.108). This responsible was to be expressed right from the family level to ones success.

Tellingly, the fall of the Soviet Union had made many citizens in the Eastern Europe to recognize the spirit of Wilson in promoting democracy and libearlism. As such, many statues, boulevards, and parks in Poland, Yugoslavia, Rumania nad mostly Czechoslovakia had been named by his name. In this case, the had come to acknowledge Wilson as a liberator and indeed as a founding father of their new-born states (Smith, 1994, p.108).

The people of Eastern Europe had come to acknowledge that unlike many statesmen, Wilson deserved to be measured not only on the basis of achieving the ends of his policy in their times, but also by the magnitude of his efforts and the influence that they continued to enjoy in the years succeeding his death (Smith, 1994, p.108).

Also, the ‘enlightment’ that followed the fall of the Soviet Union meant that the interests and the concerns of the United States seemed to have been soundly conceived.

Beside the transformations listed above, the following transformations as compared with Wilson’s vison, have taken place.

In Wilson’s vision, he had proposed the formation of a League of Nations, which was to costituted by democratic states to ensure ‘balance of power’ (Smith, 1994, p.106). This League of Nations was to have its own military and resources and was tasked with amongst others ensuring stability across regions. For instance it was to prevent the imperialistic tendencies of the then powerful and ‘un-collaborative’ German state. When analysed from another perspective, Wilsons intended to use the League of Nations to ensure the safety of the Americans. This, in modern-day, has been Achieved through the formation of the United Nations Security Council and powerful anad ‘independent’ entities such as NATO which check and promote stabilities across regions.

Finally another transformation which occured after 1991 and which had been aggresively campained for in the Wilsonian vision, is the formation of the Bretton Woods institutions, amogst them the World Bank, to control, or as Wilson put it “absorb”, the power of imperialistic states that wanted to compete with the United States. Key amongst these states was Germany, whose rapidly growing influence had been a cause of concern to the Americans. In Wilsons vision, the current Bretton Woods institutions control the influences of states by absorbing their rising power into liberal economic, political, and military arrangements thus ensuring a European equilibrium (Smith, 1994, p.105-108).

The central argument of Smith in regards to the Bush doctrine is that it contains elements of the traditional liberal (Wilsonian) thinking and a new conviction that the United States must use its military power in the post-Cold War world. Explain how these two ideas were an essential element of the foreign policy of the United States during the Bush years. (a review of Chapter 1 might help)

According to Smith, the Bush doctrine contains the elements of the traditional Liberal in that it emphasiszed more on the existence of freedom or democratic principles across states which were considered to be having autocratic or authouritarian rule. Bush in justifying his doctrine, had stressed that his countries of interest-namely Iraq and Afghanistan had not embraced any reform changes nor did they embrace any democratic principles.

In justifying his doctrine on Iraq, Bush insisted that the authoritarian rule of the then former President, Saddam Hussein, had engaged itself in the creation of nucleur weapons thus endangering the stablity of some states in the World, and specifically the United States. Having warned the Iraq government on the dangers that were manifest in the creation of ‘Weapons of Mass Destruction’, the Bush administration used the principles associated with the use of military power as manifest in the Bush doctrine to wage war on the Iraq government. In waging this war, the Bush Administration (together with its war ally, the Britain) had insisted the reasons behind the war were to disarm the Baghdad government of its weapons of mass destruction, to attain freedom for the Iraqis and end Saddam’s support for terrorist activities.This war was dubbed by the US government as Operation Iraqi Freedom and begun in the year 2003. The war lasted for an estimated three weeks before the government of the former President, Saddam Hussein was overthrown.

Though Bush had gone ahead to declare victory in the war as eraly as the start of May 2003, Smith noted that the war had disastrous results to the US treasury and thus the economy. For instance it was claimed in the Congress that the Iraq war cost the US taxpayer a daily budget of $350 billion. This had affected the efficient and effective delivery of services in the country. For instance it was claimed that the health sector .

Likewise, the Wilsonian ideologies and the conviction that the US must use military force were the two key elements manifest in Bush’s foreign policy. In waging war on Afghanistan, President Bush had abundant reasons to supprt the war simply because the terrorist attacks of September 11, 1998, had traced their roots the HYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Qaeda” o “Al-Qaeda” Al-Qaeda terrorist group which had maintained a close relationship with the country’s Taliban Iaslamic regime. The US thus used its military force to overthrow the Taliban regime andcreate a vaible democratic system in the region. This operation was therefore named ‘Operation Enduring freedom’ .

Having achieved toppled the two regines, the US maintained it military presesnce in the two states until the priod when elections were held and duly elected officials take office.

References

Carothers, T. (2004). Critical mission: essays on democracy. Washington: Carnegie Endowment.

Smith, T. (1994). America’s Mission: The United States and the Worldwide Struggle for Democracy in the Twentieth Century. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Smith, T. (2007).”A pact with the devil” Washington’s bid for world supremacy and the betrayal of American promise. New York: Routledge.